ΑΡΧΙΤΕΚΤΟΝΙΚΗ ΚΛΗΡΟΝΟΜΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΣΕ ΠΟΛΙΣΤΙΚΟΥΣ ΡΟΜΟΥΣ. ΕΠΑΝΑΧΡΗΣΗ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΚΩΝ ΚΤΙΡΙΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΟΙΚΙΣΜΩΝ ΣΤΗ ΡΟΥΜΑΝΙΑ

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1 ΑΡΧΙΤΕΚΤΟΝΙΚΗ ΚΛΗΡΟΝΟΜΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΣΕ ΠΟΛΙΣΤΙΚΟΥΣ ΡΟΜΟΥΣ. ΕΠΑΝΑΧΡΗΣΗ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΚΩΝ ΚΤΙΡΙΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΟΙΚΙΣΜΩΝ ΣΤΗ ΡΟΥΜΑΝΙΑ ADDA GHEORGHIEVICI Αν. Καθηγήτρια Τµ. Αρχιτεκτονικής και Πολεοδοµίας Πανεπιστηµίου Ion Mincu (UAUIM) ιευθύντρια Design Consulting Engineering, Impex SRL ιευθύνουσα Οµάδας Εργασίας A/T UIA Ρουµανίας Χρησιµοποιώντας ως αφετηρία την ιστορική αναδροµή στη δηµιουργία εµπορικών δρόµων κατά την περίοδο της Ρωµαϊκής Αυτοκρατορίας στη Ρουµανία (τότε επαρχία της ακίας) και την οικονοµική και αναπτυξιακή σηµασία τους από το Μεσαίωνα και µετά, το άρθρο συνεχίζει µε την παρουσίαση των κρατικών προσπαθειών για την τουριστική αξιοποίηση των πολιτιστικών πόρων της χώρας που χωροθετούνται κατά µήκος ή σε κόµβους των αντίστοιχων διαδροµών. Σε συνέχεια µελετών αρµοδιότητας Υπουργείου ηµοσίων Έργων, Μεταφορών και Οικισµού και Υπουργείου Πολιτισµού και Θρησκευµάτων, µε σκοπό την ενίσχυση της περιφερειακής και της τουριστικής ανάπτυξης µέσα από την ανάδειξη των πολιτιστικών πόρων σε ζώνες των επαρχιών Arges, Covasna, Constanta, Maramures, Neamt, Sibiu, Suceava, Tulcea, Valcea. Για την πρώτη από αυτές η συγγραφέας κατέγραψε τους τουριστικούς πόρους της, µετά από εκτενή έρευνα τεχνικού, πολιτιστικού και κοινωνικού περιεχοµένου. Αξιόλογη αρχή για τη ανάδειξη των πολιτιστικών δρόµων σ ευρωπαϊκό και περιφερειακό επίπεδο υπήρξε το, µε εκκίνηση τον Ιούνιο του 2000, πρόγραµµα Πολιτιστικά διασυνοριακά δίκτυα στη ΝΑ Ευρώπη µε φορέα συντονισµού την Εθνική Επιτροπή του ICOMOS Βουλγαρίας (στα πλαίσια της ιεθνούς Επιτροπής Πολιτιστικών δρόµων του ICOMOS). Η Επιτροπή της Ρουµανίας ξεκίνησε µε την καταγραφή των κυριότερων πόρων πολιτιστικής κληρονοµιάς της χώρας, που χωροθετούνται στα σταυροδρόµια των ιστορικών διεθνών εµπορικών οδών, χερσαίων, ποτάµιων και θαλάσσιων. Τα αστικά ιστορικά σύνολα εµφανίζονται σήµερα ως σηµαντικές µορφές πολιτισµού λόγω της διάδοσής τους και των καλλιτεχνικών επιδράσεών τους µέσω των δρόµων εµπορικών ανταλλαγών. Ο µεσαιωνικός αστικός χώρος κατέχει κυρίαρχη θέση στις διεθνείς δράσεις αρχιτεκτονικής προστασίας. Απαραίτητη είναι η επισήµανση κοινών χαρακτηριστικών µεταξύ των ευρωπαϊκών µεσαιωνικών πόλεων, τυπική και στις Ρουµανικές, όπως: η σχέση του γενικού σχεδίου µε το πλέγµα των οδών-κόµβων, η ύπαρξη αστικής ρυµοτοµίας κυρίως σε περιοχές παραγωγής ή εµπορίου και η έκφραση κοινωνικής και πολιτικοδιοικητικής ιεραρχίας όπως προκύπτει από το ύψος και το σχήµα των κάθετων στοιχείων του σχεδιαγράµµατος της πόλης. Για λόγους επιστηµονικού και αρχιτεκτονικού ενδιαφέροντος οι ιστορικές - πολιτιστικές οδοί-κόµβοι της Βλαχίας θεωρούνται από τις σπουδαιότερες. Ενδιαφέρουσες περιπτώσεις πολιτιστικών διαδροµών, µελετηµένες από οµάδες αρχιτεκτόνων, σε συναφείς µε τις προαναφερόµενες προσεγγίσεις είναι: Η µελέτη της διαδροµής των φρουρίων και οχυρώσεων στην ακρόπολη της Alba Iulia στο σταυροδρόµι των Αυτοκρατοριών έχει εκπονηθεί από αρχιτέκτονες σε συνεργασία µε το Ευρωπαϊκό Συµβούλιο των Πολιτιστικών ιαδροµών της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης. Τα µοναστήρια της Βόρειας Oltenia αποτελούν τους πιο αντιπροσωπευτικούς προσκυνηµατικούς τόπους για την νοτιοδυτική περιοχή των Καρπαθίων. Είναι θρησκευτικής µεσαιωνικής αρχιτεκτονικής της Βλαχίας, µε άµεση συγγένεια µε το Βυζάντιο και επιρροές κατευθείαν από την Κωνσταντινούπολη µέσω σχέσεων µεταξύ µοναστηριών του Αγίου Όρους και των γιουγκοσλαβικών µοναστηριών και επίσης µέσω

2 συνδέσµων µε την υτική Ευρώπη, κατά τη διάρκεια του Μεσαίωνα αλλά κυρίως της περιόδου της Αναγέννησης. Το σπουδαιότερο µνηµείο της περιοχής που περιλαµβάνεται στον κατάλογο Παγκόσµιας Κληρονοµιάς είναι το µοναστήρι Hurezi, του οποίου προστατεύονται τα frescoes του εσωτερικού. Οι ξύλινες εκκλησίες του Maramures, στην Βόρεια Τρανσυλβανία αποτελούν µέρος της αποδεκτής πρότασης να περιληφθούν στον κατάλογο της Παγκόσµιας Κληρονοµιάς. Λόγω της ευπάθειάς τους στις κλιµατικές συνθήκες και στην πυρκαγιά, τµήµατα του ξύλινου κελύφους έχει καταστραφεί ή αντικατασταθεί. Ένα πρόγραµµα προστασίας των προηγούµενων ετών οδήγησε στη διάσωσή τους µε τη µετατροπή τους σε υπαίθρια µουσεία, αλλά αυτό σηµαίνει ότι ένας ζωντανός οργανισµός γίνεται αντικείµενο συλλογής, οπότε αναζητήθηκε εναλλακτικός τρόπος αντιµετώπισης. Μεταξύ άλλων, στο κείµενο έγινε µνεία στη συµβολή οµάδας σπουδαστών του Πανεπιστηµίου Αρχιτεκτονικής και Πολεοδοµίας του Βουκουρεστίου Ion Mincu, στη βελτίωση του ερευνητικού έργου -συναφών µε τα προαναφερόµενα προγραµµάτων- στη ταυτοποίηση και ανάδειξη των πολιτιστικών, σε οδών σε συσχετισµό µε την προστασία, διατήρηση και συντήρηση των µνηµείων, τοπίων και τόπων τους. ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE AND TOURISM ON CULTURAL ROADS. REUSE OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND SETTLEMENTS IN ROMANIA ADDA GHEORGHIEVICI Architect IAIM, OAR Ass. Prof.at the Ion Mincu Univ. of Architecture and Urbanism (UAUIM) Director of Westrom Design Consulting Engineering, Impex SRL Director of UIA A/T Work Group in Romania In the past and up until the present, teams of architects, land planners and other experts elaborated preliminary studies regarding the cultural potential of some zones in support for the regional land use planning of the counties of Arges, Covasna, Constanta, Maramures, Neamt, Sibiu, Suceava, Tulcea, Valcea, all of which have some form of development. Starting from June 2000 the project Cultural cross-border networks in the South East Europe, coordinated by the National Committee of ICOMOS-Bulgaria (in the frames of the International Committee on Cultural Routes of ICOMOS), can be considered a good start. As national part in this project, we have begun with the inventory of the main cultural heritage of our country, located at the crossroads of historic international trade routes, by land, by river and by sea. The urban historic ensembles appear today as higher forms of the civilization in a country. Its major contribution to the European culture is due to the widespread transmission of artistic influences caused by international commercial exchanges.the medieval urbanism has a prominent place in international actions intended to protect the architectural inheritance. It is necessary to underline some common characteristics, specific to European medieval cities which were typical to all towns in Romania. Such common features are: the relationship of the general plan with the network of transit roads, the existence of an urban parceling, specific to production and trade areas, assertion of a social and politicoadministrative hierarchy in the shape and height of the vertical accents in the city s outline, etc. Such a historic and architectural cartography completes the data gathered from documents and partially replaces them when missing, a most important fact for the Moldavian and Valachian towns whose medieval records have been periodically destroyed during the frequent wars and invasions which have devastated our country.

3 We have included the historic routes of Valachia among the most important for our purpose based on this worth: along the Romanian history they promoted the urban setting: We also present to you, some images of itineraries studied by other teams of Romanian architects where the aspects mentioned above are relevant, such as: The itinerary of the fortresses and fortifications is a research study by Alba Iulia Citadel-at the Crossroads of Empires being developed by the architect Catarina Preda from Bucharest and architect Doina-Emilia Harda from Alba Iulia, in connection with the European Council of the Cultural Itineraries of the EU. The monasteries of Northern Oltenia is the most representative pilgrimage place for the Under-Carpathian South-West area. They are religious medieval Valachian architecture, having direct Byzantine affiliation, with influences coming straight from Constantinopole, through contacts between the Athos Mountain monasteries and the Yugoslavian monasteries, and also through links with Western Europe, during medieval times but mainly during Renaissance period. The major monument located in this area included in the World Heritage is the Hurezi monastery, erected by Constantin Brancoveanu, who has beheaded together with all his children by the Turks in 1714 and consequently sanctified by the Romanian Orthodox Church. We present some details of the interior frescoes of the monument, which have generated the famous religious painting school called brancoveneasca (Brancovan style). The wooden churches of Maramures, in Northern Transylvania is part of the accepted proposal to be included on the list of World Heritage. Because these wooden buildings are very vulnerable to harsh climatic conditions and to fire, during history up to the present many such jewels of the woodcraft construction have been demolished or replaced with masonry buildings, the wooden ones being left to rot. A protection program during previous years has resulted in the salvage of some of these monuments by relocating them in open-air museums, but this means that a living body becomes an object in a collection. Let me share that not only the known Romanian experts referred to above or earlier in the text, are working on this field, but also a young team of students from Bucharest University of Architecture and Urbanism Ion Mincu which contribute to improving our research work in the activity of identification and enhancement of cultural routes, in connection with the protection, maintenance and conservation of their monuments, landscapes and sites. TOPIC For a number of years, the experts from countries museums, the members of some professional associations, the members of some NGO s concerned with cultural issues, the Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Habitation (MLPTL) and the Ministry of Culture and Cults (MCC) begun the elaboration of important studies aimed at improving cultural tourism in Romania. In the past and up until the present, teams of architects, land planners and other experts elaborated preliminary studies regarding the cultural potential of some zones in support for the regional land use planning of the counties of Arges, Covasna, Constanta, Maramures, Neamt, Sibiu, Suceava, Tulcea, Valcea, all of which have some form of development. Such studies discuss and assess the quality of the soil s infrastructure: communication and access means to the objectives identified as belonging to certain cultural itineraries, the infrastructure facilities, the economic potential, social problems all of which are within the areas considered for tourism development. Architect Adda Gheorghievici is the author of a map of the study for Arges County s tourism potential, resulting from extensive of technical, cultural and social research.

4 Some of the more complex studies, covered the theme of zones from historic areas, and some of the more recent studies, which were initiated some years ago by the Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Habitation (MLPTL), included themes such as: Evaluation of the existing rural heritage and the perspective of the European integration of the Romanian tourism (by authors architects Claudia Constantinescu and Adda Gheorghievici), or Cultural and tourist itineraries in the area around the capital city of Romania (by authors architects Lia Medvedovici, Eugenia Greceanou and Adda Gheorghievici). The final goal of these studies is the focus on the identification of tourism s potential and on the direction we recommend in order to attain sustainable development for the human settlements and the communities leaving there. However, more of such kind of studies confuse cultural heritage as a main tourism attraction, with the concept of heritage routes. Starting only a few years ago, the rigorous approach was envisaged in our area, on the basis of scientific analyses concerning the cultural potential of the historic (real physical existing) routes, based on population movements, taking place in space and time. The importance of these heritage cultural-routes requires careful research to underline the kind of repercussion for the civilization. The cultural worth of a route, should be investigated because it can be measured by the dynamics of the exchanges which it may have generated, of economic, social, symbolic and philosophical dimensions and constant and countless interactions with the natural environment in all its diversity. The approach of this subject has rather a social motivation, because across the history the infrastructure of a state sketches its economical relations. Before annexing the Dacian kingdom, Emperor Trajan tied it up to what was Europe in these days, through a road. In addition, later he put Apolodor from Damask to build across the Danube, the famous bridge for connecting people and generating the birth of a new one. The commercial routes of the Middle Age across the Carpathian Mountains followed many times the footsteps of Roman soldiers but also the routes, well known before for trade of salt, of gold and minerals, wine, the Dacian Kingdom was rich in. Throughout history, Journeys included points of departure, the stop points with accommodation structures, watering holes, etc. Moreover, all of the components, which marked out the routes, have left architectural remains, much of which generating the birth and the improvement of human settlements. However, we cannot state that there exists a correlated approach in the regional and European context-not up to the present moment anyway. Starting from June 2000 the project Cultural cross-border networks in the South East Europe, coordinated by the National Committee of ICOMOS-Bulgaria (in the frames of the International Committee on Cultural Routes of ICOMOS), can be considered a good start. As national part in this project, we have begun with the inventory of the main cultural heritage of our country, located at the crossroads of historic international trade routes, by land, by river and by sea. The complex influences and contacts of peoples connected to these routes which are going back in history, have generated the evolution of the civilization in this area, so unique from the point of view of common experience and traditions in all the Romanian provinces, but also so diverse, because of the constant innovation and creation, within the ethnic specificity characteristic. This has been generated by the various influences on very wide areas, within the international trade. We present here the network of the main European trade roads during XII-XV centuries (Apud Atlas Istoric, Bucharest 1971, map 44). We follow the above with a presentation of the network of old transit roads in Valachia and Moldavia during the medieval ages (published in , as result of the research of Mrs. Eugenia Greceanu, President of ICOMOS-Romania). The recent studies regarding medieval urbanism, explain the genesis of towns, based on the three fundamental necessities named origin elements of the human settlements: the food, the protection and the exchange.

5 The urban historic ensembles appear today as higher forms of the civilization in a country. Its major contribution to the European culture is due to the widespread transmission of artistic influences caused by international commercial exchanges. The medieval urbanism has a prominent place in international actions intended to protect the architectural inheritance. It is necessary to underline some common characteristics, specific to European medieval cities which were typical to all towns in Romania. Such common features are: the relationship of the general plan with the network of transit roads, the existence of an urban parceling, specific to production and trade areas, assertion of a social and politico-administrative hierarchy in the shape and height of the vertical accents in the city s outline, etc. In parallel, the corroboration of historic data offered by the site, cartographic evidence and investigation of the architectural ensemble enable the understanding of the different evaluative phases of the town and of its peculiar characteristics given by the local socio-political context. Such a historic and architectural cartography completes the data gathered from documents and partially replaces them when missing, a most important fact for the Moldavian and Valachian towns whose medieval records have been periodically destroyed during the frequent wars and invasions which have devastated our country. We have included the historic routes of Valachia among the most important for our purpose based on this worth: along the Romanian history they promoted the urban setting: three middle Ages capitals were founded on, a lot of princely palaces as well as Boyars courts. The trade from both side of the Carpathian Mountains connecting Romania to countries of Western and Central Europe, to Eastern part Continent, to North and South, to Danube and to Black Sea, developed on these ways, had many dimension results adding to its prime purpose: religious aspects, artistic and architectural influences, the customs and handicraft traditions, preservation and innovation of language, etc. We named this historic commercial route the Middle Ages capitals itinerary, named also The Princely way (Calea Domneasca). We find on the way the palaces Mogosoaia, Potlogi and monasteries built or rebuilt by Constantine Brancoveanu most Known being Horezu World Heritage Monastery. The inventory of most important results as worth of this route was started two years ago, with the study regarding Cultural and tourist itineraries in the area around the capital city of Romania mentioned above, but many aspects must to be improved. Some maps and slides let to be seen a part of tangible heritage elements on the way from Bucharest to Targoviste, Pitesti, Campulung, and crossing the mountains to Brasov, to Sibiu and further to the West and North. We also present to you, some images of itineraries studied by other teams of Romanian architects where the aspects mentioned above are relevant, such as: The itinerary of the fortresses and fortifications is a research study by Alba Iulia Citadelat the Crossroads of Empires being developed by the architect Catarina Preda from Bucharest and architect Doina-Emilia Harda from Alba Iulia, in connection with the European Council of the Cultural Itineraries of the EU. The project of this cultural itinerary began two years ago, taking into consideration the fact that Alba Iulia was the centre of XIII-th Legion GEMINA (the most important military force of the Northeast border of the ROMAN EMPIRE), after that the capital of the voϊevods (princes) of Transylvania, the Capital of one of the largest county of Siebenburger (the seven royal counties), the North border of the 3 Romanian reunited counties under Michael the Brave and finally, opposed to the great Ottoman Empire by being a part of another one, the HABSBOURG EMPIRE. The first step (all roads must begin with it!) is done: the cultural itinerary in the interior of the citadel, the Gates itinerary. It will be connected this year with other with other monuments in the city and will take the road to AUSTRIA and FRANCE next year, to be connected with VAUBAN citadels. Other studies have to be elaborated regarding the fortresses and fortifications of Romania, among them being the group of fortified churches included in 1999 on the UNESCO World Heritage list.

6 Among the itineraries identified by us for to be included in the project Cultural crossborder networks in the Southeast Europe are also considered the itinerary of Greek and Roman cities and buildings from the antiquity and Byzantium period of the Black seashore and along the banks of the Danube. The study has been elaborated by the architect Catalina Prada from Romania in collaboration with the architect Eleni Gavra from Greece. We present to you one of the maps of this study named HISTRIA & the Danube Delta-Spatial Components of Cultural and Natural Environment. This itinerary starts with the paths of Greek civilization in Dobrogea (Greek citadels of ARGAMUM, TOMIS, HISTRIA, CALLATIS), enriched with Roman and Byzantine fortifications that follow the water roads -the Danube and the Black Sea shore, to the BALKANS but also to the West of Europe. Situated in an important commercial point, Dobrogea gathered the two main directions of TRADE during history: -The first, connecting the sea (cross sailed by the ships of all nations from the Greeks of Herodotus, to the sailors of Pie Monte) to the interior of a continent that produces and sales row materials (corn, wheat, leather). -The second, connecting the bottom of the far European continent (Flanders, Bohemia, Silesia) to Byzantine provinces and Arian territories (India, Syria). So the leading idea of the project is HERITAGE=TESTIMONY (the discovery of interactions between local history and European history in different fields, superposition in time and space of events). In order to show an other itinerary included in the project The cultural Itineraries of the Southeast Europe -that concern Monasteries and the religious pilgrimages in Romania, we present some religious monuments: monasteries and churches, some of them being included in the World Heritage. The monasteries with external frescoes from the northern part of Moldavia-Bucovina, erected and painted during XV-XVI centuries: Voronet, Sucevita, Humor monasteries and the Arbore church for example. Some details of the external frescoes will allow you to have an idea about the splendour and the miracle, which brought them to fame. Only visit on site can capture the whole splendour of these monuments. The monasteries of Northern Oltenia is the most representative pilgrimage place for the Under-Carpathian South-West area. They are religious medieval Valachian architecture, having direct Byzantine affiliation, with influences coming straight from Constantinopole, through contacts between the Athos Mountain monasteries and the Yugoslavian monasteries, and also through links with Western Europe, during medieval times but mainly during Renaissance period. The examples we present prove both the influences and the originality (genuine aspects) resulted from the synthesis of the many oriental and occidental influences by the innovative spirit and local tradition. The major monument located in this area included in the World Heritage is the Hurezi monastery, erected by Constantin Brancoveanu, who has beheaded together with all his children by the Turks in 1714 and consequently sanctified by the Romanian Orthodox Church. We present some details of the interior frescoes of the monument, which have generated the famous religious painting school called brancoveneasca (Brancovan style). Some details of stone sculptures, which belong to this period and style, are found until late during XVII-XIX centuries in decorations of other monuments, such as columns or floral motifs derived from the pumpkin flower and/or achantus leaf. These are found at columns (base and end), at the decorations of loggia walls from the Brancovan palaces, at the frames of the porches and the interior vaults. The wooden churches of Maramures, in Northern Transylvania is part of the accepted proposal to be included on the list of World Heritage. Because these wooden buildings are very vulnerable to harsh climatic conditions and to fire, during history up to the present many such jewels of the woodcraft construction have been demolished or replaced with masonry buildings, the wooden ones being left to rot. A protection program during previous years has resulted in the salvage of some of these monuments by relocating them in open-air museums, but this means that a living body becomes an object in a collection.

7 For the itinerary aimed at these major objectives, it is difficult to separate between religious aspects, extremely important and kept alive by the local community, and the traditional wooden houses, these latter being also in danger of being replaced with masonry houses, bearing no link whatsoever with the protected specificity stipulated through plans and legal provisions. Fortunately, intangible heritage of these areas: the religious customs and celebrations, the agricultural customs and festivals, handicrafts, are in better situation. Overlapping of various cultural heritages can be shown also by the cultural traditions of the wine in Romania. The geographic position of Romania offered very favorable conditions for wine cultivation, which was always a tradition. The commercial exchanges of the wine from one side of Carpathian Mountains to the other, along the historic commercial routes had a beneficiary influence connecting social and cultural traditions. Presently, in Romania seven great wine-growing areas can be spotted which are shown on the map. Each of these areas includes a special number and density of archaeological sites, fortifications (from antiquity, from medieval times, Vauban type or an overlapping of these), historic monuments, some of which are included in the World Heritage list, architectural monuments and sites, towns and historic centers, religious monuments, folklore, vernacular architecture. The project for this itinerary has been initiated three years ago by a team of experts from the Man s Museum in Ploiesti (county Prahova museum for natural sciences). Up to the present moment, the study comprises the Under Carpathian Southern and South Eastern zones. Further, the study will be extended towards east and south up to Dobrogea and towards North and Northwest towards the famous vineyards in Transylvania and Moldavia. In such a short presentation it is difficult to make a synthesis of the complexity and special value of the cultural heritage in Romania and the relationships with all the regions, that of Europe and that of more distant areas, relationships which are obvious in history, especially through the three major communication networks: terrestrial, maritime and river. But for us, as architects, a huge contribution is awaited in that field, if we like to find the proper compromise as a means for our cultural heritage to be protected while simultaneously being used as the best tourism attraction. Let me share that not only the known Romanian experts referred to above or earlier in the text, are working on this field, but also a young team of students from Bucharest University of Architecture and Urbanism Ion Mincu which contribute to improving our research work in the activity of identification and enhancement of cultural routes, in connection with the protection, maintenance and conservation of their monuments, landscapes and sites.