A Fall Greek 2003 Croy Lesson 23 Ω TENSE => KIND of action CONTINUING (ongoing, linear) COMPLETED (with result or ongoing effect) SIMPLE (affirmation of action w/out regard to duration or completion) and TIME of action Past Concurrent Future using the verb λύω TENSE => Kind of action and time of action PRESENT: I am loosening, I loosen FUTURE: I will be loosening, I will loosen IMPERFECT: I was loosening AORIST: I loosened PERFECT: I have loosened PLUPERFECT: I had loosened VOICE => relation of subject to action ACTIVE: subject performs action I loosen PASSIVE: subject is acted upon I am being loosened (by ) MIDDLE: action of subject relates back to subject I loosen myself KIND of action: Continuing, Completed, Simple TIME of action: Past, Concurrent, Future 1
PERSON => identifying subject,, NUMBER, I We you you (y all) he / she / it they PERSON,, NUMBER, TENSE Present, Future, Imperfect, Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect MOOD Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive, Optative, Infinitive, Participle VOICE Active, Passive, Middle MOOD => manner in which action is regarded by subject INDICATIVE: simple assertion I loosen IMPERATIVE: command Loosen! SUBJUNCTIVE: hypothetical or potential Should I loosen OPTATIVE: expressed as a hope Would that I loosen INFINITIVE: to loosen PARTICIPLE: loosening Indicative conveys reality We study Greek. Subjunctive conveys contingency, uncertainty, doubt, expectation, volition, intention, desire, hypothetical, potential Let us study Greek. If we study Greek in order that we may study Greek. Should we study Greek? No way we will ever study Greek! 2
INDICATIVE - SUBJUNCTIVE λυω λυω λυεις ς λυει λυοµεν λυωµεν λυετε λυητε λυουσι(ν) λυωσι(ν) KEY SIGN: theme vowel lengthened to ω / η ENDINGS: Primary for all forms TENSES: Present and Aorist (and Perfect) TENSE CODES: σα for AOR (but w/ contraction > ω / η) θη / η for AOR PASS Stem change for AOR NO AUGMENT NEGATIVE: µη TENSE ASPECT: Present: Ongoing Aorist: Simple PRESENT Tense Middle/Passive/Deponent INDICATIVE - SUBJUNCTIVE λυω λυωµεν λυοµαι - λυοµεθα - ς λυητε - λυεσθε - λυωσι(ν) λυεται - λυουνται - 3
PRESENT Tense Middle/Passive/Deponent INDICATIVE - SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT Tense Middle/Passive/Deponent λυοµαι λυωµαι λυοµεθα λυωµεθα λυωµαι λυωµεθα - λυεσθε λυησθε λυησθε λυεται λυηται λυουνται - λυωνται λυηται λυωνται Active PRESENT - AORIST Active AORIST λυω λυσω λυωµεν - λυσωµεν λυσω λυσωµεν ς - λυσῃς λυητε - λυσητε λυσῃς λυσητε - λυσῃ λυωσι(ν) -λυσωσι(ν) λυσῃ λυσωσι(ν) 4
PRESENT Tense Middle/Passive/Deponent AORIST Tense Middle/Deponent λυωµαι λυωµεθα λυσωµαι λυσωµεθα λυησθε λυσῃ λυσησθε λυηται λυωνται λυσηται λυσωνται ΑΟRIST Tense - Passive λυω λυωµεν λυθω λυθωµεν ς λυητε λυθῃς λυθητε λυωσι(ν) λυθῃ λυθωσι(ν) 5
λυω λυωµεν λυω λυωµεν ς λυητε ς λυητε λυωσι(ν) λυωσι(ν) PRESENT Tense of εἰµὶ ὦ ὦµεν ᾖς ἦτε Hortatory Subjunctive Deliberative Questions Emphatic Negation Purpose Future / Present General Condition (Prohibition) ᾖ ὦσι(ν) 6
Hortatory Subjunctive First Person Let us ἐλθωµεν Let us go Deliberative Subjunctive Questions of possibility, desirablity, or necessity. Not questions for information ἐλθωµεν; Shall we go? ἀγαπῶµεν ἀλλήλους Let us keep on loving one another (1 John 4.7) τί ποιῶµεν ; What shall we be doing? Emphatic Negation Use of οὐ µή with Aorist Subjunctive No way! Never! οὐ µή ἐλθωµεν. We will never go! Purpose Answers why? Typically introduced with ἵνα or ὅπως In order that ἡµεις ἐσµεν καλος ἵνα ἐλθωµεν We are being good in order that we may go 7
Conditional Statements Simple Condition: If, then Protasis ( If part) is assumed to be real (can almost translate with because ) εἰ + Indic If I study (and I m implying that I do), then I do well. Conditional Statements Future/Present General Condition: If, then Protasis ( If part) is assumed to be potential or possible, a hypothetical or general situation ἐαν + Subjn > Future or Present If I study (but I m not saying that I will), then I will do well. If I study (but I m not saying that I will), then I do well. Lesson 23 - Vocabulary Future Condition: ἐαν + Subjn Future Present General Condition ἐαν + Subjn Present ἐαν ἐλθωµεν If we go, we will die. If we go, we are idiots. If we go 8
Croy 23 - Exercises P&R: 1-7 + 8-14 NT: 1, 3, 4 + 2, 5-8 Quiz on Friday 2 Short Sentences Identify MOOD and TENSE of verbs See Practice Quiz Quiz on Friday Give the MOOD (Indicative, Infinitive, Participle, Subjunctive) and the TENSE (Present, Aorist, etc.) of the following verbs within the context of the sentences below. MOOD TENSE ἀγαπῶµεν µένει πεπληρωµένη ἐὰν ἀγαπῶµεν ἀλλήλους, ὁ θεὸς ἐν ἡµῖν µένει καὶ ἡ ἀγάπη αὐτοῦ ἐν ἡµῖν πεπληρωµένη ἐστίν. 9