RFID systems... 5 Communication... 5 Anti-collision... 5

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Βοανηργες Κοσμόπουλος
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2 "# %! & ' RFID systems... 5 Communication... 5 Anti-collision... 5 & RFID Tags Packaging... 6 Examples of different formats... 6 Tag Cost... 6 Tag IC s... 8 Tag Classes... 9 Selecting a tag... 1 Active and passive tags... 1 How tags communicate Tag Orientation polarization) Tag standards RFID Readers Handheld Readers RFID Label Printers Reader Antennas... 2 ) Definition of the Supply Chain How will RFID help improve supply chain efficiency The main benefits of RFID in the supply chain * % EPC Origins EPC layout EPC infrastructure Middleware or Savant Software Object Name Service ONS) Physical Markup Language PML) How the EPC will automate the supply chain , -, "**. More about Near and Far fields "** %) EIRP and ERP Power Emissions... 31

3 Executive Summary! " # % &' ) *+ + #, * % - ". / % &' 1 & & 5 - " ', " 7 ' & & % 9 ' : ; ) " 4 -

4 Introduction to RFID., /, ". /.4 " /. /. / 4 <, 7 *1 = ; ) >1? ; ). / 4 ',.4 ' / Table 1. Most commonly used RFID frequencies for passive tags -- Performance overview, < ; 3 ; *1 = ; ) *1 2' ; ) A 2&+ ' ; ) B*C >1? ; ) D " *A & 4 5 D " *A & 4 5 D " *A &2 4 5 D " *A &> 4 6 ; * 4 5 * *>>>.6 D8/ 6 1 E * E >F1 BC E *? < 6 < 7 3 ; 4 < 8 3 ; < ;, "?,, ' < ;,, ' ' 6 6 & &. /. / 6 " " & 6 " - 8 7! ) 8 ; < 8 < 6 G < ;, ", &, 3 4 >%. - /+ *1 ' ; ) 1 %. - / A 2A ' ; ) BC 1 A? ; ) ' % - < 4 4 )! "!!!#!" "!%&')*! +&,#!"!!,"!!-./!#1"#!1"!! #! ", " */12",!, 1,!!",/&3 1 /

.) Hand held Readers Shelf Readers Fig 1. Typical RFID System. - 5 ' /,.

5 How RFID works RFID identifies SKU) individual items Fixed Portal Readers RFID identifies Aggregates Box, pallets..) Hand held Readers Shelf Readers Fig 1. Typical RFID System. - 5 ' /,. / % 3 7 4, 4 5 * *A & ; 4 5 *A &2 - " 3 ; 8,. A 2&+ *1 ' ; ) 3 ; *1 2' ; ) ; /6 5. / &.8 6 /, 1 D ; D 3 ; 5 D 6 &

6 RFID Building Blocks. /.- -! " - / 4 6 G 7 :,. >/ -! " Fig 2. Basic Tag Assembly! PVC PET PAPER. Copper ALU Conductive Ink. " # PVC Epoxy Resin Adhesive Paper. " ) 7 F % ; 7 = - -. H / 7 1 ; ) " ). / 3 ; *& 4 I% 6-4 4

7 ,. / 7 ), 1 Fig 3. HF MHz) Tag examples - 7 & Courtesy of ASK Courtesy of Inside Contactless Fig 4. UHF MHz) tag examples Courtesy of MATRICS " image courtesy of Maxell) Courtesy of IPICO ; &' 7 8 ' 7 3 ; ;.' 7 / ;. / 5

8 % Fig 5. Basic Tag IC architecture & ' ) " # " # ) 3 ; 1 ), Image courtesy of Impinj inc, I ' G! '.G ' / - 5 ' + 2 = ;. ) / ) 7 * &. - "? / '.' / 3 4, - ". - " / - " 3 - ".3-6

9 " / ; 1 2 ) ) J< - J 5 ) > - " " < F 6 5 G < K F. - " / " 6 4. / & " < *F% 5 G " 6 5 G < K.% 5 ' /F 3 F " < F 6 % 7 " < F 6 % F & 6 & " < >F 6 % F Table 2. Different tag classes " = ' " B*C G - " - 6 & * - " &5 6 - " &% 6 4 &% 4 &- D6 4 > 4 &% 6 6 ; B*C - " - " & %

" L 4 ) F 9 ; F &. / - ) F 7 ",., / 5,.< ; 3 ; / 4 " 4.4 5 - " /.3 4 6 / % - " 6 & &, ; F F Fig 6.

10 " L 4 ) F 9 ; F &. / - ) F 7 ",., / 5,.< ; 3 ; / 4 " " / / % - " 6 & &, ; F F Fig 6. How passive tags are defined Power source Frequency Protocol Memory Package ;&4* * 7 - '"1 79:/ 6 <&4* Semi-passive 7 " 2 & - >&1 3 ;,. & / * & 6 7 : - >&1 3 ;,.A 2' ) F+ ' ) / 4 &-. /, *

11 6 3 7, < ; 3 ;. */; 3 ; 7 3 ;, < - Table 3. Comparison of Passive and Active Tags 4 & < ' % >&1.3 ; / 7 4 < ; 3 ; < 7 & 3? &, ". M / 3 ; *' % ) ; G N. /,. / < ;, 3 ;, λdπ λo 7 1 ; 1 3 ;. 6 &*6 7 6 / G L

12 Fig 7. Two different ways of Energy and information transfer between reader and tag +,*,. /! & N / < ",. 7 :*1 2 ' ; ) / 7 ),,.*1 2' ; ) 1 /". /. /, 6 ' 6 ' ; ; 9 P. / -. /,, & &, Fig 8. Creation of two higher frequency side-bands "#%&'). /-. "#%,-) "#%**+)

13 -* - 3 ;,,.6 ' /, %, %. / 6 ;. 7 / %. N /, &, λd *2 λd> P, 3 ; ", & ;, 5 #./ ; ) ; 3 ; 1 H + M. + / ;. / >3 ; ) ) 7, > Table 4. Managing the problem of tag orientation &6 6 3 ; &6 " ) ; & 6.Q K R / + M 3 ; F ) + M F '

14 Fig 9. HF Tag orientation with different antenna configurations 1- D field, 9 tag orientations Tag readable /// Tag Un-readable /// 2 - D field, 9 tag orientations 3 - D field, 9 tag orientations = 7 12 /// %=

15 6,, ) / 6 &S &S : " 4 ' 6 &. / * ". /4 ) Table 5. ISO 18 -RFID for Item Management - Air Interface 18 1 Part 1 Generic Parameters for Air Interface Communications for Globally Accepted Frequencies 18 2 Part 2 Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135 KHz 18 3 Part 3 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at MHz 18 4 Part 4 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 2.45 GHz 18 5 Part 5 Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 5.8 GHz 18 6 Part 6 - Parameters for Air Interface Communications at MHz Protocol Table 6. EPCglobal standards evolution:, Description " 3 ; & " - 3 ; & " * ; 3 ; % 5 '.% & / " *? G 3 ; % 5 ' : : " * 4 5 *A &2 " 3 ; 6 & Source: RFID Journal Jan 24 issue ).4 # /,, ; *1 2' ; ) 3 ;, 7 &

Pacific Rim West of the International date line "! "? 5 G *L " -. " - /, 3 ; 4 A & Download: webapp.etsi.

16 3. 3 / : REGION 1: REGION 2: REGION 3: Europe, Middle East, Africa and the former Soviet Union including Siberia North and South America and Pacific east of the International Date Line Asia, Australia and the Pacific Rim West of the International date line "! "? 5 G *L " -. " - /, 3 ; 4 A & Download: webapp.etsi.org/action%5cv/ V2493/en_32281v111v.pdf 6 3 ; 7.A 21 FA 2A ' ; ) / - % - LA 21 2FA 2N 2' ; ) < F *1. / % -.A - / 3 4 4

17 ? 5 G L " ". " " / 3 ; " " &- *1.*1 >+ / L LDD D D 7 T *D>N *1 T * 6 3 ;.+ &+ A ' ; ) / ' 7 - >% - &, ;? 5 G L P 6-6 G.' - ; - /' - ' ; 6 - LP < P 3 ;, + 1 ' ; ), O - U*2> ' F8& 5

4 5 - " /F' ' & I & 3 ;, + F+ ' ; ) 3 4 A 2+ ' ; ) & -

18 ; 3 ; - " Courtesy of SAMSYS 3 - " 7 - " 5,.; 3 ; / F ' &, - 6 F " /F' ' & I & 3 ;, + F+ ' ; ) 3 4 A 2+ ' ; ) & - L>% % & ', ; 3 4 " G L & " - D- & % < 6 G.A **/ & < 6 G.* / & 4 >A 1 6 & & 6 & & ; ' & > D & ; 7 6

19 6 & & D5 7 *" ; G = < 5? Q 3 ; 7-6 RFID enabled HF Hand Held reader - Courtesy of PSION TEKLOGIX +! & 3 ; ;. / - G 5 G Q *1 D Courtesy of PRINTRONIX %

20 * /; * / 3 ;.@ / 7 7 % 6 < ;, 3 ; ; '. /, 7 & ", : 4 & ; < " & & 7, : 5,. 1 5 / ' 7?. ) Q K /. ) /. / 6 ".6 " / L?. / - " ) 5 4. / & & < ) 6 & &

21 RFID technology in the Supply chain " " 7 & 4 7 ) " ' /. - % ' 4 / *''" ", 6 4 G H ) 8 < / G, " - ",, & "! " " 7 D

22 6 4 G.6 4 G / / " 6 4 G H )? 6 & " ' 4 N H ; ) 1 * " V. " / N H H

The EPC TM Electronic Product Code 6 - ". - " /% % &' 1 # 5 *+ + + 6 & ' ' 6 ) - ". - " / 6 & " 5 2 P " - ".

23 The EPC TM Electronic Product Code 6 - ". - " /% % &' 1 # 5 * & ' ' 6 ) - ". - " / 6 & " 5 2 P " - ". / - " 3 - ".3 - " / 2> 1 2 > *% - ", Fig 1. Layout of an EPC which is 96 bits in length ;.&N N / ; A 5 * - " * " 2> 1 2

- ".A &1 / % - - " 5 ".2&1 1 + / 7 4 = 3.4 = 3 / 4 G.2F+ + 2/ -, + 2 fig.

points to the location where information is stored using PML Filter Data Query

Data to a computer running middleware PML data Middleware/Savant ID Reader epc s

24 - ".A &1 / % - - " 5 ".2&1 1 + / 7 4 = 3.4 = 3 / 4 G.2F+ + 2/ -, + 2 fig. 11 The basic steps of EPC infrastructure ONS database maps the EPC to a URL URL points to the location where information is stored using PML Filter Data Query ONS Object naming Service) Manage Readers Reader scans and reads the EPC Sends Data to a computer running middleware PML data Middleware/Savant ID Reader epc s ONS Database Temp. An EPC is stored into an RFID tag/label and attached to an item Tag Tag Sensor

25 - " ) G 7 : 7, ' ' - ", 7 # 4 4, 5 G 4.5 G 4 / #!2 3.#3 5 G 4 - ", G 4. G / 7 - " 5 G ' < 4 - " "+.+ % - " - ' < - ' < 7.Q ' < / 7 - ". G 4 Q ' < / J J - ' < : 7.*/ < Q K R :./ B- : - C:./ ".>/ 7 &

26 *'" ' " "courtesy of EPCglobal and XPLANE) 6 & 1., - " 2. & ", 3. 6 J J 4. / - " #,. & / / - " 4 ' - " 5 G 4.5 G 4 / 5 G 4 - ".- ' < / c) - ' <.- ' < / 8 Savant ONS server PML server Computer EPC: Look under Can of Cherry Fxyzz3tnn;4x;CC Super Cola Inc Soda, shipped From Boston,MA 5. 6 " V ! 6 G, J J & 4

27 Security in RFID Systems. - " / 7 ) : / 5 / 5 D D / ". /. / 7 */ 4 F / F 6 ; F 3 ;. / * F G M - - " 7 3 / " F8, 5 D 6 # 5 & 5

28 Conclusion ) D 5 ', 7 T T - " About the Author. 4 < < 6 6 G W 3 % 7 & " ; 4 G 4 A :! = 6 " " L X % L + #"! "#,!1#1!"!!, #"*! #!!!! " 1/ 1* ">!1!!1!,,?8 "//@#!"#,!/A",! )!, #!1" 1!!*!!"/ 6

29 Appendix A!3 3 < ;,,.*D / % 7 3 ; < ; 3 ; 5 3 ; ' 7 *+. /.; & /. & / ; 7 ; & & & ' 7, & & ; & D; O *π N N Ω.5 &! D' ; & 6 D' / Fig A-1 Transition region between near and far fields Wave impedence, Ohms r <<λ Electric field Magnetic field.1 Transitional field r >>λ Plane wave Zo = 377Ohms Bπ & 6 & λdπ *D. / *D *D & *D*D *D r /λ %

30 ! " Fig A-2 Different Region models λdπ *D 1 6 &* Table A-1 Near and Far field limits 45#3#+ 65#3#+ B B B B / B B FAR FIELD NEAR FIELD NEAR FIELD FAR FIELD TRANSITION ZONE 8 G * S *= * S ** 3 *21 S *21 1 S 1 6 */ 6 < / 6 / 6 ;. / >/ 6 3 ;

31 APPENDIX B ' -., - / - 6,. / -. - / - & - O - 7 *2> " L ) O - 7 *2> ; 7 8 < 3 " " J6 " 8 &, 1.7/ 7 " 1.7/ , 7 ". 3 < 4 7 /, ' 7, 7 " " 7 7., : / " J

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