A Croy Lesson 23 TENSE Present, Future, Imperfect, Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect VOICE Active, Passive, Middle MOOD Indicative, Infinitive, Participle PERSON Ω,,, TENSE => KIND of action CONTINUING (ongoing, linear) COMPLETED (with result or ongoing effect) SIMPLE (affirmation of action w/out regard to duration or completion) and TIME of action Past Concurrent Future using the verb λύω TENSE => Kind of action and time of action PRESENT: I am loosening, I loosen FUTURE: I will be loosening, I will loosen IMPERFECT: I was loosening AORIST: I loosened PERFECT: I have loosened PLUPERFECT: I had loosened KIND of action: Continuing, Completed, Simple TIME of action: Past, Concurrent, Future VOICE => relation of subject to action ACTIVE: subject performs action I loosen PASSIVE: subject is acted upon I am being loosened (by ) MIDDLE: action of subject relates back to subject I loosen myself PERSON => identifying subject,,, I We you you (y all) he / she / it they 1
TENSE Present, Future, Imperfect, Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect VOICE Active, Passive, Middle MOOD Indicative, Infinitive, Participle PERSON,,, TENSE Present, Future, Imperfect, Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect VOICE Active, Passive, Middle MOOD Indicative, Infinitive, Participle, Subjunctive, Imperative, Optative PERSON,,, MOOD => manner in which action is regarded by subject INDICATIVE: simple assertion I loosen INFINITIVE: to loosen PARTICIPLE: loosening SUBJUNCTIVE: hypothetical or potential Should I loosen IMPERATIVE: command Loosen! OPTATIVE: expressed as a hope Would that I loosen Indicative conveys reality We study Greek. Subjunctive conveys contingency, uncertainty, doubt, expectation, volition, intention, desire, hypothetical, potential Let us study Greek. If we study Greek in order that we may study Greek. Should we study Greek? No way we will ever study Greek! INDICATIVE - SUBJUNCTIVE λυεις ς λυει λυομεν λυετε λυουσι(ν) σι(ν) KEY SIGN: theme vowel lengthened to ω / η ENDINGS: Primary for all forms TENSES: Present and Aorist (and Perfect 10x in NT) TENSE ASPECT: Present: Ongoing Aorist: Simple TENSE CODES: σα for AOR (but w/ contraction > ω / η) θη / η for AOR PASS Stem change for AOR NO AUGMENT NEGATIVE: μη 2
INDICATIVE - SUBJUNCTIVE λυομαι - λυομεθα - ς - λυεσθε - σι(ν) λυεται - λυουνται - INDICATIVE - SUBJUNCTIVE λυομαι μαι λυομεθα μεθα μαι μεθα - λυεσθε λυησθε λυησθε λυεται λυηται λυουνται - νται λυηται νται Active PRESENT - AORIST Active AORIST λυσω - λυσωμεν λυσω λυσωμεν ς - λυσῃς - λυσητε λυσῃς λυσητε - λυσῃ σι(ν) -λυσωσι(ν) λυσῃ λυσωσι(ν) 3
Guess what the Aorist forms will look like? AORIST Tense Middle/Deponent μαι μεθα λυσωμαι λυσωμεθα λυησθε λυσῃ λυσησθε λυηται νται λυσηται λυσωνται PRESENT Tense Active How will you form the Aorist Passive? ΑΟRIST Tense - Passive λυθω λυθωμεν ς λυθῃς λυθητε σι(ν) λυθῃ λυθωσι(ν) ς ς σι(ν) σι(ν) 4
ὦ ᾖς ᾖ PRESENT Tense of εἰμὶ ὦμεν ἦτε ὦσι(ν) Hortatory Subjunctive Deliberative Questions Emphatic Negation (Strong Future Denial) Prohibition With ἵνα clauses: Purpose, Substantive, Result, Substitute for Infinitive Future / Present General Condition Hortatory Subjunctive First Person << Let us ἐλθωμεν Let us go Deliberative Subjunctive Questions of possibility, desirablity, or necessity. Not questions for information Look for ; << ἐλθωμεν; Should we go? ἀγαπῶμεν ἀλλήλους Let us keep on loving one another (1 John 4.7) τί ποιῶμεν ; What should we be doing? John 6.28 Emphatic Negation Use of οὐ μή with Aorist Subjunctive << No way! Never! οὐ μή ἐλθωμεν. We will never go! οὐ μὴ εἰσέλθητε εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν. Matthew 5.20; 18.3 Purpose (introduced with ἵνα or ὅπως) Answers why? Look for ἵνα or ὅπως << In order that ἡμεις ἐσμεν καλος ἵνα ἐλθωμεν We are being good in order that we may go 5
Substantive (often introduced with ἵνα) Answers what? After ideas of wishing, urging, striving, commanding, requesting, or the like << that θέλεις εἴπωμεν πῦρ καταβῆναι ἀπὸ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ; Do you wish that we call fire to come down from heaven? Luke 9.54 Conditional Statements Simple Condition: If, then Protasis ( If part) is assumed to be real (can almost translate with because ) εἰ + Indic If I study (and I m implying that I do), then I do well. Conditional Statements Future/Present General Condition: If, then Protasis ( If part) is assumed to be potential or possible, a hypothetical or general situation ἐαν + Subjn > Future or Present << If I study (but I m not saying that I will), then I will do well. If I study (but I m not saying that I will), then I do well. Future Condition: ἐαν + Subjn Future Present General Condition ἐαν + Subjn Present ἐαν ἐλθωμεν If we go, we will die. If we go, we are idiots. If we go Lesson 23 - Vocabulary Croy 23 - Exercises ἀγοράζω ἄν γραφή, -ῆς, ἡ ἐάν ἵνα κώμη, -ῆς, ἡ μηδέ μηκέτι ὅπως ὅταν ὅτε οὐκέτι ὡς P&R: 1-7 + 8-14 NT: 1, 3, 4 + 2, 5-8 6
Quiz on Tuesday 1 Short Sentences Identify MOOD and TENSE of verbs See Practice Quiz Quiz on Tuesday Give the MOOD (Indicative, Infinitive, Participle, Subjunctive) and the TENSE (Present, Aorist, etc.) of the following verbs within the context of the sentences below. ἀγαπῶμεν MOOD TENSE μένει πεπληρωμένη ἐὰν ἀγαπῶμεν ἀλλήλους, ὁ θεὸς ἐν ἡμῖν μένει καὶ ἡἀγάπηαὐτοῦἐνἡμῖνπεπληρωμένηἐστίν. John 20.31 ταῦτα δὲ γέγραπται ἵνα πιστεύητε / πιστεύσητε ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, 7