OiJ diavfore" kanonike;" ijdiovthte" a[skhsh" th`" dikaiodosiva" tou` Oijkoumenikou` Patriarceivou Kwnstantinoupovlew" 1

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1 1 OiJ diavfore" kanonike;" ijdiovthte" a[skhsh" th`" dikaiodosiva" tou` Oijkoumenikou` Patriarceivou Kwnstantinoupovlew" 1 1 Keivmeno dhmosieuqevn ejn Istina [Parivsi], t. 40, teu`c. 4 (1995), sel To; i[dio, ejn Témoignage et pensée orthodoxes/ jorqovdoxo" Marturiva kai; Skevyi", t (3-4/1999), sel (divglwsso), ejn Le Messager Orthodoxe, teu`c. 141 (II/2004), sel , kai; ejn jarcim. Grhgorivou D. PAPAQWMA, Essais de Droit canonique orthodoxe (Dokivmia jorqodovxou Kanonikou` Dikaivou), Flwrentiva, Università degli Studi di Firenze/Facoltà di Scienze Politiche Cesare Alfieri (seira; Seminario di Storia delle istituzioni religiose e relazioni tra Stato e Chiesa-Reprint Series, ajr. 38), 2005, kef. IV, sel Epivsh" me avllh morfhv kai se avllh prooptikhv ejn 2h Qematikh; JEnovthtaÚ JH jorqodoxiva sto;n 20o kai; 21o aijwvna, t. 3Ú JH ejnovthta th`" jorqovdoxh" jekklhsiva", jaqhvna-pavtra, JEllhniko; janoikto; Panepisthvmio/Metaptuciako; Provgramma Spoudwǹ sth;n jorqodoxiva, 2002, sel

2 2 PERIECOMENA 1. Idiovthte" th" dikaiodosiva" tou Patriarceivou KPovlew" H dikaiodosiva th" (Arci)episkophv" Kwnstantinoupovlew" H dikaiodosiva tou Patriarceivou Kwnstantinoupovlew" H avskhsh tou prodikaiodosiakouv dikaiwvmato" tou Patriarceivou 2. Idiovthte" th" apovkthsh" uperorivou kanonikh`" dikaiodosiva" O prokaqhvmeno" twn uperorivwn edafwvn 3. Idiovthte" tou prwvtou qrovnou twn orqodovxwn kata; tovpou" Ekklhsiwvn H idiovthta tou topothrhthv twn Orqodovxwn th" Ekklhsiva" th" Duvsew" H apovkthsh tou ajna; th;n Oijkoumevnhn ekklhvtou 4. Idiovthte" pou prokuvptoun apov thn anavdush th" Enwmevnh" Eurwvph" (apov to 1993) H idiovthtav tou w" dialegovmenou foreva (ekproswvpou) th" Orqodovxou Ekklhsiva" me thn Eurwpai>khv venwsh 5. Nohmatikov sumplhvrwma

3 3 EISAGWGH Sto kefavlaio autov analuvontai oi periptwvsei" ekeivne" pou scetivzontai me thn avskhsh th" kanonikhv" dikaiodosiva" tou Oikoumenikouv Patriarceivou Kwnstantinoupovlew" kai, kat epevktash kai sunevpeia, thn anavdush tou rovlou enovthta" pou aporrevei mevsa apov thn enavskhsh authv stou" kovlpou" th" Orqovdoxh" Ekklhsiva" anav thn Oikoumevnh. Pravgmati, to Oikoumenikov Patriarceivo th" Kwnstantinoupovlew", h prwtovqronh Ekklhsiva metaxuv twn Orqodovxwn Patriarceivwn kai Autokefavlwn Ekklhsiwvn th" Anatolhv" kai Mhtevra Ekklhsiva ovlwn twn artigevnnhtwn Patriarcikwvn, Autokefavlwn kai Autonovmwn Ekklhsiwvn th" Kentroanatolikhv" Eurwvph", kaqierwvqhke sunodikav kai istorikav na evcei prwteuvonta rovlo sta qevmata enovthta" th" Orqovdoxh" Ekklhsiva". H orqovdoxh diasporav, ta diacristianikav qevmata, h ekproswvphsh kai summetochv se korufaiva" shmasiva" koinwnikav zhthvmata, h scevsh me to eurwpai>kov givgnesqai, to evkdhlo endiafevron gia to peribavllon allav kai gia to ousiastikov periecovmeno th" pagkosmiopoivhsh" th" anqrwpovthta", eivnai kavpoia apov ta pediva ovpou ekdhlwvnetai h idiovthta authv tou Oikoumenikouv Patriarceivou. Sunepwv", sto kefavlaio autov exetavzoume metaxu; a[llwn ton rovlo pou askeiv o Oikoumenikov" Qrovno" sthn enovthta th" Orqovdoxh" Ekklhsiva" anav thn Oikoumevnh. H melevth authv apoteleiv to upovbaqro gnwvsh" kai kritikwvn parembavsewn pavnw sti" opoive" qa sthricqouvme gia na analuvsoume kai na katanohvsoume ti" basikev" paramevtrou" th" poluscidouv" drasthriovthta" tou polivtikou Patriarceivou sthn prooptikhv authv. To kefavlaio autov apoteleivtai apov tevsserei" enovthte". Sthn prwvth qa anaferqouvme sti" idiovthte" th" dikaiodosiva" tou Oikoumenikouv Patriarceivou kaqwv" kai sthn avskhsh tou eponomazovmenou prodikaiodosiakouv dikaiwvmato" pou sunistav ermhneutikov kleidiv kai apavnthsh se pollav zhthvmata kai problhvmata pou tivqentai shvmera stou" kovlpou" th"

4 Orqovdoxh" Ekklhsiva". Sth sunevceia qa diereunhvsoume thn idiovthta sunodikhv" apovkthsh" kanonikhv" uperovria" dikaiodosiva" pou apoteleiv ermhneiva sto provblhma ekklhsiastikhv" enovthta" stou" cwvrou" th" orqovdoxh" diasporav". Sto trivto mevro" qa diafaneiv o rovlo" enovthta" th" Ekklhsiva" th" Kwnstantinoupovlew", pou aporrevei apov thn idiovthtav th" w" tou prwvtou qrovnou twn orqodovxwn topikwvn ekklhsiwvn. Tevlo", sthn tevtarth enovthta qa parousiavsoume kavpoie" neofaneiv" kanonikev" idiovthte" tou Oikoumenikouv Patriarceivou pou prokuvptoun apov thn istorikhv anavdush th" Enwmevnh" Eurwvph" kai sugkekrimevna metav apov to sumbolikov evto" th" Eurwpai>khv" oloklhvrwsh", to W" katakleivda, paraqevtoume evna nohmatikov sumplhvrwma pou anafevretai sti" dikaiodosive" tou Patriarceivou sto plaivsio th" Enwmevnh" Eurwvph" kai th" Ekklhsiva" th" Ellavdo". 4 Me avlla lovgia, gia na diafaneiv kaluvtera autov" o upov exevtash rovlo" tou Oikoumenikouv Patriarceivou sthn epitelouvmenh apovpeira ekklhsiastikhv"/diorqovdoxh" enovthta", krivqhke skovpimh h prosevggishv tou mevsa apov th diereuvnhsh twn periptwvsewn ekeivnwn pou anafevrontai afenov" sthn avskhsh th" kanonikhv" dikaiodosiva" tou Oikoumenikouv Qrovnou stou" kovlpou" th" Orqovdoxh" Ekklhsiva", se diavfora pediva, sta opoiva ekdhlwvnetai h enavskhsh authv anaduvonta" ton rovlo enovthta" th" Ekklhsiva" th" Kwnstantinoupovlew", afetevrou sta apotelevsmata pou sunepavgetai h enavskhsh autouv tou rovlou enovthta" pou ivdia h Ekklhsiva tou apevdwse. H diagrammatikhv parousivash tou qevmato", pou evpetai euquv" amevsw" prin thn anavptuxhv tou, diafaivnei thn optikhv prosevggish" tou qevmato".

5 5 H kanonikhv paravdosh th" Ekklhsiva" paracwvrhse dia mevsou twn aiwvnwn sthn Ekklhsiva th" Kwnstantinoupovlew" ovpw" exavllou kai se kavqe avllh topikhv Ekklhsiva, anavloga me ti" cronikev" kai cwrogewgrafikev" th" suntetagmevne" kavpoie" kanonikev" idiovthte", gia na ekplhrwvsei a) to swthriologikov evrgo pou epiteleiv kavqe Topikhv Ekklhsiva se sugkekrimevno tovpo kai crovno, allav kai b) thn apostolhv enovthta" pou epiteleiv w" prwvth sthn tavxh twn Ekklhsiwvn Topikhv Ekklhsiva. Sthn epochv ma", h opoiva sumpivptei me thn oloklhvrwsh duvo cilietiwvn istorikhv" zwhv" kai kanonikhv" paravdosh" th" Ekklhsiva", oi idiovthte" autev" qa mporouvsan na katanemhqouvn se diavfore" kathgorive", anavloga me thn perivptwsh, w" exhv"ú Ennoiologikev" kathgorive" kanonikwvn idiothvtwn tou Oikoumenikouv Patriarceivou Kwnstantinoupovlew" A. 1. H dikaiodosiva th" (Arci)episkophv" Kwnstantinoupovlew" 2. H dikaiodosiva tou Patriarceivou Kwnstantinoupovlew" 3. H avskhsh tou prodikaiodosiakouv dikaiwvmato" tou Patriarceivou B. 1. H avskhsh kan/khv" uperorivou dikaiodosiva" ejn toi`" barbarikoi`" G. 1. H qevsh tou topothrhthv sto Patriarceivo (Rwvmh") th" Duvsew" 2. H enavskhsh tou ekklhvtou sthn Orqovdoxh Ekklhsiva D. 1. O dialegovmeno" foreva" (ekprovswpo") th" Orqodovxou Ekklhsiva" me thn Eurwpai>khv venwsh Gia na diafaneiv kaluvtera o rovlo" tou Oikoumenikouv Patriarceivou sthn enovthta th" Orqovdoxh" Ekklhsiva", endeivknutai na ton anicneuvsoume mevsa apov thn anavlush autwvn twn kanonikwvn protavsewn. vopw" diapistwvnoume apov authv th diagrammatikhv paravqesh, h avskhsh th" patriarcikhv" dikaiodosiva" tou Oikoumenikouv Qrovnou, sto pedivo th"

6 efarmoghv" th", den emfanivzei omoiovmorfa carakthristikav eidikav se ov,ti aforav sto periecovmenov th" kai diaforopoieivtai anavloga w" pro" th corhghqeivsa apov thn Kanonikhv Paravdosh th" Ekklhsiva" leitourgiva gia diavforou" kavqe forav lovgou". Sunepwv", upoleivpetai se ma" na embaquvnoume, na exetavsoume leptomerwv" kai na analuvsoume tovso autev" ti" diaforetikev" kanonikev" idiovthte" ovso kai tou" lovgou" gia tou" opoivou" to Oikoumenikov Patriarceivo Kwnstantinoupovlew" ti" apevkthse dia mevsou twn aiwvnwn. H anavlush authv qa katadeivxei apov ovle" ti" ptucev", kai sthn pravxh, ton rovlo pou kaleivtai na epitelevsei to Oikoumenikov Patriarceivo sthn korufaiva" shmasiva" enovthta th" Orqovdoxh" Ekklhsiva". Epiplevon, qa ma" paravscei mia koinhv bavsh optikhv" kai enatevnish" twn pragmavtwn kai qa ma" exasfalivsei th dunatovthta na katanohvsoume th leitourgiva twn diafovrwn kanonikwvn susthmavtwn pou metevrcetai h Ekklhsiva, gia na doqouvn apanthvsei" se kaivria suvgcrona erwthvmata pou tivqentai stou" kovlpou" tou orqovdoxou ekklhsiastikouv plhrwvmato". 6

7 7 1. Idiovthte" th" dikaiodosiva" tou Patriarceivou KPovlew" Prin probouvme se opoiadhvpote apovpeira anavptuxh" twn zhthmavtwn pou arcikav qevsame, eivnai aparaivthto na kavnoume mia dieukrivnhsh ovrwn kai orologiva" pou scetivzontai me authv kaq eauthv thn onomasiva th" Ekklhsiva" th" Kwnstantinoupovlew". Me ton ovro Oikoumenikov Patriarceivo Kwnstantinoupovlew" ennoouvme kai orivzoume trei" kanonikev" idiovthtev" tou safwv" diakritev" metaxuv tou"ú Kanonikoiv ennoiologikoiv carakthrismoiv 1. Arciepiskophv Kwnstantinoupovlew" 2. Oikoumenikov Patriarceivo Kwnstantinoupovlew" 3. Idiovthta avskhsh" tou prodikaiodosiakouv dikaiwvmato" Shmaivnoume me tou" ovrou" autouv" (1on) thn Arciepiskophv Kwnstantinoupovlew", dhl. mia sugkekrimevnh gewepiskopikhv eparciva/perifevreia pou carakthrivzetai apov ton, gnwstov pia se ovlou", ovro topikhv Ekklhsiva, h opoiva evcei kefalhv kai patevra ton topikov epivskopo (kai patriavrch) th" palaivfath" Povlh" pou akouvei istorikav sto ovnoma Kwnstantinouvpolh. Shmaivnoume epivsh" (2on) to Oikoumenikov Patriarceivo Kwnstantinoupovlew" perigegrammevno kai orismevno sunodikwv" apov thn D v Oikoumenikhv Suvnodo th" Calkhdovna" tou 451: eivnai h Suvnodo", h opoiva gia prwvth forav sugkrovthse kai anevdeixe se Patriarceiva ti" mevcri tovte upavrcouse" Mhtropovlei", dhl. Mhtropolitikev" perifevreie" (prbl. Mhtropolitikov suvsthma th" A v Oikoumenikhv" Sunovdou th" Nikaiva"-325) me krithvrio th gewpolitikhv orgavnwsh th" Rwmai>khv" Autokratoriva". Tevlo", (3on) shmaivnoume evna eidikov patriarcikov dikaivwma prosdiorismevno me ton antiproswpeutikov ovro prodikaiodosiakov dikaivwma. Autov antleiv thn enavskhshv tou apov to gegonov" th" suvstash" twn arcevgonwn topikwvn Ekklhsiwvn w" Patriarceivwn. Me to dedomevno autov, o ovro" Patriarceivo anafevretai se mia kanonikhv idiovthta pou aphceiv diavforou" trovpou" avskhsh" twn patriarcikwvn dikaiwmavtwn kaqie-

8 rwmevnwn apov thn D v Oikoumenikhv Suvnodo sto euvro" th" dikaiodotikhv" tou patriarcikhv" perifevreia" H dikaiodosiva th" (Arci)episkophv" Kwnstantinoupovlew" Provkeitai gia thn omwvnumh Povlh sumperilambanomevnwn kai twn pericwvrwn th", th" opoiva" o (arci)epivskopo" eivnai kai fevrei ton tivtlo tou omwvnumou Patriarceivou. H topikhv authv ekklhsiva sunistav mia gewepiskopikhv ontovthta, ovpw" thn ovrise h sunodikhv bouvlhsh tou ekklhsiastikouv swvmato" kai th gnwvrise diacronikav h kanonikhv paravdosh th" Ekklhsiva". Epiplevon, h Aqwnikhv Politeiva apoteleiv evdafo" hv kaluvtera endocwvra th" Arciepiskophv" Kwnstantinoupovlew", diovti o (oikoumenikov") patriavrch" eivnai o kuriavrch" epivskopo" (tou edavfou") authv" th" monastikhv" politeiva", o opoivo" kai askeiv plhvrh kanonikav episkopikav dikaiwvmata s authvn H dikaiodosiva tou Patriarceivou Kwnstantinoupovlew" Ta gewekklhsiastikav ovria tou Patriarceivou Kwnstantinoupovlew" ovpw" exavllou kai twn avllwn tessavrwn Presbugenwvn Patriarceivwn qemeliwvnontai pavnw se istoriko-kanonikev" bavsei". To apofasistikov gegonov" suvstash" ovlwn twn Patriarceivwn th" Ekklhsiva" anav thn Oikoumevnh (kanovna" 56 th" Topikhv" Sunovdou th" Karqagevnh"-419) uphvrxe h D v Oikoumenikhv Suvnodo" th" Calkhdovna" (451). Eivnai hvdh gnwstov ovti to kanonikov evrgo authv" th" Sunovdou sunivstatai sth suvstash kai sugkrovthsh nevwn, kainofanwvn gia th mevcri tovte ekklhsiastikhv zwhv kai pravxh, gewekklhsiastikwvn ontothvtwn. Provkeitai gia to gegonov"- Patriarceivo, evna" neologismov" gia thn epochv ekeivnh, pou eivnai davneio kai apovtoko" tou palaiodiaqhkikouv ovrou patriavrch", kai shmaivnei tautovcrona thn prooptikhv th" suvstashv" tou, dhl. ton euaggelismov twn lawvn ovso kai thn egkaqivdrush topikwvn ekklhsiwvn sta plateiav gewpatriarcikav ovriav tou. To carakthristikov tou kavqe Patriarceivou, amevsw" metav apov authv th sunodikhv kanonikhv kainotomiva, eivnai ovti emperievcei stou" kovlpou" tou evna mwsai>kov fulwvn kai lawvn pou kalouvntai na metavscoun sthn en Cristwv zwhv kai, me katavfash th" eterovthta" allav kai me upevrbash twn eqnofuletikwvn diaforwvn, na pragmatwvsoun cwrocronikav to Swvma tou, pou eivnai h Ekklhsiva, me enovthta pivstew".

9 9 Pravgmati, metav th diamovrfwsh th" topikhv" ekklhsiva"/episkophv" sthn epochv th" arcevgonh" Ekklhsiva", parathreivtai, w" deuvtero istorikov bhvma, h suvstash kai leitourgiva sunovdwn episkovpwn. To gegonov" autov aphceiv th sunodikhv suneivdhsh kai thn epiloghv sunodikhv" poreiva" tou ekklhsiastikouv swvmato", kavti pou ektulivcqhke poluv fusiologikav mevsa sto plaivsio twn gewpolitikwvn eparciwvn th" Rwmai>khv" Autokratoriva". Mevsa apov th sugkrovthsh twn topikwvn ekklhsiwvn (episkopwvn) se autokevfale" dioikhtikev" Mhtropovlei" diapistwvnetai mia safhv" diavqesh tou ekklhsiastikouv swvmato" na poreuqeiv pro" ta evscata me sugkekrimevnh morfhv ekklhsiastikouv bivou, upobohqhtikhv authv" th" escatologikhv" tou prooptikhv". H diavqesh authv eivnai evkdhlh sto kanonikov evrgo th" A v Oikoumenikhv" Sunovdou th" Nikaiva" (325), pou sunevphxe Mhtropovlei" kai egkaqivdruse to Mhtropolitikov suvsthma dioivkhsh" kai koinwniva" twn topikwvn ekklhsiwvn. H sustoiceioqevthsh twn Mhtropovlewn, suvmfwna me thn politikhv diavrqrwsh twn dioikhvsewn th" Autokratoriva", kai h evntaxhv tou" se kavpoie" akovmh euruvtere" dioikhtikev" periocev" anevdeixe sth sunevceia me trovpo kai pavli sunodikov ta [pevnte] Patriarceiva th" Ekklhsiva" (D v Oikoumenikhv Suvnodo" th" Calkhdovna"- 451). Enwv ovse" den entavcqhkan, parevmeinan autokevfale" Mhtropovlei" pou metexelivcqhkan kai anakhruvcqhkan autokevfale" Ekklhsive" (prbl. thn Autokevfalh Ekklhsiva th" Kuvprou/G v Oikoumenikhv Suvnodo" th" Efevsou-431). Toutevstin, me gewpolitikav krithvria, pollev" episkopev" maziv sunistouvsan mia Mhtrovpolh (apov to 325 kai metav), pollev" Mhtropovlei", kat epevktash, sugkrotouvsan evna Patriarceivo (apov to 451 kai metav) kai ta pevnte Patriarceiva se sunodikov suscetismov sunevsthsan thn Pentarciva twn Patriarcwvn, kavti pou upodhvlwne thn ekouvsia epiloghv th" sunodikovthta" sthn anwvtath dioivkhsh th" Ekklhsiva". Kontologiv", h diamovrfwsh tou Patriarcikouv susthvmato" dioivkhsh" th" Ekklhsiva" anaptuvcqhke diadocikav mevsa apov pevnte kanonikev" paramevtrou"ú Diadocikoiv kanonikoiv staqmoiv 1. a. Episkophv/Topikhv Ekklhsiva (K. Diaqhvkh/3 prwvtoi aiwvne") b. Topikhv Suvnodo" (K. Diaqhvkh/3 prwvtoi aiwvne") 2. Mhtrovpolh (A v Oikoumenikhv Suvnodo" th" Nikaiva"-325) 3. Autokevfalh Ekklhsiva (G v Oikoumenikhv Suvnodo" th" Efevsou-431)

10 4. Patriarceivo (D v Oikoumenikhv Suvnodo" th" Calkhdovno"-451) 5. Pentarciva twn Patriarcwvn (D v Oikoumenikhv Suvnodo"-451) 10 vetsi, to gegonov" Patriarceivo apotevlese gia thn epochv ekeivnh mia neva kanonikhv gewontovthta, avgnwsth sthn mevcri tovte (kanonikhv) Paravdosh th" Ekklhsiva", pou antanaklav th bouvlhsh th" Ekklhsiva" ovtan sugkrothvqhke to suvnolo twn [pevnte] Patriarceivwn na dioikeivtai sunodikav se ovle" ti" ekdhlwvsei" kai th" qesmikhv" th" zwhv". Katav sunevpeia, h Ekklhsiva enevtaxe, sth diavrkeia tou 4ou kai 5ou aiwvna, ti" upavrcouse" autokevfale" Mhtropovlei" th" dieurumevnh" Rwmai>khv" Autokratoriva" se Patriarceiva, gia na organwvsei kai na prosfevrei arwghv, dia mevsou tou qesmouv th" topikhv" sunovdou, sthn topikhv Ekklhsiva. vomw", kavqe forav pou tivqetai parovmoio zhvthma san autov pou exetavzoume, anakuvptei evna erwvthma (kurivw" sta qeologikav klivmata th" Duvsew")Ú apov povte to Patriarceivo Kwnstantinoupovlew" upavrcei w" tevtoio H apavnthsh paramevnei profanhv"ú apov tovte pou kai ta avlla [tevssera] Patriarceiva susthvqhkan sunodikav me th neva tou" upovstash kai mavlista w" karpov" th" sunodikhv" bouvlhsh" th" Ekklhsiva" ekpefrasmevnh apov thn D v Oikoumenikhv Suvnodo (451). Mevsa se authv thn patriarcikhv prooptikhv pou dhmiourghvqhke sunodikav, to Patriarceivo Kwnstantinoupovlew" evlabe th deuvterh qevsh sthn kanonikhv tavxh [twn diptuvcwn] twn topikwvn Ekklhsiwvn. Exavllou, authv h ivdia Suvnodo" ovrise me evnan avllo trovpo cwriv" na to mnhmoneuvei expressis verbis to autokevfalo th" Ekklhsiva" th" Kuvprou, to opoivo eivce hvdh oristikopoihqeiv apov thn G v Oikoumenikhv Suvnodo th" Efevsou (431). Authv h Suvnodo" epikuvrwse mia praktikhv pou diamorfwvqhke kai diaswvqhke apov th mhtropolitikhv paravdosh th" Ekklhsiva" tou 4ou kai 5ou aiwvna, enwv, sth sunevceia, h D v Oikoumenikhv Suvnodo" (451) epanaepikuvrwse me th siwphv th" to ivdio dioikhtikov autokevfalo th" topikhv" Ekklhsiva" th" Kuvprou, entavssonta" ovle" ti" avlle" mhtropovlei" kai episkopev" se patriarcikev" dikaiodosive" (Patriarceiva), allav cwriv" na enswmatwvsei se autev" thn Autokevfalh Ekklhsiva th" Kuvprou.

11 Provkeitai gia th diamovrfwsh twn pevnte patriarceivwn, gnwsthv me ton ovro suvsthma th" sunodikhv" Pentarciva" [twn Patriarcwvn], sta opoiva h kanonikhv paravdosh th" Ekklhsiva" paracwvrhse thn patriarcikhv idiovthta carakthrizovmenh apov autov pou shvmera onomavzoume apovluto (de" parakavtw) kanonikov dikaivwma twn presbugenwvn Patriarceivwn kai sunistav, metaxuv avllwn, to astasivasto qemevlio kavqe prodikaiodosiakouv dikaiwvmato" (de" epivsh" amevsw" parakavtw) twn Patriarceivwn. 11 vetsi, h Ekklhsiva th" Kwnstantinoupovlew" emfanivzetai tovte, allav kai sth sunevceia, me neva kanonikhv ontovthta, me kanonikov gewgrafikov cwvro pou oroqeteiv thn patriarcikhv th" perifevreia, h opoiva, ferwvnumh istorikav apov thn povlh th" Kwnstantinoupovlew", apartivzetai apov ti" trei" ovmore" eparcive" th" Qravkh", tou Povntou kai th" Mikrav" Asiva". H sunecizovmenh exavplwsh tou Cristianismouv, o ekcristianismov" twn laothvtwn pou prosevggizan th Rwmai>khv Autokratoriva apov th boreioanatolikhv eivsodo th" Eurwvph" kai h oristikhv upagwghv tou Anatolikouv Illurikouv sthn Kwnstantinouvpolh (731), sunetevlesan ston cwrogewgrafikov prosdiorismov th" Ekklhsiva" th" Kwnstantinoupovlew"Ú thn perivkleishv th" apov tevsserei" qavlasse" (Kaspiva, Mesovgeio", Adriatikhv kai Baltikhv). Katav sunevpeia, apov to 325/451 mevcri to 731 diamorfwvqhke o deuvtero" Patriarcikov" Qrovno" entagmevno" sto suvsthma th" sunodikhv" Pentarciva" twn Patriarcwvn th" Ekklhsiva", o opoivo" evcei ta presbeiva timhv" kai thn prwtovqronh idiovthta suvmfwna me thn tavxh twn topikwvn Ekklhsiwvn sthn Orqovdoxh Ekklhsiva metav th diakophv ekklhsiastikhv" koinwniva" pou proevkuye me to Patriarceivo th" Rwvmh" to H avskhsh tou prodikaiodosiakouv dikaiwvmato" tou Patriarceivou H idiovthta authv eivnai exivsou sundedemevnh me thn evnnoia tou Patriarceivou orisqeivsa me trovpo mh avmeso, mh ad hoc, allav pou ovmw" prokuvptei apov ta kanonikav qevsmia th" D v Oikoumenikhv" Sunovdou (451) kai suvnolh th metagenevsterh pravxh th" Ekklhsiva". Pravgmati, ovpw" kai ta avlla, to Oikoumenikov Patriarceivo Kwnstantinoupovlew" sto parelqovn, ovpw" kai sto parovn, perielavmbane sta kanonikav gewekklhsiastikav tou ovria perissovtera apov evna evqnh kai laouv". Provkeitai gia evna qemeliwvde" carakthristikov pou sunqevtei metaxuv avllwn ton orismov tou w" Patriarceivou allav kai thn ekklhsiologikhv tou upovstash. Autov sunistav

12 evna dedomevno mevsa sthn Ekklhsiva, mia pou apoteleiv asfalev" krithvrio eidopoiouv" diaforav" apov ti" avlle" kathgorive" neopagwvn Patriarceivwn, Autokefavlwn kai Autonovmwn Ekklhsiwvn kai mporeiv na diapistwqeiv endeiktikav kai apov to epovmeno gegonov". 12 H twrinhv organwtikhv diavrqrwsh th" Orqodovxou Ekklhsiva" ovci movno sthn Eurwvph allav kai se olovklhrh thn Oikoumevnh eivnai bebaivw" tovso to apotevlesma mia diacronikhv" exevlixh", ovso kai karpov" mia" diadikasiva" pou pragmatopoihvqhke stou" kovlpou" th" kanonikhv" paravdoshv" th".

13 13 H Orqovdoxh Ekklhsiva anav thn Oikoumevnh (20o" ai.) (Patriarceiva, Autokevfale" kai Autovnome" Ekklhsive"Ú Presbeiva timhv"-divptuca-kanonikhv Tavxh) Presbugenhv Patriarceiva [ Patriarceivo Rwvmh"] 1. Patriarceivo Kwnstantinoupovlew" 2. Patriarceivo Alexandreiva" 3. Patriarceivo Antioceiva" 4. Patriarceivo Ierosoluvmwn Neopaghv Patriarceiva 5. Patriarceivo th" Rwssiva" 6. Patriarceivo th" Serbiva" 7. Patriarceivo th" Roumaniva" 8. Patriarceivo th" Boulgariva" 9. Patriarceivo th" Gewrgiva" Autokevfale" Ekklhsive" 10. Autokevfalh Ekklhsiva th" Kuvprou 11. Autokevfalh Ekklhsiva th" Ellavdo" 12. Autokevfalh Ekklhsiva th" Polwniva" 13. Autokevfalh Ekklhsiva th" Albaniva" 14. Autokevfalh Ekklhsiva th" Tseciva" kai Slobakiva" Autovnome" Ekklhsive" 15. Autovnomh Ekklhsiva th" Finlandiva" 16. Autovnomh Ekklhsiva th" Esqoniva" H sunodikhv diadikasiva pou pragmatopoihvqhke stou" kovlpou" th" kanonikhv" paravdosh" th" Ekklhsiva" ivscuse exivsou kai gia to Oikoumenikov Patriarceivo. Pravgmati, h Ekklhsiva dia th" sunodikhv" odouv2 tou empisteuvqhke ti" dioikhvsei"/mhtropovlei" th" Qravkh", tou Povntou kai th" Mikrav" Asiva", me to na tou paracwrhvsei to jus patriarchi, to divkaio (th dikaiodosiva) enov" patriavrch, enov" patriarceivou, ovpw" to autov fusikav 2 Damaskhnouv PAPANDREOU, To Oikoumenikov Patriarceivo stou" newvterou" crovnou", en OIKOUMENIKO (TO) PATRIARCEIO, H MEGALH TOU CRISTOU EKKLHSIA, Aqhvnai- Chambésy 1989, sel

14 sunevbh me thn perivptwsh twn avllwn tessavrwn presbugenwvn Patriarceivwn, autwvn th" Rwvmh", th" Alexavndreia", th" Antiovceia" kai twn Ierosoluvmwn. To Patriarceivo, sunepwv", prosevlabe tovte evna edafikov dikaiodosiakov dikaivwma entov" twn artipagwvn orivwn tou. To dikaiodosiakov patriarcikov evdafo" apov to 451 kai mevcri to tevlo" th" 1h" cilietiva" epekteinovtan kai oristikopoihvqhke istorikav kai cwrogewgrafikav metaxuv tessavrwn qalasswvn (Kaspiva, Mesovgeio, Adriatikhv kai Baltikhv). Epomevnw", sto eurwpai>kov evdafo", provkeitai ousiastikav gia suvnolh th Balkanikhv cersovnhso ekteinovmenh pro" Borravn mevcri ti" polikev" cwvre" (Anatolikhv kai Kentrikhv Eurwvph). 14 H aponomhv tou dikaiodosiakouv edavfou" kai dikaiwvmato", analutikovtera, cronologeivtai diadocikav apov thn D v Oikoumenikhv Suvnodo (451) kai, sth sunevceia, apov thn prosavrthsh tou Anatolikouv Illurikouv (Illyricum Orientale-731) s autovn ton patriarcikov qrovno, gegonov" pou epevfere kai th gewtopografikhv oloklhvrwshv tou. Katav sunevpeia, apov to 451/731 mevcri to 1593 (autokefaliva kai patriarciva th" Ekklhsiva" th" Rwssiva") kai to 1850 (autokevfalo th" Ekklhsiva" th" Ellavdo"), to w" avnw diamorfwqevn patriarcikov evdafo", sto diavsthma autov, parevmene sthn Ekklhsiva Kwnstantinoupovlew" dikaiodosiakav astasivasto kai gewgrafikav akevraio. Apov autev" ti" teleutaive" cronologive" kai evpeita, suvnolo to dikaiodosiakov evdafov" tou avrcise kanonikwv" na apotevmnetai me thn anakhvruxh tou autokefavlou diafovrwn topikwvn Ekklhsiwvn entov" twn kanonikwvn orivwn tou. Eivnai alhvqeia pw" to Oikoumenikov Patriarceivo eivce na antimetwpivsei to dutikov mikrovbio tou eqnikismouv kai tou qesmikouv metapravth tou, tou kratismouv, pou oloevna kevrdize evdafo" sti" notio-anatolikev" periocev" th" Eurwpai>khv" Hpeivrou, exaitiva" kurivw" th" Oqwmanikhv" kuriarciva" allav kai th" eqnikistikhv" afuvpnish" pou carakthvrize scedovn ovle" ti" eqnikev" omavde" th" epochv" ekeivnh". To mikrovbio autov eivce hvdh metaferqeiv pro" Anatolav", lovgw th" evkdhlh" tovte diakivnhsh" twn idewvn metav thn amerikanikhv (1774) kai th gallikhv epanavstash (1789), kai eivce kavnei thn emfavnishv tou apov ti" arcev" tou 19ou ai. sta Balkavnia, me fusikov parepovmeno na arcivsei na dhlhthriavzei th sumbivwsh, ton sugcrwtismov kai thn koinwniva twn diafovrwn orqodovxwn eqnwvn kai ekklhsiastikwvn koinothvtwn. Tovte akribwv" to Patriarceivo epanenergopoivhse to suvsthma tou autokefavlou pou h Ekklhsiva gnwvrize hvdh apov

15 ton 5o ai. (autokevfalo th" Ekklhsiva" th" Kuvprou-431) mevsa sth sunodikhv th" paravdosh. H apovkthsh autouv tou edafikouv dikaiodosiakouv dikaiwvmato", pou hvdh anaptuvcqhke, apoteleiv ton basikov kai kurivarco lovgo pou dikaiologeiv thn anakhvruxh ekklhsiastikwvn autokefavlwn. Gia tou" lovgou" pou exhghvsame, gia na efarmovsei autov to dikaivwma pou h Ekklhsiva sunodikav tou paracwvrhse, to Patriarceivo Kwnstantinoupovlew" apoteleiv to movno metaxuv twn pevnte presbugenwvn Patriarceivwn pou ekcwvrhse autokevfala stou" edafikouv" tou kovlpou" kai sto gewgrafikov pedivo th" dikaiodosiva" tou. 15 H enevrgeia authv eivce w" sunevpeia thn proodeutikhv afaivresh edafwvn tou Patriarceivou, anhvkonta plevon se Autokevfale" Ekklhsive" kanonikwv" anakhrugmevne" w" Autokevfale". H enevrgeia authv avllaxe th gewekklhsiastikhv suvnqesh th" Anatolikhv" kai Kentrikhv" Eurwvph", h opoiva wstovso parevmene kai paramevnei evna evdafo" prwvhn dikaiodosiakov (me evnnoia kai periecovmeno ovci oristikopoihmevna) hv kaluvtera evna evdafo" prodikaiodosiakov. Epomevnw", o ovro" autov" pou apoteleiv evnan neologismov carakthrivzei to evdafo" mia" Autokefavlou Ekklhsiva" pou ceirafethvqhke apov mia ekklhsiastikhv dikaiodosiva, pavntote patriarcikhv: h de Patriarcikhv Ekklhsiva, kai w" ek touvtou Mhtevra Ekklhsiva, den askeiv kammiav ekklhsiastikhv auqentiva dikaiodotikhv, pneumatikhv hv dioikhtikhv, diovti akribwv" h ceirafethqeivsa Autokevfalh Ekklhsiva eivnai auto-kevfalh, ousiastikav ovpw" kai etumologikav. Sto shmeivo autov krivnetai skovpimo na upogrammisqeiv akovmh ovti anavmesa sta pevnte presbugenhv Patriarceiva, to Patriarceivo KPovlew" paramevnei to movno, gia lovgou" istorikouv" kai qeologikouv", to opoivo, gia na antimetwpivsei ti" polupoivkile", exairetikav duvskole" peristavsei" kai gia na dunhqeiv na antepexevlqei, proevbh sthn epanagwghv tou susthvmato" tou autokefavlou entov" twn kaqarav edafikwvn patriarcikwvn orivwn tou (endoovria dikaiodosiva) gia tou" laouv"-evqnh pou apotevlesan evna eqnikov Kravto". Ta upovloipa tevssera Patriarceiva (Rwvmh", Alexandreiva", Antioceiva" kai Ierosoluvmwn) den uioqevthsan autov to kanonikov suvsthma, gia diaforetikouv" lovgou" to kaqevna. Pravgmati, an prosevxoume ti" shmerinev" suvgcrone" patriarcikev" kai autokevfale" Ekklhsive", qa diapistwvsoume ovti ovle" ufivstantai entov" twn istorikwvn gewgrafikwvn orivwn tou Oikoumenikouv Patriarceivou. Epomevnw", mia suvgcronh

16 autokevfalh Ekklhsiva apoteleiv ex orismouv evna evdafo" prodikaiodosiakov tou Patriarceivou Kwnstantinoupovlew", ek tou opoivou authv prohvlqe kai ceirafethvqhke kanonikav. (Wstovso, authv den sunistav evna evdafo" prwvhn dikaiodosiakov me thn evnnoia ovti ofeivlei na epanevlqei sthn proteraiva th" katavstash). 16 Autov exhgeivtai apov to gegonov" ovti se perivptwsh katavrghsh" kai movno mia" topikhv" Autokefavlou Ekklhsiva" (prbl. ta ekklhsiastikav autovnoma th" Serbiva" kai th" Boulgariva" katav th diavrkeia tou 12ou ai. kaqwv" kai ta provsfata paradeivgmata th" Autokevfalh" Ekklhsiva" th" Albaniva" [ ] kai th" Autovnomh" Ekklhsiva" th" Esqoniva" [1998]), h dikaiodosiva epanevrcetai sthn patriarcikhv Ekklhsiva th" KPovlew" evcousa to plhvre" kanonikov dikaivwma, kaqwv" kai thn kanonikhv prwtobouliva na epanenerghvsei gia apokatavstash tou kataluqevnto" autokefavlou exaitiva" diafovrwn peristavsewn. Apov ovsa anafevrqhkan kai kat epevktash apov ovsa ektevqhkan, stou" kovlpou" th" Orqodovxou Ekklhsiva", to prodikaiodosiakov evdafo" tou Patriarceivou Kwnstantinoupovlew" sunivstatai apov to suvnolo th" kavqe kanonikhv" edafikhv" dikaiodosiva" twn Autokefavlwn Ekklhsiwvn me exaivresh thn Autokevfalh Ekklhsiva th" Kuvprou kai bebaivw" ta tevssera presbugenhv Patriarceiva, eggegrammevnwn entov" twn gewpatriarcikwvn orivwn, twn orisqevntwn apov ti" [(B v) D v kai Penqevkth] Oikoumenikev" Sunovdou", dhl. twn edafwvn th" Anatolikhv" kai Kentrikhv" Eurwvph". Katav sunevpeia, autov to kanonikov divkaio/dikaivwma den anafevretai se evna dikaiodosiakov prwteivo, allav, antivqeta, exhgeiv ton suvndesmo pou (ofeivletai na) upavrcei metaxuv th" Mhtevra" (patriarcikhv") Ekklhsiva" kai twn Autokefavlwn Ekklhsiwvn pou exhvlqan me kanonikhv ceirafevthsh apov tou" kovlpou" th". Epiprosqevtw", autov qevlei na shmavnei ovti h ekklhsiastikhv dikaiodosiva tou Patriarceivou KPovlew" den eivnai pragmatikav pagkovsmia me thn evnnoia pou kavpoie" forev" divdetai sto kanonikov epivqeto oikoumenikov("), allav kai den anafevretai se kavpoia pagkovsmia Ekklhsiva, ovpw" shvmera arevsketai na autocarakthrivzetai h Rwmaiokaqolikhv Ekklhsiva, mia pou h evnnoia th" en-topiovthto" («ejn tw`/ tovpw/») kaqwv" kai h dialektikhv scevsh topikovthto" kai oikoumenikovthto" evcoun apwlesqeiv. W" Patriarceivo to Oikoumenikov, dhl. w" gewekklhsiastikhv ontovthta

17 prosdiorismevnh apov evna dedomevno evdafo" (carakthristikov th" evnnoia" th" entopiovthto") allav kai w" topikhv Ekklhsiva, eivnai ovso kai an autov hceiv paravxena se prooptikhv periorismouv (apotomhv") kai ovci edafikhv" pagkosmio-kuriarciva". To gegonov" epanagwghv" tou susthvmato" th" autokefaliva" hvtan safwv" eleuvqero na mhn to uioqethvsei, eidikav katav th diavrkeia twn duvo teleutaivwn aiwvnwn, shmaivnei ovti proevbh se mia kanonikhv pravxh eleuvqerh" epiloghv" evconta" w" arcikov kai monadikov skopov th diavswsh th" ekklhsiastikhv" enovthta" stou" kovlpou" th" edafikhv" patriarcikhv" dikaiodosiva" allav kai th" Orqodovxou Ekklhsiva" se... zhmiva th" edafikhv" tou akeraiovthta". Sthn pravxh, autov tou kovstise epifaneiakav kai, eavn qevloume, politikav omilwvnta", apov edafikhv avpoyh kai prosevggish tou zhthvmato", th surrivknwsh th" paradosiakhv" (sunodikhv") edafikhv" tou dikaiodosiva", kavti pou antiproswpeuvei bebaivw" mia kavpoia axiva allav movnon scetikhv. Kai autov sunevbh me monadikov stovco na parameivnoun se staqerhv kai ousiastikhv ekklhsiastikhv koinwniva ovloi oi eqnikoiv laoiv pou brivskontan entov" tou eniaivou patriarcikouv dikaiodosiakouv tou cwvrou kai oi opoivoi ceirafethvqhkan me ta ekklhsiastikav autokevfala. 17 Epomevnw", oi [enneva] upavrcouse" shvmera Autokevfale" Ekklhsive" dhl. oi Ekklhsive" th" Rwssiva", th" Serbiva", th" Roumaniva", th" Boulgariva", th" Gewrgiva", th" Ellavdo", th" Polwniva", th" Albaniva" kai th" Tseciva" kai Slobakiva", kaqwv" kai oi Autovnome" Ekklhsive" th" Finlandiva" kai th" Esqoniva", apotelouvn prodikaiodosiakov evdafo" tou Oikoumenikouv Patriarceivou. Monadikhv exaivresh apoteleiv h Autokevfalh Ekklhsiva th" Kuvprou, h opoiva den apotevlese potev mevro" dikaiodosiakouv edavfou" enov" ek twn pevnte Patriarceivwn (na upenqumivsoume ovti anakhruvcqhke autokevfalh [G v Oikoumenikhv Suvnodo"-431] eivkosi crovnia prin apov th suvstash twn Patriarceivwn apov thn D v Oikoumenikhv Suvnodo-451). H qemelivwsh twn parapavnw topikwvn Ekklhsiwvn epevcei qevsh uiovthta" kai uioqesiva" kai exhgeiv plhvrw" th sunodikhv suvstash tou Patriarceivou apov thn Ekklhsiva, to opoivo edafikav, ovpw" proanafevrqhke, brivsketai se prooptikhv periorismouv (apotomhv"), dedomevnou ovti, energwvnta" ierapostolikav, klhvqhke na susthvsei neopageiv" Ekklhsive" mevsa sta dieurumevna gewpatriarcikav tou ovria sthn prooptikhv th" ceirafevthshv" tou". H orqovdoxh topikhv Ekklhsiva enov" Kravtou", evconta" apokthvsei to ekklhsiastikov th" autokevfalo, askeiv entov" twn orivwn tou Kravtou", pou eivnai kai dikav th" ovria me trovpo tautovshmo, mia qetikhv dikaiodosiva, h

18 opoiva periorivzetai austhrav kai exantleivtai sta ovria authv" th" Autokevfalh" Ekklhsiva" (endoovrio" dikaiodosiva). 18 En touvtoi", to evdafo" authv" th" Autokevfalh" Ekklhsiva", pou apoteleiv tautovcrona kai thn epikravteia mia" politeiva", evconta" apospasqeiv, afaireqeiv kai upexaireqeiv kanonikwv" apov thn edafikhv dikaiodosiva tou Patriarceivou, den apoteleiv plevon dikaiodosiva autouv tou teleutaivou, diovti akribwv" authv h ceirafethqeivsa Ekklhsiva eivnai autokevfalh. Antiqevtw", evpeita apov ovle" autev" ti" proanaferqeivse" anakhruvxei" autokefaliva", to Oikoumenikov Patriarceivo askeiv mia pragmatikhv afairetikhv dikaiodosiva sto patriarcikov evdafo" pou apomevnei uvstera apov autev" ti" kanonikev" anakhruvxei" cwriv" autov na shmaivnei ovti cavnei th qetikhv tou evnnoia. Me avlla lovgia, authv h patriarcikhv afairetikhv dikaiodosiva aforav sta edavfh pou apomevnoun evxw apov ta ovria twn Autokefavlwn Ekklhsiwvn, edavfh ta opoiva den anhvkoun se kammiav avllh Autokevfalh hv Patriarcikhv Ekklhsiva. Patriarceiva, Autokevfale" kai Autovnome" Ekklhsive" tou` prodikaiodosiakou` ejdavfou" tou` Oijkoumenikou` Patriarceivou Kwnstantinoupovlew" 1. Patriarceivo th" Rwssiva" 2. Patriarceivo th" Serbiva" 3. Patriarceivo th" Roumaniva" 4. Patriarceivo th" Boulgariva" 5. Patriarceivo th" Gewrgiva" 6. (Autokevfalh) Ekklhsiva th" Ellavdo" 7. Autokevfalh Ekklhsiva th" Polwniva" 8. Autokevfalh Ekklhsiva th" Albaniva" 9. Autokevfalh Ekklhsiva th" Tseciva" kai Slobakiva" 10. Autovnomh Ekklhsiva th" Finlandiva" 11. Autovnomh Ekklhsiva th" Esqoniva" Gia na dialeukanqeiv akovmh perissovtero to zhvthma pou tivqetai edwv, qa prevpei na prosteqeiv sto shmeivo autov ovti to divkaio twn pevnte presbugenwvn Patriarceivwn pou paracwrhvqhke apov thn D v Oikoumenikhv

19 Suvnodo th" Calkhdovna" (451), fevrei metaxuv avllwn mia ditthv evnnoiaú eivnai (a) dikaivwma edafikov kai (b) dikaivwma dikaiodosiakov. To prwvto sundevetai me th gewgrafikhv/edafikhv katanomhv pou pragmatopoihvqhke apov thn ivdia th Suvnodo metaxuv twn pevnte Patriarceivwn. To deuvtero anafevretai ston endodikaiodosiakov cwvro kavqe patriarcikouv qrovnou. To arcevgono patriarcikov pronovmio allav kai h kanonikhv prwtobouliva qemeliwmevnh sto edafikov dikaiodosiakov dikaivwma w" dikaivwma th" ceirafevthsh" na anakhruvxei Autokevfale" Ekklhsive" mevsa sta ovria tou dikaiodosiakouv edavfou" tou, apoteleiv apokleistikav stoiceivo th" deuvterh" idiovthtav" tou w" Patriarceivou. Me authv thn idiovthta eivnai epivsh" sundedemevnh kai h evnnoia tou prodikaiodosiakouv edavfou" pou anaptuvcqhke parapavnw. 19 Katav sunevpeia kai kat epevktash, ovle" oi Autokevfale" Ekklhsive" katevcoun thn prwvth idiovthta diaqevtonta" to dikov tou" apokleistikov dikaiodosiakov evdafo", entov" tou opoivou duvnantai na drasthriopoihqouvn kanonikav, suvmfwna me ti" arcev" kai tou" ovrou" pou anaduvontai apov to autokevfalov tou" [plhvre" dikaivwma], cwriv" wstovso autov na shmaivnei ovti evcoun to dikaivwma kai autov prokuvptei kai pavli apov ti" ivdie" arcev" na metaceirisqouvn ta ovria tou kanonikouv tou" edavfou", gia na exaskhvsoun mia dikaiodosiva uperovrio. H deuvterh idiovthta epomevnw" periorivzetai apokleistikav sta pevnte Presbugenhv Patriarceiva [apovluto dikaivwma] 3. Gi autovn ton lovgo epivsh" oi Autokevfale" Ekklhsive" w" (neopaghv) Patriarceiva hvtoi, Patriarceiva th" Rwssiva", th" Serbiva", th" Roumaniva", th" Boulgariva" kai th" Gewrgiva" duvnantai na paracwrhvsoun ekklhsiastikhv autonomiva (scetikov dikaivwma) endoovrio kai ovci uperovrio, allav ep oudeniv lovgw autokefaliva tovso mevsa sto endodikaiodosiakov tou" evdafo" ovso kai, poluv perissovtero, mevsa se kavpoio avllo ekklhsiastikov evdafo" uperovrio, akribwv" lovgw mh kanonikhv" diavqesh" tou apoluvtou dikaiwvmato" anakhvruxh" tou Autokefavlou topikwvn Ekklhsiwvn. Qa prevpei edwv, epiprosqevtw", na upogrammisqeiv ovti to Oikoumenikov Patriarceivo sebavsqhke istorikav, se ovle" anexairevtw" ti" periptwvsei", to patriarcikov autokevfalo kai thn akeraiovthta tou dikaiodosia- 3 Prod. I. AKANQOPOULOU, Oi qesmoiv th" autonomiva" kai tou autokefavlou twn Orqodovxwn Ekklhsiwvn suvmfwna me to qetikov divkaio tou Oikoumenikouv Patriarceivou katav th diavrkeia tou 19ou kai 20ou aiwvna, Qessalonivkh 1988, sel. 32.

20 kouv edavfou" twn avllwn patriarcikwvn qrovnwn anakhruvssonta" Autokevfale" Ekklhsive" movnon mevsa sta ovria tou kanonikouv patriarcikouv tou edavfou"ú eivnai autev" oi Autokevfale" Ekklhsive" pou brivskontai mevsa sto prodikaiodosiakov evdafov" tou. vetsi evdwse to paravdeigma kai diamovrfwse ton crusov kanovna mia" kanonikhv" sumperiforav" mh uperorivou. Autov evgine se ovlh th diavrkeia th" deuvterh" cilietiva" se scevsh me ta avlla orqovdoxa presbugenhv patriarceiva allav kai se scevsh me to exivsou palaigenev" Patriarceivo Rwvmh", metav th diakophv koinwniva" tou Se scevsh mavlista me to teleutaivo, den proevbh se kammiav anakhvruxh autokevfalh" hv patriarcikhv" Ekklhsiva" entov" twn kanonikwvn orivwn tou kai autov ouvte w" Oikoumenikov Patriarceivo, ouvte w" ovmoro, allav ouvte kai w" topothrhteiva avllou patriarcikouv qrovnou, kavti pou h Rwmaiokaqolikhv Ekklhsiva th" Duvsew", ovpw" diamorfwvqhke metav to 1054, den thvrhse kai, katav sunevpeia, den sebavsqhke ti" koinev" ousiastikav kanonikev" arcev" pou dievpoun tevtoie" ekklhsiologikev" scevsei". vetsi breqhvkame na evcoume shvmera to perivfhmo kai akanqwvde" provblhma th" Ouniva", dedomevnou ovti se ovla ta edavfh twn Orqodovxwn Ekklhsiwvn evcei susthvsei sunwvnume" me ton kavqe tovpo Rwmaiokaqolikev" Anatolikev", ovpw" ti" apokaleiv Ekklhsive". 20 Proteivnoume sunepwv" authv th neva prosevggish th" evnnoia" tou prodikaiodosiakouv edavfou", h opoiva evcei safwv" kanonikhv tekmhrivwsh, dedomevnou ovti ta provsfata ekklhsiastikav autokevfala den evcoun akovma upoduqeiv mia kanonikhv sunodikhv epikuvrwsh. Uioqetwvnta" autovn ton ovro, den atenivzoume, ovpw" eivnai profanev", kavpoia prooptikhv afomoivwsh" twn Autokefavlwn Ekklhsiwvn ek mevrou" tou Oikoumenikouv Patriarceivou. O kanonikov" ovro" Mhtevra Ekklhsiva (Mater Ecclesia), pou apodivdetai sucnav ston Oikoumenikov Qrovno, eivnai apovluta dikaiologhmevno" apov ton ovro prodikaiodosiakov", allav kai autov" o teleutaivo" sthn pravxh exhgeivtai apo ton prwvto. Akribwv" gi autovn ton lovgo to Oikoumenikov Patriarceivo epalhqeuvqhke na apoteleiv ton euaivsqhto apodovco twn problhmavtwn twn orqodovxwn Autokefavlwn Ekklhsiwvn kai ton egguhthv th" enovthtav" tou" kai, me thn idiovthta th" Mhtevra" Ekklhsiva", uposthvrixe kai uposthrivzei ton ekklhsiologikov agwvna tou" me diavforou" trovpou". Epiplevon, autov sumbaivnei kai lovgw th" euaisqhsiva" pou istorikav epevdeixe se ovlh th diadikasiva anavdush" kai diamovrfwsh" twn topikwvn Autokefavlwn

21 Ekklhsiwvn. Autov epalhqeuvei, tevlo", kai th sunodikhv paracwvrhsh sto Oikoumenikov Patriarceivo th" uperovria" allav kanonikhv" dikaiodosiva" «ejn toi`" barbarikoi`"» (kanovna" 28 th" D v Oikoumenikhv" Sunovdou th" Calkhdovna"-451), dhl. se edavfh ektov" twn orivwn ovlwn twn avllwn topikwvn Ekklhsiwvn, kavti pou anaptuvssetai amevsw" parakavtw Idiovthte" th" apovkthsh" uperorivou kanonikh`" dikaiodosiva" O prokaqhvmeno" twn uperorivwn edafwvn vopw" to upenqumivsame kai parapavnw, ta paracwrhqevnta ekklhsiastikav autokevfala sta Kravth- veqnh, ta euriskovmena sto eswterikov twn kanonikwvn orivwn tou kavqe Patriarceivou, eivcan doqeiv ousiastikav gia lovgou" tovso poimantikouv" ovso kai ierapostolikouv". Pravgmati, se mia acanhv Autokratoriva, ovpw" hvtan h Rwmai>khv Autokratoriva, o euaggelismov" twn diafovrwn eqnikwvn lawvn twn egkatesthmevnwn sto suvnolo tou edavfou" th" qa parevmene apragmatopoivhto" eavn h Ekklhsiva kaqhlwnovtan sta endiafevrontav tou" hv sti" dikev" tou" prwtoboulive". O qrhskeutikov" sugkrhtismov" kai oi auqairesive" twn airevsewn th" epochv" den kaqistouvsan profanhv thn apokekalummevnh alhvqeia, pou h Ekklhsiva aphuvqune pro" autouv" tou" laouv". Sthn prooptikhv authv, qa mporouvsame na carakthrivsoume to sunodikov kanonikov dikaivwma to paracwrhqevn sto Oikoumenikov Patriarceivo «ejn toi`" barbarikoi`"» (28/D v) w" mia a- fairetikhv dikaiodosiva, carakthrivzonta" me ton ovro «toi`" barbarikoi`"» ta edavfh ta keivmena sto exwterikov [«ejkto;"»] twn kanonikwvn orivwn kai dikaiodosiwvn twn pevnte Patriarceivwn kai th" Autokefavlou Ekklhsiva" th" Kuvprou. Provkeitai gia edavfh, ta opoiva, apokthqevnta me kanonikhv sunodikhv entolhv, dia th" prooptikhv" th" surrivknwsh" kai a- faivresh" (apotomhv") evteinan/teivnoun na ekmhdenisqouvn w" edavfh tou Oikoumenikouv Patriarceivou apov tovte pou neovteukte", neopagei`" Autokevfale" Ekklhsive" qemeliwvnontai ston cwvro autwvn twn uperorivwn periocwvn. To pneuvma tou kanovna 28, pou apoteleiv ousiastikav yhvfisma th" D v Oikoumenikhv" Sunovdou (451) pro" to tevlo" twn ergasiwvn th", epikentrwvnetai se autov pou apoteleiv evdafo" gewgrafikav keivmeno evxw apov ta ovria th" kanonikhv" dikaiodosiva" ovlwn twn patriarcikwvn kai

22 autokefavlwn Ekklhsiwvn. Eivnai mia dikaiodosiva tou Patriarceivou th" Kwnstantinoupovlew", h opoiva tou anatevqhke apov thn Oikoumenikhv Suvnodo se mia prooptikhv afairetikhv amevsw" metav th sunodikhv katanomhv twn edafikwvn dikaiodosiwvn th" kavqe Ekklhsiva". Epomevnw", autov to evdafo" afenov" apoteleiv evna kanonikov dikaivwma mia" monadikhv" uperovria" dikaiodosiva", th stigmhv pou kavqe uperovria dikaiodosiva eivnai ex orismouv antikanonikhv: afetevrou, sugkroteiv th dikaiodosiakhv ekklhsiastikhv enovthta, diathrhmevnh mevsa sto proanaferqevn gegonov", h opoiva mavlista diasfavlize thn ekklhsiastikhv tavxh ekdhlouvmenh mevsa sto dikaivwma th" ceirotoniva" kai thn avskhsh th" ierapostolikhv"/poimantikhv" diakoniva" sto suvnolov th". 22 Edwv qa mporouvse epigrammatikav na anaferqeiv evna paravdeigma. H kanonikhv dikaiodosiva tou Oikoumenikouv Patriarceivou sthn Autovnomh Ekklhsiva th" Finlandiva" (autonomiva apov to 1923) fanerwvnei me trovpo sugkekrimevno ovti h efarmoghv tou 28ou kanovna th" D v Oikoumenikhv" Sunovdou eivnai kai paramevnei se iscuv: diovti h Kentrikhv Eurwvph (Ekklhsive" th" Polwniva", th" Esqoniva", th" Tseciva" kai Slobakiva", th" Serbiva" kai th" Albaniva") kai h Notio-Anatolikhv Eurwvph (Ekklhsive" th" Ellavdo", Boulgariva", Roumaniva", Rwssiva" kai Gewrgiva") paramevnoun de facto evdafo" prodikaiodosiakov tou Oikoumenikouv Patriarceivou Kwnstantinoupovlew". Epiplevon, to Oikoumenikov Patriarceivo den diaqevtei sivgoura to kanonikov dikaivwma kai den mporeiv na katarghvsei to autokevfalo mia" Autokefavlou Ekklhsiva" tou prodikaiodosiakouv tou edavfou" cwriv" h endiaferovmenh Autokevfalh (kai patriarcikhv) Ekklhsiva na to zhthvsei h ivdia. Edwv qa prevpei akovmh na anaferqeiv ovti, dia th" sunodikhv" odouv, h Ekklhsiva katevneime to evdafo" tou tovte gnwstouv kovsmou se pevnte e- dafikev" dikaiodosive", upagontav" te", apov avpoyh pavnta dikaiodosiakhv" anaforav", sta pevnte patriarceiva, ta opoiva sunevsthse ensuneivdhta kai sunodikav (D v Oikoumenikhv Suvnodo"-451). Sto qevma th" praktikhv" pleurav" authv" th" kanonikhv" sunodikhv" suvstash" twn pevnte patriarceivwn, anafaivnontai me safhv trovpo duvo basikoiv lovgoiú apov th mia meriav, h evkdhla staqerhv apovfash th" Ekklhsiva" na diaswvsei kai na diathrhvsei thn apovkthsh allav kai to gegonov" th" sunodikovthta" sto anwvtato dioikhtikov epivpedo th" Ekklhsiva", kaqwv" kai thn koinwniva twn topikwvn Ekklhsiwvn, twn sugkrothmevnwn apov evna shmeivo kai metav se Patriar-

23 ceiva. Apov thn avllh meriav, qevlhse na energopoihvsei, ovpw" proanafevrqhke, ton (iero)apostolikov tomeva th" Ekklhsiva" pou eivnai sunafhv" me thn tautovthtav th". 23 Me avlla lovgia, tonivsqhke hvdh ovti mia uperovria dikaiodosiva eivnai ex orismouv antikanonikhv. Kaneiv", sunepwv", epivskopo" den mporeiv na parevmbei sta qevmata mia" avllh" episkophv", allav kurivw" kammiav Ekklhsiva (patriarcikhv hv autokevfalh) hv kai h Suvnodo" twn Episkovpwn th" den mporeiv na parevmbei se qevmata avllh" Ekklhsiva" kai avllh" topikhv" Sunovdou hv, kaluvtera, kammiav Ekklhsiva den mporeiv na askhvsei opoiadhvpote dikaiodosiva evxw apov ta kanonikav ovria th" dikhv" th" gewgrafikhv" dikaiodosiva". H idiotupiva tou 28ou kanovna sunivstatai akribwv" se autov to pravgmaú me sunodikhv entolhv paracwrhvqhke sto Patriarceivo th" Kwnstantinoupovlew" uperovrio" dikaiodosiva men, allav kanonikhv, kavti pou apoteleiv th monadikhv exaivresh sthn Kanonikhv Paravdosh th" Ekklhsiva". Autov asfalwv" den evgine gia na eunohqeiv mia sugkekrimevnh topikhv Ekklhsiva, ovpw" merikoiv dutikoiv qeolovgoi qevloun na emfanivsoun kai merikoiv Orqovdoxoi qeolovgoi to devcontai, allav evcei istorikov evreisma, dhl. th diavqesh diasfavlish" th" kanonikhv" enovthta" kai tou carakthvra afairetikhv" prooptikhv", ovpw" authv analuvetai sti" grammev" tou parovnto" kefalaivou. En olivgoi", hvtan h B v th" Kwnstantinoupovlew" (kanovne" 2 kai 3), h D v th" Calkhdovna" (kanovna" 28) kai h Penqevkth th" en Trouvllw (kanovne" [2 kai] 36) Oikoumenikev" Suvnodoi pou paracwvrhsan sto Oikoumenikov Patriarceivo metaxuv twn avllwn kai mia epiprovsqeth idiovthtaú thn apovkthsh uperorivou ekklhsiastikhv" dikaiodosiva", w" exairetikhv" kanonikhv" idiovthta", sta edavfh twn barbarikwvn eqnwvn (=periocwvn) th" epochv" ekeivnh", dhl., me avlla lovgia, sto upovloipo tou edavfou" kai sto exwterikov twn orivwn twn pevnte patriarceivwn kai th" Autokefavlou Ekklhsiva" th" Kuvprou. O Oikoumenikov" Qrovno" diathreiv apov tovte to dikaivwma avskhsh" mia" kanonikhv" uperorivou dikaiodosiva". vetsi, «o movno" qrovno" pou timhvqhke me apovfash Oikoumenikhv" Sunovdou me mia dikaiodosiva epekteinovmenh pevran twn austhrwvn gewgrafikwvn orivwn, eivnai o Oikoumenikov" Qrovno" th" Kwnstantinoupovlew"» 4. 4 Bl. FEIDA, Apovyei" epiv th" Orqodovxou Diasporav", en Epivskeyi", ar. 218 ( ), sel. 9.

24 Kai gia na doqeiv mia apavnthsh se ovsou" parexhvghsan to gravmma hv kai to pneuvma tou 28ou kanovna th" D v Oikomenikhv" Sunovdou me ta ovsa anafevrqhkan mevcri twvra, h Ekklhsiva den prosavrthse ta uperovria edavfh sto dikaiodosiakov evdafo" tou Patriarceivou Kwnstantinoupovlew", gia na to eniscuvsei edafikav: kavqe avllo! Autev" oi duvo kathgorive" edafwvn eivnai duvo dedomevna pou safwv" diakrivnontai metaxuv tou" sthn kanonikhv Paravdosh th" Ekklhsiva". Qevlhse dhl. me ton trovpo autov h Ekklhsiva na diathrhvsei thn ekklhsiastikhv enovthta kai koinwniva sta uperovria edavfh upov evnan prokaqhvmeno, me movno krithvrio to pwv" h ivdia oramativzetai thn kanonikhv enovthta stou" kovlpou" th"... Kai autov, metaxuv avllwn, sunistav mia apov ti" ptucev" tou rovlou enovthta" tou Oikoumenikouv Patriarceivou KPovlew" stou" kovlpou" th" Orqovdoxh" Ekklhsiva". 24 Tevlo", gia na apotimhvsoume thn atmovsfaira pou diamorfwvqhke apov ti" katav kairouv" protaqeivse" ermhneive" tou zhthvmato" pou tevqhke apov ton 28o kanovna th" D v Oikoumenikhv" Sunovdou, creiavzetai prin apov ovla na upenqumivsoume to gegonov" ovti evna qeologikov provblhma eivnai prwtivstw" evna ermhneutikov provblhma. Autov martureiv safwv" ovti oi megaluvtere" ermhneutikev" tavsei" mporouvn na katalhvxoun se diaforetikav sumperavsmata, se ov,ti aforav sta megavla zhthvmata pou tivqentai hv atenivzontai apov ton kanovna (hv tou" kanovne"). Kavqe megavlh ermhneutikhv apovpeira evcei ensuneivdhta hv ovci w" shmeivo ekkivnhsh" mia diaforetikhv exhvghsh twn megavlwn problhmavtwn pou anafuvontai ston kanovna (hv stou" kanovne"), kai authv h diaforopoivhsh sto plaivsio twn diaforetikwvn exhghvsewn eisavgei evna privsma mevsa apov to opoivo blevpoume hv proseggivzoume ta problhvmata. Eisavgei ovmw" exivsou kai evna krithvrio krivsh" pou epitrevpei stou" avllou" ermhneutev" na thn krivnoun. Authv h katavstash mporeiv na odhghvsei se suvgcush. Sivgoura mporouvme na th qewrhvsoume paravdoxh: eivnai wstovso katanohthv. vomw", ta istorikav dedomevna kai kurivw" h pravxh th" Ekklhsiva" poluv sucnav scetikopoiouvn thn archv th" meqodologiva" pou paraqevtoume, prosfevronta" ti" prou>poqevsei" gia thn epivlush diafovrwn problhmavtwn pou tivqentai sthn epochv ma". Kai, enwv h ekklhsiastikhv koinwniva diathreivtai, diaswvzetai h dunatovthta na energouvme me trovpo kanonikov mevnonta" sthn odov th" sunodikovthta" pou paramevnei sunwvnumh th" ekklhsiastikovthta". Autov akribwv" ennoeiv kai o avg. Iwavnnh" o Crusovsro", ovtan levhú «jekklhsiva sunovdou o[noma» 5. 5 Bl. P. G., t. 55, st. 493 ; prbl. t. 61, st. 527.

25 25 3. Idiovthte" tou prwvtou qrovnou twn Orqodovxwn kata; tovpou" Ekklhsiwvn 3.1. H idiovthta tou topothrhthv twn Orqodovxwn th" Ekklhsiva" th" Duvsew" Apov tovte pou oloklhrwvqhke h diamovrfwsh tou patriarcikouv susthvmato" apov thn Ekklhsiva (451) sth gewgrafikav prosdiorismevnh Eurwvph, duvo Patriarceiva (eurwpai>kav) evpaixan evnan kaqoristikov rovlo ston euaggelismov olovklhrh" th" Eurwvph"Ú to Patriarceivo Rwvmh" kai to Patriarceivo Kwnstantinoupovlew", oi duvo prwvtoi patriarcikoiv qrovnoi sthn kanonikhv tavxh th" Ekklhsiva". O prwvto" euaggevlise tou" laouv" th" Dutikhv" Eurwvph", o deuvtero" tou" laouv" th" Kentrikhv" kai Anatolikhv" Eurwvph". H Eurwvph th" Duvsew", epomevnw", apoteleiv istorikav ekklhsiastikhv dikaiodosiva tou Patriarceivou Rwvmh" kai, katav sunevpeia, evna eniaivo kai monadikov patriarcikov evdafo" se olovklhro ekeivnon ton gewgrafikov cwvro. Pravgmati, «oi vellhne" upomnhmatistev" Zwnarav" kai Balsamwvn levgoun ovti o 6o" kanovna" [th" A v Oikoumenikhv" Sunovdou] epikurwvnei ta dikaiwvmata tou episkovpou Rwvmh" w" patriavrch se olovklhrh th Duvsh. [...] Blevpoume loipovn ovti, sto euvro" ovlh" th" Duvsew", den upavrcei parav evna" kai monadikov" patriavrch"» 6. Sunepwv", den ufivstatai parav miva kai movnh kanonikhv ekklhsiastikhv dikaiodosiva sto suvnolo tou edavfou" th" Dutikhv" Eurwvph", authv tou Patriarceivou Rwvmh". Epomevnw", me thn evnnoia authv h efarmoghv tou 28ou kanovna th" D v Oikoumenikhv" Sunovdou th" Calkhdovna" (451) den aforav sth Duvsh, dhl., th Dutikhv Eurwvph, parav ti" suvgcrone" ermhneive" orismevnwn orqodovxwn qeolovgwn. Pravgmati, ektimouvme ovti h efarmoghv tou 28ou kanovna th" D v Oikoumenikhv" Sunovdou gia thn epivlush tou problhvmato" th" orqodovxou diasporav" eidikav sth Dutikhv Eurwvph apoteleiv mia laqemevnh kanonikhv efarmoghv. Prin ap ovla, authv h efarmoghv antitivqetai sthn kanonikhv archv twn presbeivwn timhv" : diovti ovtan proteivnoume thn efarmoghv tou 28ou 6 C. J. HÉFÉLÉ-H. LECLERCQ, Histoire des Conciles, d après les documents originaux. Nouvelle traduction française corrigée et augmentée par H. Leclercq, Hildesheim-New York 1973, t. I, vol. 1, liv. II, chap. II [ 399], p et note 3. Prbl. G. RALLH-M. POTLH, Suvntagma twǹ Qeivwn kai; JIerwǹ Kanovnwn, twǹ te ajgivwn kai; paneufhvmwn japostovlwn kai; twǹ JIerwǹ Oijkoumenikwǹ Sunovdwn kai; Topikwǹ Sunovdwn kai; twǹ kata; mevro" ajgivwn Patevrwn, t. 2, jaqhǹai 1852, sel. 129 kai 131.