to be: past simple, There was / There were, time expressions

6a to be: past simple, There was / There were, time expressions Where were you this morning? You weren t at home. I was at the zoo! Learn it! Read and complete. Affirmative I was here. You were there. He was happy. She Greek. It was hot. We were at home. You were sad. They were at the zoo. Negative full form I was not here. You were not there. He was not happy. She was not Greek. It was not hot. We were not at home. You were not sad. They were not at the zoo. short form I wasn t here. You weren t there. He wasn t happy. She wasn t Greek. It wasn t hot. We weren t at home. You sad. They weren t at the zoo. Questions Was I here? Were you there? Was he happy? Was she Greek? Was it hot? Were we at home? Were you sad? Were they at the zoo? Short answers affirmative Yes, you were. Yes, I was. Yes, he was. Yes, she was. Yes, it was. Yes, we / you. Yes, we were. Yes, they were. negative No, you weren t. No, I wasn t. No, he wasn t. No, she wasn t. No, it wasn t. No, we / you weren t. No, we weren t. No, they weren t. Ο past simple είναι ο χρόνος που μας βοηθάει να μιλήσουμε για το παρελθόν. Το ρήμα be στον past simple είναι πολύ εύκολο να το μάθεις. Στα πρόσωπα I/he/she/it γίνεται was (ήμουν, ήταν), ενώ στα πρόσωπα we/you/they γίνεται were (ήμαστε, ήσαστε, ήταν), π.χ. I was at school. My baby brothers were at the toy shop. Για να σχηματίσουμε την άρνηση προσθέτουμε τη λέξη not μετά το was ή το were. 68

6a Ο σύντομος τύπος είναι wasn't και weren't, π.χ. Sue wasn't at the supermarket. The children weren't at the museum. Στην ερώτηση βάζουμε Was/Were + το πρόσωπο. Στην καταφατική σύντομη απάντηση βάζουμε Yes + πρόσωπο + was/were, π.χ. Were you at the post office? Yes, I was. Στην αρνητική σύντομη απάντηση βάζουμε No + πρόσωπο + wasn't/weren't, π.χ. Were they at home? No, they weren't. there was, there were Affirmative There was a match yesterday. There were a lot of people at the concert. Negative There wasn t any fruit in the fridge. There weren t many people in the shop. Questions Was there a mountain on the island? Were there a lot of statues in the museum? Short answers affirmative Yes, there was. Yes, there were. negative No, there wasn t. No, there weren t. Το there was και το there were μας βοηθούν να πούμε τι υπήρχε σε κάποιο μέρος. Αν υπήρχε ένας μόνο άνθρωπος, ζώο ή πράγμα χρησιμοποιούμε There was, π.χ. There was a dog in the park. Αν υπήρχαν δύο ή περισσότεροι άνθρωποι, ζώα ή πράγματα χρησιμοποιούμε There were, π.χ. There were a lot of people at the bank. Time expressions in in January, in February, etc. We weren t in Paris in December. on on Monday, on Tuesday, etc. There were a lot of people at the cinema on Friday. last last night, last week, last month, etc. I was ill last week. ago three days ago, a week ago, a My dog was here a minute ago! Where did he go? minute ago, etc. yesterday yesterday, yesterday morning, He wasn t at the match yesterday afternoon. yesterday afternoon, etc. Μπορούμε να χρησιμοποιήσουμε χρονικές εκφράσεις όπως τα in January, on Monday, on Saturday afternoon, yesterday, yesterday evening, last night, last week, last year, three days ago, two weeks ago με τον past simple για να πούμε πότε έγινε κάτι, π.χ. We were at the cinema last night. Sue and Mark were at the beach last week. Do it! 1 Match. 1 Was John at school today? f a Yes, I was. 2 Was your sister at the cinema? b Yes, it was. It was 1,000! 3 Was Shrek on television last night? c No, they weren t. 4 Were the children in the playground? d No, it wasn't. 5 Was your laptop expensive? e Yes, she was. 6 Were you at the bank this morning? f No, he wasn t. 69

6a 2 Write was or were. 1 Your friend was here a minute ago. 2 The children at the party very shy. 3 You sleepy in class yesterday. Why? 4 There a good programme on television last night! 5 That puzzle difficult. 6 There some actors at the theatre on Wednesday. 7 This morning, James in the toy shop with his dad. 8 My sister and I at the train station yesterday morning. 3 Choose the correct answer. Sunday 5 th Sunday 12 t h Holiday! Monday 13 th John s house Tuesday 14 th Wednesday 15 th Party! 9 pm Thursday 16 th In bed ill Friday 17 t h Saturday 18 th 9 am park 4 pm football 10 pm - cinema Sunday 19 th David was busy this week! A week 1, he was on holiday. 2 Monday, he was at his friend s house. On Tuesday, he was at school, but on Wednesday 3, David and his friends were at a party. Then, three days 4, on Thursday, David was ill in bed! 5 morning, he was at the park. Yesterday 6, he was at football, and 7 night, he was at the cinema! 1 a before b ago 2 a On b In 3 a morning b evening 4 a ago b last 5 a Yesterday b Last 6 a afternoon b noon 7 a yesterday b last 4 Write the negatives. Use short forms. 1 I was at home. I wasn t at home. 2 You were at school. 5 There were a lot of girls in the playground. 6 The sandwiches were nice. 3 My dad was at the post office. 7 We were cold. 4 The programme was good. 8 There was a dog on my towel! 70

6a 5 Write was, were, wasn t or weren t. Mark: There 1 was a great party at Eva s house on Saturday. Sam: Really? 2 there a lot of people? Mark: Yes, there were 20 or 30 people. And of course, Eva 3 Sam: And 4 Eva s parents there? Mark: No, they 5. They 6 at the cinema. Sam: 7 there food? Mark: No, there 8, but there was music. It was fantastic! there with her sisters. 6 Write questions. Use the past simple of be. 1 (the boy / in front of / the house / yesterday) Was the boy in front of the house yesterday? 2 (you / at / the post office / this morning) 4 (there / children / in / park) 5 (there / a car / in / the car park) 3 (your mum / at / the bank / three days ago) 6 (Ellie and Alex / on / their bikes / there) 7 Write the answers. Then ask and answer with a friend. 1 Were the children at the hospital? No, they weren t. They were at the train station. 2 Was Anthony at the supermarket? 4 Was Natalie at the train station? 5 Were Jim and Tom at the café? 3 Were Mr Jones and Steven in the school? 6 Was the dog in the cinema? 8 Put the words in the correct order to make sentences or questions. 1 night / at / home / wasn t / I / last I wasn t at home last night. 2 ago / was / a / here / My / phone / minute 5 children / three / class / the / in / were / There 6 Monday / was / late / for / school / Jane / on 3 December / test / in / Was / the? 7 was / night / There / party / last / a 4 you / at school / morning / yesterday / Were? 8 there / on / yesterday / television / Was / football? Time to talk! 9 Ask and answer questions. Use the past simple and time expressions. a lot of people your friend your brother(s) / sister(s) / cousin(s) / uncle(s) /aunt(s) / parents music food drinks dancing games Were your cousins at your birthday party last night? your (birthday) party the supermarket school the museum the café Yes, they were. Was there music? No, there wasn t. 71

6b can and can t for ability and permission Stop! The shop assistant says I can play the piano. You can play the piano but you can't play the piano. Learn it! Read and complete. What do you mean? What do you mean? You've got permission, but you haven't got the ability! Affirmative I can run fast. You can go to the party. He can swim very well. She can have some chocolate. It can close its eyes. We can play a game. You can sing. They can come in now. Negative full form I cannot run fast. You cannot go to the party. He cannot swim very well. She cannot have any chocolate. It cannot close its eyes. We cannot play a game. You cannot sing. They cannot come in now. short form I can't run fast. You can't go to the party. He can't swim very well. She can't have any chocolate. It can't close its eyes. We play a game. You can't sing. They can't come in now. Questions Short answers affirmative negative Can I run fast? Can you go to the party? Can he swim very well? Can she have some chocolate? Can it close its eyes? Can we play a game? Can you sing? Can they come in now? Yes, you can. Yes, I can. Yes, he can. Yes, she can. Yes, it can. Yes, we / you can. Yes, we. Yes, they can. No, you can t. No, I can t. No, he can t. No, she can t. No, it can t. No, we / you can t. No, we can t. No, they can t. Be careful! Cannot is one word, not two. 72

6b Το ρήμα can (μπορώ) στα Αγγλικά μας βοηθά να μιλήσουμε για αυτά που μπορούμε να κάνουμε ή για να δώσουμε την άδεια σε κάποιον να κάνει κάτι. Είναι πολύ εύκολο να το μάθεις. Χρησιμοποιούμε πρόσωπο + can + το ρήμα για κατάφαση. Το ρήμα παραμένει ίδιο σε όλα τα πρόσωπα, π.χ. Jonathan can ride a horse. (ικανότητα) You can have a picnic in the park. (άδεια) Η άρνηση είναι cannot, είναι όμως πιο συνηθισμένο να χρησιμοποιούμε το σύντομο τύπο can't, π.χ. I can't drive. (δεν έχω την ικανότητα) You can't go swimming today. (δεν έχεις την άδεια) Για να ρωτήσουμε αν κάποιος μπορεί να κάνει κάτι ή για να ζητήσουμε την άδεια κάποιου βάζουμε Can + το πρόσωπο + το ρήμα. Στην καταφατική σύντομη απάντηση χρησιμοποιούμε Yes + πρόσωπο + can, π.χ. Can William play the piano? Yes, he can. (ικανότητα) Στην αρνητική σύντομη απάντηση χρησιμοποιούμε No + πρόσωπο + can't, π.χ. Can the children go fishing in the river? No, they can't. (άδεια) Do it! 1 Write A (for ability) or P (for permission). 1 Can you help me? A 2 Can you swim? 3 Mum says we can go out tonight. 4 Can your brother play football well? 2 Write can or can t. 1 It s dark in here. I can t see. 2 Karen is from France. Of course she speak French! 3 I go out tonight I ve got lots of homework. 5 The teacher says we can take photos for this project. 6 My mum can t drive. 7 No, you can't take my mp3 player. 4 Please I go out and play football with my friends? 5 I read your comic? 6 I understand this question. Can you help? 3 Match. 1 I ve got a cold. Can I go home? f a No, they can t. 2 I don t know the answer. b No, he can t. 3 I can make spaghetti. d Yes, I can. 4 Can you help me with this question? c I can t! 5 Can your brother drive a car? e I can tell you! 6 Can the children play football? f Yes, you can. All about you! 4 Complete the sentences about what you can and can t do. Ability 1 I can play football. Permission 5 I can go to the cinema on Saturday. 2 I can. 6 I can. 3 I can t. 7 I can t. 4 I can t. 8 I can t. 73

6b must and mustn t for obligation Learn it! Read and complete. Affirmative I must go home now. You must do your homework. He must be quiet. She must eat her carrots. It must sleep in its cage. We must listen to the teacher. You must clean your teeth. They must have a bath. Negative full form I must not leave rubbish here. You must not shout in class. He must not get up late. She must not ride her bike. It must not eat chocolate. We must not run in the street. You must not write on the desk. They must not break their toys. short form I mustn't leave rubbish here. You mustn't shout in class. He mustn't get up late. She ride her bike. It mustn't eat chocolate. We mustn't run in the street. You mustn't write on the desk. They mustn't break their toys. Questions Must I go home now? Must you do your homework? Must he be quiet? Must she eat her carrots? Must it sleep in its cage? Must we listen to the teacher? Must you clean your teeth? Must they have a bath? Το ρήμα must (πρέπει) μας βοηθά να μιλήσουμε για αυτά που είμαστε υποχρεωμένοι να κάνουμε και για κανόνες (rules). Χρησιμοποιούμε πρόσωπο + must + το ρήμα για κατάφαση. Το ρήμα παραμένει ίδιο σε όλα τα πρόσωπα, π.χ. I must clean my teeth every day. She must put the rubbish in the bin. Για να σχηματίσουμε την άρνηση προσθέτουμε not μετά το must. Ο σύντομος τύπος mustn't είναι πιο συνηθισμένος, π.χ. You mustn't swim after lunch. We mustn't play football in class. Για να σχηματίσουμε την ερώτηση χρησιμοποιούμε Must + πρόσωπο + το ρήμα. Η καταφατική σύντομη απάντηση είναι Yes + πρόσωπο + must, π.χ. Must I do my homework now? Yes, you must. Η αρνητική σύντομη απάντηση είναι No + πρόσωπο + mustn't. Do it! 1 Circle the correct words. 1 You must / mustn t run in the school. 2 You must / mustn t be late for school in the morning. 3 You must / mustn t do your homework carefully at home. 4 You must / mustn t play games in the lesson. 5 You must / mustn t wear clean clothes to school. 6 You must / mustn t listen to your teacher. 74

6b 2 Complete. Use must or mustn t and these words. pick put break listen eat shut 1 Students must listen carefully to their teacher. 2 Υou flowers. 3 You gates after you. 4 You food in the classroom. 5 People rubbish in the bin. 6 You my new laptop! 3 Put the words in the correct order to make sentences. 1 desk / write / the / on / mustn t / You You mustn t write on the desk. 2 parents / We / nice / be / to / must / our 4 stop / You / at / must / light / the / red 5 street / mustn t / We / in / the / cycle 3 on / party / Sunday / miss / mustn t / We / the 6 do / homework / my / I / must / now 4 Write Andy's rules at home. Use I + must or mustn t. 1 do homework after school I must do my homework after school. 2 listen to Mum and Dad 5 play on the balcony 6 get up late for school 3 give food to the animals 7 break my baby brother s toys 4 have a shower every day 8 leave the doors and windows open Time to talk! 5 Ask and answer. can / can t (ability) ride (a bike / a horse) drive make (dinner / a fire, etc.) speak (English, etc.) swim can / can t (permission) go out (on my bike / with my friend, etc.) watch television go to (a party / the supermarket, etc.) listen to music have (a sandwich / glass of water, etc. ) Can you ride a bike? Yes, I can. / No, I can t. Can I go out with my friend? Yes, you can. But you must be careful / you mustn t be late. No, you can t. You must finish your homework first. 75

6c Adverbs of manner This is great! I drive brilliantly! No, Sid. You drive quickly and very dangerously. Learn it! Read and complete. quiet quietly careful She talks quietly. He drives carefully. horrible horribly I never speak horribly to people. happy happily hungry The kids are playing happily together. The cat is looking hungrily at the food. Να και κάτι που θα μας βοηθήσει να εμπλουτίσουμε το λόγο μας ακόμα περισσότερο. Χρησιμοποιούμε adverbs of manner (τροπικά επιρρήματα) για να περιγράψουμε τον τρόπο με τον οποίο κάνουμε κάτι, π.χ. I can run quickly. Μπαίνουν μετά από το ρήμα και είναι πολύ εύκολο να μάθεις να τα φτιάχνεις. Για να σχηματίσουμε τα περισσότερα επιρρήματα απλώς προσθέτουμε την κατάληξη -ly στο επίθετο, π.χ. slow slowly. Υπάρχουν κάποια επιρρήματα των οποίων η ορθογραφία αλλάζει. Οι παρακάτω κανόνες θα σε βοηθήσουν να τα μάθεις εύκολα. Όταν το επίθετο τελειώνει σε -y, αφαιρούμε το -y και προσθέτουμε την κατάληξη -ily, π.χ. The children are singing happily. Οταν το επίθετο τελειώνει σε -le, αφαιρούμε το -le και προσθέτουμε την κατάληξη -ly, π.χ. That man is speaking horribly to the children. Do it! 1 Find eight adverbs. Then complete the table. 76 -ly 1 dangerous 2 quiet 3 quick 4 amazing d a n g e ro u sl y -ily 5 noisy 6 hungry 7 busy 8 happy noisily D A N G E R O U S L Y C R O L L O A N T L Y F G A M A Z I N G L Y N B O U R L Y P O D L O U H A P P I L Y T Q I T P A R Y L I L A U S I Q U I E T L Y A I I L I S A L L Y D N C L Y L B U S I L Y P K Y S Y B O L L Y S E L U H U N G R I L Y L Y

6c 2 Write the words. 1 Please don t drive dangerously through our town. S L Y R O A D G E N U 2 Benny is looking at the sweets! G R I L H U N Y 3 Finish this exercise. Y I C K L U Q 4 The thief came in. L Y I Q U E T 5 That woman speaks to her children. B L I Y H O R R 6 I don t understand can you speak? W O S L LY 3 Match. 1 He always speaks nicely e a quietly in class. 2 The children are writing quickly because b dangerously and very quickly. 3 She eats healthily and c noisily! Please close your mouth! 4 Simon always sits d she never has sweets. 5 Tom drives e to his teacher. 6 Don t eat so f there isn't much time. 4 Complete. Use adverbs. Here we are in the school playground. That s Danny with a cake. He s eating 1 quickly. You can see Helen there. I quick don t think she s hungry because she s eating very 2! slow That s Paul on his bike. He s riding 3 in the playground. dangerous That s why Dina is looking 4 at him. Thomas isn t angry talking to the other children he s just playing 5 with happy his cars. Regina and Helen are talking 6 and Lydia busy is dancing 7. beautiful Time to talk! 5 Make sentences. Take turns. Alex rides his bike quickly. My mum sings amazingly. Person Verb Adverb Alex Ellie My mum My dad My brother My sister You I We ride do make talk swim walk listen read sing write look quietly hungrily quickly horribly amazingly brilliantly noisily dangerously busily slowly strangely happily 77