A Croy Lesson 23 TENSE => KIND of action CONTINUING (ongoing, linear) COMPLETED (with result or ongoing effect) SIMPLE (affirmation of action w/out regard to duration or completion) Ω and TIME of action Past Concurrent Future using the verb λύω TENSE => Kind of action and time of action PRESENT: I am loosening, I loosen FUTURE: I will be loosening, I will loosen IMPERFECT: I was loosening AORIST: I loosened PERFECT: I have loosened PLUPERFECT: I had loosened VOICE => relation of subject to action ACTIVE: subject performs action I loosen PASSIVE: subject is acted upon I am being loosened (by ) MIDDLE: action of subject relates back to subject I loosen myself KIND of action: Continuing, Completed, Simple TIME of action: Past, Concurrent, Future 1
PERSON => identifying subject,, NUMBER, I We you you (y all) he / she / it they PERSON,, NUMBER, TENSE Present, Future, Imperfect, Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect MOOD Indicative, Infinitive, Participle VOICE Active, Passive, Middle PERSON,, NUMBER, TENSE Present, Future, Imperfect, Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect MOOD Indicative, Infinitive, Participle, Subjunctive, Imperative, Optative VOICE Active, Passive, Middle MOOD => manner in which action is regarded by subject INDICATIVE: simple assertion I loosen INFINITIVE: to loosen PARTICIPLE: loosening SUBJUNCTIVE: hypothetical or potential Should I loosen IMPERATIVE: command Loosen! OPTATIVE: expressed as a hope Would that I loosen 2
Indicative conveys reality We study Greek. Subjunctive conveys contingency, uncertainty, doubt, expectation, volition, intention, desire, hypothetical, potential Let us study Greek. If we study Greek in order that we may study Greek. Should we study Greek? No way we will ever study Greek! PRESENT Tense - Active INDICATIVE - SUBJUNCTIVE λυω λυω λυεις ς λυει λυοµεν λυωµεν λυετε λυητε λυουσι(ν) λυωσι(ν) KEY SIGN: theme vowel lengthened to ω / η ENDINGS: Primary for all forms TENSES: Present and Aorist (and Perfect 10x in NT) TENSE ASPECT: Present: Ongoing Aorist: Simple TENSE CODES: σα for AOR (but w/ contraction > ω / η) θη / η for AOR PASS Stem change for AOR NO AUGMENT NEGATIVE: µη PRESENT Tense - Active λυω λυωµεν ς λυητε λυωσι(ν) 3
PRESENT Tense Middle/Passive/Deponent INDICATIVE - SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT Tense Middle/Passive/Deponent INDICATIVE - SUBJUNCTIVE λυοµαι - λυοµεθα - λυοµαι λυωµαι λυοµεθα λυωµεθα - λυεσθε - - λυεσθε λυησθε λυεται - λυουνται - λυεται λυηται λυουνται - λυωνται PRESENT Tense Middle/Passive/Deponent Active PRESENT - AORIST λυωµαι λυωµεθα λυω λυσω λυωµεν - λυσωµεν λυησθε ς - λυσῃς λυητε - λυσητε λυηται λυωνται - λυσῃ λυωσι(ν) -λυσωσι(ν) 4
Active AORIST PRESENT Tense Middle/Passive/Deponent Guess what the Aorist forms will look like? λυσω λυσωµεν λυωµαι λυωµεθα λυσῃς λυσητε λυησθε λυσῃ λυσωσι(ν) λυηται λυωνται AORIST Tense Middle/Deponent PRESENT Tense Active How will you form the Aorist Passive? λυσωµαι λυσωµεθα λυω λυωµεν λυσῃ λυσησθε ς λυητε λυσηται λυσωνται λυωσι(ν) 5
ΑΟRIST Tense - Passive PRESENT Tense - Active λυθω λυθωµεν λυω λυωµεν λυθῃς λυθητε ς λυητε λυθῃ λυθωσι(ν) λυωσι(ν) PRESENT Tense - Active PRESENT Tense of εἰµὶ λυω λυωµεν ὦ ὦµεν ς λυητε ᾖς ἦτε λυωσι(ν) ᾖ ὦσι(ν) 6
Hortatory Subjunctive Deliberative Questions Emphatic Negation Purpose Future / Present General Condition (Prohibition) Hortatory Subjunctive First Person << Let us ἐλθωµεν Let us go ἀγαπῶµεν ἀλλήλους Let us keep on loving one another (1 John 4.7) Deliberative Subjunctive Questions of possibility, desirablity, or necessity. Not questions for information Look for ; << ἐλθωµεν; Should we go? Emphatic Negation Use of οὐ µή with Aorist Subjunctive No way! Never! οὐ µή ἐλθωµεν. τί ποιῶµεν ; What should we be doing? We will never go! 7
Purpose Answers why? Typically introduced with ἵνα or ὅπως In order that ἡµεις ἐσµεν καλος ἵνα ἐλθωµεν We are being good in order that we may go Conditional Statements Simple Condition: If, then Protasis ( If part) is assumed to be real (can almost translate with because ) εἰ + Indic If I study (and I m implying that I do), then I do well. Conditional Statements Future/Present General Condition: If, then Protasis ( If part) is assumed to be potential or possible, a hypothetical or general situation ἐαν + Subjn > Future or Present If I study (but I m not saying that I will), then I will do well. If I study (but I m not saying that I will), then I do well. Future Condition: ἐαν + Subjn Future Present General Condition ἐαν + Subjn Present ἐαν ἐλθωµεν If we go, we will die. If we go, we are idiots. If we go 8
Lesson 23 - Vocabulary Croy 23 - Exercises P&R: 1-7 + 8-14 NT: 1, 3, 4 + 2, 5-8 Quiz on Friday 1 Short Sentences Identify MOOD and TENSE of verbs See Practice Quiz Quiz on Friday Give the MOOD (Indicative, Infinitive, Participle, Subjunctive) and the TENSE (Present, Aorist, etc.) of the following verbs within the context of the sentences below. ἀγαπῶµεν MOOD TENSE µένει πεπληρωµένη ἐὰν ἀγαπῶµεν ἀλλήλους, ὁ θεὸς ἐν ἡµῖν µένει καὶ ἡ ἀγάπη αὐτοῦ ἐν ἡµῖν πεπληρωµένη ἐστίν. 9