Some names are declinable, others not May or may not have the article. Be sure to consult the. sheet

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1 Proper Names Some names are declinable, others not May or may not have the article Article can be used in second reference if first reference lacked the article Perhaps to emphasize Perhaps to help in discerning case Proper Names Indeclinable forms often based on the Hebrew name Note especially declensions for: Nom. Ἱησοῦς Ἱωάν(ν)ης Μω(υ)σῆς Gen. Ἱησοῦ Ἱωάν(ν)ου Μωυσέως Dat. Ἱησοῦ Ἱωάν(ν)ει or -ῃ Μωυσεῖ or -ῇ Acc. Ἱησοῦν Ἱωάν(ν)ην Μωυσῆν or -έα Voc. Ἱησοῦ Ἱωάν(ν)η Μωυσῆ Be sure to consult the Cases and Their Functions sheet NOMINATIVE- naming, designation Subject Predicate Nominative Predicate Adjective GENITIVE- relationship, definition ( -) Objective Genitive- of, for, about Subjective Genitive-of, by Source / Origin-of, from, out of - ἀπὸ, ἐκ ἀγαπη τοῦ θεοῦ 1

2 ἀγαπη τοῦ θεοῦ Love by God / God loves (Subjective) Love for God / loves God (Objective) Love from God (Source) Romans 3:21-22 (NRS) But now, apart from law, the righteousness of God has been disclosed, and is attested by the law and the prophets, the righteousness of God through faith in Jesus Christ 1 for all who believe. (1)Or through the faith of Jesus Christ δικαιοσύνη δὲ θεοῦ διὰ πίστεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ εἰς πάντας τοὺς πιστεύοντας. GENITIVE- relationship, definition ( -) Some others to keep in mind... Object of certain verbs Genitive Absolute Articular Infinitives Object of some prepositions DATIVE Indirect Object (A-D) Location (E-F) Means (G-J) Object of certain verbs Object of certain prepositions ACCUSATIVE limitation, motion Direct Object Subject of Infinitive Object of certain prepositions Cases used to express time I worked last night. English is vague, but in Greek: Dative:... at some point in the night Genitive:... during the night Accusative:... all night long νυκτί νυκτί (Dat) νυκτός (Gen) νυκτά νυκτά (Acc) PM MidNight AM 2

3 VOCATIVE only used for Direct Address Optative A weaker Subjunctive Possibility or wish ( may ; might ) Look for οι-or αι- γένοιτο εἴη Mark.14: µηκέτι εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα ἐκ σοῦ µηδεὶς καρπὸν φάγοι. Romans 3:31 νόµον οὖν καταργοῦµεν διὰ τῆς πίστεως; µὴ γένοιτο ἀλλὰ νόµον ἱστάνοµεν How often does the Optative occur in the NT? Use BGM and limit to NT BGM < l nt < Or, since we are just interested in NT, use BNM Command line:.*@vo* What verbs are most often used in Optative? Use Word List Manager (WLM) Tools > Analyzing Text > WLM With results of previous search still loaded, click on Load or Generate Word List Click Range Reset Note options > Create list Article in Various Constructions Πάτερ ἡµῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς Greek Style Paratactic: using simple connectivesto join independent clauses καί δέ ἀλλά γάρ µέν οὖν οὕτως τε τότε ἤ Hypotactic: using subordinating clauses for dependent clauses adjectival, adverbial, relative clauses ἵνα ὅπως ὥστε participle clauses infinitive clauses 3

4 Greek Style Paratactic: using simple connectives Mark 1:-13 Καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν ἐκείναις ταῖς ἡµέραις ἦλθεν Ἰησοῦς ἀπὸ Ναζαρὲτ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ ἐβαπτίσθη εἰς τὸν Ἰορδάνην ὑπὸ Ἰωάννου. καὶ εὐθὺς ἀναβαίνων ἐκ τοῦ ὕδατος εἶδεν σχιζοµένους τοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ τὸ πνεῦµα ὡς περιστερὰν καταβαῖνον εἰς αὐτόν καὶ φωνὴ ἐγένετο ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱός µου ὁ ἀγαπητός, ἐν σοὶ εὐδόκησα. 12 Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸ πνεῦµα αὐτὸν ἐκβάλλει εἰς τὴν ἔρηµον. 13 καὶ ἦν ἐν τῇ ἐρήµῳ τεσσεράκοντα ἡµέρας πειραζόµενος ὑπὸ τοῦ σατανᾶ, καὶ ἦν µετὰ τῶν θηρίων, καὶ οἱ ἄγγελοι διηκόνουν αὐτῷ. Greek Style Paratactic: using simple connectives Mark 1:-13 Καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν ἐκείναις ταῖς ἡµέραις ἦλθεν Ἰησοῦς ἀπὸ Ναζαρὲτ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ ἐβαπτίσθη εἰς τὸν Ἰορδάνην ὑπὸ Ἰωάννου. καὶ εὐθὺς ἀναβαίνων ἐκ τοῦ ὕδατος εἶδεν σχιζοµένους τοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ τὸ πνεῦµα ὡς περιστερὰν καταβαῖνον εἰς αὐτόν καὶ φωνὴ ἐγένετο ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱός µου ὁ ἀγαπητός, ἐν σοὶ εὐδόκησα. 12 Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸ πνεῦµα αὐτὸν ἐκβάλλει εἰς τὴν ἔρηµον. 13 καὶ ἦν ἐν τῇ ἐρήµῳ τεσσεράκοντα ἡµέρας πειραζόµενος ὑπὸ τοῦ σατανᾶ, καὶ ἦν µετὰ τῶν θηρίων, καὶ οἱ ἄγγελοι διηκόνουν αὐτῷ. Καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν ἐκείναις ταῖς ἡµέραις ἦλθεν Ἰησοῦς ἀπὸ Ναζαρὲτ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ ἐβαπτίσθη εἰς τὸν Ἰορδάνην ὑπὸ Ἰωάννου. καὶ εὐθὺς ἀναβαίνων ἐκ τοῦ ὕδατος εἶδεν σχιζοµένους τοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ τὸ πνεῦµα ὡς περιστερὰν καταβαῖνον εἰς αὐτόν καὶ φωνὴ ἐγένετο ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱός µου ὁ ἀγαπητός, ἐν σοὶ εὐδόκησα. 21 Ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ βαπτισθῆναι ἅπαντα τὸν λαὸν καὶ Ἰησοῦ βαπτισθέντος καὶ προσευχοµένου ἀνεῳχθῆναι τὸν οὐρανὸν 22 καὶ καταβῆναι τὸ πνεῦµα τὸ ἅγιον σωµατικῷ εἴδει ὡς περιστερὰν ἐπ αὐτόν, καὶ φωνὴν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ γενέσθαι, Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱός µου ὁ ἀγαπητός, ἐν σοὶ εὐδόκησα. And it happened in those days: Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee and was baptized into the Jordan by John. And immediately, ascending from the water, he saw the heavens ripping and the Spirit as a dove descending into him. And a voice happened from the heavens, You are my beloved son; in you I am pleased. 21 And it happened, when all the people were baptized, also Jesus, after having been baptized and while praying, that the heaven was opened 22 and that the Holy Spirit descended in bodily form like a dove upon him, and that a voice happened from heaven, You are my beloved son; in you I am pleased. Andit happenedin those days: Jesus camefrom Nazareth of Galilee andwas baptizedinto the Jordan by John. Andimmediately, ascending from the water, he sawthe heavens ripping andthe spirit as a dove descending into him. Anda voice happenedfrom the heavens, You are my beloved son; in you I am pleased. Check out verse diagrams! And it happened, when all the people were baptized, also Jesus, after having been baptized and while praying, that the heaven was opened andthat the holy spirit descended in bodily form like a dove upon him, andthat a voice happened from heaven, You are my beloved son; in you I am pleased. Working with verse diagrams: With cursor anywhere on a Greek word in Browse Window... Right click > Open NT Diagram at this Word OR Use Resources tab / Summary sub-tab Look for MacDonald, Greek Transcription (green) and click on verse Ref 4

5 LEXHAM DISCOURSE ANALYSIS TM : Temporal frame (establish new time / contrast) Gray: Nominative circumstantial frame (backgrounding) TP : Topical frame (introduce new item / highlighting) Bold: Main clause emphasis positioning You raise a good point, and one that I tangentially blogged about today at Take a look at the differences in the noun phrases (NP). In v. of Mark you have an anarthrous NP without any other kind of specification. Such a rendering implies that it is not expected to be known or accessible to the hearer. More technically, it is what Knud Lambrecht calls an "event reporting" sentence, where all of the information is new. See my post, it mentions this exception to clauses generally being made up of a mix of new information and old/accessible information. How the information is portrayed grammatically is up to the writer. The paper I am currently working on for SBL documents the synoptic differences in judgments of what is cognitively accessible to the reader/hearer and what is not. This would be one of those cases. Note in Luke's version that there is a modifier to describe what sort of voice it was. This additional description makes the entity more accessible. On this basis, I judged the anarthrous version in Mark to be an event reporting clause, meaning voice receives emphasis. In Luke's version, the additional modifiers make it accessible enough to be construed as a topical frame. In terms of exegetical difference between the two, Mark's version is highlighting all of the entities that are doing things: The Spirit like a dove descends and this voice came from the heavens. In Luke's versions, he tends toward what the prologue describes: an orderly description of the events: the Spirit descending and the voice from heaven coming. I tried to avoid making claims about emphasis where there was another reasonable option available. While an argument could be made either way, I opted for the more conservative reading. Hope this clarifies things. Welcome to the wonderful world of cognitive linguistics. Steve (Logos) Vocabulary ἄχρι, ἄχρις, as far as, up to (+gen.) δεξιός, -ά, -όν, right (dexterity) καιρός, ὁ, time, season µέσος, -η, -ον, middle, in the midst ὅµοιος, -α, -ον, like, similar (+ dat.) σωτηρία, ἡ, salvation (soteriology) τοιοῦτος, -αύτη, -οῦτον or -οῦτο, such φανερόω, I make known, reveal Assignment Practice and Review 1-4, NT 2,3,4,6,7, 5