سال چهارم آموزش متوسطه رشته ی ریاضی و فیزیک

سال چهارم آموزش متوسطه رشته ی ریاضی و فیزیک آموزش جامع و کامل مباحث به همراه تمرین های آموزشی و جواب

فصل اول :... فصل دوم :... فصل سوم :... فصل چهارم :... 8

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www.g-l.ir ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه : ﺟﺎﺑﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﺮي... ﻓﺼﻞ اول ﺗﺬﻛﺮ : : ﻫﺮ ﻳﺎل ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺧﻂ راﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ از ﻳﻚ رأس ﺑﻪ رأس دﻳﮕﺮ و در ﮔﺮاف ﺟﻬﺖ دار از ﻳﻚ رأس ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد آن رأس وﺻﻞ ﺷﻮد. ﻳﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ رأس را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد آن رأس وﺻﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻃﻮﻗﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. : دو رأس ﻛﻪ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ي ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎل ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ را دو رأس ﻣﺠﺎور ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. : ﻫﺮ رأس را ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺣﺮف ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻻﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ... و و و ﻳﺎ... و v و v و v و ﻫﺮ ﻳﺎل را ﺑﺎ دو رأس آن ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ... و و و ﻳﺎ... و e و e و e ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬاري ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. : در ﮔﺮاف ﺟﻬﺖ دار دو ﻳﺎل ﻛﻪ اﺑﺘﺪا و اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﻳﻜﺴﺎن داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ را ﻳﺎل ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮازي ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. : ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺮاف ﻏﻴﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ دار ﻧﻤﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻃﻮﻗﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻳﺎل ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮازي داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. : در ﻫﺮ ﮔﺮاف رأﺳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﻴﭻ ﻳﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ را رأس ﻣﻨﻔﺮد ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ. : ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮔﺮاف ﻫﻴﭻ ﻳﺎل ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﮔﺮاﻓﻲ را ﮔﺮاف ﺗﻬﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ. ﮔﺮاﻓﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎل داﺷـﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ را ﮔﺮاف ﻏﻴﺮ ﺗﻬﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ. رأس ﻳﺎل f e ﮔﺮاف ﻣﺜﺎل رأس ﻣﻨﻔﺮد v رأس v v e e e v v v e - رأس ﻣﻨﻔﺮد را رأس ﻣﻨﺰوي ﻳﺎ اﻳﺰوﻟﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ. e ﻳﺎل ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮازي e ﻳﺎل v ﮔﺮاف ﻣﺜﺎل ge of 8 www.g-l.ir

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