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p N ]MMEFH I \ H I F rj I T E U [H Q V v F E F JM I I U F I F v HEE F [H I F M PQ u F M \ PQH I F v F E F GEE F U HK Q PQ U npqh I EI F EE I U u K[ QE F T E M PQ M F @A B@ & @ \ B@ rj I F T E U M @ B@ I U WXYDB A= AX BX= X c EI F V F [H JPQ F [ E EE M PQ F K F GEE F HI E 9 F u F Q [ E EE F MN I G [V HU PQ H F HI E VF E PQ U T I E J N E F [ HI E EH T [ HI I E PQ Q E F PT HI E EH TNv F E r ω N = 90 ω/2 r N : Nordrichtung ]MMEFH I \ H F HI E I E J E PQ F H F HI E JPQ H ]H F F E I F F IE PQ \ \ VF FHPQ F E JV T E F Q EM I ELI H I V T E ω I I M F ] I M U PQ U C B@ @B @ I U U %C B@ @B @ F \ vhee Q K A n FH IE PQ F HI E FH

z n P P r N N r N ω = 90 ω/2 r N : Nordrichtung n P : Normalenrichtung durch P ]MMEFH I o \ H F HI E I PQEPQ F \ mh T P H HI E IE PQ F E F T E [V PQ JHK HI E E np P H F F v FPQH I rn F FHPQ F wfnv FFHPQE H E I F ]PQ I I M VF v E PQH I F HI E PQ M Q I u U EH I F HI E M H F [ PQ F FHPQ F U M F I r PQH I V EPQ FHPQ F HI E EH T U EJH npqh I HPQ F m q U wim F F Q PQ Q F EQ RE U rm EE npqh I GF [ QH I T I EE VF BX= X C? ZX < = Y=Z c R HK [V PQ I I Q PQ H F I [ PQ \ H PQ F V F @A B@ @B @ mh T P H GEE F VF F 9 FHPQ F E JV T E F T E [V PQ JHK GEE F E n P P H F F v FPQH I rn F FHPQ F wfnv FFHPQE H FHPQ F ]PQ I I M VF ]MMEFH I y \ H F GEE F HPQ F I E PQ VF V M F @A @ B@ @B @ F 9 ]MM o u ]H Q F m E H F F sth V E PQQ F I I Q PQ \ M I JKI ILK E F I [ PQ \ O PQ H I F F

F ]ME H I M IE EI F lh Q I tan b z = (1 f) 2 tan b g Q M bg F I I Q PQ \ bz F I [ PQ \ H F f F ]ME H I I [ F M F \ T E F n Q VPT E V F V M b g b z = m sin(2b g ) 1 2 m2 sin(4b g ) + 1 3 m3 sin(6b g )... m = 1 ( b a 1 + ( ) b 2 a H F F I K R EM PQ F TE R EM PQ F [H H F E I F n [ EE N a b F I PQEPQ Q F I [ M F I I Q PQ \ U z u qh J EPQ ]H F F I I Q PQ \ \ M PQH I P H F M N JPQ F n [ EE F T E F I [ PQ \ H F ]M F F mh T P U u EH T * F GEE F I PQE V F ]MM y cos b g distanz(p,m) = a cos b z cos (b g b z ) AX c @}C mh T E rj I F r U H F n [TLN P P F 9 R mh T RLQ H IE PQ vhee F F I I Q PQ F F r HKH T X C>D c u H I I I Q PQ F M HQ H F u H I N PQ V F F Q EM HPQ AA B@! AA CB @ I u H I F rj I H PQ F VF H u H I [ FI [ [HwPTI wq V N M H F PQ \ VF H F u H I F RLQ U E ) 2 idealer Polarstern Horizont-Ebene α Erdachse α Äquator ]MMEFH I \ H I F \ R J F GF F E m E F Q Sq F I H H F EJ I H I F GF PQ F H FEPQ I K R E THI E EJI TL F \ PQ E R LQ H HH ƒ Œ Ž H Ž H H Œ ŠŒ

F wm F R [ M V F u RE M E MI [TH E EJK PQ F I I Q PQ \ \ M PQH I F PQ E Q PQ u E F RLQ F M H F H HE H T M ]MMEFH I \ H I F \ 9:9 :9 A>D=D X= Y> ZXB X CD AX H F 9 PQEPQ QJ I F I I Q PQ \ H F F R LQ M EE F E \ [HI TL U F QE F L M lh M PQ F K F v E PQH I M T PQ u H I FHPQ F r PQH I M V F H F Q I PQ U EH I G F E H PQ Q I E I \ I U F npqh I M H TL Y DXBC>D c F F H n [TL M [ I F F T F [H r I QE F M [H E wq Q EM w S E w F O PQ H I } U F M I EE V F G \ E F S QE QH I [ I ]MMEFH I G I Q PQ EEH I F r I QE }" IM m HH IJJKKK H L J H JŒ ŒJŒ MHJŽŠH J H ˆ J H ˆ Hˆ HH IJJKKK H L J H JŒ ŒJŒ MHJŽŠH JŒ MJ MH Œ M

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