Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data
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1 GE Measurement & Control Flow Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data (For Ultrasonic Flowmeters) Reference Guide Rev. A December 2014
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3 GE Measurement & Control Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data (For Ultrasonic Flowmeters) Reference Guide Rev. A December General Electric Company. All rights reserved. Technical content subject to change without notice.
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5 Contents Chapter 1. Sound Speed Tables 1.1 Sound Speeds in Solids Sound Speeds in Fluids Sound Speeds in Water Sound Speeds in Gases Sound Speeds in Air Chapter 2. Pipe Size Tables 2.1 Steel Pipe Data - ANSI Steel Pipe Data - DIN Cast Iron Pipe Data - Inches Cast Iron Pipe Data - Millimeters Ductile Iron Pipe Data - Inches Ductile Iron Pipe Data - Millimeters Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data iii
6 Contents [no content intended for this page] iv Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data
7 Chapter 1. Sound Speed Tables 1.1 Sound Speeds in Solids The values in Table 1 below are reproduced with permission: shear wave values from the American Institute of Physics Handbook, Smithsonian Tables; longitudinal values from the Nondestructive Testing Handbook, 2nd edition, Volume 7, Ultrasonic Testing. 1991, The American Society of Nondestructive Testing. Note: The values in Table 1 below are nominal values, as the solids may not be homogenous and isotropic. Also, the actual values depend on the exact composition, temperature, pressure and stress. Table 1: Sound Speeds in C (77 F) Material Shear Wave Longitudinal Wave m/s ft/s mm/µs in./µs Steel, 1% Carbon (hardened) 3,150 10, Carbon Steel 3,230 10, Mild Steel 3,235 10, Steel, 1% Carbon 3,220 10, Stainless Steel 3,120 10, Stainless Steel 3,120 10, Stainless Steel 3,141 10, L Stainless Steel 3,070 10, Stainless Steel 3,272 10, Stainless Steel 3,095 10, Aluminum 3,100 10, Aluminum (rolled) 3,040 9,974 Copper 2,260 7, Copper (annealed) 2,325 7,628 Copper (rolled) 2,270 7,448 CuNi (70%Cu, 30%Ni) 2,540 8, CuNi (90%Cu, 10%Ni) 2,060 6, Brass (Naval) 2,120 6, Gold (hard-drawn) 1,200 3, Inconel 3,020 9, Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data 1
8 Table 1: Sound Speeds in C (77 F) (cont.) Material Shear Wave Longitudinal Wave m/s ft/s mm/µs in./µs Iron (electrolytic) 3,240 10, Iron (Armco) 3,240 10, Ductile Iron 3,000 9,843 Cast Iron 2,500 8, Monel 2,720 8, Nickel 2,960 9, Tin, rolled 1,670 5, Titanium 3,125 10, Tungsten, annealed 2,890 9, Tungsten, drawn 2,640 8,661 Tungsten, carbide 3,980 13,058 Zinc, rolled 2,440 8, Glass, Pyrex 3,280 10, Glass, heavy silicate flint 2,380 7,808 Glass, light borate crown 2,840 9, Nylon 1,150 3, Nylon, 6-6 1,070 3,510 Polyethylene (HD) Polyethylene (LD) 540 1, PVC, CPVC 1,060 3, Acrylic 1,430 4, Asbestos Cement Tar Epoxy Mortar Rubber Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data
9 1.2 Sound Speeds in Fluids Note: For critical applications, the sources of sound speed data for pure liquids can be obtained from GE. Such requests must specify the temperature and pressure range, and the details of the liquid composition. Substance Acetic anhydride (22) Acetic acid, anhydride (22) Acetic acid, nitrile Acetic acid, ethyl ester (33) Acetic acid, methyl ester Table 2: Sound Speeds in C (77 F) Chemical Formula Specific Gravity (CH 3 CO) 2 O (CH 3 CO) 2 O Sound Speed Δv/ C Kinematic Viscosity x10-6 m/s ft/s m/s/ C m 2 /s ft 2 /s 1,180 3, ,180 3, C 2 H 3 N ,290 4, C 4 H 8 O ,085 3, C 3 H 6 O ,211 3, Acetone C 3 H 6 O ,174 3, Acetonitrile C 2 H 3 N ,290 4, Acetonylacetone C 6 H 10 O ,399 4, Acetylen C 2 H 2 Cl ,015 3, dichloride Acetylene tetrabromide (47) C 2 H 2 Br ,027 3,369.4 Acetylene tetrachloride (47) C 2 H 2 Cl ,147 3, (15 C) (59 F) Alcohol C 2 H 6 O ,207 3, Alkazene-13 C 15 H ,317 4, Alkazene-25 C 10 H 12 Cl ,307 4, Aminoethanol C 2 H 7 NO ,724 5, Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data 3
10 Substance 2-Aminotolidine (46) 4-Aminotolidine (46) C 7 H 9 N C 7 H 9 N (45 C) Ammonia (35) NH ,729 (-33 C) Amorphous Polyolefin Table 2: Sound Speeds in C (77 F) (cont.) Chemical Formula Specific Gravity (190 C) Sound Speed 1,618 5, ,480 4, (50 C) 5,672.6 (-27 F) (374 F) Δv/ C (-33 C) Kinematic Viscosity x10-6 m/s ft/s m/s/ C m 2 /s ft 2 /s (122 F) (-27 F) 26, ,000 t-amyl alcohol C 5 H 12 O ,204 3, Aminobenzene (41) C 6 H 5 NO ,639 5, Aniline (41) C 6 H 5 NO ,639 5, Argon (45) Ar (-188 C) 853 (-188 C) (-306 F) Azine C 6 H 5 N ,415 4, Benzene C 6 H ,306 4, (29, 40, 41) Benzol C 6 H ,306 4, (29, 40, 41) Bromine (21) Br , Bromo-benzene (46) 1-Bromo-butane (46) Bromo-ethane (46) Bromoform (46, 47) C 6 H 5 Br ,170 C 4 H 9 Br C 2 H 5 Br CHBr n-butane (2) C 4 H (0 C) 1, , , , (15 C) (59 F) , ,085 (-5 C) 3,559.7 (23 F) 2-Butanol C 4 H 10 O ,240 4, sec-butylalcohol C 4 H 10 O ,240 4, Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data
11 Substance n-butyl bromide (46) n-butyl chloride (22, 46) tert Butyl chloride Table 2: Sound Speeds in C (77 F) (cont.) Chemical Formula Specific Gravity C 4 H 9 Br Sound Speed 1,019 3,343.2 Δv/ C 0.49 (15 C) C 4 H 9 Cl ,140 3, (15 C) (59 F) (59 F) C 4 H 9 Cl , Butyl oleate C 22 H 42 O 2 1,404 4, Kinematic Viscosity x10-6 m/s ft/s m/s/ C m 2 /s ft 2 /s 2, 3 Butylene glycol C 4 H 10 O ,484 4, Cadmium (7) Cd 2,237.7 (400 C) Carbinol (40, 41) CH 4 O ,341.5 (752 F) Carbitol C 6 H 14 O ,458 4,783.5 Carbon dioxide (26) Carbon disulphide Carbon tetrachloride (33, 35, 47) Carbon tetrafluoride (14) (Freon 14) CO (-37 C) CS (22 C) CCl CF (-150 C) 1.355cp (440 C) (824 F) 1,076 3, (-37 C) 2,752.6 (-35 F) (-37 C) (-35 F) 1,149 3, (-150 C) 2,871.5 (-238 F) Cetane (23) C 16 H ,338 4, Chloro-benezen e C 6 H 5 Cl ,273 4, Chloro-butane (22, 46) Chloro-diFluoro methane (3) (Freon 22) 6.61 C 4 H 9 Cl ,140 3, (15 C) CHClF (-69 C) (-50 C) 2,932.7 (-58 F) (59 F) Chloroform (47) CHCl , Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data 5
12 Substance Table 2: Sound Speeds in C (77 F) (cont.) Chemical Formula Specific Gravity Sound Speed Δv/ C Kinematic Viscosity x10-6 m/s ft/s m/s/ C m 2 /s ft 2 /s 1-Chloropropane (47) C 3 H 7 Cl ,058 3, Chlorotrifluoro methane (5) CClF (-82 C) 2,375.3 (-116 F) 5.26 Cinnamaldehyde C 9 H 8 O ,554 5, Cinnamic aldehyde C 9 H 8 O ,554 5, Colamine C 2 H 7 NO ,724 5, o-cresol (46) C 7 H 8 O m-cresol (46) C 7 H 8 O ,541 1,500 5, , (40 C) (40 C) (104 F) (104 F) Cyanomethane C 2 H 3 N ,290 4, Cyclohexane (15) C 6 H ,248 4, (17 C) Cyclohexanol C 6 H 12 O ,454 4, (17 C) Cyclohexanone C 6 H 10 O ,423 4, Decane (46) C 10 H ,252 4, Decene (27) C 10 H ,235 4, (63 F) (63 F) n-decylene (27) C 10 H ,235 4, Diacetyl C 4 H 6 O ,236 4, Diamylamine C 10 H 23 N 1,256 4, ,2 Dibromoethane (47) trans-1,2- Dibromoethene (47) Dibutyl phthalate C 2 H 4 Br , C 2 H 2 Br ,067.6 C 8 H 22 O 4 1,408 4, Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data
13 Substance Table 2: Sound Speeds in C (77 F) (cont.) Chemical Formula Specific Gravity Sound Speed Δv/ C Kinematic Viscosity x10-6 m/s ft/s m/s/ C m 2 /s ft 2 /s Dichloro-t-butyl alcohol 2,3 Dichlorodioxane C 4 H 8 Cl 2 O 1,304 4, C 2 H 6 Cl 2 O 2 1,391 4, Dichlorodifluoro methane (3) (Freon 12) CCl 2 F (40 C) , ,2 Dichloro ethane (47) cis1,2-dichloroethene (3, 47) trans1,2- Dichloro-ethene (3, 47) C 2 H 4 Cl ,193 3, C 2 H 2 Cl ,061 3,481 C 2 H 2 Cl ,010 3,313.6 Dichloro-fluoro methane (3) (Freon 21) CHCl 2 F (0 C) 891 (0 C) 2,923.2 (32 F) Dichlorohex afluorocyclobutane (47) 1-3-Dichloroisobutane Dichloro methane (3) C 4 Cl 2 F ,194.9 C 4 H 8 Cl ,220 4, CH 2 Cl ,070 3, ,1-Dichloro- 1,2,2,2 tetra fluoroethane CClF 2 -CClF (-10 C) 2,182.7 (14 F) 3.73 Diethyl ether C 4 H 10 O , Diethylene glycol Diethylene glycol, monoethyl ether Diethylenimide oxide C 4 H 10 O ,586 5, C 6 H 14 O ,458 4,783.5 C 4 H 9 NO ,442 4, Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data 7
14 Substance Table 2: Sound Speeds in C (77 F) (cont.) Chemical Formula Specific Gravity Sound Speed Δv/ C Kinematic Viscosity x10-6 m/s ft/s m/s/ C m 2 /s ft 2 /s 1,2-bis(DiFluora mino) butane (43) C 4 H 8 (NF 2 ) ,000 3, ,2-bis(DiFluor amino)-2-methyl propane (43) C 4 H 9 (NF 2 ) , ,2-bis(DiFluor amino) propane (43) 2,2-bis(DiFluor amino propane (43) 2,2-Dihydroxydi ethyl ether Dihydroxy ethane C 3 H 6 (NF 2 ) ,149.6 C 3 H 6 (NF 2 ) C 4 H 10 O ,586 5, C 2 H 6 O ,658 5, ,3-Dimethylbenzene (46) 1,2-Dimethylbenzene (29, 46) 1,4-Dimethylbenzene (46) 2,2-Dimethylbutane (29, 33) C 8 H (15 C) C 8 H ,343 C 8 H 10 1,334 C 6 H , (15 C) 1, , , ,079 3, (59 F) Dimethyl ketone C 3 H 6 O ,174 3, Dimethyl pentane (47) Dimethyl phthalate C 7 H ,063 3,487.5 C 8 H 10 O ,463 4,799.9 Diiodo-methane CH 2 I ,215.2 Dioxane C 4 H 8 O ,376 4,514.4 Dodecane (23) C 12 H ,279 4, ,2-Ethanediol C 2 H 6 O ,658 5, Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data
15 Substance Table 2: Sound Speeds in C (77 F) (cont.) Chemical Formula Specific Gravity Sound Speed Δv/ C Kinematic Viscosity x10-6 m/s ft/s m/s/ C m 2 /s ft 2 /s Ethanenitrile C 2 H 3 N ,290 4, Ethanoic anhydride (22) (CH 3 CO) 2 O ,180 3, Ethanol C 2 H 6 O ,207 3, Ethanol amide C 2 H 7 NO ,724 5, Ethoxyethane C 4 H 10 O , Ethyl acetate (33) C 4 H 8 O ,085 3, Ethyl alcohol C 2 H 6 O ,207 3, Ethyl benzene (46) Ethyl Bromide (46) C 8 H C 2 H 5 Br Ethyliodide (46) C 2 H 5 I , , , (17 C) (63 F) Ether C 4 H 10 O Ethyl ether C 4 H 10 O Ethylene bromide (47) Ethylene chloride (47) C 2 H 4 Br C 2 H 4 Cl , Ethylene glycol C 2 H 6 O , d-fenochone C 10 H 16 O , d-2- Fenechanone C 10 H 16 O , Fluorine F (-143 C) Fluoro-benzene (46) Formaldehyde, methyl ester C 6 H 5 F (-143 C) (-225 F) , C 2 H 4 O , Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data 9
16 Substance Table 2: Sound Speeds in C (77 F) (cont.) Chemical Formula Specific Gravity Sound Speed Δv/ C Kinematic Viscosity x10-6 m/s ft/s m/s/ C m 2 /s ft 2 /s Formamide CH 3 NO , Formic acid, amide CH 3 NO , Freon R Furfural C 5 H 4 O , Furfuryl alcohol C 5 H 6 O , Fural C 5 H 4 O , Furaldehyde C 5 H 4 O , Furancarbox aldehyde 2-Furyl- Methanol C 5 H 4 O , C 5 H 6 O , Gallium Ga ,870 (30 C) 9416 (86 F) Glycerin C 3 H 8 O , , Glycerol C 3 H 8 O , , Glycol C 2 H 6 O % Glycol / 50% H 2 O 1,578 5,177 Helium (45) He (-269 C) Heptane (22, 23) C 7 H n-heptane (29, 33) Hexachloro- Cyclopentadiene (47) C 7 H (-269 C) (-452 F) 1,131 3, ,180 3, C 5 Cl ,150 3, Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data
17 Substance Hexadecane (23) C 16 H ,338 4, Hexalin C 6 H 12 O ,454 4, (17 C) (63 F) Hexane (16, 22, 23) C 6 H ,112 3, n-hexane (29, 33) 2,5- Hexanedione C 6 H ,079 3, C 6 H 10 O ,399 4, n-hexanol C 6 H 14 O ,300 4, Hexahydro benzene (15) Hexahydro phenol Hexamethylene (15) C 6 H ,248 4, (17 C) C 6 H 12 O ,454 4, Hydrogen (45) H (-256 C) 2-Hydroxytoluene (46) 3-Hydroxytoluene (46) Iodo-benzene (46) C 6 H ,248 4, (17 C) C 7 H 8 O C 7 H 8 O ,187 (-256 C) 1,541 1,500 C 6 H 5 I ,114 Iodo-ethane (46) C 2 H 5 I Iodo-methane CH 3 I 2.28 Isobutyl acetate (22) Table 2: Sound Speeds in C (77 F) (cont.) Chemical Formula Specific Gravity 876 C 6 H 12 O 1,180 (27 C) Sound Speed 3,894.4 (-429 F) 5, , , , (-256 C) 4.29 (40 C) (40 C) (63 F) (63 F) (-429 F) (104 F) (104 F) , ,871.4 (81 F) Isobutanol C 4 H 10 O ,212 3,976.4 Iso-Butane 1, Δv/ C 4.85 Kinematic Viscosity x10-6 m/s ft/s m/s/ C m 2 /s ft 2 /s Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data 11
18 Substance Table 2: Sound Speeds in C (77 F) (cont.) Chemical Formula Specific Gravity Sound Speed Δv/ C Kinematic Viscosity x10-6 m/s ft/s m/s/ C m 2 /s ft 2 /s Isopentane (36) C 5 H , Isopropanol (46) C 3 H 8 O Isopropyl alcohol (46) C 3 H 8 O ,170 1,170 3, ,838.6 Kerosene ,324 4, Ketohexa C 6 H 10 O ,423 4, methylene Lithium fluoride (42) LiF 2,485 (900 C) Mercury (45) Hg ,449 (24 C) 8,152.9 (1652 F) 4,753.9 (75 F) Mesityloxide C 6 H 16 O ,310 4, Methane (25, 28, 38, 39) Methanol (40, 41) CH (-89 C) CH 4 O (-89 C) 1,328.7 (-128 F) ,076 3, Methyl acetate C 3 H 6 O ,211 3, o-methylaniline (46) 4-Methylaniline (46) Methyl alcohol (40, 44) Methyl benzene (16, 52) 2-Methyl-butane (36) C 7 H 9 N C 7 H 9 N (45 C) CH 4 O C 7 H ,328 C 5 H ,618 5, ,480 4, (50 C) (122 F) 1,076 3, , , Methyl carbinol C 2 H 6 O ,207 3, Methylchloroform (47) C 2 H 3 Cl , Methyl-cyanide C 2 H 3 N ,290 4, Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data
19 Substance Table 2: Sound Speeds in C (77 F) (cont.) Chemical Formula Specific Gravity Sound Speed Δv/ C Kinematic Viscosity x10-6 m/s ft/s m/s/ C m 2 /s ft 2 /s 3-Methyl cyclohexanol Methylene chloride (3) Methylene iodide C 7 H 14 O ,400 4,593.2 CH 2 Cl ,070 3, CH 2 I ,215.2 Methyl formate (22) C 2 H 4 O ,127 3, Methyl iodide CH 3 I , a-methyl naphthalene C 11 H ,510 4, Methylphenol (46) 3-Methylphenol (46) Milk, homogenized C 7 H 8 O C 7 H 8 O ,541 1,500 5, , ,548 5,080 Morpholine C 4 H 9 NO ,442 4, Naphtha ,225 4,019 Natural Gas (37) (-103 C) Neon (45) Ne (-246 C) Nitrobenzene (46) C 6 H 5 NO Nitrogen (45) N (-199 C) Nitromethane (43) Nonane (23) C 9 H 2 O Nonene (27) C 9 H (-103 C) 595 (-246 C) 1, (-199 C) 2,470.5 (-153 F) 1,952.1 (-411 F) 4, ,156.2 (-326 F) 4.29 (40 C) (40 C) (104 F) (104 F) (-199 C) (-326 F) CH 3 NO ,300 4, ,207 3, ,207 3, Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data 13
20 Substance Table 2: Sound Speeds in C (77 F) (cont.) Chemical Formula Specific Gravity Sound Speed Δv/ C Kinematic Viscosity x10-6 m/s ft/s m/s/ C m 2 /s ft 2 /s Octane (23) C 8 H ,172 3, n-octane (29) C 8 H Octene (27) C 8 H Oil of Camphor Sassafrassy 1, , ) 1, , ,390 4, Oil, Car (SAE 20a.30) , , Oil, Castor C 11 H 10 O ,477 4, Oil, Diesel ,250 4,101 Oil, Fuel AA gravity Oil (Lubricating X200) ,485 4, ,530 5,019.9 Oil (Olive) ,431 4, , Oil (Peanut) ,458 4,783.5 Oil (Sperm) ,440 4,724.4 Oil, 6 1,509 (22 C) 2,2-Oxydi ethanol 4,951 (72 F) C 4 H 10 O ,586 5, Oxygen (45) O (-186 C) 952 (-186 C) 3,123.4 (-303 F) Pentachloroethane C 2 HCl ,082 3,549.9 (47) Pentalin (47) C 2 HCl ,082 3, Pentane (36) C 5 H ,020 3, n-pentane (47) C 5 H ,006 3, Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data
21 Substance Table 2: Sound Speeds in C (77 F) (cont.) Chemical Formula Specific Gravity Sound Speed Δv/ C Kinematic Viscosity x10-6 m/s ft/s m/s/ C m 2 /s ft 2 /s Perchlorocyclop entadiene (47) Perchloroethylene (47) Perfluoro-1- Hepten (47) Perfluoron-Hexane (47) Phene L(29, 40, 41) b-phenyl acrolein Phenylamine (41) C 5 Cl ,150 3,773 C 2 Cl ,036 3,399 C 7 F ,912.7 C 6 F ,666.7 C 6 H ,306 4, C 9 H 8 O ,554 5, C 6 H 5 NO ,639 5, Phenyl bromide (46) C 6 H 5 Br ,170 3, Phenyl chloride C 6 H 5 Cl ,273 4, Phenyl iodide (46) Phenyl methane (16, 52) 3-Phenyl propenal C 6 H 5 I ,114 C 7 H ,328 3, ,357 C 9 H 8 O ,554 5, Phthalardione C 8 H 4 O 3L 1,125 (152 C) Phthalic acid, anhydride Pthalic anhydride C 8 H 4 O 3 1,125 (152 C) C 8 H 4 O 3 1,125 (152 C) 3,691 (306 F) 3,691 (306 F) 3,691 (306 F) Pimelic ketone C 6 H 10 O ,423 4, (15 C) (59 F) Plexiglas, Lucite, Acrylic 2,651 8,698 Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data 15
22 Substance Polyterpene Resin Potassium bromide (42) Potassium fluoride (42) Potassium iodide (42) Potassium nitrate (48) Propane (2, 13) (-45 to -130 C) 1,2,3- Propanetriol ,099.8 (190 C) KBr 1,169 (900 C) KF 1,792 (900 C) KI 985 (900 C) KNO (352 C) C 3 H (-45 C) 1,740.1 (352 C) 1,003 (-45 C) 3,608.4 (374 F) 3,835.3 (1652 F) 5,879.3 (1652 F) 3,231.6 (1652 F) 5,709 (666 F) 3,290.6 (-49 F) cp (900 C) (327 C) 5.7 C 3 H 8 O ,904 6, Propanol (46) C 3 H 8 O Propanol (46) C 3 H 8 O ,222 1,170 4, , , , (1652 F) (621 F) Propanone C 3 H 6 O ,174 3, Propene (17, 18, 35) n-propyl acetate (22) C 3 H (-13 C) 963 (-13 C) C 5 H 10 O 2 1,280 (2 C) n-propyl-alcohol C 3 H 8 O 0.78 Propylchloride (47) Propylene (17, 18, 35) 1,222 3,159.4 (9 F) 4,199 (36 F) 4, C 3 H 7 Cl ,058 3, C 3 H (-13 C) 963 (-13 C) (3159.4) (9 F) 6.32 Pyridine C 6 H 5 N ,415 4, Refrigerant 11 (3, 4) Table 2: Sound Speeds in C (77 F) (cont.) Chemical Formula Specific Gravity CCl 3 F (0 C) Sound Speed 2,717.5 (32 F) Δv/ C 3.56 Kinematic Viscosity x10-6 m/s ft/s m/s/ C m 2 /s ft 2 /s Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data
23 Substance Refrigerant 12 (3) Refrigerant 14 (14) Refrigerant 21 (3) Refrigerant 22 (3) Refrigerant 113 (3) Refrigerant 114 (3) Refrigerant 115 (3) Refrigerant C318 (3) CCl 2 F (-40 C) CF (-150 C) CHCl 2 F (0 C) CHClF (-69 C) (-40 C) (-150 C) 891 (0 C) (50 C) CCl 2 F-CClF (0 C) CClF 2 -CClF (-10 C) C 2 ClF (-50 C) C 4 F (-20 C) 574 (-10 C) Selenium (8) Se 1,072 (250 C) 2,539.7 (-40 F) 2,871.5 (-238 F) 2,923.2 (32 F) 2,932.7 (122 F) 2,571.2 (32 F) 2,182.7 (14 F) 2,153.5 (-58 F) 1,883.2 (14 F) 3,517.1 (482 F) Silicone (30 cp) , Sodium fluoride (42) Sodium nitrate (48) Sodium nitrite (48) Table 2: Sound Speeds in C (77 F) (cont.) Chemical Formula Specific Gravity NaF ,082 6,830.7 (1000 C) (1832 F) NaNO (336 C) NaNO (292 C) 1,763.3 (336 C) 1,876.8 (292 C) 5,785.1 (637 F) 6,157.5 (558 F) (336 C) (637 F) Solvesso # ,370 4, Spirit of wine C 2 H 6 O ,207 3, Sulfur (7, 8, 10) S 1,177 (250 C) Sound Speed 3,861.5 (482 F) Δv/ C Kinematic Viscosity x10-6 m/s ft/s m/s/ C m 2 /s ft 2 /s Sulfuric Acid (1) H 2 SO , , Tellurium (7) Te 991 (450 C) 3,251.3 (842 F) 0.73 Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data 17
24 Substance Table 2: Sound Speeds in C (77 F) (cont.) Chemical Formula Specific Gravity Sound Speed Δv/ C Kinematic Viscosity x10-6 m/s ft/s m/s/ C m 2 /s ft 2 /s 1,1,2,2-Tetra bromo-ethane (47) 1,1,2,2-Tetra chloro-ethane (67) C 2 H 2 Br ,027 3,369.4 C 2 H 2 Cl ,147 3, (15 C) (59 F) Tetrachloro ethane (46) Tetrachloroethene (47) Tetrachloro- Methane (33, 47) C 2 H 2 Cl ,170 3,838.6 C 2 Cl ,036 3,399 CCl Tetradecane (46) C 14 H 3 O Tetraethylene glycol Tetrafluoromethane (14) (Freon 14) , ,331 4,366.8 C 8 H 18 O ,586 5, CF (-150 C) Tetrahydro-1,4- isoxazine Toluene (16, 52) C 7 H o-toluidine (46) C 7 H 9 N p-toluidine (46) C 7 H 9 N (45 C) (-150 C) 2,871.5 (-238 F) 6.61 C 4 H 9 NO ,442 4, ,328 4, ,618 5, ,480 4, (50 C) (122 F) Toluol C 7 H ,308 4, Tribromomethane (46, 47) 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (47) CHBr , C 2 H 3 Cl , Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data
25 Substance Table 2: Sound Speeds in C (77 F) (cont.) Chemical Formula Specific Gravity Sound Speed Δv/ C Kinematic Viscosity x10-6 m/s ft/s m/s/ C m 2 /s ft 2 /s Trichloro-ethene (47) C 2 HCl ,028 3,372.7 Trichloro-fluoro methane (3) (Freon 11) CCl 3 F (0 C) 2,717.5 (32 F) 3.56 Trichloromethane (47) CHCl , ,1,2-Trichloro- 1,2,2-Trifluoro- Ethane CCl 2 F-CClF (0 C) 2,571.2 (32 F) Triethyl-amine (33) Triethylene glycol 1,1,1-Trifluoro- 2-Chloro-2- Bromo-Ethane C 6 H 15 N ,123 3, C 6 H 14 O ,608 5, C 2 HClBrF , ,2,2-Trifluoro trichloroethane (Freon 113) CCl 2 F-CClF (0 C) 2,571.2 (32 F) 3.44 d-1,3,3-tri methylnor camphor C 10 H 16 O ,320 4, Trinitrotoluene (43) C 7 H 5 (NO 2 ) ,610 (81 C) 5,282.2 (178 F) Turpentine ,255 4, Unisis ,346 4,416 Water, distilled H 2 O ,498 4, (49, 50) Water, heavy D 2 O 1,400 4,593 Water, sea ,531 5, Wood Alcohol (40, 41) CH 4 O ,076 3, Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data 19
26 Substance Xenon (45) Xe 630 (-109 C) m-xylene (46) C 8 H (15 C) o-xylene (29, 46) Table 2: Sound Speeds in C (77 F) (cont.) Chemical Formula Specific Gravity C 8 H Sound Speed 1,343 p-xylene (46) C 8 H 10 1,334 Xylene hexafluoride Zinc (7) Zn 3,298 (450 C) 2,067 (-164 F) 4, (15 C) 1, , , (59 F) C 8 H 4 F , ,820.2 (842 F) Δv/ C Kinematic Viscosity x10-6 m/s ft/s m/s/ C m 2 /s ft 2 /s 20 Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data
27 1.3 Sound Speeds in Water Note: The values in Table 3 below are reproduced with permission from American Institute of Physics Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co. Table 3: Sound Speeds in Water Water Temperature Sound Speed C F m/s ft/s ,402 4, ,407 4, ,412 4, ,417 4, ,421 4, ,426 4, ,430 4, ,434 4, ,439 4, ,443 4, ,447 4, ,451 4, ,455 4, ,458 4, ,462 4, ,465 4, ,469 4, ,472 4, ,476 4, ,479 4, ,482 4, ,485 4, ,488 4, ,491 4, ,493 4, ,496 4, ,499 4,918 Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data 21
28 Table 3: Sound Speeds in Water (cont.) Water Temperature Sound Speed C F m/s ft/s ,501 4, ,504 4, ,506 4, ,509 4, ,511 4, ,513 4, ,515 4, ,517 4, ,519 4, ,521 4, ,523 4, ,525 5, ,527 5, ,528 5, ,530 5, ,532 5, ,534 5, ,535 5, ,536 5, ,538 5, ,539 5, ,540 5, ,541 5, ,543 5, ,543 5, ,544 5, ,545 5, ,546 5, ,547 5, ,548 5, Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data
29 Table 3: Sound Speeds in Water (cont.) Water Temperature Sound Speed C F m/s ft/s ,548 5, ,549 5, ,550 5, ,550 5, ,551 5, ,552 5, ,552 5, ,553 5, ,553 5, ,553 5, ,554 5, ,554 5, ,554 5, ,554 5, ,554 5, ,555 5, ,555 5, ,555 5, ,555 5, ,555 5, ,554 5, ,554 5, ,554 5, ,554 5, ,554 5, ,553 5, ,553 5, ,553 5, ,552 5, ,552 5,092 Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data 23
30 Table 3: Sound Speeds in Water (cont.) Water Temperature Sound Speed C F m/s ft/s ,552 5, ,551 5, ,551 5, ,550 5, ,549 5, ,549 5, ,548 5, ,547 5, ,547 5, ,546 5, ,545 5, ,544 5, ,543 5, ,543 5, ,538 5, ,532 5, ,524 5, ,526 5, ,507 4, ,497 4, ,487 4, ,476 4, ,465 4, ,453 4, ,440 4, ,426 4, ,412 4, ,398 4, ,383 4, ,368 4, Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data
31 Table 3: Sound Speeds in Water (cont.) Water Temperature Sound Speed C F m/s ft/s ,353 4, ,337 4, ,320 4, ,302 4, ,283 4, ,264 4, ,244 4, ,220 4, ,200 3, ,180 3, ,160 3, ,140 3, ,110 3,642 Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data 25
32 1.4 Sound Speeds in Gases The speeds of sound in some common gases, at 0 C and atmospheric pressure, are listed in Table 4 below. To estimate the speed of sound in the gases listed in the table at other temperatures, use the following equation: T v = v In the above equation, v 0 is the speed of sound in the gas at 0 C, v is the speed of sound in m/s and T is the gas temperature in C. For example, the sound speed in air at 100 C = 331 x = 387 m/s. Note: Parameters other than the gas temperature do influence the sound speed, but temperature is by far the predominant factor. Table 4: Sound Speeds in Gases Gas Sound Speed (0 C, atmospheric pressure) m/s ft/s Air (dry) Argon Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide Helium Hydrogen Methane Neon Nitrogen Oxygen Water Vapor (100 C) Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data
33 1.5 Sound Speeds in Air Using the equation on the previous page to calculate the speed of sound in air at various temperatures, the results listed in Table 5 below were obtained. Table 5: Sound Speeds in Air Air Temperature Sound Speed C F m/s ft/s Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data 27
34 [no content intended for this page] 28 Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data
35 Chapter 2. Pipe Size Tables Chapter 2. Pipe Size Tables 2.1 Steel Pipe Data - ANSI Nominal Pipe Size Outside Diameter Table 6: Steel Pipe Data - ANSI Wall Thickness ANSI B36.10 Carbon Steel Wall Thickness Designation ANSI B36.10 Carbon Steel Pipe Schedule Number ANSI B36.19 Stainless Steel Pipe Schedule Number 1/ S STD 40 40S XS 80 80S 1/ S STD 40 40S XS 80 80S 3/ S STD 40 40S XS 80 80S 1/ S S STD 40 40S XS 80 80S XXS 3/ S S STD 40 40S XS 80 80S XXS S S STD 40 40S XS 80 80S XXS Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data 29
36 Chapter 2. Pipe Size Tables Nominal Pipe Size Outside Diameter Table 6: Steel Pipe Data - ANSI (cont.) Wall Thickness ANSI B36.10 Carbon Steel Wall Thickness Designation ANSI B36.10 Carbon Steel Pipe Schedule Number ANSI B36.19 Stainless Steel Pipe Schedule Number 1 1/ S S STD 40 40S XS 80 80S XXS 1 1/ S S STD 40 40S XS 80 80S XXS S S STD 40 40S XS 80 80S XXS 2 1/ S S STD 40 40S XS 80 80S XXS S S STD 40 40S XS 80 80S XXS Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data
37 Chapter 2. Pipe Size Tables Nominal Pipe Size Outside Diameter Table 6: Steel Pipe Data - ANSI (cont.) Wall Thickness ANSI B36.10 Carbon Steel Wall Thickness Designation ANSI B36.10 Carbon Steel Pipe Schedule Number ANSI B36.19 Stainless Steel Pipe Schedule Number 3 1/ S S STD 40 40S XS 80 80S XXS S S STD 40 40S XS 80 80S XXS S S STD 40 40S XS 80 80S XXS S S STD 40 40S XS 80 80S XXS Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data 31
38 Chapter 2. Pipe Size Tables Nominal Pipe Size Outside Diameter Table 6: Steel Pipe Data - ANSI (cont.) Wall Thickness ANSI B36.10 Carbon Steel Wall Thickness Designation ANSI B36.10 Carbon Steel Pipe Schedule Number ANSI B36.19 Stainless Steel Pipe Schedule Number S S STD 40 40S XS 80 80S XXS S S STD 40 40S XS 60 80S XXS Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data
39 Chapter 2. Pipe Size Tables Nominal Pipe Size Outside Diameter Table 6: Steel Pipe Data - ANSI (cont.) Wall Thickness ANSI B36.10 Carbon Steel Wall Thickness Designation ANSI B36.10 Carbon Steel Pipe Schedule Number ANSI B36.19 Stainless Steel Pipe Schedule Number S S STD 40S XS 80S XXS S S STD XS XXS Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data 33
40 Chapter 2. Pipe Size Tables Nominal Pipe Size Outside Diameter Table 6: Steel Pipe Data - ANSI (cont.) Wall Thickness ANSI B36.10 Carbon Steel Wall Thickness Designation ANSI B36.10 Carbon Steel Pipe Schedule Number ANSI B36.19 Stainless Steel Pipe Schedule Number S S STD XS S S STD XS Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data
41 Chapter 2. Pipe Size Tables Nominal Pipe Size Outside Diameter Table 6: Steel Pipe Data - ANSI (cont.) Wall Thickness ANSI B36.10 Carbon Steel Wall Thickness Designation ANSI B36.10 Carbon Steel Pipe Schedule Number ANSI B36.19 Stainless Steel Pipe Schedule Number S S STD XS S S STD XS Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data 35
42 Chapter 2. Pipe Size Tables Nominal Pipe Size Outside Diameter Table 6: Steel Pipe Data - ANSI (cont.) Wall Thickness ANSI B36.10 Carbon Steel Wall Thickness Designation ANSI B36.10 Carbon Steel Pipe Schedule Number ANSI B36.19 Stainless Steel Pipe Schedule Number S S STD XS STD XS STD XS S S STD XS STD XS Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data
43 Chapter 2. Pipe Size Tables Nominal Pipe Size Outside Diameter Table 6: Steel Pipe Data - ANSI (cont.) Wall Thickness ANSI B36.10 Carbon Steel Wall Thickness Designation ANSI B36.10 Carbon Steel Pipe Schedule Number STD XS STD XS STD XS STD XS ANSI B36.19 Stainless Steel Pipe Schedule Number Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data 37
44 Chapter 2. Pipe Size Tables 2.2 Steel Pipe Data - DIN Nominal Pipe Size (mm) Outside Diameter (mm) Table 7: Steel Pipe Data - DIN Wall Thickness (mm) DIN 2448 DIN 2440 DIN Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data
45 Chapter 2. Pipe Size Tables 2.3 Cast Iron Pipe Data - Inches Nom. Pipe Size Table 8: Cast Iron Pipe Data (ANSI A21.6) - Inches Class 50 Class 100 Class 150 Class 200 Class 250 O.D. Wall O.D. Wall O.D. Wall O.D. Wall O.D. Wall Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data 39
46 Chapter 2. Pipe Size Tables 2.4 Cast Iron Pipe Data - Millimeters Nom. Pipe Size (mm) Table 9: Cast Iron Pipe Data (ANSI A21.6) - Millimeters Class 50 Class 100 Class 150 Class 200 Class 250 O.D. (mm) Wall (mm) O.D. (mm) Wall (mm) O.D. (mm) Wall (mm) O.D. (mm) Wall (mm) O.D. (mm) Wall (mm) Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data
47 Chapter 2. Pipe Size Tables 2.5 Ductile Iron Pipe Data - Inches Nominal Pipe Size Table 10: Ductile Iron Pipe Data (ANSI A21.5) - Inches Outside Diameter Class 50 Class 51 Pipe Wall Thickness Class 52 Class 53 Class 54 Class 55 Class N/A N/A Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data 41
48 Chapter 2. Pipe Size Tables 2.6 Ductile Iron Pipe Data - Millimeters Nominal Pipe Size (mm) Table 11: Ductile Iron Pipe Data (ANSI A21.5) - Millimeters Outside Diameter (mm) Class 50 Class 51 Pipe Wall Thickness (mm) Class 52 Class 53 Class 54 Class 55 Class N/A N/A Sound Speed & Pipe Size Data
49
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