Mood States and Information Processing Strategies (+)

+ + MAGK Mood States and Information Processing Strategies (+) On the Arguments of the Mood-and-General-Knowledge Assumption Hideya KITAMURA + Schwarz, -. MAGK / MAGK 0 Forgas,,***,,**+ ; Frijda, Manstead and Bem,,*** ; Martin and Clore,,**+ Heidelberg Herbert Bless + Schwarz Bower +32+, +33+ 61

.*-- (,**, ) PNA : positive-negative-asymmetry Clark and Isen, +32, Heidelberg Fiedler +322 Isen Isen, +32., +321 ; Isen and Daubman, +32. ; Isen, Daubman and Nowicki, +321 ; Isen, Johnson, Mertz and Robinson, +32/ loosening tightning Schwarz +33*,, Schwarz +33, 62

+ Schwarz Schwarz 3* +33* Bless, Bohner, Schwarz and Strack, +33* ; Bless, Mackie and Schwarz, +33, ; Bodenhausen, Kramer and Süsser, +33. ; Forgas, +33,, +332 ; +33/ ; Kitamura,,*** ;,**, ; +33. +33/ ; Kitamura, Wright, Mackie, Numazaki and Kudo, +331 ; +33- +33* Bless, Schwarz +33* Schwarz +33+ Diane M. Mackie Worth and Mackie +321 63

.*-- (,**, ) Isen +321 Isen,**, ;,**+ ;,**+ ; +33/ Schwarz Mackie and Worth +323 Mackie Mackie Schwarz Schwarz Bless, Bohner, Schwarz and Strack, +33* Schwarz 64

+ Stroessner and Mackie, +33, - Bless, Schwarz and Kemmelmeier +330 Bless, Clore, Schwarz, Golisano, Rabe and Wölk +330 + false alarm, 0+ d,, d, d p, d d, d,, d,,,, - - +, / + Bless et al. +330 Table + d, d, a b c d e a c d / Bless e 65

.*-- (,**, ) Table + old Bless et al., +330 224+ 0-4- 1/41 0041 243-142 2,43 0+42 1,4. 0+42 +141-341 114. /-4* 0/4, 104+ +04-.04, d, Bless d, Bless M -10.2 M --0.2 M -,,.3 F (+,.,) ++.02, p.**/ Bless. MAGK Bless +330,,***,,**+ MAGK Mood and General Knowledge General Knowledge Structure : GKS Bless GKS GKS 66

+ GKS GKS Bless,*** Fig. + GKS GKS Fig. +, Bless et al., +330 / MAGK Bless GKS - + GKS Bless,**+ Bless,*** Isen +321 67

.*-- (,**, ), Bless Fiedler,**+ a, b Bless GKS - Bless GKS Bless + Bless et al. +330 Schwarz, Bless Mackie and Worth +323 Bless Schwarz, Isen +321 d, 68

+ d, Bless Kitamura,*** d, +33. +33. loosening 69

.*-- (,**, ) 0 Schlosberg +3/, 70

+ Isen Garcia- Marques and Mackie,*** +- +. C, +-0+*+01 Bless, H.,***. The interplay of a#ect and cognition : The mediating role of general knowledge structures. In J.P. Forgas (Ed.), Feeling and thinking : The role of a#ect in social cognition. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. pp.,*+,,,. Bless, H.,**+. Mood and the use of general knowledge structures. In L.L. Martin and G.L. Clore (Eds.), Theories of mood and cognition. Mahwah, N.J. : Erlbaum. pp. 3,0. Bless, H., Bohner, G., Schwarz, N. and Strack, F. +33*. Mood and persuasion : A cognitive response analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, +0, --+ -./. Bless, H., Clore, G.L., Schwarz, N., Golisano, V., Rabe, C. and Wölk, M. +330. Mood and the use of scripts : Does being in a happy mood really lead to mindlessness? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1+, 00/ 013. Bless, H., Mackie, D.M. and Schwarz, N. +33,. Mood e#ects on attitude judgments : Independent e#ects of mood before and after message elaboration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 0-, /2/ /3/. Bless, H., Schwarz, N. and Kemmelmeier, M. +330. Mood and stereotyping : A#ective states and the use of general knowledge structures. In W. Stroebe and M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology. Vol. 1 John Wiley & Sons. pp. 0-3-. 71

.*-- (,**, ) Bodenhausen, G.V., Kramer, G.P. and Süsser, K. +33.. Happiness and stereotypic thinking in social judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 00, 0,+ 0-,. Bower, G.H. +32+. Mood and memory. American Psychologist, -0, +,3 +.2. Bower, G.H. +33+. Mood congruity of social judgments. In J.P. Forgas (Ed.), Emotion and social judgments. N.Y. : Pergamon. pp. -+ /-. Clark, M.S. and Isen, A.M. +32,. Toward understanding the relationship between feeling states and social behavior. In A.H. Hastorf and A.M. Isen (Eds.), Cognitive social psychology. N.Y. : Elsevier. pp. 10 +*2. Fiedler, K. +322. Emotional mood, cognitive style, and behavior regulation. In K. Fiedler and J. Forgas (Eds.), A#ect, cognition, and social behavior. Toronto : Hogrefe. pp. +** ++3. Fiedler, K.,**+ a. A#ective influences on social information processing. In J.P. Forgas (Ed.), Handbook of a#ect and social cognition. Mahwah, N.J. : Erlbaum. pp. +0- +2/. Fiedler, K.,**+ b. A#ective states trigger processes of assimilation and accommodation. In L.L. Martin and G.L. Clore (Eds.), Theories of mood and cognition. Mahwah, N.J. : Erlbaum. pp. 2/ 32. Forgas, J.P. +33,. On bad mood and peculiar people : A#ect and person typicality in impression formation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 0,, 20-21/. Forgas, J.P. +332. On being happy and mistaken : Mood e#ects on the fundamental attribution error. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1/, -+2 --+. Forgas, J.P. ed.,***. Feeling and thinking : The role of a#ect in social cognition. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Forgas, J.P. ed.,**+. Handbook of a#ect and social cognition. Mahwah, N. J. : Erlbaum. Frijda, N.H., Manstead, A.S.R. and Bem, S. eds.,***. Emotions and beliefs : How feelings influence thoughts. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Garcia-Marques, T. and Mackie, D.M.,***. The positive feeling of familiarity : Mood as an information processing regulation mechanism. In H. Bless and J.P. Forgas (Eds.), The message within. Psychology Press. pp.,.*,0+. +33/ 0/.21.3-.,**, pp. +3,,-/. Isen, A.M. +32.. Toward understanding the role of a#ect in cognition. In R.S. Wyer and T.K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition. Vol. -. Hillsdale, N.J. : Erlbaum. pp. +13,-0. Isen, A.M. +321. Positive a#ect, cognitive processes, and social behavior. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology. Vol.,*. N.Y. : Academic Press. pp.,*-,/-. Isen, A.M. and Daubman, K.A. +32.. The influence of a#ect on categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,.1, +,*0 +,+1. Isen, A.M., Daubman, K.A. and Nowicki, G.P. +321. Positive a#ect facilitates creative problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, /,, ++,, ++-+. Isen, A.M., Johnson, M.M.S., Mertz, E. and Robinson, G.F. +32/. The influence of positive a#ect on the unusualness of word associations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,.2, +.+- +.,0.,**+.1-2* -3+. +33. /2 033. Kitamura, H.,***. E#ects of mood states on visual search tasks. Poster presented at the,1th International Congress of Psychology. Stockholm.,**+ pp. +/, +/-.,**,,.+ 2. 31. +33. -/..*..+. +33/,.3 /3. Kitamura, H., Wright, C.L., Mackie, D.M., Numazaki, M. and Kudo, E. +331. E#ects of mood states on acceptance of persuasive message. Paper presented at Joint Meeting of the./th Conference of the Japanese 72

+ Group Dynamics Association and the,nd Conference of the Asian Association of Social Psychology. Mackie, D.M. and Worth, L.T. +323. Processing deficits and the mediation of positive a#ect in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, /1,,1.*. Martin, L.L. and Clore, G.L. eds.,**+. Theories of mood and cognition. Mahwah, N.J. : Erlbaum. +33- + -. -2, -2-. +33/ - +++ +-/. Schlosberg, H. +3/,. The description of facial expression in terms of two dimensions. Journal of Experimental Psychology,..,,,3,-1. Schwarz, N. +33*. Feeling as information : Informational and motivational functions of a#ective states. In E.T. Higgins and R.M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition : Foundations of social behavior. Vol.,. N.Y. : Guilford Press. pp. /,1 /0+. Schwarz, N., Bless, H. and Bohner, G. +33+. Mood and persuasion : A#ective states influence the processing of persuasive communications. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology. Vol.,.. N. Y. : Academic Press. pp. +0+ +33. Stroessner, S. J. and Mackie, D.M. +33,. The impact of induced a#ect on the perception of variability in social groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, +2, /.0 //.. +33, : Worth, L.T. and Mackie, D.M. +321. Cognitive mediation of positive a#ect in persuasion. Social Cognition, /, 10 3.. 73

.*-- (,**, ) Abstract Mood States and Information Processing Strategies (+) On the Arguments of the Mood-and-General-Knowledge Assumption Hideya KITAMURA The research on the information processing strategies and mood has been growing in recent years. After Schwarz presented his Cognitive-Tuning hypothesis (+33*), the di#erence of processing strategies between positive and negative mood states has been confirmed by a big amount of empirical studies. However, there are a lot of inconsistencies among the models of mood of each researcher. Herbert Bless is one of the eminent researchers in this area and presented lately his model, Mood-and-General-Knowledge assumption. This paper aims to argue this assumption through the investigation of his experimental results and suggest some problems about the model. And a future direction of the research in this area is also discussed. 74