Microcredit: an answer to the gender problem in funding?
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- Ἡρακλῆς Ταρσούλη
- 5 χρόνια πριν
- Προβολές:
Transcript
1 Microcredit: an answer to the gender problem in funding? Sophie Brana To cite this version: Sophie Brana. Microcredit: an answer to the gender problem in funding?. CR10/EFI <hal > HL Id: hal Submitted on 9 Oct 2012 HL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
2 BCBCDE F C C C C F BCB C B F B B C D C D B C F F C B C C DDB 1
3 B CD E F B C E E B E E EB E B E B F BCB C D C D B EB C B D C B C CB B B BC D B F D D F FB C E F B B C D B D DD CBC B C BC C CD DD B C F D F B F D F F D D CD F D B B B D CB BC C D E F F DD E C DD C E FB C E C F B B C B C F C B D D DDE C DD C B C DD C C B B D B 2
4 3
5 1. Introduction Review of literature Empirical study Statistical results Multivariate nalysis Conclusion
6 Table 1. Entrepreneur characteristics Table 2. Funding characteristics Table 3. Project characteristics Table 4. Fixed-effects (within) regression: key factors when determining the amount of the micro-loans Table 5. Fixed-effects (within) regression: key factors when determining the amount of the bank credit
7 CBC CD CD D B F BC C D D C F D B C B B F DF F D CB B B C E C B F EC D C DD B D CD D B CB D C F C B B B F D DB D C BC F C D CBC CD CD C D C D F F C E C C DBC B D F BE DB C C D DF E FB F C E C B C B C D BC B D D B C B C B C D C D D B D CD B FB F C C DB D B F B C F EF C B F E BC B B C C F D C C B D C C C DF B D C DD G21, J16, L26, M13. 6
8 CBC B CD C C D B C DD F F E C EC B CB D C C C D DB D B BCD DD FBC F C B B BC B B B F BC C D D C C C D F B D D C BC F E C D B D CD E C C B B C C D B C D F B D D B C B C D C F DBCDE D E D C C F C FBC CB D F BC C D D B F EC D C DD C F F D B C C C C D B C B B E F D BC CDF B B C C E BD CD D F B B C C BC B C BC F C C B E C C EBD BD D C F B C B D BD D C C D C F B C C E C C C C B D E B C D D C B C B D F B F B B C B F D C E C B B D C B CBC B D C B B B D B E C C C D F FE C D C F C FE C B C C F B C C CBD C C C D C C C D CB B D B F D C DDE F DD B B CD C D F D B B CEF F B B D B C C BC BCDBC C C F D BC C BC E DB C B E C C B D C F D D BC D B D C C BC C D D BC DD C 7
9 C C D B DD CBC BD F D D C BC CD B C B C F D C DD C E CBC CD CD D B D B F BC C D D C D B C C F DF C B E C B F EC D C DD B D B F D C DD CD D FB B B CB B D F C B B B F D CBC CB E C B CBC B CD B C D C C D B C D D CBC B F E C C D C C DF F D C F C E C BC C FBD C D BC B C BC B C C C D C C F C D B C D C C C D F B FBD D C F B CBC C C B E C E C C B CBC B D F C E C C B BC C B D C E C C BD E C E CBC F B BC CB E D B C BD B BC D B E E C B D D F E FB B F D D E D D B BC B C B C D C B F B CBC D C CBC B EFB F B BC B B B CBC F B B D C BC C BC C DD C B CB BC CBC CD CD B E C B B D F FB F F B C B D FBC C F B D C F B C BC B D BC DE E F F D D F E FB CD CD F BC C C F F F D C B B C D D C C F D C CD CD C D F B CD CD BC D C C BC CBC B CD CD B C CD CD B D B CD CD C D C F DD F C E F C D D FB C E F BC CBC E 8
10 BC CD B D C DD D F D B B C BC B CDB DD B FE C F D C C B E C B D F E B B D FBC CBC FB B DD D B C D B D B C C B CD C B B D C B F BC C B C C B D B B F DD D C E C BC D C B F D B D B D B C DBC B BC B DF FB CD B FB C BC BD D E C C B C F D C D FB F FB B C C B D E CFB BD B DD C D F C D CBC C BD D F D CD DE F C C E C C F B E BC DC B EB D B F DD C B D C D B E C BC CBC C C D B C D B D B C F BC CBC C E D C E B C F F D D B D B D C C EFB C BC E C E B DD C BCD F B B F C D F C B D FB BCDE D D E C B F B C C DF C D B B C B E C D CBC C C D F C C B C B CD E B F C D C F E FB B C F B B B C D C F D D D DB F D BC F C B C F F B D C C BC F CBC CD CDB C FB C C C B D F B F DD D C F F D CBC CD C C D B F C D E C CBC E CBC B F F B DB C C D D C F C F CD D B D D B B BD CD E F C F F C CE FD C C F FB B D D F BC D 9
11 F D B DE C B E F F D C F C B F F D C B D F BC F B DBD ED F E C D C D C DB E B B C F B CDF E C C C C DF BC C C C D BC B BCB D D E F C B B BC B B D D C D C B BC B D CBC CB D C D C DD C C B DBC C B CD B C D EFD E C C D B C D B FBD D CE CBC C C DF D C B B C F C B D C BCB B C B B C C D C B BC FBE F D D B B B D C E C C C D F D D D B B C D E C D B CBC F D B E C F DF E FB B C E CD B F EC D C DDE F DD CBC B B B DD C BC E D D C D F BCBC D B B B F D B D D BC E C D C C D C DD D EF F BCFB BC B B C F C BC F D F C E C C DB F E F F D D F D C DD D BC E F F D F BC D B B D BCB E CB C B E F B C C C BC FBD B B B C D B F E B CD CD D D D B D C F B FB BC B B D BC C D C DDD D B C D D B D C DD D CBC E C D BC DE D B B D C B D C BC CD C FCD CBC BF C F D BC D B FE FBD D C F DD C BC CBC C D C B BC FBE C ED D D D D C B C C C BC F B B F B D D D B CBC D B E C 10
12 D FBC C B D D B BC C CBC FB F D B B E C D B F D C DDE F DD B B FBC C EF D C DDD B D C D B F B C D B B B F B DF CD BC CD D E C C B B FB F B FB C D CB B B CD BC D F C B C D FB BC DB BC F F B F B C D BCB C EB F D C B CB F D E CB D CB B B CD C D D C B D F D B D F DD B B FB B D D F BC B FB D C DD D BCB E CB DDB B BC D B D F B D B BC CD D BC D CBC C B D FB B B B D B DF B C FB B D C DB D F DB D D C F B B B F E C D C DD BD D B D C BD C C D CB C FBC D B B B B C BC E B F C CBC E C C C D C F B CDF E F CBC B CD CD B C F DF E FB F CBC B C CDB DD B B E C FB D C DD D BCB E CB F C BC D B FBC F D BCB C BC FB E B C E F BC C C CDE F F D B CB BC C FB EF C B E F D D D DE CB D C B C C B B D D F B E C B B C C DD FBC C E C C B B D CB DB C D B EBC B C F D F F D BD CD B D CB C D D F B B DB BC B EF C B C F D C DD F D CB C C D BC D FBD B B B BCC D BD B B D C F C F BC B CDF C D B C B D C DD D F B B B CBC B B B B D F BC B B BC BC E F BD BC C BC F BC F C B D CD B FB EF C F BC EC FB B D DB B CBC 11
13 B C C B C E C FB B B DD F D D C FB D B DD B D BCC B C B F C C D C CBC C B CD F B F D D C BC D D BC B D C BC DF D D E C B DD C B D B D C DD D E F F F E F B D FB D C BC C D C D CBC B BC F BC BC B EF FE B CEF F C B BC DD F CD B F D C DD BDD F EC C B F FBC BC D B B D F D F B DBC B D F B C FB B C F F C F D B BC B CB D D FB B BD BCB B B BC B C B B BC B C C DEF B D B C D D C DD B C F DF E FB E CB DD B E B F B CBC B B BC C BC FB F B B FB F BC B E F BCB F B B CD F B C C DF C D C B DF ED FB E E C FBC C F FB F C E BC D D D B F EC D C DD E CB B CD C C F C C D CFB DDD C C FB F BD C D B C B D C DD F CD F D D BC F C C B C C C DD B B FBC C EF F DB C EF C B C C F D B C E C C F DB B BC E BC CC F B B D D B D FBC C B D CBC CD C EF F B D F BD D B BCD F D B E FD B D D D C C B D CB C BC D B F FD DB C B D D D CB C B C D DC D D B E F BD DD B B BC C B E BD B EBC B C D D D C D C F D D B F FBC C F DD C F F B DD D C B D B DBC D BC D DDF E FB B CDF D E F D D D C F DB B B BD F F D D B BC FBE BD D CBC C BD C C D C C D 12
14 E F C DB E C D E CB C B DDDB D E F F BC C B CDF FBC C C BC D C B C B C B B DF E FB F D B CDF BC BC BD F BC BC B CDF DC F DB C BC E C BC DE E C F C E CD B C B D C DDBC D C B CD C C F F FBC B BD CD B F D B D B C B B B BC B D B BC D B BC D F D BD C BCDEF F C C EBD F B C C F CD B FB B C E FF F D F B C E CB DD FBC C B CB BC E FB C D B C F FBC DB F DB F B C B B E B B BC E C F F C D C FB F C E C FB C D CB B B CD EF CBD C D B B B D C FB F D D CB C D B C CD DBC B F D B C FBC C BC D C B D C BC BC D DF E FB F FB B D D BDD B E F D DD C C DB B C C FBC E C B D D BC F FB BC C C C F BC C B CDF C C B D DB D FB E CB BD B B D FBC CBDE BDBF F C D B BC C BC E B BE C DD B D BCB C E F C B FB B D D C D B D D C DD D E F B BC BC B CBD F D BCB E C F DF E FB C F D B B D B C F B CDBD C BC D B D B C C C CB BD C BD B B B CB C B C B FB B D C DD EC DB D C BC B B BC B D B D C BC D D F C FB F D DB CD D C E F F BD BD D CB C F CB B B C D CB CB B CD C C D C BC C D F D D D D F F F D D D CB CB B CD B C C D 13
15 EF B DD B CB BC BCBC B FB F F C D B D B B BCB C B D C C D B C D CBC B D D C C BC EC C D B B E CEF C FB BC B F B D BC C D C B B D C B B DD BC BC B D D E FC D D B F D F B B CBC CD CD C B C F CD CD B D C BCDB C C B B C D B B B B BD D C F C D F D CD CD F B B C CD D B B C D CBC E C F B BC B F D D D FB D F B D FB D D D C B C C B C C F F B D C BC C D C B D 3.1 Statistical results D C D E D D E C B F D B D D F B F C B E C BC B D C BC C D E FBC F BC B D D BC C F C B E C C F D D D F D C BC B C BD DDFB E F F BD BC BC F BC B D BDE BDE F F D C C C D F B B C F E D C DD D FB E B CB B BD D 14
16 B Entrepreneurs (total) Entrepreneurs with microcredit Difference between Women and Men (with microcredit) Women Men Women Men t- Student Prob. Gender 28.7% 71.3% 34.6% 65.4% verage age (years) Nationality French Other 92% 8% 88% 12% 83.9% 16.2% 81.1% 18.9% * Level of studies University Primary and secondary school 52.8% 47.2% 45.2% % 50% 39.2% 60.8% ,000*** Occupational status ctive Unemployed < 1 year Long term unemployed Inactive 45.5% 17.1% 16.1% 21.3% 57% 19.3% 14% 9.7% 13.4% 19.3% 11.2% 56.1% 17.3% 21.5% 10% 51.2% *** *** Bank credit Yes No na na na na 20.1% 79.9% 23.6% 76.4% *** Marital status Single Couple na na na na 60.8% 39.2% 42.2% 57.8% *** Work experience Yes No na na na na 49.4% 50.6% 55% 45% *** C D E C CBC E CB D C BC B F C D E C CBC E CB D C BC B F D B B BD BC F C B B BD CD DDF EC C B B C C D CBC CD CD C B B E C C C C B CD BDE BD EF B F B B B D F FB B D D F D B C F D EF C FB F D CB C C B D C FB B DB DD BDD BC F C E CEF D B F D C DDB C D C B F F FBC C EF B CF F B C B B F DE C EF B CD C E B FB DD 15
17 C BC E B BC D D C D C E BDD D EB C CB CBC C F FB B C F C FB DB D B C FB C F C DC D B D B D C BC D B D C D C C FB BF F C B D C B E DFB F C C F B D C E C BD D C D C C C DE C EC FB F D D B C D D C B C B D C B B BD B D F D E C E B C DBC F B BC C D C D CEF FB BCDBC B CB FB F C C FBC E C EF B C B B CD C D C D C E C B BDC DD C C DF EF BD B C C C DF E C CB F B B C B C D C B D DC B B D C BC EF C B F C B C BC B D C F DB D E C FB D FBC C FB DDE C C F D F F B C C D F F E D F E C C C C C F B F D C DD C F C E CE CEF FB C B BC F D EF FB C DC F F B C D BC B D F C B E CEF E C F F F F B C D BC B C D C B D F D C D F D C BC B C D C B B B BC B DB C C C B E C EF BDE CB C C B D E B C D B C C D C B D F B DD CD B B C D FB D C B B E CBC C C CD D C C D BC B D C E C D CD B C B C C C D C B D F D B DB D F DB E C CBC E C C F D B B D CB B C DD C C DF D EF D B F EC D C DD B D F C CDB F B D C CDB D B F C FB C DD C C DF D F B C B C E C FBC C 16
18 F F B B B CD BC D C C FBC E C F DC C B C F E FB F D D C D CB C D B F FBCD D C D CB C E C F D D B Women Men Difference between Women and Men (t statistic) Probability for t-statistic Loan maturity (months) *** Interest rate (%) * Beneficiaries in % : - Interest free loan - Own funds - Loan subsidy - Bank loan 56.1% 37.8% 24.4% 20.1% 61.4% 41.9% 23% 23.6% *** 0.002*** ** verage amount of MFIs loan (euros) *** Total need for funds (euros) *** Own resources (euros) ** verage amount of supplementary bank loan (euros) ** Losses (%) 2.6% 3.7% * Monthly available income (euros) C D E C CBC E CB D C BC B F C D E C CBC E CB D C BC B F C D E C CBC E CB D C BC B F F B B C E C D D D CB B B D E FBC FB C EF F D C D B F B E C F C B BC C D FD D B D C F EC C D FB F B D F E D C F C C D D C B D D C B D B BCB E D DD FB B DD BC FBC F B B BC B E CBC C B BC D D C D C C FB E CFB B B BC C BCB BC D C C B B F B DD BC F D C 17
19 B BC D BCD E C BC D B B D D D C C DB C E CFB B BCF F FBC F D B BC B C F FE C E DDBC BD F DF F C C C D B D C B B F F EF F BC C B B C F B FB C C C C D BCD F D C D F D D BC EF D D D FB F F C D B DB BDD B E FD B BCDBC B E D E C B B D F B D F D C FBC C FB B F F F B C B FBC C BF F B C B D DC F C F D FB FB B C CB B F BC F B CDF FBC F B B C B B C C F C EF F BC B F D C DD DD B F E FB C B B C F B C CD F D C DDE FB DB B B Legal structure (%): - Limited liability company - Sole ownership - Private limited company under sole ownership Business sector (%): - Retail trade - Personal service - Services for firms - Building industry - Farming - Catering - Craft industry Women Men CB BC E F F D D BC B D C BC C F C D B C DB D FBC F B D E CB C C F B B D B C D D B C B D B CB C C BC D D C C F CD C D B D D D C DD D D F B FB D C FBD C C D C BDBC C E C B B C D B C 11 This result confirms that women are generally better credit risks in microfinance than men (D Espallier et al., 2010). 18
20 D CB C BC DD CB DD D D C FB E C B B C D B D B C C D B D F C FB C F B B BC C B D BC B D F B C C D E BC C F F C D B C E CE C F B C C F D D FBD B B C D CB D F D F F D DE F E B D C FB E B CD C C BD C DE D D C B B D D D C DD D C F CD CD C BCD C F D B D D FB B B B B BC C E D CB C D D F F D BD EC DF EF F E D B F D F D CF D F D CB BDD D BD D C F DB C C F D B B BC B D B B CD E C F B D B D FB D F D C D C B B E F F D C DDD F C D EC EF F C DD C C C C D C F C D D B D B CD BC B E CB B D CD C C D CB D D B B B B D B D FB C B C BCB C D FB E CD B F D C DDE FB E D B B B B C F D D C F BD CDEF F F D B B D BC B B FB C D C C B B FB E C CB F C B BD C BC C F C B B BCB D D B BC B E D B D B D C BC C D C BC EC FB B D D B E C BD C BC E B C E C B E F C E C E B B B B BCB D D C B C F D B B C D 3.2 Multivariate nalysis 19
21 B B BCB D DE F B F C C F B C B C C B C D C B B D BD EC FB B D D DE FB D C F B C C F B E C BC C E D CD B C F D D BC C E C E DD B D F FB E D CB BDD D DD C BC B D F F D B D FB DD C D C CBC B BC D CB F F E B BCD D D E C D D B CB C BC BC D B D B C F E B B D F D C D F C C C D BCC B F D D B D CEF F BD F DB C F BC F D CB C C F B DEF C C D D CD C BCB B CDB C C D CB FB B D D D FBD C FB B C BC F BCDB C B B C C B C E FB C F C B D B E FB B D D FB B D D BC C FB B D D F D B B C B D F E C α β BC χ ε F BC B B DB B B FB D DEF F F E DBE BC F C D C F DB C BC B C E FB B D D F FBC C FB B D D DD D C DDD D C B C D BC D β C DF C D B D B D C BC F F D B BC F BC B B B 20
22 DB FB B D F FB B D D F E DBC F F D BC BC B D BC ε D F F E FB B D D B C C B C B B C FC B C D D C F C BC B CB D B D B BCB C DD FBC C B C B E B C D F B D C F D B B D FB BC C B C C C B D C B B C C B C F FB B D DB DB C F D C DDD BC F B C C B D C DD BD C FB B D D B F B B B BC B C D C B C D EC C D BC D CBC B BDD D BC D B F D D CBC D D C BC DD CE F D B C B C F D B D D F C CBC CD CDE D F D B ED F D BD D D C C BC C B E C F BCB B B D F D DB DF EC C B F D C F B B D BC C C BCC C F B B DD C BC C B D C F B B BCB D D B D FB F B C F C BD DE F F B F E F D F D DBC F E DB BC B BC DD CB D B D DB D BC F BCE B B B C F E DBC B B B B BCB B F F BC EF BD F BCE BD B B C F E D E B C D F F D C BC B B DFB E F F D D D D FBD B D F D D B BC D F CD CD B D D B BC C D EC DF F F C D F B C F BCE B F D B BC F DB C E B D B D C B C D D CB BDD D BC BC C D CBC B BDD D BC D D C D BC BC C D F B C B D C DD DC BC BCB B D C D C DD F B C E C BCB B B D D EBC F B BC C B C B D D D E 21
23 F DD CEBDB D C D B B CBC E C C B B EF F F B C F BCEBD C C BD CD C C C F E DD F D D D FB F E D D CB FB B D DB D C BC E C EF BDB D DBC B B D B DB B D C C F C D C D D FB F BC DB C E B F B C F CBC B BDD D BC D D FB E FB C B C E C C F D B B DC D C BC F DD D C F D C DD F D B B E C BC F FB E C B CB C F B DD C D C B DD D D D DC B D B D B C C C C B 22
24 B Total Women Men Number of obs = 3005 Number of obs = 1052 Number of obs = 1967 R-sq: within = between = overall = R-sq: within = between = overall = R-sq: within = between = overall = F(12,2994) = Prob > F = F(8,1041) = Prob > F = F(12,1952) = Prob > F = mount of micro-loan Coefficient Std. Err t P> t Coefficient Std. Err t P> t Coefficient Std. Err t P> t ge Woman In a couple Studies Welfare benefits Corporate manager Employee Total need for funds Interest-free loan Subsidy CHR Construction sector Private limited company under sole ownership Creation loan Constant F test all u_i=0 F(4, 2989) = Prob > F = F(4, 1041) = Prob > F = F(4, 1952) = Prob > F =
25 B D F C B B DD C BC C F C B B C BC D F B FB E FB B D DBC F D F BC CBC B BCB B C C B C D D C F D C D CB CB B CD E C C F B CBC CD CD F D D F E D BD CBD C F F D D FB B F F FB B D D F C B BC F FB C C B C C B C D C DD D C D CB C D CD B B F D C D B B DEF F B F D B C C B D DB DD D B DD C B B E D B F D BD C D C D CD CD E FB C C D B CDB F C B C FB F D CD CDFB F B B C D B DB F B FB D D C B C C B C C B C F E D FBD F EB B BC DF D F C EF F C D D B B B C C C BC C E B BC BCBDD DDF D F C D BD BC F D F D F D B B B DF DF B B FB C E EFB D F B C F D B C F DF DF C E F B BCB D C C C D DBC D F F F D D DD C B B FB BC B BD D B D BC CB B C D C B B C E FB D B F DB B C C F B C F D C B BC BDD B BC C CD CD B F D D B BC D B D C C D B F B D FB C F B C F BC FB D C D F BC D C F DB BCB B B D C C EF F F C B B DD D C BC 18
26 B mount of bank credit Coefficient Std. Err t P> t [95% Conf. Interval] Woman Employee mount of personal assets Subsidy CHR Trade limited liability company Buyout loan Constant D D E F C E C B D FB B C E F C C D FB F C B B DC D C BC C C C F B C BC BCD F D C B D FB BC C D C D CB B B CD E C C C B DD B BCEF CE C BC EC FB B D D B F FB B D D F E F D BC C D C C F E DD B D B D B C F C E C BD BC BC CF D F D CB BDD D F BC BCE F F D B BC D BC C F B B BC F B F BC D B BC D D CBC B BDD D BC DBD D BC BCD EF F F D CD C D C B C C CB E B D C B D DB D C F EB B E F F FB C D C BC C F C F D B B DBDD B E F C D D B B F C FC B EB B C B FB B B CEF E C C B C B C C CB B D F E D CB BDD D D D B 19
27 D C B D DB BD CBC C B B C D CB BDD D C F C D BC C F E C D F DB C D D C DC BCD DD F E FBC C D E FB B D E C C FB D EF BD F B C F D E D B CDB F D E C EB BC D F F B C BC C C DD B D C D C B D B CBC E C EBD B C F BD D B E FBC C B B B B C D B C F B C D B C E C D E FBC C D D B B C C C FB F C D D B D B D C BC B C D C D CB BDD D CB B C C F C B C D C BC C D D C B C D E C B C BC BCD BC B CBC B BDD D BC C F B BD F E F C DC D C BC C F DB B C D F BC CD CD CBC BC B DB DD CBC E C F D B D F D D D EF F C C C D C C D B C D E C B F DB D C F D B F EC D C DD F D DB C E C BD C B D F D D F C F D C C D B B B B CDF D F C F B B D C BC CBC B D B DD D C D B D FB C B C E F D F D FCD C E DE FC C D CB BDD D F B DD B E C CBC E C E DE F EC C D F C F D E CFB D FB B E FBC C D BC F B C D E 20
28 C CBC BC D B C C DF C BD B DD CBC BC FC B BDD D BC E D B D FB D B B C B E C D CBC C C D F C C B D C BC BD C B CD E B B D D FB E C B D EFB CB FB C C F B DD BC C C D BC C B D BC FB D CB C D C D C D BCC D B CD FB B BC C B E C C D B F D C DD E F E D D FBC C BC F C D B FB C F BC DF F F CBC CD CDB B D C D BD B CB BC C CD CD F B CDF BC F F B C F BC B F F D C DD FB D C CBC D C DDD B D C F E D D C B E C D C D C BC C C E C D B C B CB B D D D C C B DE F D D D BC C FB B E F D E C C E F D D D B FB D B CD F D C C D D B C CD C F DB EB BD F CBC BC B CD F B D FB FB B CD BC D FBC F D C D BCB D B BC BC B C C C BC C E C EB D B D F D FB B B DD CB D BEB F CD B C D B C E CBC F B D EB D C C DF CBC D B B E CE F B B B D C D F B C EF F F D BCB D BC B F C C C E C DD C C C D C C DFB B B C C B B B F D D C B F DB F B BEB FB E C B C D FB C D F F C D C F C E C B B B B DEF CD C F FB D BD DB C E C DD DD CB DD C BCD C E 21
29 F BD DD D C DB C B BCBDD D BC E F D C DD BCC C BC FB C B BC D F B D D D D B BC D B C B D B D D B DF B B B B C E C C D E C D C DD EC DBC D F D B C C D C F B C C DDF B D CD B C D B BD D E C FBC D D FB CB E C B B D CB BDD DBC FB B DD B BCDDF CD BD D DFB DF EC FB F D E CB F C C B BC B D F C B B B C C E DFBDB C B C D C DD BC C C D BCB D D D FB B C B C F D B C E C D FBD B C B C C E B C D F B B BC C D B D C DD B C BD C C DDF C C DF D DD FBD D B C B BCC C E D B D FB D 22
30 C BC E CC C C BC C C DF B C C DF C C D C B FBE C D D C DD EC DF E F B B BC C C B B D C DD D B F D B B B C C D E CE CBC C C C D C B BC E B F B CBD B B D CB D C DD C C D B B D C B C BC B CDF D C D B D C DD C C CB D C DD BC C BC CBC DF C D C BC B CB B C C C DF F BC B C C F B D C DBC C D E D C DD C D CB D C DD C C DF B B E C B D BC D C E F C BC C F C C C CE E F CFB B C C D C BC BC D CD F FB B D D C E C BC D DD C C D CB D C DD C C B FBE C D D C DD EC DF C D B FBC C D F B D C DD B B FBE D C C C C DF BC BC C C F B BC DD D D BC BC D C DD DD C B CD C C DF F B B F D C D F B D B B C D C DE F B D CBC C B CBC BC C E C CD BC DD C B 23
31 F BC C BC F B B B B F D C F D D D B D C DD CBC D B B D BC E BC DD B B BC D B D C C BC C EC B D C DD D CB B D C DD BCB C D C C C C D C C D CB C B BC D B B D C DD BC F D C BC BCB C CB D C DD D B F C DF BC C B B E F C D B F C C D C C DF C C DF F BC B B D B C CBC B C C CBC B CB D D C B C DD E FB D E D C C FB D D BC D B D FB D C E B BC DD C C C B D C F D D BC D B D C DB BC B D C F BC C D C C B C D C BC C BC DD C C B E C CBC E C B B EB D C C B B D BC D E C BCB BC B D C DD DBC CBC B CD CD C C DF F B B C BDBC F B B B D C DD BCD CB D C DD C C CBC DBC D D CBC C C B F B D F C E BC C BC D C B B D C BC B DF C 24
32 C B CBC BC F E C C F C C B B CBC BC F C C F D C BC C C BCB B DD DD C C DBC DD D BEB BCB BC D B F E D FCD C BF C EC BCB C CBC B BC BC D C DD E F B C D D D B B D D C DD C CB C CB CB B D C DD CB FCD C C B BDD DD C C CBC BC C D EF BC F E C C B B FCD C C B CD E C BC C C B D B F BC CB C D B F C B C BFC BCC FBC C E C D C C B C F C C DF CBC FB C BC BCC C E D C C B C F C C DF CBC FB C C BC BC E CC F C C B CD C C C DF F BC B B B C B F C B D E C C B D EB F CBC B C B CBC BC C E C CD BC DD B B E B C C C C DF CBC BC C C C DF F BC B B B B B F C C D C BC CBC B CD B C D C C CB CB B B CB B B C D C E C D C DD EC DBC D D B C C D F BCB BC C CB D C DD C C 25
33 C EC BC CBC C FB B D D C D E C B BC B EC B D C DD D CBC BC C D D DD C D F B D B D B B B B B CBC D D C BC C D CB C C B D CB CB CB CBC B BCB C C E CBC C C C D C C B F F B B B C D E C B BC B CC C D D C B D C C D B F B D C B C F BC B BC B C D C DD D B C D C D C C DF F BC B C B D C CD C D C D C B C F BC B BC B C D CB D C DD C C 26
34 Descriptive statistics for dependant and independent variables Number of observations = 3866 Period = Dummy variables Variable Mean Standard Errors Bank loan Yes = 1 Non = Sex Woman = 1 Man = Ethnic background French = 1 Other = Marital situation single, widow, divorced = 1 Married, in a couple = 0 Social status Welfare benefits =1 if not=0 Unemployed (< 1 year)=1 if not =0 Unemployed (> 1 year) if not =0 Corporate manager=1 if not =0 Employee =1 if not =0 Other Own funds Yes=1 No= Experience Yes=1 No= Purpose of the loan New business=1 if not =0 Repurchase=1 if not =0 Expansion=1 if not =0 ctivity Craft industry=1 if not=0 Services for firms=1 if not =0 Services for private households=1 if not =0 Retail trade=1 if not =0 Building industry=1 if not =0 Farming=1 if not =0 Catering=1 if not =0 Level of education University (Master s degree - PhD)=1 University (Bachelor s degree)=2 Baccalaureate=3 Secondary school=4 Junior school=
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