Plato's Gorgias (523α-527ε): Translated with Text and Commentary

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1 From the SelectedWorks of Edward H Campbell Winter March 11, 2017 Plato's Gorgias (523α-527ε): Translated with Text and Commentary Edward H Campbell This work is licensed under a Creative Commons CC_BY International License. Available at:

2 P a g e 1 COMMENTARIES ON GREEK AND LATIN LITERATURE PLATO'S GORGIAS (523Α-527Ε) Translated with Text and Commentary By E. H. Campbell Draft 1.0, March 2017 Campbell's Commentaries: Bozeman, MT Selected Works

3 P a g e 2 E. H. Campbell ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

4 P a g e 3

5 P a g e 4 (523α) Σωκράτης: Ἄκουε1 δή, φασί,2 μάλα καλοῦ λόγου, ὃν3 σὺ μὲν ἡγήσῃ4 μῦθον,5 ὡς ἐγὼ οἶμαι,6 ἐγὼ δὲ λόγον:7 ὡς ἀληθῆ8 γὰρ ὄντα9 σοι λέξω10 ἃ μέλλω11 λέγειν,12 ὥσπερ13 γὰρ Ὅμηρος14 λέγει15 διενείμαντο16 τὴν ἀρχὴν ὁ Ζεὺς καὶ ὁ Ποσειδῶν 17 καὶ ὁ Πλούτων,18 ἐπειδὴ19 παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς20 παρέλαβον nd sing. pres. act. imper. of ἀκούω. 2 Dor., 3rd sing. pres. act. ind. of φημί. 3 Pron., masc. acc. sing. of ὅς. 4 Dor., 2nd sing, fut. mid. ind. of ἡγέομαι, to hold or to regard. 5 masc. acc. sing. of μῦθος, anything delivered by word of mouth, word, speech; rumor; a tale, a story, a legend, or a myth; a tale, story, narrative (Liddell and Scott), something said, an utterance or speech; what one has to say, speech, discourse, words; the sense of the word colored by context. (Cunliffe) 6 1st sing. pres. mid./pass. ind. of οἴομαι. 7 masc. acc. sing. of λόγος. 8 Adj., neut. pl of ἀληθής. 9 neut. pl. pres. act. part. of εἰμί. 10 1st sing. aor. act. subj. of λέγω. 11 1st sing. pres. act. ind./subj. of μέλλω, to think of doing, to intend to do, to be about to do. 12 Att., or Ep., pres. act. inf. of λέγω. 13 Adv. of Manner, just as, like as, even as, how. 14 masc. nom. sing. of Ὅμηρος, Homer. 15 3rd sing. pres. act. ind. of λέγω. 16 3rd pl. aor. mid. ind. of διανέμω, in Mid., to divide among themselves. 17 masc. nom. sing. of Ποσειδῶν, Poseidon (Neptune). 18 masc. nom. sing. of Πλούτων, Pluto. 19 The aorist with many temporal and causal conjunctions, and in relative clauses, has the force of the Eng. pluperf. (Smyth, Greek Grammar, 1943) 20 masc. gen. sing. of πατήρ. 21 3rd pl. aor. act. ind. of παραλαμβάνω, to receive from another; to take upon oneself, undertake.

6 P a g e 5 Listen, he said, to this really good story which I think you will regard as a tale, but since I reckon these things are true, I will tell them to you, for it was just like Homer 22 says in was in the beginning when Zeus,23 Poseidon,24 and Pluto25 divided up that which they had received from their father amongst themselves. 22 A celebrated Greek poet, the most ancient of all the profane writers. The age in which he lived is not known, though some suppose it to be about 168 years after the Trojan war, or, according to others, 160 years before the foundation of Rome. According to Paterculus, he flourished 968 years before the Christian era, or 884 according to Herodotus who supposed him to be contemporary with Hesiod, etc. (J. Lempriere) 23 Zeus (Gr.) = Deus (Lat.) A name of Jupiter among the Greeks, expressive of his being the father of mankind, and by whom all things live. (Ibid.) 24 A God, son of Saturn and Ops, and brother to Jupiter, Pluto, and Juno. Neptune shared with his brothers the empire of Saturn, and received his portion the kingdom of the sea. This, however, did not seem equivalent to the empire of Heaven and Earth, which Jupiter had claimed, therefore he conspired to dethrone him with the rest of the Gods. The conspiracy was discovered, and Jupiter condemned Neptune to build the walls of Troy, etc. (Ibid.) 25 A son of Saturn and Ops, inherited his father s kingdom with his brothers, Jupiter and Neptune. He received as his lot the kingdom of hell, and whatever lies under the Earth, and as such he became the God of the infernal region, of deaths and funerals. From his functions, and the place he inhabit[s], he received different names. He was called Dis, Hades, or Ades, Orcus, etc. (Ibid.)

7 P a g e 6 Ἦν26 οὖν νόμος ὅδε27 περὶ ἀνθρώπων ἐπὶ Κρόνου,28 καὶ ἀεὶ καὶ νῦν ἔτι ἔστιν ἐν Θεοῖς,29 τῶν ἀνθρώπων τὸν μὲν δικαίως 30 τὸν βίον διελθόντα31 καὶ (523β) ὁσίως,32 ἐπειδὰν τελευτήσῃ,33 εἰς μακάρων34 νήσους35 ἀπιόντα36 οἰκεῖν37 ἐν πάσῃ38 εὐδαιμονίᾳ39 ἐκτὸς40 κακῶν,41 τὸν δὲ ἀδίκως42 καὶ ἀθέως43 εἰς τὸ τῆς τίσεώς44 τε καὶ δίκης45 δεσμωτήριον,46 ὃ δὴ Τάρταρον47 καλοῦσιν,48 ἰέναι rd sing. imperf. act. ind. of εἰμί. 27 Pron., masc. nom. sing. of ὅδε, this. 28 masc. gen. sing. of Κρόνος (Saturn). 29 masc. dat. pl. of Θεός, God. 30 Adv. (δίκαιος), justly 31 masc. acc. sing. aor. act. part. of διέρχομαι, to go through, or to pass through. 32 Adv. (ὅσιος), piously. 33 Att., or Ion., 3rd sing. aor. act. subj. of τελευτάω, to complete, finish, or accomplish; to bring to an end. 34 Adj., fem. gen. pl. of μάκαρος, blessed, happy. (Liddell and Scott) Having great resources, great, powerful, influential, wealthy; happy, fortunate; as epithet of the Gods, happy, blessed, living at ease, dwelling serene. (Cunliffe) 35 fem. acc. pl. of νῆσος, an island. 36 masc. acc. sing. pres. act. part. of ἄπειμι, to go away, depart. 37 Att., Ep., or Dor. pres. act. inf. of οἰκέω, to inhabit, or to occupy. 38 Adj., Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. dat. sing. of πᾶς. 39 Att., Dor., or Aeol., fem. dat. sing. of εὐδαιμονία, opulence, prosperity. (Cary) 40 Prep. + gen., outside, out of, far from; free from. 41 Adj., neut. gen. pl. of κακός. 42 Adv. (ἄδικος), unjustly. 43 Adv. (ἄθεος), impiously. 44 Att., fem. gen. sing. of τίσις, payment by way of return or recompense, retribution, vengeance. 45 Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. gen. sing. of δίκη. 46 neut. sing. of δεσμωτήριον, a prison. 47 masc./fem. acc. sing. of Τάρταρος, Tartarus. 48 Att., Ep., or Dor., 3rd pl. pres. act. ind. of καλέω, to call, or to summon; to call by name. 49 pres. act. inf. of εἶμι.

8 P a g e 7 For there was in fact this law of Kronos 50 concerning mankind and it still is and always was (a law) among the Gods for men who go through life justly and piously. When it comes to an end he goes away to live on the Islands of the Happy in complete prosperity, free from evil. But (the men who go through life) unjustly and impiously go to the Prison of Just Retribution, which they in fact call Tartarus Son of Caelus, Uranus, by Terra, called also Titea, Thea, or Titheia. He was naturally artful, and, by means of his mother, he revenged himself on his father, and forever prevented him from increasing the number of his children, whom he had treated with unkindness and confined in the infernal regions. After this the sons of Caelus were restored to liberty, and Saturn obtained his father s kingdom by the consent of his brother, provided he not bring up any children. Pursuant to this agreement, Saturn always devoured his children as soon as they were born, because, as some observe, he dreaded from them a retaliation of his unkindness to his father, till his wife Rhea, unwilling to see her children perish, concealed from her husband the birth of Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto, and instead of the children, she gave him large stones, which he immediately swallowed without perceiving the deceit, etc. (Ibid.) 51 One of the regions of Hell...the most impious and guilty among mankind [are] punished. It [is] surrounded with a brazen wall, and its entrance was continually hidden from sight by a cloud of darkness, which is represented three times more gloomy than the obscurest night. According to Hesiod it [is] a separate prison, at a greater distance from the Earth than the Earth is from the heavens. Virgil says that it [is] surrounded by three impenetrable walls, and by the impetuous and burning streams of the river Phlegethon. The entrance is by a large and lofty tower, whose gates are supported by columns of adamant, which neither Gods nor men can open. It [is] the place where Ixion, Tityus, the Danaides, Tantalus, Sisyphus, etc., [are] punished, according to Ovid. (Ibid.)

9 P a g e 8 Τούτων52 δὲ δικασταὶ53 ἐπὶ54 Κρόνου καὶ ἔτι νεωστὶ55 τοῦ Διὸς56 τὴν ἀρχὴν57 ἔχοντος58 ζῶντες59 ἦσαν60 ζώντων,61 ἐκείνῃ62 τῇ ἡμέρᾳ63 δικάζοντες64 ᾗ65 μέλλοιεν66 τελευτᾶν:67 κακῶς οὖν αἱ δίκαι68 ἐκρίνοντο.69 Ὅ τε οὖν Πλούτων καὶ οἱ ἐπιμεληταὶ 70 οἱ ἐκ μακάρων νήσων71 ἰόντες72 ἔλεγον73 πρὸς τὸν Δία74 ὅτι φοιτῷέν75 (523ξ) σφιν76 ἄνθρωποι ἑκατέρωσε77 ἀνάξιοι.78 Εἶπεν79 οὖν ὁ Ζεύς: Ἀλλ ἐγώ, ἔφη, 80 παύσω81 τοῦτο γιγνόμενον Adj., masc./fem./neut. gen. pl. of οὗτος. 53 masc. nom. pl. of δικαστής, a judge. 54 Temporal, usually with personal gen. = in the time of (Smyth, Greek Grammar, 1689b) 55 Adv. (νέος), lately, just now. 56 masc. gen. sing. of Δίς, God. 57 Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. acc. sing. of ἀρχή, a beginning, an origin, or a first cause 58 masc. gen. sing. pres. act. part. of ἔχω, keep, have charge of. 59 masc. nom. pl. pres. act. part. of ζάω, to live. 60 3rd pl. imperf. act. ind. of εἰμί. 61 masc. gen. pl. pres. act. part. of ζάω. 62 Adj., fem. dat. sing. of ἐκεῖνος. 63 Att., Dor., Aeol., or Ion., fem. dat. sing. of ἡμέρα. 64 masc. nom. pl. pres. act. part. of δικάζω, to judge, to give judgment on a thing, to decide or to determine a point; to pass judgment on, to condemn. 65 Adv. which way, where, whither, in or at what place; of Manner, wherefore. 66 3rd pl. pres. act. opt. of μέλλω. 67 Att., or Dor., pres. act. inf. of τελευτάω. 68 fem. nom. pl. of δίκη. 69 3rd pl. imperf. mid./pass. ind. of κρίνω, in Mid., to choose, to decided; in Pass. to be chosen. In Mid. to interpret, or to expound. (Cunliffe) To interpret a dream or a prodigy, that is, to determine its meaning. (Cary) 70 masc. nom. pl. of ἐπιμελητής, one who has charge of a thing. 71 fem. gen. pl. of νῆσος. 72 masc. nom. pl. pres. act. part. of εἶμι. 73 3rd pl. imperf. act. ind. of λέγω. 74 masc. acc. sing. of Δίς. 75 3rd pl. pres. act. opt. of φοιτάω, to go to and fro. 76 Pron., masc./fem. dat. pl. of σφεῖς, they themselves. 77 Adv., to each side, each way, both ways. 78 Adj., masc./fem. nom. pl. of ἀνάξιος, of persons, unworthy, not deemed or held worthy of. 79 Ep., or Ion., 3rd sing. aor. act. ind. of εἶπον. 80 3rd sing. imperf. act. ind. of φημί. 81 Dor., 1st sing. fut. act. ind. of παύω, of persons, to bring to an end, to make an end of; to stop, hinder, or to keep back from a thing. 82 neut. sing. pres. mid./pass. part. of γίγνομαι.

10 P a g e 9 But the judges of those men in the time of Kronos, and even lately in the time of Zeus, held from the beginning how they used to live their lives on that day they were destined to die, evidently the judgments were decided badly. And then Pluto, and those who were in charge of those going to the Islands of the Happy, 83 said to Zeus that those going to and fro either way were not worthy. And then Zeus said: I shall, he said, put a stop to this happening. 83 Ἀπικόμενοι μὲν φανεροί εἰσι ἐς Ὄασιν πόλιν, τὴν ἔχουσι μὲν Σάμιοι τῆς Αἰσχριωνίης φυλῆς λεγόμενοι εἶναι, ἀπέχουσι δὲ ἑπτὰ ἡμερέων ὁδὸν ἀπὸ Θηβέων διὰ ψάμμου: ὀνομάζεται δὲ ὁ χῶρος οὗτος κατὰ Ἑλλήνων γλῶσσαν Μακάρων νῆσος. Having arrived, it was clear they were at the city Oasis, it being held by Samians which are said to be from the tribe of the Aeschrionian, and is seven days across the desert on the road from Thebes, and in the Greek tongue this place is call the Island of the Happy. (Herodotus )

11 P a g e 10 Νῦν μὲν γὰρ κακῶς αἱ δίκαι δικάζονται.84 Ἀμπεχόμενοι85 γάρ, ἔφη, οἱ κρινόμενοι86 κρίνονται:87 ζῶντες88 γὰρ κρίνονται. Πολλοὶ οὖν, ἦ89 δ ὅς, ψυχὰς90 πονηρὰς91 ἔχοντες92 ἠμφιεσμένοι93 εἰσὶ94 σώματά95 τε καλὰ96 καὶ γένη97 καὶ πλούτους,98 καί, ἐπειδὰν ἡ κρίσις99 ᾖ,100 ἔρχονται101 αὐτοῖς πολλοὶ μάρτυρες,102 μαρτυρήσοντες103 ὡς δικαίως104 βεβιώκασιν.105 (523δ) Οἱ οὖν δικασταὶ ὑπό τε τούτων ἐκπλήττονται, 106 καὶ ἅμα107 καὶ αὐτοὶ ἀμπεχόμενοι108 δικάζουσι,109 πρὸ τῆς ψυχῆς τῆς αὑτῶν ὀφθαλμοὺς110 καὶ ὦτα111 καὶ ὅλον112 τὸ σῶμα προκεκαλυμμένοι rd pl. pres. mid./pass. ind. of δικάζω. 85 masc. nom. pl. pres. mid./pass. part. of ἀμπέχω, to surround to cover; in Mid., to put around oneself, to wear. 86 masc. nom. pl. pres. mid./pass. part. of κρίνω. 87 3rd pl. pres. mid./pass. ind. of κρίνω. 88 masc. nom. pl. pres. act. part. of ζάω. 89 Att., 1st sing. imperf. act. ind. of εἰμί. 90 fem. acc. pl. of ψυχή. 91 Adj., fem. acc. pl. of πονηρός. 92 masc. nom. pl. pres. act. part. of ἔχω. 93 masc. nom. pl. perf. mid./pass. part. of ἀμφιέννυμι, in Mid., to put round one, put on oneself. 94 3rd pl. pres. act. ind. of εἰμί. 95 neut. pl. of σῶμα. 96 Adj., neut. pl. of καλός. 97 Att., Ep., or Dor., neut. pl. of γένος. 98 masc. acc. pl. of πλοῦτος, wealth, riches. 99 fem. nom. sing. of κρίσις, separating, distinguishing rd sing. pres. act. subj. of εἰμί rd pl. pres. mid./pass. ind. of ἔρχομαι, to come or to go. 102 masc./fem. nom. pl. of μάρτυς, witness, martyr. 103 masc. nom. pl. fut. act. part. of μαρτυρέω, to bear witness, or to give evidence. 104 Adv. of δίκαιος rd pl. perf. act. ind. of βιόω. 106 Att., 3rd pl. pres. mid./pass. ind. of ἐκπλήσσω, to drive out of one's senses, to amaze, astound. 107 Adv., at once, at the same time. 108 masc. nom. pl. pres. mid./pass. part. of ἀμπέχω. 109 Att., Ep., Dor., or Ion., 3rd pl. pres. act. ind. of δικάζω. 110 masc. acc. pl. of ὀφθαλμός, the eye; the dearest, best, as the eye is the most precious part of the body. 111 neut. pl. of οὖς, the ear. 112 Adj., neut. sing. of ὅλοξ, whole, entire, complete. 113 masc. nom. pl. perf. mid./pass. part. of προκαλύπτω, in Mid., to put over oneself as a screen or cloak.

12 P a g e 11 At the present time the verdicts are being decided badly. Because they are, he said, being veiled, they being judged decide for themselves, for they are alive when being picked. Accordingly, he said, many have worthless souls they are concealing their bodies with beautiful things, genealogies, and wealth, and whenever the judgment is they come with many witnesses so as to witness that they have lived justly. Therefore, the judges are confused by them, and at the same time those judging are themselves clothed, the eyes, ears, and the whole body veils their soul.

13 P a g e 12 Ταῦτα δὴ αὐτοῖς πάντα114 ἐπίπροσθεν115 γίγνεται,116 καὶ τὰ αὑτῶν ἀμφιέσματα117 καὶ τὰ τῶν κρινομένων.118 Πρῶτον μὲν οὖν, ἔφη, παυστέον 119 ἐστὶν προειδότας120 αὐτοὺς τὸν θάνατον: νῦν γὰρ προΐσασι.121 Τοῦτο μὲν οὖν καὶ δὴ εἴρηται122 τῷ Προμηθεῖ123 (523ε) ὅπως ἂν παύσῃ124 αὐτῶν. Ἔπειτα125 γυμνοὺς126 κριτέον127 ἁπάντων128 τούτων: τεθνεῶτας129 γὰρ δεῖ κρίνεσθαι.130 Καὶ τὸν κριτὴν131 δεῖ γυμνὸν132 εἶναι, τεθνεῶτα,133 αὐτῇ τῇ ψυχῇ αὐτὴν τὴν ψυχὴν θεωροῦντα 134 ἐξαίφνης135 ἀποθανόντος136 ἑκάστου,137 ἔρημον138 πάντων139 τῶν συγγενῶν140 καὶ καταλιπόντα141 ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς πάντα ἐκεῖνον142 τὸν κόσμον,143 ἵνα144 δικαία145 ἡ κρίσις146 ᾖ Adj., neut. pl. of πᾶς. 115 Adv., to be before, to be in front of rd sing. pres. mid./pass. ind. of γίγνομαι. 117 neut. pl. of ἀμφίεσμα, clothes. 118 neut. gen. pl. pres. mid./pass. part. of κρίνω. 119 Adj., masc. acc. sing. or neut. sing. of παυστέον, one must stop or put an end to. 120 masc. acc. pl. perf. act. part. of πρόοιδα, to know beforehand rd pl. pres. act. ind. of πρόοιδα, 122 3rd sing. pres. mid./pass. ind. of εἰρέω. 123 Ep., or Poet., masc. dat. sing. of Προμηθεύς, Prometheus rd sing. aor. act. subj. of παύω, to bring to an end. 125 Adv., thereupon, thereafter, then. 126 Adj., masc. acc. pl. of γυμνός, naked. 127 Verbal Adjecitve, masc. acc. sing. of κριτέος, one must decide or judge. Verbal Adjectives end in -τός and -τέος. Those in -τός denote capability...those in -τέος denote what is to be done. (Goodwin and Gulick, 457) 128 Adj., masc. gen. pl. of ἅπας, all together. 129 masc. acc. pl. perf. act. part. of θνήσκω, to die, to be dying. 130 pres. mid./pass. inf. of κρίνω. 131 Att., Ep., or Ion., masc. acc. sing. of κριτής. 132 Adj., masc. acc. sing. of γυμνός. 133 masc. acc. sing. perf. act. part. of θνήσκω. 134 Att., Ep., or Dor. masc. acc. sing. pres. act. part. of θεωρέω. 135 Adv., at once, all the sudden. 136 masc. gen. sing. aor. act. part. of ἀποθνήσκω, to die off, to die. 137 Adj., masc. gen. sing. of ἕκαστος. 138 Adj., masc. acc. sing. of ἐρῆμος, desolate, lone, lonely, lonesome, solitary. 139 Adj., masc. gen. pl. of πᾶς. 140 Adj., Att., Ep., or Dor., masc./fem./neut. gen. pl. of συγγενής, of the same kin, descent or family with another, akin to him; kinsman, relative. 141 masc. acc. sing. aor. act. part. or neut. pl. aor. act. part. of καταλιμπάνω, (καταλέιπω) to leave behind. 142 Adj., masc. acc. sing. of ἐκεῖνος. 143 masc. acc. sing. of κόσμος. 144 Final clauses denote purpose and are introduced by ἵνα, ὅπως, ὡς in order that, that (Lat. ut). Smyth, Greek Grammar, 2193) 145 Adj., neut. pl. of δίκαιος. 146 fem. nom. sing. of κρίσις rd sing. pres. act. subj. of εἰμί.

14 P a g e 13 All these things happen to be in front of them, both their clothing and their interpretation of things. Therefore, he said, the first this is to put an end to their foreknowledge, for at present they know in advance. And this was in fact told to Prometheus,148 in this way it was for them brought to an end. Thereafter he who is to be judged among all those who are dead be naked, for that is necessary to be judged. And it is necessary for the judge to be naked to consider the soul of the dead himself as his soul itself at the moment of his death, alone, with all of his kin left behind so that the judgment be just. 148 A son of Iapetus by Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He was brother to Atlas, Menoetius, and Epimetheus; and surpassed all mankind in cunning and fraud. He sacrificed two bulls, and filled their skins, one with the flesh and the other with bones, and asked the father of the Gods which of the two he preferred as an offering. Jupiter became the dupe of the artifice, and chose the bones; and from that time the priests of the temples were ever after ordered to burn the whole victims on the altars, the flesh and the bones altogether. To punish Prometheus and the rest of mankind, Jupiter took fire away from the Earth, but the son of Iapetus climbed the Heavens by the assistance of Minerva, and stole fire from the chariot of the Sun, which he brought down upon the Earth at the end of a ferula. This provoked Jupiter the more; he ordered Vulcan to make a woman of clay, and after he had given her life, he sent her to Prometheus, with a box of the richest and most valuable presents which he had received from the Gods. Prometheus, who suspected Jupiter, took no notice of Pandora or her box, but he made his brother Epimetheus marry her; and the God, now more irritated, ordered Mercury, or Vulcan, according to Aeschylus, to carry this artful mortal to mount Caucasus, and there tie him to a rock, where, for 30,000 years, a vulture was to feed upon his liver, which was never diminished though continually devoured. He was delivered from this painful confinement about thirty years afterwards by Hercules, who killed the bird of prey, According to Apollodorus, Prometheus made the first man and woman that ever were upon the Earth, with clay, which he animated by means of the fire which he had stolen from Heaven, etc. (Ibid.)

15 P a g e 14 Ἐγὼ μὲν οὖν ταῦτα ἐγνωκὼς149 πρότερος150 ἢ151 ὑμεῖς152 ἐποιησάμην153 δικαστὰς154 ὑεῖς155 ἐμαυτοῦ,156 δύο μὲν ἐκ τῆς Ἀσίας,157 Μίνω158 τε καὶ Ῥαδάμανθυν,159 (524α) ἕνα δὲ ἐκ τῆς Εὐρώπης,160 Αἰακόν.161 Οὗτοι162 οὖν ἐπειδὰν τελευτήσωσι,163 δικάσουσιν164 ἐν τῷ λειμῶνι,165 ἐν τῇ τριόδῳ166 ἐξ ἧς167 φέρετον168 τὼ169 ὁδώ,170 ἡ μὲν εἰς μακάρων171 νήσους,172 ἡ δ εἰς Τάρταρον masc. nom. sing. perf. act. part. of γιγνώσκω, to learn to know, to perceive, mark, learn, and in past tenses, to know. (Liddell and Scott) 150 Adj., masc. nom. sing. of πρότερος, of Place, before; of Time, before, former, sooner; as Adv., earlier. 151 Adv., truly. 152 Pron., 2nd nom. pl. of σύ st sing. aor. mid. ind. of ποιέω, to make, produce, create. 154 masc. acc. pl. or Ep., Dor., or Aeol., masc. nom. sing. of δικαστής, a judge. 155 masc. nom./acc. pl. of υἱός, a son. 156 Pron., masc./neut. gen. sing. of ἐμαυτοῦ. 157 Att., Dor., Ion., or Aeol., fem. gen. sing. of Ἀσία, Asia. 158 masc. acc. sing. of Μίνως, Minos. 159 masc. acc. sing. of Ῥαδάμανθυς, Rhadamanthys. 160 Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. gen. sing. of Εὐρώπη, Europe. 161 masc. acc. sing. of Αἰακός, Aeacus. 162 Adj., masc. nom. pl. of οὗτος. 163 Att., or Ion., 3rd pl. aor. act. subj. of τελευτάω, to complete, finish, accomplish; to bring to an end; to end life, to die. 164 Dor., 3rd pl. fut. act. ind. of δικάζω, to judge, to give judgment on a thing, to decide or to determine a point. 165 masc. dat. sing. of λειμών, any moist, grassy place, a meadow. 166 fem. dat. sing. of τρίοδος, a meeting of three roads. 167 Pron., Att., Ho., or Ion., fem. gen. sing. of ὅς rd dual pres. act. ind. of φέρω, to bear or to carry a load. 169 Art., fem. nom. dual of ὁ. 170 fem. nom. dual of ὁδός, a way, path, track, road, highway. 171 fem. gen. pl. of μάκαρ. 172 fem. acc. pl. of νῆσος. 173 fem. acc. sing. of Τάρταρος.

16 P a g e 15 Therefore, I, truly knowing these things before you, made judges out of my sons, two out of Asia,174 Minos and Rhadamanthys, and one out of Europe, 175 Aeacus. When those men have died they shall judge in the meadow, in the meeting of the three roads, out of those, two roads bear on to the Islands of the Happy, but one to Tartarus. 174 One of the great divisions of the Earth, separated on the south-west by the straits of Babelmandel and the Arabian gulf from Africa. from Europe on the west by the Mediterranean, the Archipelago, the Dardanelles, the Euxine, the straits of Caffa, the Kooma, the Caspian Sea, and the Ural river and mountains. The Indian ocean and the Frozen sea confine the continent of Asia on the south and north, etc. (Ibid.) 175 One of the three grand divisions of the Earth, known among the ancients. Though inferior in extent, yet is superior to the others in learning, power, and abilities of its inhabitants. It is bounded on the east by the Aegean Sea, Hellespont, Euxine, Palus Maeotis, and Tanis in the northern direction. The Mediterranean divides it from Africa on the south, and on the west and north it is washed by the Atlantic and Northern oceans. It is supposed to receive its name from Europa, who was carried there by Jupiter, etc. (Ibid.)

17 P a g e 16 Καὶ τοὺς μὲν ἐκ τῆς Ἀσίας Ῥαδάμανθυς κρινεῖ, 176 τοὺς δὲ ἐκ τῆς Εὐρώπης Αἰακός: Μίνῳ177 δὲ πρεσβεῖα178 δώσω179 ἐπιδιακρίνειν,180 ἐὰν181 ἀπορῆτόν182 τι τὼ183 ἑτέρω,184 ἵνα ὡς δικαιοτάτη185 ἡ κρίσις ᾖ περὶ τῆς πορείας186 τοῖς ἀνθρώποις. Ταῦτ ἔστιν, ὦ Καλλίκλεις,187 ἃ ἐγὼ ἀκηκοὼς188 πιστεύω189 (524β) ἀληθῆ εἶναι: καὶ ἐκ τούτων τῶν λόγων190 τοιόνδε191 τι λογίζομαι192 συμβαίνειν.193 Ὁ θάνατος τυγχάνει194 ὤν,195 ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ,196 οὐδὲν ἄλλο197 ἢ δυοῖν198 πραγμάτοιν199 διάλυσις,200 τῆς ψυχῆς καὶ τοῦ σώματος ἀπ ἀλλήλοιν Att., Ep., Dor., or Ion., 3nd sing. fut. act. ind. of κρίνω. 177 masc. dat. sing. of Μίνως. 178 fem. nom. sing. of πρέσβεια. 179 Dor. 1st sing. fut. act. ind. of δίδωμι. 180 Att., or Ep., pres. act. inf. of ἐπιδιακρίνω, to decide as an umpire, to be the referee. 181 Ep., or Dor., pres. act. inf. of ἐάω, to let, to suffer, to allow, or to permit. 182 Att., Ep., Dor., Ion., or Aeol., 3rd dual pres. act. ind. of ἀφοράω, to have in full view, to look at. 183 Art., masc. gen. sing. of ὁ. 184 Adj., Dor., masc. gen. sing. of ἕτερος. 185 Adj., superl., Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. nom. sing. of δίκαιος 186 Att., Dor., or Aeol., fem. gen. sing. of πορεία, a walking, mode of walking or running, gait; a going, a journey, way, or passage. 187 Att., or Ep., masc. voc. sing. of Καλλικλῆς, Callicles. 188 Att., masc. nom. sing. perf. act. part. of ἀκούω st sing. pres. act. ind./subj. of πιστεύω. 190 masc. gen. pl. of λόγος. 191 Pron., masc. acc. sing. or neut. sing. of τοιόσδε st sing. pres. mid./pass. ind. of λογίζομαι. 193 Att., or Ep., pres. act. inf. of συμβαίνω rd sing. pres. act. ind. of τυγχάνω, to hit, to hit the mark with an arrow; to hit upon, light upon. 195 masc. nom. sing. pres. act. part. of εἰμί. 196 Att., Ep., Dor., or Ion., 3rd sing. pres. act. ind. of δοκέω. 197 Adj., neut. sing. of ἄλλος. 198 Numeral, neut. gen. dual of δύο, two. 199 neut. gen. dual of πρᾶγμα, that which has been done, a deed, act; like Lat. res, a thing, matter, affair. 200 fem. nom. sing. of διάλυσις, a loosing one from another, separating, parting. 201 Adj., neut. gen. dual of ἀλλήλων, of one another, to one another, on another.

18 P a g e 17 And Rhadamanthus shall judge those out of Asia, and Aeacus out of Europe, and because seniority is with Minos, I shall designate him to be referee, permitting him to have a full view of something either way, so that the decision about the conduct of men s lives be most just. It is these things, O Callicles, which I having heard think are true, and I take into account these stories agreeing with some. It seems to me you hit the mark, death being nothing other than the separating of two things the soul and the body are separated from one another.

19 P a g e 18 Ἐπειδὰν202 δὲ διαλυθῆτον203 ἄρα ἀπ ἀλλήλοιν, οὐ πολὺ204 ἧττον205 ἑκάτερον206 αὐτοῖν207 ἔχει208 τὴν ἕξιν209 τὴν αὑτοῦ ἥνπερ210 καὶ ὅτε ἔζη211 ὁ ἄνθρωπος, τό τε σῶμα τὴν φύσιν212 τὴν αὑτοῦ καὶ τὰ θεραπεύματα213 καὶ τὰ παθήματα214 ἔνδηλα215 (524ξ) πάντα.216 Οἷον217 εἴ τινος218 μέγα ἦν219 τὸ σῶμα φύσει220 ἢ τροφῇ221 ἢ ἀμφότερα222 ζῶντος,223 τούτου καὶ ἐπειδὰν ἀποθάνῃ224 ὁ νεκρὸς μέγας, καὶ εἰ παχύς,225 παχὺς καὶ ἀποθανόντος,226 καὶ τἆλλα227 οὕτως: καὶ εἰ αὖ228 ἐπετήδευε229 κομᾶν,230 κομήτης231 τούτου καὶ ὁ νεκρός. 202 Conj., whenever rd dual aor. pass. subj. of διαλύω, to loose one from another. 204 Adj., Att., or Ep., neut. sing. of πολύς. 205 Adj., comp., neut. sing. of ἥσσων, less, weaker; the weaker party; the worse. 206 Adj., neut. sing. of ἑκάτερος, each of two, either, each singly. 207 Adj., neut. gen. dual of αὐτός rd sing. pres. act. ind. of ἔχω. 209 fem. acc. sing. of ἕξις, a having, possession; a habit of body; a habit of mind. 210 Pron., Att., Hom., or Ion., fem. acc. sing. of ὅς. 211 Att., Ep., or Ion., 3rd sing. imperf. act. ind. of ζάω, to live. 212 fem. acc. sing. of φύσις, the nature, natural qualities, powers, constitution, condition, of a person or thing. 213 neut. pl. of θεράπευμα, medical treatment, therapy. 214 neut. pl. of πάθημα, anything that befalls one, a suffering, calamity, or misfortune. 215 Adj., neut. pl. of ἔνδηλος, visible, manifest, clear. 216 Adv., Dor. for πάντῃ, every way, on every side; by all means, altogether, entirely. 217 Adj., masc. acc. sing. or neut. sing. of οἷος. 218 Pron., gen. sing. of τίς rd sing. imperf. act. ind. of εἰμί. 220 Att., or Ion., fem. dat. sing. of φύσις 221 fem. dat. sing. of τροφή, nourishment, livelihood; a mode of life; nurture, rearing, upbringing. 222 Adj., neut. pl. or Fem. nom./acc. dual or Att., Dor. or Aeol., fem. nom. sing. of ἀμφότερος, each or both of two. 223 masc./neut. gen. sing. pres. act. part. of ζάω rd sing. aor. act. subj. of ἀποθνήσκω. 225 ὁ νεκρὸς μέγας, καὶ εἰ παχύς = masc. nom. sing. 226 masc./neut. gen. sing. aor. act. part. of ἀποθνήσκω. 227 Adv. (ἀλλά), otherwise. 228 Adv., again, anew, afresh, once more rd sing. imperf. act. ind. of ἐπιτηδεύω, to pursue or practise a thing, make a practice of, make it one's business. 230 Ep., or Dor. pres. act. inf. of κομάω, let the hair grow long. 231 masc. nom. sing. of κομήτης, wearing long hair.

20 P a g e 19 But whenever the two are separated from one another the not inferior of the two has the habits of the other because of how the man lived, and the body his character both his service to the Gods and his misfortunes are completely clear. If his body was big either in stature or in feeding while he was among the living, the corpse in death will also be big, and if thick and stout, thick and stout in death, and so on and so forth, and moreover, if he made it a practice to grow his hair long, his body will be long-haired.

21 P a g e 20 Μαστιγίας232 αὖ εἴ τις ἦν καὶ ἴχνη 233 εἶχε234 τῶν πληγῶν235 οὐλὰς236 ἐν τῷ σώματι237 ἢ ὑπὸ μαστίγων238 ἢ ἄλλων τραυμάτων239 ζῶν.240 Καὶ τεθνεῶτος241 τὸ σῶμα ἔστιν ἰδεῖν242 ταῦτα ἔχον:243 ἢ κατεαγότα244 εἴ του ἦν245 μέλη246 ἢ διεστραμμένα247 ζῶντος,248 καὶ (524δ) τεθνεῶτος249 ταὐτὰ250 ταῦτα251 ἔνδηλα.252 Ἑνὶ253 δὲ λόγῳ,254 οἷος εἶναι παρεσκεύαστο255 τὸ σῶμα ζῶν, ἔνδηλα ταῦτα καὶ τελευτήσαντος 256 ἢ πάντα257 ἢ τὰ πολλὰ ἐπί τινα258 χρόνον. 232 masc. nom. sing. of μαστιγίης, one that always wants whipping, a worthless slave. 233 Att., Ep., or Dor., neut. pl. of ἴχνος, a track, or a footstep; a trace, a track, or a clue rd sing. imperf. act. ind. of ἔχω. 235 fem. gen. pl. of πληγή, a blow, a stroke. 236 fem. acc. pl. of οὐλή, wound scarred over, scar. 237 neut. dat. sing. of σῶμα. 238 fem. gen. pl. of μάστιξ, whip. 239 neut. gen. pl. of τραῦμα, a wound. 240 Att., Ep., or Ion., masc. nom. sing. pres. act. part. of ζάω. 241 masc. gen. sing. perf. act. part. of θνήσκω. 242 Att., Ep., or Dor. aor. act. inf. of εἶδον, to see. 243 Hom., or Ion. 3rd pl. imperf. act. ind. of ἔχω. 244 neut. pl. of κατάγνυμι, to break in pieces, shatter, shiver, crack rd pl. imperf. act. ind. of εἰμί. 246 Att., Ep., or Dor., neut. pl. of μέλος, a limb of the body. 247 neut. pl. perf. mid./pass. part. of διαστρέφω, turn different ways, twist about. 248 masc. gen. sing. pres. act. part. of ζάω. 249 masc. gen. sing. perf. act. part. of θνήσκω. 250 Adj., neut. pl. of ταὐτός, identical. 251 Adj., neut. pl. of οὗτος. 252 Adj., neut. pl. of ἔνδηλος, visible, manifest, clear. 253 masc. dat. sing. of εἷς, one. 254 masc. dat. sing. of λόγος rd sing. pluperf. mid./pass. ind. of παρασκευάζω, in Mid. and Pass., to get ready or prepare oneself for. 256 Att., or Ion., masc. gen. sing. aor. act. part. of τελευτάω. 257 Adv., πάντῃ, in every way, by all means, altogether, entirely. 258 Pron., masc. acc. sing. of τις.

22 P a g e 21 Again, if he was someone who was a worthless slave that always wanted a whipping, and has traces and scars from the blows from the whips on his body or other injuries from life. And these things are seen on the body of the dead, or if his limbs were shattered, or distorted from his life, and he coming to an end, these very things are visible. In a word, the body has been conditioned by the manner in which he lived, and these things are either completely visible at the end, or many are, for some time.

23 P a g e 22 Ταὐτὸν259 δή μοι δοκεῖ260 τοῦτ 261 ἄρα καὶ περὶ τὴν ψυχὴν εἶναι, ὦ Καλλίκλεις. Ἔνδηλα262 πάντα263 ἐστὶν ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ, ἐπειδὰν γυμνωθῇ 264 τοῦ σώματος,265 τά τε τῆς φύσεως266 καὶ τὰ παθήματα267 ἃ268 διὰ τὴν ἐπιτήδευσιν269 ἑκάστου270 πράγματος271 ἔσχεν272 ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ ὁ ἄνθρωπος. Ἐπειδὰν οὖν ἀφίκωνται 273 παρὰ τὸν δικαστήν,274 οἱ μὲν ἐκ τῆς Ἀσίας275 (524ε) παρὰ τὸν Ῥαδάμανθυν, Adj., neut. sing. of ταὐτός rd sing. pres. act. ind. of δοκέω. 261 Adj., neut. sing. of οὗτος. 262 Adj., neut. Pl. of ἔνδηλος. 263 Adj., neut. Pl. of πᾶς rd sing. aor. pass. subj. of γυμνόω, to strip naked. 265 neut. gen. sing. of σῶμα. 266 Att., fem. gen. sing. of φύσις. 267 neut. pl. of πάθημα, anything that befalls one, a suffering, a calamity, or a misfortune; a passive emotion or condition; in pl., incidents, or occurrences. 268 Art., Dor., fem. nom. sing. of ὁ. 269 fem. acc. sing. of ἐπιτήδευσις, devotion or attention to a pursuit. 270 Adj., masc. gen. sing. of ἕκαστος. 271 neut. gen. sing. of πρᾶγμα rd sing. aor. act. ind. of ἔχω rd pl. oar. mid./pass. subj. of ἀφικνέομαι, to come to one place from another. 274 Att., Ep., or Ion., masc. acc. sing. of δικαστής, a judge. 275 Att., Dor., Ion., or Aeol., fem. gen. sing. of Ἀσία. 276 masc. acc. sing. of Ῥαδάμανθυς.

24 P a g e 23 Now it seems to me to be the same thing concerning the soul, O Callicles. When the body is stripped naked everything in the soul is visible, and its nature and its condition according to the conviction held in each of the man s deeds are held in the man s soul. Therefore, whenever they come to the judge from another place, they from Asia opposite to Rhadamanthus.

25 P a g e 24 Ὁ Ῥαδάμανθυς ἐκείνους277 ἐπιστήσας278 θεᾶται279 ἑκάστου280 τὴν ψυχήν, οὐκ εἰδὼς281 ὅτου282 ἐστίν, ἀλλὰ πολλάκις τοῦ μεγάλου283 βασιλέως284 ἐπιλαβόμενος285 ἢ ἄλλου ὁτουοῦν286 βασιλέως ἢ δυνάστου287 κατεῖδεν288 οὐδὲν ὑγιὲς289 ὂν290 τῆς ψυχῆς, ἀλλὰ διαμεμαστιγωμένην291 καὶ οὐλῶν292 μεστὴν293 ὑπὸ (525α) ἐπιορκιῶν294 καὶ ἀδικίας,295 ἃ296 ἑκάστη297 ἡ πρᾶξις298 αὐτοῦ ἐξωμόρξατο299 εἰς τὴν ψυχήν, καὶ πάντα σκολιὰ 300 ὑπὸ ψεύδους301 καὶ ἀλαζονείας302 καὶ οὐδὲν εὐθὺ303 διὰ τὸ ἄνευ304 ἀληθείας305 τεθράφθαι Adj., masc. acc. pl. of ἐκεῖνος. 278 Att., Ep., or Ion., masc. nom. sing. aor. act. part. of ἐφίστημι, to fix one s mind on, give one s attention to rd sing. pres. mid./pass. ind. of θεάομαι, to look on, to gaze at, view, behold. 280 Adj., masc. gen. sing. of ἕκαστος. 281 masc. nom. sing. perf. act. part. of οἶδα. 282 Pron., masc. gen. sing. of ὅστις. 283 Adj., masc. gen. sing. of μέγας. 284 Ep., Dor., Ion., or Aeol., masc. gen. sing. of βασιλεύς. 285 masc. nom. sing. aor. mid. part. of ἐπιλαμβάνω, in Mid., to lay hold of, to attack, to make a seizure of, get, obtain. 286 Pron., masc. gen. sing. of ὅστις. 287 masc. gen. sing. of δυνάστης, lord, master, ruler rd sing. aor. act. ind. of κατεῖδον, to behold, regard, perceive. 289Adj., neut. sing. of ὑγιής, sound in mind, or sound in body. 290 neut. sing. pres. act. part. of εἰμί. 291 Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. acc. sing. perf. mid./pass. part. of διαμαστιγόω, to scourge severely. 292 Adj., Ion., fem. gen. pl. of ὅλοξ. 293 Adj., Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. acc. sing. of μεστός, full or filled; sated with a thing. 294 fem. gen. pl. of ἐπιορκία, false swearing, perjury. 295 fem. acc. pl. or Att., Dor., or Aeol., fem. gen. sing. of ἀδικία. 296 Art., Dor., fem. nom. sing. of ὁ. 297 Adj., Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. nom. sing. of ἕκαστος. 298 fem. nom. sing. of πρᾶξις 299 3rd sing. aor. mid. ind. of ἐξομόργνυμι, in Mid., to stamp or imprint upon. 300 Adj., neut. pl. of σκολιός, curved, winding, twisted, tangled; crooked, unjust, unrighteous. 301 Adj., Att., Ep., or Dor., neut. gen. sing. of ψευδής, lying, false, untrue, 302 fem. gen. sing. of ἀλαζονεία, false pretension, imposture, quackery 303 Adj., neut. sing. of εὐθύς, straight, direct. 304 Prep. + gen., without. (Smyth, Greek Grammar, 1700) 305 Att., Dor. or Aeol., fem. gen. sing. of ἀλήθεια. 306 perf. mid./pass. inf. of τρέφω, reared.

26 P a g e 25 Rhadamanthus, giving attention to each of them, sets his gaze upon their soul not knowing who someone is, but frequently he has lain hold of the Great King, or some other king lord, master, or ruler he beholds not one sound thing being in the soul, but it rather having been severely beaten and is completely filled with perjury and injustices, each of his actions are stamped upon his soul, and it is completely twisted by his lies and his pretensions, and not one thing is straight, because it was reared without truth.

27 P a g e 26 Καὶ ὑπὸ ἐξουσίας307 καὶ τρυφῆς308 καὶ ὕβρεως309 καὶ ἀκρατίας310 τῶν πράξεων311 ἀσυμμετρίας312 τε καὶ αἰσχρότητος313 γέμουσαν314 τὴν ψυχὴν εἶδεν.315 Ἰδὼν316 δὲ ἀτίμως317 ταύτην ἀπέπεμψεν318 εὐθὺ τῆς φρουρᾶς,319 οἷ μέλλει320 ἐλθοῦσα321 ἀνατλῆναι322 τὰ προσήκοντα323 πάθη.324 (525β) Προσήκει325 δὲ παντὶ326 τῷ ἐν τιμωρίᾳ327 ὄντι,328 ὑπ ἄλλου ὀρθῶς329 τιμωρουμένῳ,330 ἢ βελτίονι331 γίγνεσθαι332 καὶ ὀνίνασθαι333 ἢ παραδείγματι334 τοῖς ἄλλοις γίγνεσθαι, ἵνα ἄλλοι ὁρῶντες335 πάσχοντα336 ἃ ἂν πάσχῃ337 φοβούμενοι338 βελτίους339 γίγνωνται Att., Dor., or Aeol., fem. gen. sing. of ἐξουσία, power or authority to do a thing; power over; power, authority, might. 308 Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. gen. sing. of τρυφή, softness, delicacy, daintiness. 309 Att., or Ep., fem. gen. sing. of ὕβρις, wantonness, wanton violence or insolence; hubris. 310 Att., Dor., or Aeol., fem. gen. sing. of ἀκράτεια, incontinence, want of self-control. 311 fem. gen. pl. of πρᾶξις. 312 Att., Dor., or Aeol., fem. gen. sing. of ἀσυμμετρία, want of proportion or harmony; asymmetry. 313 fem. gen. sing. of αἰσχρότης, ugliness, or deformity. 314 Att., Ep., Dor., or Ion., fem. acc. sing. pres. act. part. of γέμω, to be full of a thing rd sing. aor. act. ind. of εἶδον. 316 masc. nom. sing. aor. act. part. of εἶδον. 317 Adj., Dor., masc. acc. pl. of ἄτιμος, unhonored, dishonored; without price or value; worthless rd sing. aor. act. ind. of ἀποπέμπω, to send off or away, to dismiss. 319 Att., Dor., or Aeol., fem. gen. sing. of φρουρά, a looking out, watch, guard; a prison rd sing. pres. act. ind. of μέλλω. 321 Att., Ep., Dor., or Ion., fem. nom. sing. aor. act. part. of ἔρχομαι, to come or go. 322 aor. act. inf. of ἀνατλῆναι, to bear up against, endure. 323 neut. pl. pres. act. part. of προσήκω, to have arrived at a place, to have come, be near at hand, be present. 324 Att., Ep., or Dor., neut. pl. of πάθος rd sing. pres. act. ind. of προσήκω. 326 Adj., masc./neut. dat. sing. of πᾶς. 327 Att., Dor., or Aeol., fem. dat. sing. of τιμωρία, retribution, vengeance, punishment. 328 masc./neut. dat. sing. pres. act. part. of εἰμί. 329 Adj., Dor., masc. acc. pl. of ὀρθός, straight, upright, erect; right, safe, happy; real, genuine 330 Att., Ep., or Dor., masc. dat. sing. pres. mid./pass. part. of τιμωρέω, in Mid. to exact vengeance from, visit with punishment. 331 Adj., comp., dat. sing. of βελτίων. 332 pres. mid./pass. inf. of γίγνομαι. 333 pres. mid./pass. inf. of ὀνίνημι, in Mid., to be profited, to be helped, to be assisted. 334 neut. dat. sing. of παράδειγμα, a pattern or model of a thing to be executed, a precedent, or an example; an argument or a proof from example; a paradigm. 335 Ep., masc. nom. pl. pres. act. part. of ὁράω. 336 masc. acc. sing. pres. act. part. of πάσχω rd sing. pres. act. subj. of πάσχω. 338 Att., Ep., or Dor., masc. nom. pl. pres. mid./pass. part. of φοβέω, to be put to flight, to flee; to be seized with fear. 339 Adj., comp., masc. nom. pl. of βελτίων rd pl. pres. mid./pass. subj. of γίγνομαι.

28 P a g e 27 And because of power, and delicacy, and hubris, and incontinence of action, he sees a soul filled with asymmetry and deformity, and seeing it is worthless, he sends it away at once to prison, for he intends their soul to go to a place where men endure suffering. And everyone who arrives is being helped, by being punished he is straightened and becomes better, and being benefited he becomes an example for others, because other men, seeing those men suffer, shall be seized by fear, and become better.

29 P a g e 28 Εἰσὶν341 δὲ οἱ μὲν ὠφελούμενοί342 τε καὶ δίκην343 διδόντες344 ὑπὸ θεῶν345 τε καὶ ἀνθρώπων οὗτοι οἳ ἂν ἰάσιμα346 ἁμαρτήματα347 ἁμάρτωσιν:348 ὅμως349 δὲ δι ἀλγηδόνων350 καὶ ὀδυνῶν351 γίγνεται352 αὐτοῖς ἡ ὠφελία353 καὶ ἐνθάδε καὶ ἐν Ἅιδου: οὐ γὰρ οἷόν354 τε ἄλλως355 ἀδικίας356 ἀπαλλάττεσθαι rd pl. pres. act. ind. of εἰμί. 342 Att., Ep., or Dor., masc. nom. pl. pres. mid./pass. part., ὠφελέω. 343 Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. acc. sing. of δίκη. 344 masc. nom. pl. pres. act. part. of δίδωμι. 345 masc./fem. gen. pl. of θεός, God or Goddess. 346 Adj., neut. pl. of ἰάσιμος, 347 neut. p l. of ἁμάρτημα, a failure, a fault, or a sin rd pl. aor. act. subj. of ἁμαρτάνω, to miss the mark. 349 Conj., all the same. 350 fem. gen. pl. of ἀλγηδών, pain and suffering; of mind, grief, mental anguish. 351 fem. gen. pl. of ὀδύνη, pain of body rd sing. pres. mid./pass. ind. of γίγνομαι. 353 Att., Dor., Ion., or Aeol., fem. nom. sing. of ὠφέλεια. 354 Adj., neut. sing. of οἷος. 355 Adv., otherwise. 356 fem. acc. pl. or Att., Dor., or Aeol., fem. gen. sing. of ἀδικία. 357 Att., pres. mid./pass. inf. of ἀπαλλαξείω, to wish to be delivered from or get rid of. Or Att., Pres. mid./pass. inf. of ἀπαλλάσσω, to set free, release, deliver a person from a thing.

30 P a g e 29 And the men who are helped by the justice given to them by Gods and men are those who may have failed on account of curable sins. And, all the same, on account of undergoing pain and suffering, there is a benefit for them both here and in Hades, for there is not other way to be released from the wrongs done.

31 P a g e 30 (525ξ) Οἳ δ ἂν τὰ ἔσχατα358 ἀδικήσωσι359 καὶ διὰ τὰ τοιαῦτα360 ἀδικήματα361 ἀνίατοι362 γένωνται,363 ἐκ τούτων τὰ παραδείγματα364 γίγνεται, καὶ οὗτοι αὐτοὶ μὲν οὐκέτι 365 ὀνίνανται366 οὐδέν, ἅτε367 ἀνίατοι ὄντες,368 ἄλλοι δὲ ὀνίνανται οἱ τούτους ὁρῶντες 369 διὰ τὰς ἁμαρτίας370 τὰ μέγιστα371 καὶ ὀδυνηρότατα372 καὶ φοβερώτατα373 πάθη374 πάσχοντας375 τὸν ἀεὶ χρόνον, ἀτεχνῶς376 παραδείγματα377 ἀνηρτημένους378 ἐκεῖ379 ἐν Ἅιδου ἐν τῷ δεσμωτηρίῳ,380 τοῖς ἀεὶ τῶν ἀδίκων ἀφικνουμένοις 381 θεάματα382 καὶ νουθετήματα Adj., neut. pl. of ἔσχατος, farthest, uttermost, extreme rd pl. aor. act. subj. of ἀδικέω, to do wrong. 360 Adj., neut. pl. of τοιοῦτος, a stronger form of τοῖος, such as this. 361 neut. pl. of ἀδίκημα, a wrong done. 362 Adj., masc./fem. nom. pl. of ἀνίατος, incurable; of persons, incorrigible rd pl. aor. mid. subj. of γίγνομαι. 364 neut. pl. of παράδειγμα. 365 Adv., no more, no longer, no further rd pl. pres. mid./pass. ind. of ὀνίνημι, in Mid., to have profit or advantage, derive benefit, have enjoyment or delight. 367 Adv., just as, as if, so as. 368 masc. nom. pl. pres. act. part. of εἰμί. 369 Ep., masc. nom. pl. pres. act. part. of ὁράω. 370 fem. acc. pl. or Att., Dor., or Aeol., fem. gen. sing. of ἁμαρτία. 371 Adj., neut. pl. of μέγας. 372 Adj., superl., neut. pl. of ὀδυνηρός, painful, distressing. 373 Adj., superl., neut. pl. of φοβερός, fearful. 374 Att., Ep., or Dor., neut. pl. of πάθος. 375 masc. acc. pl. pres. act. part. of πάσχω. 376 Adv., Att., Ep., or Dor., of ἀτεχνής, simply, i.e., really, absolutely. 377 neut. pl. of παράδειγμα. 378 Att., or Ion., masc. acc. pl. perf. mid./pass. part. of ἀναρτάω, in Pass., to be hung up. 379 Adv., there. 380 neut. dat. sing. of δεσμωτήριον. 381 Att., Ep., or Dor., masc. dat. pl. pres. mid./pass. part. of ἀφικνέομαι, to come to one place from another. 382 neut. pl. of θέαμα, that which is seen, a sight, a show, a spectacle. 383 neut. pl. of νουθέτημα, admonition, warning.

32 P a g e 31 But they who may have done the most extreme wrongs are incurable men. Of those men examples have been made, and, being incurable, those men no longer derive benefit. But others, seeing those men suffering fearful and painful things for eternity, on account of their great sins, are hung up there as an eternal spectacle and a warning about wrongdoing to those who come from another place. I say, if Polus speaks the truth, Archelaus should be one, and anyone else who such kind of tyrants.

33 P a g e 32 (525δ) Ὧν384 ἐγώ φημι ἕνα385 καὶ Ἀρχέλαον ἔσεσθαι,386 εἰ ἀληθῆ λέγει387 Πῶλος,388 καὶ ἄλλον ὅστις389 ἂν τοιοῦτος390 τύραννος391 ᾖ.392 Οἶμαι393 δὲ καὶ τοὺς πολλοὺς εἶναι τούτων τῶν παραδειγμάτων394 ἐκ τυράννων395 καὶ βασιλέων396 καὶ δυναστῶν397 καὶ τὰ τῶν πόλεων398 πραξάντων399 γεγονότας,400 οὗτοι γὰρ διὰ τὴν ἐξουσίαν401 μέγιστα402 καὶ ἀνοσιώτατα403 ἁμαρτήματα404 ἁμαρτάνουσι Pron., masc. gen. pl. of ὅς. 385 masc. acc. sing. of εἷς. 386 fut. mid. inf. of εἰμί rd sing. pres. act. ind. of λέγω. 388 masc. nom. sing. of Πῶλος, Polus. 389 Pron., masc. nom. sing. of ὅστις, anyone who, whomsoever. 390 Adj., masc. nom. sing. of τοιοῦτος, stronger form of τοῖος, such as this. 391 masc. nom. sing. of τύραννος, a tyrant rd sing. pres. act. subj. of εἰμί st sing. pres. mid./pass. ind. of οἴομαι. 394 neut. gen. pl. of παράδειγμα. 395 masc. gen. pl. of τύραννος. 396 masc. gen. pl. of βασιλεύς. 397 masc. gen. pl. of δυνάστης, strongman. 398 fem. gen. pl. of πόλις. 399 masc. gen. pl. aor. act. part. of πράσσω. 400 masc. acc. pl. perf. act. part. of γίγνομαι. 401 Att., Dor., or Aeol., fem. acc. sing. of ἐξουσία, power or authority. 402 Adj., superl., neut. pl. of μέγας. 403 Adj., superl., neut. pl. of ἀνόσιος, unholy, profane. 404 neut. pl. of ἁμάρτημα. 405 Att., Ep., Dor., Ion., or Aeol., 3rd pl. pres. act. ind. of ἁμαρτάνω, to miss the mark.

34 P a g e 33 I say Archelaus, if what Polus says about him is true, should be one of those, and any other man who is a tyrant such as this. And I think many of those who are made examples come out of the tyrants, kings, strongmen, and those who have become ministers of public affairs, because they miss the mark on account of their most great power and their most great sacrilege.

35 P a g e 34 Μαρτυρεῖ406 δὲ τούτοις καὶ Ὅμηρος: βασιλέας407 γὰρ καὶ δυνάστας408 ἐκεῖνος409 πεποίηκεν410 (525ε) τοὺς ἐν Ἅιδου τὸν ἀεὶ χρόνον τιμωρουμένους,411 Τάνταλον412 καὶ Σίσυφον413 καὶ Τιτυόν:414 Θερσίτην415 δέ, καὶ εἴ τις ἄλλος πονηρὸς416 ἦν417 ἰδιώτης,418 οὐδεὶς πεποίηκεν μεγάλαις419 τιμωρίαις420 συνεχόμενον421 ὡς ἀνίατον422 οὐ γὰρ οἶμαι423 ἐξῆν424 αὐτῷ Att., Ep., Dor., or Ion., 3rd sing. pres. act. ind. of μαρτυρέω. 407 masc. acc. pl. of βασιλεύς. 408 masc. acc. pl. of δυνάστης. 409 Adj., masc. nom. sing. of ἐκεῖνος rd sing. perf. act. ind. of ποιέω. 411 Att., Ep., or Dor., masc. acc. pl. pres. mid./pass. part. of τιμωρέω. 412 masc. acc. sing. of Τάνταλος, Tantalus. 413 masc. acc. sing. of Sisyphus. 414 masc. acc. sing. of Τιτυός, Tityus. 415 Att., Ep., or Ion., masc. acc. sing. of Θερσίτης, Thersites. 416 Adj., masc. nom. sing. of πονηρός rd sing. imperf. act. ind. of εἰμί. 418 masc. nom. sing. of ἰδιώτης, a private person. 419 Adj., fem. dat. pl. of μέγας. 420 fem. dat. pl. of τιμωρία. 421 masc. acc. sing. pres. mid./pass. part. of συνόχωκα, to be held together; from συνέχω, to hold or to join together, to join or to meet. (Cunliffe) 422 Adj., masc. acc. sing. or neut. sing. of ἀνίατος st sing. pres. mid./pass. ind. of οἴομαι rd sing. imperf. act. ind. of ἔξεστι, it is allowed, is possible. 425 Adj., masc. neut. dat. sing. of αὐτός.

36 P a g e 35 And Homer is a witness to these men, for has made kings and strongmen those men visited with punishment for all time in Hades Tantalus, and Sisyphus, and Titus, but Thersites, or if some other worthless man was a private person, he makes no one be held in great punishment, in so far as he is blameless for I don t believe it would be possible for him.

37 P a g e 36 Διὸ426 καὶ εὐδαιμονέστερος427 ἦν428 ἢ οἷς429 ἐξῆν430 ἀλλὰ γάρ, ὦ Καλλίκλεις, ἐκ τῶν (526α) δυναμένων431 εἰσὶ432 καὶ οἱ σφόδρα433 πονηροὶ434 γιγνόμενοι435 ἄνθρωποι. Οὐδὲν436 μὴν437 κωλύει438 καὶ ἐν τούτοις ἀγαθοὺς ἄνδρας ἐγγίγνεσθαι, 439 καὶ σφόδρα γε440 ἄξιον441 ἄγασθαι442 τῶν γιγνομένων.443 Χαλεπὸν444 γάρ, ὦ Καλλίκλεις, καὶ πολλοῦ ἐπαίνου445 ἄξιον ἐν μεγάλῃ446 ἐξουσίᾳ447 τοῦ ἀδικεῖν448 γενόμενον449 δικαίως διαβιῶναι Conj., wherefore, on which account. 427 Adj., comp., masc. nom. sing. of εὐδαίμων rd sing. imperf. act. ind. of εἰμί. 429 Pron., masc. dat. pl. of ὅς rd imperf. act. ind. of ἔξεστι, it is allowed, is possible. 431 masc. gen. pl. pres. mid./pass. part. of δύναμαι, to be able, strong enough rd pl. pres. act. ind. of εἰμί. 433 Adv., very much, exceedingly. 434 Adj., masc. nom. pl. of πονηρός. 435 masc. nom. pl. pres. mid./pass. part. of γίγνομαι. 436 Adj., neut. sing. of οὐδείς. 437 Affirmative particle, like ἦ μέν (μήν being only a stronger form), now verily, full surely. (Liddell and Scott) 438 3rd sing. pres. act. ind. of κωλύω, to hinder or prevent one from doing. 439 pres. mid./pass. ind. of ἐγγίγνομαι, to be born or bred in a place; of qualities; of events and the like, to happen in or among. 440 σφόδρα γε = most certainly. (Liddell and Scott) 441 masc. acc. sing. of ἄξιος. 442 pres. mid./pass. inf. of ἄγαμαι, to wonder at or to marvel at. 443 masc. gen. pl. pres. mid./pass. part. of γίγνομαι. 444 Adj., neut. sing. of χαλεπός, difficult. 445 masc. gen. sing. of ἔπαινος, approval, praise, commendation. 446 Adj., Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. dat. sing. of μέγας. 447 Att., Dor., or Aeol., fem. dat. sing. of ἐξουσία, power, authority. 448 Att., Ep., or Dor., pres. act. inf. of ἀδικέω, to do wrong. 449 neut. sing. aor. mid. part. of γίγνομαι. 450 aor. act. inf. of διαβιόω, to live through.

38 P a g e 37 On account of the fact that it was more likely that he was rightly guided than those men for, O Callicles, the men who have become the most wicked of men come from the strongmen. Indeed, a man is prevented from doing not one thing, and good men happen to be born and bred among them, and he is most certainly a worthy man to be marvel at for happening to be from those men, for it is a difficult thing, O Callicles, and worth much praise, for although it happens to be within his power to do injustice, he lives justly.

39 P a g e 38 Ὀλίγοι451 δὲ γίγνονται452 οἱ τοιοῦτοι:453 ἐπεὶ454 καὶ ἐνθάδε455 καὶ ἄλλοθι456 γεγόνασιν,457 οἶμαι458 δὲ καὶ ἔσονται459 καλοὶ460 κἀγαθοὶ461 ταύτην τὴν ἀρετὴν τὴν τοῦ δικαίως462 (526β) διαχειρίζειν463 ἃ ἄν τις ἐπιτρέπῃ:464 εἷς465 δὲ καὶ πάνυ466 ἐλλόγιμος467 γέγονεν468 καὶ εἰς469 τοὺς ἄλλους Ἕλληνας,470 Ἀριστείδης ὁ Λυσιμάχου: οἱ δὲ πολλοί, ὦ ἄριστε, κακοὶ γίγνονται471 τῶν δυναστῶν Adj., masc. nom. pl. of ὀλίγος rd pl. pres. mid./pass. ind. of γίγνομαι. 453 Adj., masc. nom. pl. of τοιοῦτος. 454 Conj., after that, when; seeing that, since. 455 Adv., here, or there. 456 Adv., elsewhere, in another place, esp. in a strange or foreign land rd pl. perf. act. ind. of γίγνομαι st sing. pres. mid./pass. ind. of οἴομαι rd pl. fut. mid. ind. of εἰμί. 460 Adj., masc. nom. pl. of καλός. 461 Adj., masc. nom. pl. of ἀγαθός. 462 Adv., δίκαιος. 463 Att., or Ep., pres. act. inf. of διαχειρίζω, have in hand, conduct, manage, administer 464 3rd sing. pres. act. subj. of ἐπιτρέπω, to turn towards, to turn over to, to trust or to rely on. 465 masc. nom. sing. of εἷς, one man. 466 Adv., altogether, entirely 467 Adj., masc. nom. sing. of ἐλλόγιμος, held in account, notable, famous rd sing. pref. act. ind. of γίγνομαι. 469 Prep. + acc., to, towards, into. 470 masc./fem. acc. pl. of Ἕλλην, the Thessalian tribe of which Hellen was the reputed chief; the Hellens, the Greeks rd pl. pres. mid./pass. ind. of γίγνομαι. 472 masc. gen. pl. of δυνάστης, lord, master, ruler; strongman.