+,**+ : + +, WTO TBT WTO WTO +33, WTO PPM WTO PPM WTO +33+ WTO PPM WTO

Transcript

1

2 ,** ,*** +* /.. /. +, ,

3 + WTO

4 +,**+ : ++, WTO +, WTO +, OECD WTO +, CTE - TBT - PPM WTO PPM TBT PPM WTO. + +, , 0,1- -. EU / 0 WTO PPM WTO PPM WTO, WTO - PPM WTO 1

5 + / +,- WTO / +,- +33, EU +0 -, ISO - II III I +33, ASEAN +332 ITTO WTO , EU EC EU EU EU * +332 / WTOTBT WTO ++, + WTO + WTO GATT, paras 1*1. + processes and production methods : PPM PPM PPM 2

6 : WTO PPM PPM PPM TBT Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, OECD OECD / / WTO WTO CTE. +*+, WTO + WTO WTO +33/ WTO Committee on Trade and Environment : CTE TBT TBT,, - WTO PPM PPM TBT PPM PPM WTO, PPM + PPM TBT PPM TBT TBT WTO TBT PPM TBT PPM PPM PPM PPM WTO PPM TBT 3

7 + CTE TBT, CTE CTE OECD , + WTO PPM : PPM TBT WTO +- para 1. :TBT PPM TBT PPM WTO +- para 1/ : WTO +- para 11 - EU : TBT TBT WTO +- para 12 CTE TBT TBT TBT follow WTO +- para +2/ 1,2 EU. +** EU PPM WTO PPM TBT. +** +1.* EU TBT +1.* EU TBT +330 CTE PPM WTO +333, : WTO +.,*** - :WTO +/ EU +333, WTO +. PPM 4

8 : WTO + PPM E U TBT WTO PPM TBT EU TBT : WTO / + - TBT TBT TBT WTO PPM TBT PPM WTO 3 +* WTO +* TBT PPM :WTO / : WTO : WTO +, PPM TBT +330 CTE PPM WTO WTO TBT CTE TBT PPM - +33/ +331, / TBT EU TBT 5

9 + ITTO PR TBT - PPM WTO WTO PPM TBT PPM WTO + PPM TBT TBT +, +,, +, + PPM PPM TBT., 23 TBT WTO PPM +1,.+ TBT EU TBT TBT PPM TBT CHANG TBT PPM 6

10 : WTO CHANG +, pp PPM TBT +, + product process or (their) related, +,, +, or related +, PPM, also, + PPM, product process or related TBT TBT TBT PPM PPM, product process or related + TBT PPM TBT CHANG PPM TBT TBT, PPM WTO TBT PPM WTO PPM DPCIA

11 + 0,,1- CHANG +, pp.+/*+/+ DPCIA PPM ,,,. PPM PPM PPM GATT,, para. // CHANG +, pp.+/-+/. a#ecting a#ecting,- + b,- + b +, WTO + b 2, /3, ,-, /,- + b 2, 0*, CHANG +, p.+/.,- + b, PPM WTO ,- + b 8

12 : WTO CHANG CHANG +, pp+.-+./ TBT PPM PPM TBT PPM +33* TBT PPM products processes and production methods or related * PPM or related - products, processes and production methods PPM TBT TBT, or related CHANG CHANG +, p.+/. WTO. PPM WTO EU PPM PPM TBT PPM WTO PPM TBT +330 CTE TBT TBT PPM WTO ,- + b + +, EU 9

13 + PPM + PPM PPM PPM WTO PPM WTO, WTO,**+ ++,* PPM PPM +33* 3+ PPM + CHANG, S.W., GATTING a Green Trade Barrier : Eco-Labelling and WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, Journal of World Trade, Vol. -+, No.+, +331, pp.+-1+/3., GATT, Report by Ambassador H. Ukawa (Japan), Chairman of the Group on Environmental Measures and International Trade, to the.3th Session of the Contracting Parties, L/1.*,,, February No. 0,,,*** WTO CTE * 21+*3 / +* +* /,1+,10 1 WTO ,,-/ 2 / 3 WTO, G/TBT/M/2, / September * WTO, G/TBT/M/+*, / January WTO, G/TBT/M/++,,1 May , WTO, G/TBT/M/+/, - May WTO, Report of the Committee on Trade and Environment, WT/CTE/+, +, November WTO, WT/CTE/M/,*, +3 March / WTO, WT/CTE/M/,-, / April,***. +0 EU NBL No. / EU NBL No. /3/ / -2., 10

14 : WTO WTO + PPM processes and production methods : PPM PPM, WTO, PPM TBT PPM WTO + PPM TBT TBT +, PPM PPM TBT, PPM WTO ,- + b PPM WTO WTO 11

15 J. of Agric. Policy Res. No. + (,**+) Eco-labelling and the WTO Agreement Norio FUJIOKA Summary + Eco-labelling programmes aim to improve the environment by raising consumers awareness of the environmental e#ects of the products and hence by encouraging their behaviour in favor of relatively environmentally-friendly products. They are no means of import restrictions. But they may have adverse e#ects on trade if their criteria development processes lack transparency or excessively reflect local environment conditions. Increasing eco-labelling criteria based on processes and production methods (PPMs) are in the background of trade frictions related to eco-labelling programmes. Exporters may face di$culties, such as substantial additional costs, in meeting the PPMs-based eco-labelling criteria, since the PPMs suppliers prefer may not coincide with those required in the overseas market., Two points are at issue on eco-labelling programmes in the WTO context. One of them is whether eco-labelling programmes basedon non-product-relatedppms are coveredby the TBT Agreement, andthe other is whether they are free from the GATT/WTO disciplines. Generally speaking, developed countries are a$rmative on these issues, while developping countries are negative. TBT Agreement s coverage of eco-labelling programmes basedon non-product-relatedppms : The TBT Agreement covers both technical regulation and standard, and Annexes +.+ and +., to the Agreement define these technical regulation and standard. It seems clear that eco-labelling programmes based on product-related PPMs are included in these difinitioms, but it is ambiguous in the text whether these eco-labelling programmes are coveredby these difinitions. So it is persuasive to argue that eco-labelling programmes basedon non-product-relatedppms are not coveredby the TBT Agreement in the light of the negotiating history of the Agreement. The relation between eco-labelling programmes basedon non-product-relatedppms and GATT/WTO disciplines : Articles I : +, III :., andxxiii : +(b) of the GATT +33. are relevant to this point. As for Article I : +, there is a precedent about Tuna/Dolphin case, where the Panel found that the Dolphin-Safe eco-labelling programme was not inconsistent with Article I : + since the labelling provisions do not establish requirements that have to be met in order to obain an advantage from the government. Any advantage which might possibly result from access to these labels depends on the free choice by consumers. But if the government intervention in a programme was more than that in the Tuna/ Dolphin case, such a programme can be inconsistent with Article I : +. - Although measures basedon PPMs have many problems about the WTO Agreement, voluntary programmes such as eco-labelling programmes can be consistent with the WTO disciplines. Eco-labelling programmes are e#ective in maketing, andtheir e#ect can grow as the consumer s concern about PPMs is increasing. Japanese agriculture, forestry andfisheries which are considered environmentally-friendly may as well utilize eco-labelling programmes for their marketing purposes. 12

16 +,**+ : , GMO + GTR,/-*, GMO -+ - GMO -31,. GTR Precautionary Principle, GT GT - GMO. Opt-out Provision GM GM - GM GM GM GM. GMO GM / + GM GMO GMO GMO GM WTO - + GMO GMO GMO GMO GM GM,*** , 13

17 +, GMO GMO,**+ 0 Gene Technology Act,***, GT + GMO + live and viable GMO+31/ DNA ASCORD DNA +32+ DNA RDMC small scale contained work, +* large scale contained work, +* - ASCORD +321 RDMC GMAC GT GMAC ASCORD RDMC GMAC,*, +33, Genetic Manipulation : the Threat or the Glory? GMO / gap GMO GMAC * GMO GTR GMAC OGTR GMAC GMO DHAC 14

18 : + GT , * GMO 33 2 IOGTR GMAC GMO GT OGTR +, IOGTR GT,***,- IOGTR - IOGTR 0 GT 2 +, +,,**+ + 0 IOGTR GT + GT IOGTR GT, GT OGTR IOGTR Gene Technology Bill,***,*** 0,*** +, 2,+ GT,**+ + -,**+ 0,+ Gene Technology Regulations,***, GT, GT + - GT GMO, GT +331 GTR + GTR,/-* GTR + GT -* GTR - /, ++2,1 GT GMO 15

19 + + GMO : Gene Technology Act,***. GT GT GT 16

20 : GMO GMO GMO GMO GMO GMO GMO GM GMO GMO GTR +.0 GTR GTR Gene Police,*** +, 3 Weekend Australian IOGTR DHAC OGTR - AFFA GMO GM, GMO -+ GT. GMO, GTR GTR GTR GMO GT GMO GT 1. GMO GT GT GT GTR GTR GMO GT GTR GT GMO 17

21 +, -+ GMO GTR GTR GT GTR GMO GTR -, GT /0 GTR, 1. GMO GMO GMO GMO GMO GMO GT GMO : Gene Technology Act,***. GT GMO /,***,, ++* -,-1 - GMO -31, GMO GT, GMO GTR GTR GTR GTR GTR 18

22 :, GMO Gene Technology Act,***. GTR GMO GTR GTR GTR GTR. GTR GT GTR + GT Gene Technology Technical Advisory Committee GMAC,* GTR + GT GT GT Gene Technology 19

23 + Community Consultative Committee GMO +, GTR GT GT GT Gene Technology Ethics Committee GMO +, GTR GT GMAC + GMO GT. Senate Community A#airs Committee GT Report on Gene Technology Bill,*** IOGTR + Precautionary Principle. Environment Protection and Biotechnology Conservation Act , Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. GTR GMO Precaution IOGTR,*** 1 GT, GT GT GMO - GT GT GT GT GTR GTR +*1 GT GT GT +** 20

24 : - GMO GM nongm GT Compensation Fund Insurance GTR GMO 0, GMO. Opt-out Provision nongm GTR WTO,+ / GM GM BT - Heliothis +330 / -* GMAC Bt Gossypium. GMAC NRA GMAC / GT GMAC NRA GTR GT, , BT,,*** ** ***+ BT BT a -*5*** 0*5*** 2/5*** +,*5*** +2*5*** b -305+**.-25,** /0+5/**..05.**.2.5*** :ha5 ab /4+,043-14, : Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics. Australian Commodity Statistics,***. a ***+ a +.,***ha BT +,***ha 21

25 + +.,*** ha BT +,*** ha, GM., / 0. / GM,*** / //,/,. +. : ha, -*4- +*4* -4* *4/ *4, *4, 02, , +** : James, C. Global Review of Commercialized Transgenic Crops,***. ISAAA Briefs, No.,+ Preview.,*** /,3 23., *.42 +*.42 /3,24, +*3 +**,*3+**4* : Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry-Australia. (http : / / www. brs. gov. au / agrifood / biotechpub. html) 0 GM,**+ 0 GT GM,**+. GM GMAC, GM GM GT GT GT GTR ++2 GTR -+ GTR GTR GTR GT GT GT 22

26 : GM + NZ ANZFA, DHAC TGA - AFFA NRA. NICNAS / AFFA AQIS GT GMO +, - +* GTR IOGTR,*** 1,**+ +* GTR +, GT.,*** +, +/ The Australian Financial Review,*** NRA +0/,*** ha,*,*** ha NRA ***+ -* CSIRO,*3,*** / /,*** ha - GM GMO GM GM + GM NZ Joint Australian New Zealand Food Standards Code NZ NZ ANZFSC NZ ANZFA ANZFSC GM +333 / A+2 GM ANZFA ANZFSC ANZFA A+2 GM,*** 1, ANZFSC 23

27 + / ANZFA, GM A+2 GM 0 ANZFSC A , GM GM A / A+2 GM not substantially equivalent GM GM -* +/ 0 GM , ANZFSC GM GM ANZFA A / A+2 2 ANZSC +, +*,*** 1 GM, +, A+2,**+ +, A+2 ANZFSC A+2 A+2 +,*** 1 GM +, A+2 +,**+ +, - GM A+2 GM - DNA DNA DNA *.+ GM + + GM +,,*** 1 ANZFSC + GM ANZFSC 24

28 : - GM : ANZFA. Compliance Guide to Standard A+2. DNA + gkg *.+ DNA : DNA +* gkg + 25

29 + GM GM ACA + GM GM GM,*** 1 H.G. DNA ANZFA,*** 1,2 Media Release. GMO +32* 3* Coleman 1 GM GM 1 1 GM GM GMO GM GT NZ A+2 GTR GMO + EU + / OGTR NZ ANZFA,*** +,,**+ 0 GM nongm GM GM IP GM,*** +, A+2,**+ +, A+2 GM GM 26

30 : GM GMO GM + GM GMO GM GM GM EU nongm nongm +3* /,*** 2 +2 Ag BioTech InfoNet GM nongm GM nongm GM + IP nongm IP 2 Urban 3 Foster +* OECD AGLINK GM /,*+* GM GM nongm +*.. nongm IP +* +.,,.- IP nongm nongm GM GMO GMnonGM, GM 27

31 GM GM GM +, EU GT - GM GM +,**+ 0 GT GMO GMO GT GTR EU, ANZFA GM GM /, GM + nongmo GMO GMO GM IP,*** 1 +, 0 +* +, +11/ /,*** 3 28

32 : GM GM GT GM GMO EU GMO. GM , EU GMO GMO GMO,**+ +* -* GMAC Genetic Manipulation Advisory Committee GTR Gene Technology Regulator OGTR O$ce of the Gene Technology Regulator IOGTR Interim O$ce of the Gene Technology Regulator AFFA Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestries Australia ANZFSC Australia New Zealand Food Standards CouncilNZ ANZFA Australia NewZealand Food Authority NZ + Commonwealth of Australia. Gene Technology Act,***., IOGTR. Gene Technology Regulations,*** (Draft). - GMAC. Annual Report Canberra ,*** - 2*3, /,*** / 0 ANZFA. Annual Report Canberra Coleman W.D. and Skogstad G. Neo-Liberalism, Policy Networks, and Policy Change : Agricultural Policy Reform in Australia and Canada, Australian Journal of Political Science, +33/ 23/ 2 /..,*** 3 Urban T. Agricultural Industrialization : It s Inevitable, Choices, +33+ Fourth Quarter, pp * Foster M. Commercialising GM crops Agriculture and Regional Australia. Outlook,**+ conference : ABARE,,**+, pp.+11+2/. ++,*** 2 +,,***

33 + GMO GMO GMO GMO GM GM GM GMO GMAC GM,**+ 0 GMAC GTR GMO GTR /,, GM NZ ANZFA NZ A+2 GM,*** 1 NZ ANZFA DNA GM + EU,**+ +, GM GM GM GM GM GM FAOWHO Codex 30

34 J. of Agric. Policy Res. No. + (,**+) Regulatory Reforms for GMOs in Australia Yasuo WATANABE Summary Australia, the third largest agricultural exporter to Japan, has recently reformed its national regulatory schemes for genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Some genetically modified crops (GM crops) have already been grown on trial sites and might be commercialized soon under the new regulating schemes, which may a#ect Japan s imports from Australia. In addition, Australia, as a leading country of the Cairns Group, is one of the key players in international agricultural negotiations, where regulating GMOs has become a hot issue. Therefore, it shall be useful for Japanese authorities, traders and consumers to investigate details of recent regulatory reforms for GMOs in Australia. In this context, firstly, this report explores the recent regulatory reform of GMO dealings. For the past +- years, the Genetic Manipulation Advisory Committee (GMAC) has overseen the use of gene technology. However, the system supervised by GMAC has no legislative backing ; compliance with GMAC guidelines and GMAC recommendations was voluntary. This meant that there was no legally enforceable way to audit or monitor the use of gene technology or to penalize breaches. But, the range of GMOs is being developed rapidly and some GMOs do not fall neatly within the existing regulations. Also, more GMOs are approaching the commercialization stage. In response to this situation, in December,***, the Federal Government passed the Gene Technology Act,*** (GT Act). The legislation came into force on,+ June,**+. The predominant feature of the GT Act is to establish an independent statutory o$ce named the Gene Technology Regulator to administer the legislation and make decisions (e.g. risk assessments) under the legislation. The regulatory reform of labelling genetically modified food (GMfood), as reviewed in the second chapter of the report, was another notable development in Australia. Food Standard A+2 approved by the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Council (ANZFSC) regulates GMfood labelling in Australia and New Zealand. On,2 July,***, ANZFSC agreed in principle to new labelling requirements for GMfood. ANZFSC formally approved the revised standard on,. November,***. It was gazetted on 1 December,*** and comes into e#ect on 1 December,**+. The new standard requires all GMfoods and ingredients to be labelled where they contain novel DNA and/or novel protein in the final food or have altered characteristics. It means that some GMfoods are required to be labelled even though they are substantially equivalent to conventional foods. However, as defined in A+2, GM food labelling requirements have some exemptions such as the unintentional presence of a GMfood not more than +. The revised GMfood labelling standard will be almost as rigid as the EU standard. Finally, this report concludes with some expectations. Australia is lagging behind key trading rivals such as US, Canada and Argentina in the GMcrop field. It seems that Australia has established a solid legislative basis, i.e. the GT Act, for the future commercialization of GMcrops to catch up with its rivals of the world grain market. On the other hand, the revised GMfood labelling standard might put Australia into a di$cult position because the country has strongly accused such a rigid GMfood standard as disguised protection against trade liberalization. Australia may change its strategy in future international negotiations for GMfood standard. 31

35 +,**+ : --0. * * + +, -., +, + +, - -. / / + + +,***., +, * 33

36 ** / , JR -*,*** -,1,2/+ -3./ 0/ +, / / +33/,,1 1+,*** ,***

37 :,***.,- 0.,,**+ +, NPO /* + +. /,*** 2 0 -, -.,,***. 3/ +* 2 + +,- :,+. +/ :,* 35

38 + + +, - +, -. /,5*/2 ++5* / * +*/5+2/ ,2 +3/5.+* ,0,52.0,+-532/,-/5/.2,*151.. /40 +,4., /4* +-4, 2/5./ , ,5+/. +-+5*,+ ++05,-* +*15* , *4/ 340 *4/,41 +/4, +/ ,04-,*43 2+., /2 25+/. +-5/*- +05/ , , ,-41, * 0.- /2../* /3/.*3,4, +*4+,+4* / **4*.*,5,0+ +**4* / **4* +5/1+5*0* +**4* -5*/1 +**4* 1*41,/ **4* +32, ,*22 /3,0-* - 0-, - :, 0 * *4* / + *4*. 0+ *4*,/-5* ,2 *4*, *4+, * ,*41 +,-25,+2 +/4, / ,-051-, ,-051-, 1241,5, ,5, /4* +10 /41, *4,. *4+ +2, /43 - +*/ *4*, * *3 /4,.,2 *4* / +/ *4* 0,3 *4* +5/1+5*0* +**4* +5/1+5*0* +**4* -5*/. +**4* -5*/. +**4* - : ,0. / /+ 36

39 :, + ADL,, +0 /,+ 0 / - 20,*** ,* 1., / / * * : ,***.+,***-,***0,00,,+ -53-, +50** +51,/ +,* ,5*23,2/ - 3,,1 1 20,*** 2 * * +1 +* +/2 3. +*0 a b ab +, -. / *1 +5,-, +5++/ 05+/* +05/2* +35.2*,051/* -*50** -/52-* /.4, -14/., ,+- 25, / , -/4-.,4-., ,-.-4,.+41 +*0 2,-,-,*** 1 37

40 + +*0.-., /. : : -/,/.*,*** 0 / 2 +/ +,./* +,*** 2,3 3 +-,3+ 1*3 + 1/ /1.,+-, /+ 1*. ++,*** ,-2,-+ +/2 +,, +, , , + +0.,-, +..,+ - ++/ * +0 / /1 2,* - 1 +,1-+ +-,2,- +/ ,0.,, 0+ 3, +-.*0., -. / 0/ * /13 +*/ +/ 2* ,+ 2/,,- -, / - 1/ 1,

41 : / 0 +,* *41 0/ * /42-0 /4,,. -4/,*,43 +1,4/ +0, ,,1* -34* /3 24/ 03- +**4* 0 +,* ,,-3 -/,/ , , +/,, / ++, +*0.* * 0 0 / ,/4- +04, +/4- /42 /4-, *42 *42 *41 *4/ *4/ *4+,.4, 03- +**4* * , ,,.3-0,32.- 0, 3 +/0, /,. +, , 2. +, + / +1/,/ ++, +0 +*0 +/ +1/ 0, -/ 3, /-,+ +, +0, +0, 39

42 +, 1 : 33 +, -. / -2 / +/ +* - / * , / -,, * / + * +, *, -., + 2 * + -. * * +,, /- +1.,/ /,1. ++, + -,02-3,3-., / 1 + +,, , /0+ 40

43 : *,30 /-,/-./ +/*,1 +-/, *,. 2,* 1 +1 / ,.,0,2, -/.,0 3* -, /- -/ , 3 +,,* /2-2 +, *,/.,0, 3 2 a b c ab d ac e ed f fd g / -., *,2 3+ +* ,, +,, /* , *,2, -/. 1,,/4/ /- +/, +3,.*, , -/ 0+ 2., , /* 2 +34* / * ,-+,/ / +** +,0,/43 41

44 + 3 :.*,2 3* 0- +, 3 +., +** +3,- 0-1/,, 2. +** +. +, / +,+ +** ,- 2,13 +** -3,1 // -2 /+ -/ +./ +** +-,, * 0* +** / +.,/ 12, 0 -, +** ++ +/ / **,,2,. /3* ** -, ,,2,. /3* , +* /- +*- +/ / ,. +* - - / / 2 2 +* +* ,* +*.,, +-., / /4* -4, **4* +* - +33,3 / +*,, - / -+- +/ , -- -* +* 2 42

45 : + +, , 0 0, ,/ -,/.1 1, +* /1 2 +* +.. /- 2 1, c, / - -/* 0. /./ +3+ -/ +0- -* - +.*,0 +*1,* 2- +/ 0- +, 0* *.22 +/.3 : -1.- :.+.0 c, + 43

46 +,.,0,*,, +2,* +/ / 3 +* 1 2 +* - 2. /* :,+ : +, c, / -- : - : / c, +* +- : 0 :,. c, +*, /** /** -2- // +0-,. 03 +* 12 ++, c, / ++. c, +1 :,3. +, ++ +, -. / +2.* -2, ,-,1 -* -* / , / +*

47 : + / +, -. / / / / +, A / +, / +, / A B +, No4 *4*+*/*0- *4*+/*,32 + *4*.-2 /*43 /*43 *4**2/0+2 *4*+-/00,, *4*,-*, *4**2/0*1 *4**3,,*- *4*+2+.,+ *4*-++*,. *4*--... *4*++,//1 45

48 + + / /,+ : +. / -. : 1 +, 00 : /, 2 : +2, B, / + /+,,1 12, C, /, / , -/ - +- / 1, / 2, -3, / 46

49 : +- : 1+43 *4+12 /* /* +, -/ -0+ +*3,0,,*2 /0 +10,-2 +/* +*2,+, *430, + *4+2*, * *4*31. *4*2* *4+** *4*-3 *4*.0 *4*/+ *4,,- *41-3 *4++- *4*0- *4*,* +.- -,1 *4*.- / *4*-* *4*+- / *4*3 / -, , * 1. 1/ , -/ /* /* +++,,.. +,,3 +-,, ,, ++-/ +/-3 +,-- +/-- +*-2,,-+ 223,2/0 -*1+.012,+/.,312,*0/,-0+, ,.303 # //0 +*,* ++,0 * +/,/ +*,0 +*,1 +*-, /+3,+-*....*2* /,31.,11-,+02 -,2. -,23,30-,+2+ /*1* : # 3+** /*+**.,+** /3+** -3+** -1+** -++** -2+** * -0+**.0+**,0+** 1++** / 1* / *.1+, *.0/- *..23 *.+.1 *.*/, 0- / + *.032. *../3 - *.-2*, *.*-- / *.*,, 1- c, * / # +* 10 / 02, 47

50 + 2+,, +. / +- 1* /.. : ++.0 :,, +. / 0- /0 :,* /* /* -1 : /* ++ /* -, * 20,/. 311,0 - / / 2 +/,**+. 2 : -* -*/* /*2* 2*+** +**,***. +*3-0 //+2 0*,* 0/,, +*-,33+**,***. 2,1 +*-- 1,- /+1 ** -*+**,***.,2,/,0,- -*,1,-, ** +./-- 3+,+ 31,, 3-, *+** c, +*.+/ P *.,/ 48

51 : +/ ,**+. 2 c, -* +/ -*/*.* +** ++* /. - /* /* , 3 2, / c, +. - /+./ 0* 0 +/ +0,**+. : -* -*/* /*2* 2*+** +**,*** ,*,3+2 -* **,***. +*,/ 0+/ 3,- ++,1.+*.*+**,***. -, ,,,-,.,/,, 30+** +*3-0 //+2 0*,* 0/,, +* -,33+** c, +,.-/ P*.+. 49

52 + 2,***. -/ 3,0 2,***. 3+ 3,***.,. +-./ /+ 0, ,***. T T*.3+*.++*.*0+***.+*.*0+** *.0 *.3+ *.++ *.* : +, -/,*** ,1 /3 +/- // // +.* /-,*** /,* ,- 3,***. +3, *. -2 /0,2 /+.* +*, -2 1* +**,+/ +**,11 +**,*- +** +,0 +**,0/ +** c,..*+ P*..+ c, P*.**+ +2,**+. : +, -/,*** *0 0* +*0.0 ++* 0- /2 /1 +**.1,***. / 2,* ,+ +, +, +, -/ +0,***. +/,/ /,, /, /3 +** +12 +**,-* +** +10 +** +*+ +**,+- +** c, +,.-- P*.*, c, 3..3 P*.*. 50

53 : *.0 /, c, c, /, ,-.+ +, **..-,2 0-*..-,- + /,2,- + / / JR,*** +*** 03- +, -. / 51

54 +, /., + -, 2* +, -0 ++, +*0 3,, 1, +- +/ +,*** / ,* -, +, - / 2. -,/ - 2 /2 +, 2,. +- / 52

55 : - / / /* 2, ,1,0 +,/ / 53

56 + - : / + 02 A B C D E F G ADL IADL + a b c d e f g h i - / ADL /, ADL 54

57 : ,.+ +, , /-,./,0 +., +- *.0 1 *.- 1 ADL. - / IADL IADL ADL 0 ADL, IADL, ADL +3 ADL ADL, +3 ADL + : +,4/,.4+ *4* /.4/ /4* *4* ,43,4* +* *4-,+4. 04/ *4/.4-04,,4-, ,/4-,-40,/41 -*4/ +4/ +,43 +4* +-4* +*43 /4+,/ / +34/ *4* / *4* /4/ *4* *4* /4/ 0.4, +* * +24-2*4/ +*4* +3041,.4- +/ , +* ,4, +--4, 124, +/14/,*4* +,.42 2*24/ +**4* + +, ,* , , +2,/ +- -* -,,*,3 +0,0,*3 :. 55

58 +.,*... J A B C +, -. /. +, + + +, -, +..,.... -, - +, - +, ,.... 1, 0 1,, +..,,,,,3 // 2- +** 0-1, 0* +++ : +331 : I V M 2*2./ + +, ,* , ,. +3 ADL 2*2./ +-./ ADL / ADL,* +0, +, * +, 01., ADL 56

59 :,,*,, 1 2,*. / +1.-/ *., : +,*. / -.-. /* :.. :,. / / ADL,* / /,,,**+ ++,* 3 2 : / 1 +*,* ** * / 57

60 + G G G G A A /* /*., /. +, A + No..1,*** 3, +,,,*** -,*** / 3+ // +, -,.,*** - 0,***. +,***.,* 1 -, * Vol

61 : - +., /.*0. 1/13 0/03 2*2. 1*1. 2/ : + + +, + :, + + :, + - +, 59

62 + : -,, : ,

63 : - + +, +.. :... + / + - -/ /2 2+* +* +* 0 / / :

64 +, + + :,, + : / 0/,, /** /** /, + 62

65 : * *,***. +,, *. -,/ /,0 /, ,0 0 +* 1 /* +* 2 ADL 2*3 +-,* ADL 3 ADL ADL * 63

66 J. of Agric. Policy Res. No. + (,**+) Reactions of Users of the Public Nursing Care Insurance System and their Characteristics : With an Emphasis Placed on the Questionnaire Survey on Users of Care Service Conducted in the City of Kashiwa Yoshihiko AIKAWA,Kimi HOTTA* and Ritsuko YAMANE* Summary The purpose of this paper is to examine the reactions of users of the Public Nursing Care Insurance system,which was introduced in April,***,based on the results of the questionnaire survey conducted in a city in the Tokyo metropolitan area. The results can be summarized as follows : Only a half of those in need of nursing care regularly lived with their families. In addition, while women played a central role in giving nursing care,the number of daughters living together who provided nursing care was almost the same as that of wives of the sons living together. This is a characteristic commonly observed in cities. Seventy to eighty percent of those in need of nursing care (or their families) were satisfied with the Public Nursing Care Insurance system. From this it may be concluded that the system has generally been accepted favorably. However,though there were not many users discontent with care need assessments,those dissatisfied with the assessments complained that No consideration was given to the family s ability to give nursing care or that Assessment of the condition of dementia was too low. These opinions suggest that the care need assessment method of the system has these defects. In the Public Nursing Care Insurance system,users have to pay +* of the insurance premiums. While those who su#ered from severer disability desired less economic burden even if it meant a lower service level,their families wanted,on the contrary,a better service even though it resulted in a heavier economic burden. After the introduction of the system,users of nursing care service increased by about,0. On the other hand,,. of those who had already used the service before the start of the system increased the level of use,and +- of them decreased the level of use. This means that only ++ of these continued users of the service (,.+-) increased their utilization level. The average use level of the service of those in need of nursing care was /* of the upper limit. This shows that even after the system was introduced,the tendency to use nursing care service moderately has continued. * Kaigo Hoken Shimin Kaigi 64

67

68 +, A ,,.-,../ -/ - +* / * +, - ++.**,.,, + Tel *--3+*-2*3

69 本誌から転載 複写する場合は, 当所の許可を得てください 2001( 平成 13) 年 12 月 28 日印刷 発行 農林水産政策研究第 1 号 発行者農林水産省農林水産政策研究所 東京都北区西ヶ原 2 丁目 2 1 電話東京 (03) FAX 東京 (03) 印刷 製本創文印刷工業株式会社

70