A Croy Lesson 23 TENSE Present, Future, Imperfect, Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect VOICE Active, Passive, Middle MOOD Indicative, Infinitive, Participle PERSON Ω 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd NUMBER, TENSE => KIND of action CONTINUING (ongoing, linear) COMPLETED (with result or ongoing effect) SIMPLE (affirmation of action w/out regard to duration or completion) and TIME of action Past Concurrent Future Time >> Quality v v INDICATIVE MOOD Past Concurrent Future Continuing Imperfect Present Future Simple Aorist Present Future Completed Pluperfect Perfect (Future Perfect) TENSE => Kind of action and time of action PRESENT: I am loosening, I loosen FUTURE: I will be loosening, I will loosen IMPERFECT: I was loosening AORIST: I loosened using the verb λύω PERFECT: I have loosened PLUPERFECT: I had loosened VOICE => relation of subject to action ACTIVE: subject performs action I loosen PASSIVE: subject is acted upon I am being loosened (by ) MIDDLE: action of subject relates back to subject I loosen myself KIND of action: Continuing, Completed, Simple TIME of action: Past, Concurrent, Future 1
PERSON => identifying subject 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd NUMBER, TENSE Present, Future, Imperfect, Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect VOICE Active, Passive, Middle MOOD Indicative, Infinitive, Participle 1 st I We 2 nd you you (y all) 3 rd he / she / it they PERSON 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd NUMBER, TENSE Present, Future, Imperfect, Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect VOICE Active, Passive, Middle MOOD Indicative, Infinitive, Participle, Subjunctive, Imperative, Optative PERSON 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd NUMBER, MOOD => manner in which action is regarded by subject INDICATIVE: simple assertion I loosen INFINITIVE: to loosen PARTICIPLE: loosening SUBJUNCTIVE: hypothetical or potential Should I loosen IMPERATIVE: command Loosen! OPTATIVE: expressed as a hope Would that I loosen Indicative conveys reality We study Greek. Subjunctive conveys contingency, uncertainty, doubt, expectation, volition, intention, desire, hypothetical, potential Let us study Greek. If we study Greek in order that we may study Greek. Should we study Greek? No way we will ever study Greek! PRESENT Tense - Active INDICATIVE - SUBJUNCTIVE 1 st λυω λυω λυοµεν λυωµεν 2 nd λυεις λυῃς λυετε λυητε 3 rd λυει λυῃ λυουσι(ν) λυωσι(ν) 2
KEY SIGN: theme vowel lengthened to ω / η ENDINGS: Primary for all forms TENSES: Present and Aorist (and Perfect 10x in NT) TENSE ASPECT: Present: Ongoing Aorist: Simple TENSE CODES: σα for AOR (but w/ contraction > ω / η) θη / η for AOR PASS Stem change for 2 nd AOR NO AUGMENT NEGATIVE: µη PRESENT Tense - Active 1 st λυω λυωµεν 2 nd λυῃς λυητε 3 rd λυῃ λυωσι(ν) PRESENT Tense Middle/Passive/Deponent INDICATIVE - SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT Tense Middle/Passive/Deponent INDICATIVE - SUBJUNCTIVE 1 st λυοµαι - λυοµεθα - 2 nd λυῃ - λυεσθε - 3 rd λυεται - λυουνται - 1 st λυοµαι λυωµαι λυοµεθα λυωµεθα 2 nd λυῃ - λυῃ λυεσθε λυησθε 3 rd λυεται λυηται λυουνται - λυωνται PRESENT Tense Middle/Passive/Deponent Active PRESENT - AORIST 1 st λυωµαι λυωµεθα 2 nd λυῃ λυησθε 3 rd λυηται λυωνται 1 st λυω λυσω λυωµεν - λυσωµεν 2 nd λυῃς - λυσῃς λυητε - λυσητε 3 rd λυῃ - λυσῃ λυωσι(ν) - λυσωσι(ν) 3
This looks just like the Future Active Indicative. How will I know which one it is? Active AORIST 1 st λυσω λυσωµεν 2 nd λυσῃς λυσητε These look like Primary endings. Why? 3 rd λυσῃ λυσωσι(ν) PRESENT Tense Middle/Passive/Deponent Guess what the Aorist forms will look like? 1 st λυωµαι λυωµεθα 2 nd λυῃ λυησθε 3 rd λυηται λυωνται AORIST Tense Middle/Deponent PRESENT Tense Active How will you form the Aorist Passive? 1 st λυσωµαι λυσωµεθα 2 nd λυσῃ λυσησθε 3 rd λυσηται λυσωνται 1 st λυω λυωµεν 2 nd λυῃς λυητε 3 rd λυῃ λυωσι(ν) ΑΟRIST Tense - Passive PRESENT Tense - Active 1 st λυθω λυθωµεν 2 nd λυθῃς λυθητε 3 rd λυθῃ λυθωσι(ν) 1 st λυω λυωµεν 2 nd λυῃς λυητε 3 rd λυῃ λυωσι(ν) 4
PRESENT Tense - Active PRESENT Tense of εἰµὶ 1 st λυω λυωµεν 2 nd λυῃς λυητε 3 rd λυῃ λυωσι(ν) 1 st ὦ ὦµεν 2 nd ᾖς ἦτε 3 rd ᾖ ὦσι(ν) Hortatory Subjunctive Deliberative Questions Emphatic Negation (Strong Future Denial) (Prohibition with µη >> Lesson 26) With ἵνα clauses: Purpose, Substantive, Result, Substitute for Infinitive Future / Present General Condition Hortatory Subjunctive First Person << Let us ἐλθωµεν Let us go ἀλλήλους Let us keep on loving one another (1 John 4.7) Deliberative Subjunctive Questions of possibility, desirablity, or necessity. Not questions for information Look for ; << should, would ἐλθωµεν; Should we go? Deliberative Subjunctive τί ποιοῦµεν ; John 11.47 Present Indic> What do we do? τί ποιῶµεν ; John 6.28 Present Subjn > What are we to be doing? τί ποιήσωµεν; Luke 3.10 Aorist Subjn > What should we do? 5
Emphatic Negation = Strong Future Denial Use of οὐ µή with Aorist Subjunctive << No way! Never! οὐ µή ἐλθωµεν. We will never go! οὐ µὴ εἰσέλθητε εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν. Matthew 5.20; 18.3 Purpose (introduced with ἵνα or ὅπως) Answers why? Look for ἵνα or ὅπως << In order that ἡµεις ἐσµεν καλοι ἵνα ἐλθωµεν We are being good in order that we may go Substantive (often introduced with ἵνα) Answers what? After ideas of wishing, urging, striving, commanding, requesting, or the like << that θέλεις εἴπωµεν πῦρ καταβῆναι ἀπὸ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ; Do you wish that we call fire to come down from heaven? Luke 9.54 Conditional Statements Simple Condition: If, then Protasis ( If part) is assumed to be real (or regarded as true for the sake of argument; can almost translate with since ) εἰ + Indic If I study (and I m assuming this is true, at least for the sake of argument), then I do well. Conditional Statements Future or Present General Condition: If, then Protasis ( If part) is assumed to be potential or possible, a hypothetical or general situation ἐαν + Subjn > Future or Present << If I study (maybe, likely), then I will do well. If I study (but I m making no claims), then I do well. Future Condition: ἐαν + Subjn then Future Present General Condition ἐαν + Subjn then Present ἐαν ἐλθωµεν If we go, we will die. If we go, we are idiots. If we go 6
Lesson 23 - Vocabulary Hortatory Subjunctive: Let us Deliberative Questions: Should? Emphatic Negation (Strong Future Denial): Never (Prohibition with µη >> Lesson 26) With ἵνα clauses: Purpose (in order that), Substantive (that), Result (so that), Substitute for Infinitive Future / Present General Condition: if ἀγοράζω ἄν γραφή, -ῆς, ἡ ἐάν ἵνα κώµη, -ῆς, ἡ µηδέ µηκέτι ὅπως ὅταν ὅτε οὐκέτι ὡς Croy 23 - Exercises P&R: 1-7 + 8-14 NT: 1, 3, 4 + 2, 5-8 Possible confusion with Alpha contracts Present Active INDIC or SUBJN 1 ἀλλήλους. (INDIC) We are loving one another. (SUBJN) Let us be loving one another. ἀγαπησῶµεν ἀλλήλους. (AOR SUBJN) Let us love one another. ἀλλήλους; (INDIC) Are we loving one another? >> Yes or No? (SUBJN) Should we be loving one another? >>??? 1 John 3.18 µὴ λόγῳ µηδὲ τῇ γλώσσῃ ἀλλὰ ἐν ἔργῳ καὶ ἀληθείᾳ. Has to be SUBJN with µὴ >> Let us not be loving οὐ µὴ ἀγαπησῶµεν πενν στατε. Has to be SUBJN with οὐ µὴ >> We will never be loving 7
ο Χρι στος α πε θανεν ἵνα ἀλλήλους. Has to be SUBJN with ἵνα ει ἀλλήλους, ὁ θεὸς ἐν ἡµῖν µένει. INDIC with ει >> If / ~Since we are loving ἐὰν ἀλλήλους, ὁ θεὸς ἐν ἡµῖν µένει. SUBJN with ἐὰν >> If we are loving (and maybe we are, maybe not) ἐὰν ἀλλήλους, ὁ θεὸς ἐν ἡµῖν µενει. SUBJN with ἐὰν >> If we are loving one another, God will remain in us. John 20.31 Quiz on Friday Quiz is questions 6 and 7 of midterm exam ταῦτα δὲ γέγραπται ἵνα πιστεύητε πιστεύσητε ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, Practice Practice Give the MOOD (Indicative, Infinitive, Participle, Subjunctive) and the TENSE (Present, Aorist, etc.) of the following verbs within the context of the sentences below. Give the MOOD (Indicative, Infinitive, Participle, Subjunctive) and the TENSE (Present, Aorist, etc.) of the following verbs within the context of the sentences below. MOOD TENSE ἀγαπήσαντός MOOD TENSE γράφοµεν ᾖ πεπληρωµένη ἀγαπήσαντός τοῦ θεοῦ ἡµᾶς, ἀλλήλους. ταῦτα γράφοµεν ἡµεῖς, ἵνα ἡ χαρὰ ἡµῶν ᾖ πεπληρωµένη. 8