Plato's Apology 17a to 42a (complete uncorrected first draft)

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1 From the SelectedWorks of Edward H Campbell Fall November 11, 2016 Plato's Apology 17a to 42a (complete uncorrected first draft) Edward H Campbell This work is licensed under a Creative Commons CC_BY International License. Available at:

2 P a g e 1 Commentaries on Greek and Latin Literature PLATO S APOLOGY The Apology of Socrates of Alopece A New Translation, with Text, and Commentary By E. H. Campbell Draft 7.0, November 2016 Campbell s Commentaries: Bozeman, MT SelectedWorks

3 E. H. Campbell 2016 All Rights Reserved P a g e 2

4 To M. M. Bakhtin P a g e 3

5 P a g e 4 In fora optima semper Invidiam metuere.

6 P a g e 5 Quale autem et illud iudicium apud legiferos Athenienses catos illos et omnis scientiae magistros? Nonne divinae prudentiae senex, quem sapientia praetulit cunctis mortalibus deus Delphicus, fraude et invidia nequissimae factionis circumventus velut corruptor adulescentiae, quam frenis cohercebat, herbae pestilentis succo noxio peremptus est, relinquens civibus ignominiae perpetuae maculam, cum nunc etiam egregii philosophi sectam eius sanctissimam praeoptent et summo beatitudinis studio iurent in ipsius nomen? Sed ne quis indignationis meae reprehendat impetum, secum sic reputans: Ecce nunc patiemur philosophantem nobis asinum? Rursus unde decessi revertar ad fabulam. But what kind of trial was that before those wise Athenian lawgivers, and teachers of every kind of knowledge? Not the old man of divine foresight who s wisdom above all mortals was preferred by the God of Delphi being surrounded by the deceit and envy of the most worthless faction, as if he were the corruptor of the youth when he used to correct them with bridles and curbs, he was killed with a noxious potion of a pestilant herb, leaving behind a disgraced citizenry perpetually stained, when even now distinguished philosophers prefer his sacred method, and with the great happiness swear by his name? But indeed who shall restrain the vehemence of my indignation, let him thus on this reflect: Lo! Shall we now endure an Ass to us philosophizing? On the contrary, whence I departed, to the story I shall be returned. Apuleius, Metamorphoses, Apuleius, The Golden Ass, being the Metamorphoses of Lucius Apuleius, Stephen Gaselee, London: William Heinemann; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons: Reference is frequently made to our romance by the alternative titles of Metamorphoses and The Golden Ass. The former is the title found in the manuscripts; the latter is attested by Augustine, who claims that Apuleius entitled his work Asinus aureus (CD 18.18) In that same passage, however, Augustine states that Apuleius is describing his own experience of being transformed into an ass; he is clearly speaking from memory, rather than citing a manuscript before him, which detracts from the reliability of his witness. (P. G. Walsh, xix)

7 P a g e 6 Epitome Sigla... 7 Apology... 8 First Speech 17α-35δ... 8 Second Speech 35ε-38β Third Speech 38ξ-42α Addenda Catalog of uses of the Aorist Infinitive Catalog of word forms and dialects Bibliography

8 P a g e 7 Sigla 1st = First person 2nd = Second person 3rd = Third person Acc. = Accusative case Act. = Active voice Adv. = Adverb Adj. = Adjective Aeol. = Aeolic dialect Aor. = Aorist tense Art. = Article Att. = Attic dialect C. = Common gender Cf. = Confere, compare Comp. = Comparative Dat. = Dative case Dor. = Doric dialect Ep. = Epic dialect Epith. = Epithet Esp. = Especially Exclam. = Exclamation Fem. = Feminine gender Freq. = Frequently Fut. = Future tense Futperf. = Future Perfect tense Gen. = Genitive case Gk. = Greek Hom. = Homeric dialect I.e. = Id est, that is Ibid. = Ibidem, in the same place Il. = Iliad Imperf. = Imperfect tense Imper. = Imperative mood Ind. = Indicative mood Indecl. = Indeclinable Inf. = Infinitive mood Interrog. = Interrogative Ion. = Ionic dialect Irreg. = Irregular Lat. = Latin Lit. = Literally Masc. = Masculine gender Metaph. = Metaphor Mid. = Middle voice Mid./Pass. = Middle/Passive voice Neut. = Neuter gender Obj. = Object Op. Cit. = Operas Citatas Opp. = Opposite Part. = Participle Partic. = Particle Pass. = Passive voice Perf. = Perfect tense Pl. = Plural number Pluperf. = Pluperfect tense Poet. = Poetic Postpos. = Postpositive Prep. = Preposition Pres. = Present tense Pron. = Pronoun Proclit. = Proclitic Q.v. = Quod Vide, see this Reflex. = Reflexive Sing. = Singular number Subst. = Substantive Superl. = Superlative Viz. = Videre licet, it should be seen Voc. = Vocative case

9 P a g e 8 Apology 2 First Speech 17α-35δ (17α) Ὅτι 3 μὲν ὑμεῖς, 4 ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, 5 πεπόνθατε 6 ὑπὸ 7 τῶν ἐμῶν κατηγόρων, 8 οὐκ οἶδα: 9 ἐγὼ δ οὖν 10 καὶ αὐτὸς ὑπ αὐτῶν 11 ὀλίγου 12 ἐμαυτοῦ 13 ἐπελαθόμην, 14 οὕτω 15 πιθανῶς 16 ἔλεγον. 17 Καίτοι 18 ἀληθές 19 γε 20 ὡς 21 ἔπος 22 εἰπεῖν 23 οὐδὲν 24 εἰρήκασιν. 25 Μάλιστα 26 δὲ αὐτῶν 27 ἓν 28 ἐθαύμασα 29 τῶν πολλῶν 30 ὧν 31 ἐψεύσαντο, 32 τοῦτο ἐν ᾧ 33 ἔλεγον 34 ὡς χρῆν 35 ὑμᾶς 36 εὐλαβεῖσθαι 37 μὴ 38 ὑπ ἐμοῦ 39 ἐξαπατηθῆτε 40 (17β) ὡς δεινοῦ 41 ὄντος 42 λέγειν Plato, Platonis Opera, ed. John Burnet: London: Oxford University Press, As a Causal Particle for that, because, seeing that, inasmuch as (Liddell and Scott) 4 Pron., 2nd nom. pl. of σύ, you. 5 ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι = masc. voc. pl. 6 2nd pl. perf. act. ind. of πάσχω, to be affected. 7 Prep. + gen., by. 8 τῶν ἐμῶν κατηγόρων = Adjectival Clause, masc. gen. pl. = by my accusers. 9 1st sing. perf. act. ind. of οἶδα, to know. 10 Part., certainly, in fact. 11 Adj., masc. gen. pl. of αὐτὸς. 12 Adj., masc. gen. sing. of ὀλίγος, little, small. 13 Pron., masc. gen. sing. of ἐμαυτοῦ, of me, of myself. 14 1st sing. aor. mid. ind. of ἐπιλανθάνομαι (ἐπιλήθω), to forget. 15 Adv., οὕτως, in this way. 16 Adv., πιθανός, persuasive, plausible. 17 1st sing. imperf. act. ind. of λέγω, to say, speak. 18 Partic., to mark and objection and yet. 19 Adj., neut. sing. of ἀληθής, unconcealed, true. 20 Partic., enclitic, at least, at any rate; strengthening καίτοι. 21 Adv., so, thus; when. 22 neut. sing., word. 23 Att., Ep., or Dor., aor. act. inf. of εἶπον, to speak, to say; to name, mention; or call. 24 Adj. neut. sing. of οὐδείς, not one, nothing. 25 3rd pl. perf. act. ind. of ἐρῶ, say, or speak. 26 Adv., superl. of μάλα, more, rather. 27 Adj., masc. gen. pl. of αὐτός. 28 neut. sing. aor. act. part. of ἵημι, of sounds, utter. 29 1st sing. aor. act. ind. of θαυμάζω, wonder, marvel, be astonished; to look on with wonder and amazement. 30 Adj. masc. gen pl. of πολύς, many. 31 Pron., neut. gen. pl. of ὅς, he, she, it; this, that. 32 3rd pl. aor. mid. ind. of ψεύδω, cheat by lies, beguile; to lie, or to deceive. 33 Pron. neut. dat. sing. of ὅς. 34 3rd pl. imperf. act. ind. of λέγω. 35 Att., Ep., or Dor., pres. act. inf. of χράω, to declare, pronounce, or proclaim. 36 Pron., indecl., 2nd pl. acc. of σύ. 37 Att., or Ep., pres. mid./pass. inf. of εὐλαβέομαι, have a care, to be discreet, cautious, circumspect, to beware. 38 Conj., not. 39 Pron., 1st gen. sing. of ἐγώ, me. 40 Att., or Ion., 2nd pl. aor. pass. subj. of ἐξαπατάω, to thoroughly deceive. 41 Adj., neut. gen. sing. of δεινός, fearful, terrible, dreadful, dire; mighty, powerful; clever; awful. 42 neut. gen. sing. pres. act. part. of εἰμί, to be. 43 Att., or Ep., pres. act. inf. of λέγω.

10 P a g e 9 How you on the one hand, 44 O Athenian men, 45 were affected by my accusers 46 I know not, 47 but I 48 on the other hand had certainly forgotten myself a little, 49 since I used to speak so persuasively 50 about them, 51 and yet 52 they have said, 53 so to speak, 54 not one true thing. 55 But the one thing uttered 56 of their many lies 57 that astonished me most 58 was that one in which they spoke 59 in a manner so as to tell you to beware 60 so as not to be deceived by me 61 on account of speaking terrible ὅτι μὲν ὑμεῖς. 45 ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι. 46 πεπόνθατε ὑπὸ τῶν ἐμῶν κατηγόρων. 47 οὐκ οἶδα. 48 ἐγὼ δ... καὶ αὐτὸς. 49 οὖν...ὀλίγου ἐμαυτοῦ ἐπελαθόμην. 50 οὕτω πιθανῶς ἔλεγον. 51 ὑπ αὐτῶν. 52 καίτοι...γε ὡς. 53 εἰρήκασιν. 54 In parenthesis, ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν = so to say, limiting a general statement. (Liddell and Scott) 55 ἀληθές οὐδὲν. 56 δὲ αὐτῶν ἓν. 57 αὐτῶν...τῶν πολλῶν ὧν ἐψεύσαντο. 58 μάλιστα...ἐθαύμασα. 59 τοῦτο ἐν ᾧ ἔλεγον 60 ὡς χρῆν ὑμᾶς εὐλαβεῖσθαι. 61 μὴ ὑπ ἐμοῦ ἐξαπατηθῆτε. 62 ὡς δεινοῦ ὄντος λέγειν. The Infinitive mood expresses the simple idea of the verb, without limitation of number or person. It has the force of a neuter verbal noun. (Goodwin, 90)

11 P a g e 10 Τὸ γὰρ μὴ αἰσχυνθῆναι 63 ὅτι αὐτίκα 64 ὑπ ἐμοῦ ἐξελεγχθήσονται 65 ἔργῳ, 66 ἐπειδὰν 67 μηδ 68 ὁπωστιοῦν 69 φαίνωμαι 70 δεινὸς 71 λέγειν, 72 τοῦτό μοι 73 ἔδοξεν 74 αὐτῶν ἀναισχυντότατον 75 εἶναι, 76 εἰ μὴ ἄρα 77 δεινὸν 78 καλοῦσιν 79 οὗτοι 80 λέγειν τὸν 81 τἀληθῆ 82 λέγοντα: 83 εἰ μὲν γὰρ τοῦτο λέγουσιν, 84 ὁμολογοίην 85 ἂν ἔγωγε 86 οὐ 87 κατὰ 88 τούτους 89 εἶναι ῥήτωρ aor. pass. inf. of αἰσχύνω, in passive, to be dishonored, to be ashamed. 64 Adv., in a slightly future sense presently. 65 3rd pl. fut. pass. ind. of ἐξελέγχω, convict, confute, refute. 66 neut. dat. sing. of ἔργον, work, deed, action (Dative of Instrument) 67 Conj., ἐπειδὴ + ἄν, with Subjunctive of Time. 68 Partic., μηδέ, and not. 69 Conj., ὁπωσοῦν, in any way whatever, in some way or other. 70 1st sing. pres. mid./pass. subj. of φαίνω, to bring to light, make to appear; show. 71 Adj., masc. nom. sing. of δεινὸς. 72 Att., or Ep., pres. act. inf. of λέγω 73 Pron., masc. 1st dat. sing. of ἐγώ. 74 3rd sing. aor. act. ind. of δοκέω, to seem to one. 75 Adj., masc. acc. sing. or neut. sing of ἀναίσχυντος, shameless; of things, a shameful thing. 76 pres. act. inf. of εἰμί. 77 Partic., expressing antecedent and consequent. 78 masc. acc. sing. of δεῖνος. 79 Att., Ep., or Dor., 3rd pl. pres. act. ind. of καλέω, call. 80 Adj., masc. nom. pl. of οὗτος, this; these men. 81 masc. acc. sing. of ὁ, the. 82 Adj., Att., Ep., Dor., neut. pl. of ἀληθής, truth. 83 neut. pl. pres. act. part. of λέγω. 84 Att., Ep., Dor., or Ion., 3rd pl. pres. act. ind. of λέγω. 85 1st sing. pres. act. opt. of ὁμολογέω, agree with, say the same thing as. 86 Pron. indecl., 1st nom. sing., strengthened form of ἐγώ. 87 Adv., in fact, in truth. 88 Prep., contrary. 89 Adj., masc. acc. pl. of οὗτος, this, these. 90 masc. nom. sing., rhetor, a public speaker.

12 P a g e 11 For it is not shameful, 91 because they shall at once by me be refuted in action 92 when, and not just in any way or other, 93 I shall show myself to be speaking fearsome 94 this it seemed to me to be most shameless 95 unless these men are calling 96 speaking true things 97 speaking fearsome, 98 for if they are saying that, 99 I would agree 100 that I, 101 not them, 102 am an Orator τὸ γὰρ μὴ αἰσχυνθῆναι. 92 ὅτι αὐτίκα ὑπ ἐμοῦ ἐξελεγχθήσονται ἔργῳ. 93 ἐπειδὰν μηδ ὁπωστιοῦν. 94 φαίνωμαι δεινὸς λέγειν. The Present Subjunctive denotes a continued or repeated action...in clauses denoting a purpose...it refers to time future releatively to that of the leading verb. (Goodwin, 12) 95 τοῦτό μοι ἔδοξεν αὐτῶν ἀναισχυντότατον εἶναι. 96 εἰ μὴ ἄρα...καλοῦσιν οὗτοι. In conditional sentences the clause containing the condition is called the protasis, and that containing the conclusion is called the apodosis. The protasis is regularly introduced by the particle εἰ, if, negatively εἰ μὴ. (Goodwin, 47) 97 τὸν τἀληθῆ λέγοντα. 98 δεινὸν...λέγειν. 99 εἰ μὲν γὰρ τοῦτο λέγουσιν. 100 ὁμολογοίην. The Present Optative, when it is not in indirect discourse, denotes a continued or repeated action...in conditional sentences in ordinary protasis (50.2), the Optative refers to the future. (Goodwin, 13) 101 ἂν ἔγωγε. 102 οὐ κατὰ τούτους. 103 εἶναι ῥήτωρ.

13 P a g e 12 Οὗτοι 104 μὲν οὖν, ὥσπερ 105 ἐγὼ λέγω, ἤ τι 106 ἢ οὐδὲν 107 ἀληθὲς 108 εἰρήκασιν, 109 ὑμεῖς δέ μου 110 ἀκούσεσθε 111 πᾶσαν 112 τὴν ἀλήθειαν 113 οὐ μέντοι 114 μὰ 115 Δία, 116 ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, κεκαλλιεπημένους 117 γε λόγους, 118 ὥσπερ οἱ τούτων, 119 (17ξ) ῥήμασί 120 τε καὶ 121 ὀνόμασιν 122 οὐδὲ 123 κεκοσμημένους, 124 ἀλλ 125 ἀκούσεσθε εἰκῇ 126 λεγόμενα 127 τοῖς ἐπιτυχοῦσιν 128 ὀνόμασιν 129 πιστεύω 130 γὰρ δίκαια 131 εἶναι ἃ 132 λέγω καὶ μηδεὶς 133 ὑμῶν 134 προσδοκησάτω 135 ἄλλως: 136 οὐδὲ γὰρ ἂν δήπου 137 πρέποι, 138 ὦ ἄνδρες, τῇδε 139 τῇ ἡλικίᾳ 140 ὥσπερ μειρακίῳ 141 πλάττοντι 142 λόγους εἰς ὑμᾶς εἰσιέναι Adj., masc. nom. pl. of οὗτος. 105 Adv., like as, even as; since. 106 Pron. neut. sing. of τις, anything. 107 Adj. neut. sing. of οὐδείς, nothing. 108 Adj., neut. sing. of ἀληθής rd pl. perf. act. ind. of ἐρῶ. 110 Pron., 1st masc. gen. sing. of ἐγώ, I, me nd pl. fut. mid. ind. of ἀκούω, hear. 112 Adj., fem. acc. sing. of πᾶς, all. 113 fem. acc. sing. of ἀλήθεια, truth. 114 Partic, indecl., μέν + τοί = indeed, to be sure, however; yet, nevertheless, of course. (Cf., Fobes) 115 a Particle used in strong protestations and oaths, followed by acc. of the deity or thing appealed to; in itself neither affirmative nor negative, but made so by prefixing ναί or οὐ, or by the context. (Liddell and Scott) 116 masc. acc. sing., indecl., Zeus, acc. Δία, rarer than Διός, Διί in Homer. (Liddell and Scott) 117 masc. acc. pl. perf. mid./pass. part. of καλλιεπέομαι, say in fine phrases. 118 masc. acc. pl. of λόγος. 119 Adj., masc. gen. pl. of οὗτος. 120 neut. dat. pl. of ῥῆμα, that which is said. 121 τε τε or τε καὶ joins elements which are not syntactically parallel, esp. a part. and a finite verb. (Liddell and Scott) 122 neut. dat. pl. of ὄνομα, phrase. 123 Part., in no way. 124 masc. acc. pl. perf. mid./pass. part. of κοσμέω, order, arrange 125 Adv., but, otherwise. 126 Adv., without plan. 127 neut. pl. pres. mid./pass. part. of λέγω. 128 Att., Ep., Dor., or Ion., neut. dat. pl. aor. act. part. of ἐπιτυγχάνω, hit the mark. 129 neut. dat. pl. fut. act. part. of ὀνομάζω, speak of by name, call st sing. pres. act. ind. of πιστεύω, trust, put faith in, rely on. 131 Adj., neut. pl. of δίκαιος, observant of custom. 132 Pron. neut. acc. pl. of ὅς. 133 Adj., masc. nom. sing., not one, not even one, nobody. 134 Pron., masc. 2nd gen. pl. of σύ, you rd sing. aor. act. imper. of προσδοκάω, expect. 136 Adv., otherwise. 137 Partic., doubtless, I suppose, I presume, of course rd sing. pres. act. opt. of πρέπω, to be clearly seen, to be conspicuous; conspicuously fitting. 139 Pron., fem. dat. sing. of ὅδε, this. 140 fem. dat. sing. of ἡλικία, time of life, age. 141 neut. dat. sing. of μειράκιον, a youth. 142 neut. dat. sing. pres. act. part. of πλάσσω, form, mold. 143 pres. act. inf. of εἴσειμι, enter, go into; of public speakers, to come into the assembly.

14 P a g e 13 Those men have in fact, 144 like I said, 145 have said little or nothing true, 146 but you shall hear the whole truth from me. 147 And not to be sure, by God! 148 O Athenian men, 149 in the fine phrased speeches 150 like theirs; 151 and with the words and phrases unarranged, 152 but will hear the things being said without plan called hitting the mark. 153 For I believe the things I say are just 154 and let not one of you expect otherwise. 155 For it ought to be clear, I suppose, 156 O men, 157 that at this age 158 I should not come to your assembly 159 like a child making speeches οὗτοι μὲν οὖν. 145 ὥσπερ ἐγὼ λέγω. 146 ἤ τι ἢ οὐδὲν ἀληθὲς εἰρήκασιν. ἤ τι ἢ οὐδέν = little or nothing. (Liddell and Scott) 147 ὑμεῖς δέ μου ἀκούσεσθε πᾶσαν τὴν ἀλήθειαν. 148 οὐ μέντοι μὰ Δία. 149 ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι. 150 κεκαλλιεπημένους γε λόγους. 151 ὥσπερ οἱ τούτων. 152 ῥήμασί τε καὶ ὀνόμασιν οὐδὲ κεκοσμημένους. 153 ἀλλ ἀκούσεσθε εἰκῇ λεγόμενα τοῖς ἐπιτυχοῦσιν ὀνόμασιν. 154 πιστεύω γὰρ δίκαια εἶναι ἃ λέγω. 155 καὶ μηδεὶς ὑμῶν προσδοκησάτω ἄλλως. The second person of the Aorist Imperative is very seldom found in prohibitions; the third person is less rare. (Goodwin, 86 n.1.b) 156 γὰρ ἂν δήπου πρέποι. 157 ὦ ἄνδρες. 158 τῇδε τῇ ἡλικίᾳ. 159 οὐδὲ...εἰς ὑμᾶς εἰσιέναι. 160 ὥσπερ μειρακίῳ πλάττοντι λόγους.

15 P a g e 14 Καὶ μέντοι καὶ πάνυ, 161 ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τοῦτο ὑμῶν δέομαι 162 καὶ παρίεμαι: 163 ἐὰν 164 διὰ 165 τῶν αὐτῶν λόγων 166 ἀκούητέ 167 μου ἀπολογουμένου 168 δι ὧνπερ 169 εἴωθα 170 λέγειν 171 καὶ ἐν ἀγορᾷ 172 ἐπὶ τῶν τραπεζῶν, 173 ἵνα 174 ὑμῶν πολλοὶ 175 ἀκηκόασι, 176 καὶ ἄλλοθι, 177 μήτε 178 (17δ) θαυμάζειν 179 μήτε θορυβεῖν 180 τούτου 181 ἕνεκα. 182 Ἔχει 183 γὰρ οὑτωσί. 184 Νῦν 185 ἐγὼ πρῶτον ἐπὶ δικαστήριον 186 ἀναβέβηκα, 187 ἔτη 188 γεγονὼς 189 ἑβδομήκοντα, 190 ἀτεχνῶς 191 οὖν ξένως 192 ἔχω 193 τῆς ἐνθάδε 194 λέξεως Adv., altogether st sing. pres. mid./pass. ind. of δέω, beg a thing from a person st sing. pres. mid./pass. ind. of παρίημι, allow to pass, admit; beg to be excused or let off something. 164 Conj., if. 165 Prep. + gen., through, by. 166 masc. gen. pl. of λόγος nd pl. pres. act. subj. of ἀκούω. 168 masc. gen. sing. pres. mid./pass. part. of ἀπολογέομαι speak in defense, defend oneself. 169 Pron., masc. gen. pl. of ὅς st sing. perf. act. ind. of ἔθω, to be accustomed, to be wont; as is the custom. 171 Att., or Ep., pres. act. inf. of λέγω. 172 Att., Dor., or Aeol., fem. dat. sing. of ἀγορά, marketplace. 173 fem. gen. pl. of τράπεζα, table; a money-changer's table, a bank. 174 Adv., there, in that place. 175 Adj., masc. nom. pl. of πολύς, many. 176 Att., 3rd pl. perf. act. ind. of ἀκούω. 177 Adv., elsewhere. 178 Part., and not. 179 Att., or Ep., pres. act. inf. of θαυμάζω, wonder, marvel; be surprised. 180 Att., Ep., or Dor., pres. act. inf. of θορυβέω, make a noise, uproar or disturbance. 181 Adj., neut. gen. sing. of οὗτος. 182 Prep. + gen., on account of rd sing. pres. act. subj. of ἔχω, have. 184 Adv., strengthened form of οὕτως, in this way or manner, so, thus. 185 Adv., now. 186 Adj., neut. sing. of δικαστήριον, a court of justice st sing. perf. act. ind. of ἀναβαίνω, to go up, mount, to go up to. 188 Att., Ep., or Dor., neut. pl. of ἔτος, year. 189 masc. nom. sing. perf. act. part. of γίγνομαι, come to be. 190 the numeral seventy. 191 Adv., simply, absolutely, completely. 192 Adv., to foreign, or to strange to a thing, ignorant of it st sing. pres. act. ind. of ἔχω. 194 Adv. of circumstances. 195 Att., fem. gen. sing. of λέξις, a way of speaking, diction, style.

16 P a g e 15 I both sincerely and wholeheartedly, 196 O Athenian men, 197 ask this of you: 198 that I be excused 199 if you should hear 200 me defend myself 201 through the same words 202 as those I am accustomed to speak, 203 in the Agora at the money-changers tables 204 where there and elsewhere 205 you have heard me many times 206 and be neither surprised nor outraged on account of this. 207 For it thus bears it. 208 Coming to be seventy years old, 209 now, for the first time, 210 mounting a case in court, 211 I may therefore have a completely foreign manner of speaking καὶ μέντοι καὶ πάνυ. 197 ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι. 198 τοῦτο ὑμῶν δέομαι. 199 καὶ παρίεμαι. 200 ἐὰν...ἀκούητέ. 201 μου ἀπολογουμένου. 202 διὰ τῶν αὐτῶν λόγων 203 δι ὧνπερ εἴωθα λέγειν. 204 καὶ ἐν ἀγορᾷ ἐπὶ τῶν τραπεζῶν. 205 ἵνα...καὶ ἄλλοθι. 206 ὑμῶν πολλοὶ ἀκηκόασι. 207 μήτε θαυμάζειν μήτε θορυβεῖν τούτου ἕνεκα. 208 Ἔχει γὰρ οὑτωσί. 209 ἔτη γεγονὼς ἑβδομήκοντα. 210 νῦν ἐγὼ πρῶτον. 211 ἐπὶ δικαστήριον ἀναβέβηκα. 212 ἀτεχνῶς οὖν ξένως ἔχω τῆς ἐνθάδε λέξεως.

17 P a g e 16 Ὥσπερ οὖν ἄν, εἰ τῷ 213 ὄντι 214 ξένος ἐτύγχανον 215 ὤν, 216 συνεγιγνώσκετε 217 δήπου ἄν μοι εἰ ἐν ἐκείνῃ 218 τῇ φωνῇ 219 τε καὶ τῷ τρόπῳ 220 (18α) ἔλεγον 221 ἐν 222 οἷσπερ 223 ἐτεθράμμην, 224 καὶ δὴ καὶ 225 νῦν τοῦτο ὑμῶν δέομαι 226 δίκαιον, 227 ὥς γέ μοι δοκῶ, 228 τὸν μὲν τρόπον 229 τῆς λέξεως 230 ἐᾶν 231 ἴσως 232 μὲν γὰρ χείρων, 233 ἴσως δὲ βελτίων 234 ἂν εἴη 235 αὐτὸ δὲ τοῦτο σκοπεῖν 236 καὶ τούτῳ 237 τὸν νοῦν 238 προσέχειν, 239 εἰ δίκαια 240 λέγω 241 ἢ μή: δικαστοῦ 242 μὲν γὰρ αὕτη ἀρετή, 243 ῥήτορος 244 δὲ τἀληθῆ 245 λέγειν Pron., Att., or Ep., dat. sing. of τις. 214 masc. dat. sing. pres. act. part. of εἰμί st sing. imperf. act. ind. of τυγχάνω, happen to be. Philosophic imperfect, denoting a truth only now recognized, although it was true before. (Fobes, p.158n17) 216 Partic., Dor., or Ion., (οὖν), certainly, in fact nd pl. imperf. act. ind. of συγγιγνώσκω, agree with. 218 Adj., fem. dat. sing. of ἐκεῖνος, in that manner. 219 Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. dat. sing. of φωνή, of language. 220 masc. dat. sing. of τρόπος, in speaking or writing, manner, style st sing. imperf. act. ind. of λέγω. 222 Ep., 3rd pl. imperf. act. ind. of εἰμί. 223 Pron., masc. dat. pl. of ὅς st sing. pluperf. mid./pass. ind. of τρέφω, bring up, rear, educate. 225 καὶ δὴ καὶ = especially, or in particular, with the stress being placed on the word following the second καὶ st sing. pres. mid./pass. ind. of δέω. 227 Adj., neut. sing. of δίκαιος, customary thing. 228 Att., Ep., or Dor., 1st sing. pres. act. subj. of δοκέω, expect. 229 masc. acc. sing. of τρόπος. 230 fem. gen. sing. of λέξις. 231 Ep., or Dor. pres. act. inf. of ἐάω, suffer, permit. 232 Adv., ἴσως, equally, in like manner; probably, perhaps. 233 Dor., or Aeol., neut. sing. pres. act. part. of χειρόω, worst. 234 Dor., or Aeol., neut. sing. pres. act. part. of βελτιόω, better rd sing. pres. act. opt. of εἰμί. 236 Att., Ep., or Dor., pres. act. inf. of σκοπέω, behold, contemplate (rather of particulars than of universals); look to or into, consider, examine. 237 Adj., neut. dat. sing. of οὗτος. 238 masc. acc. sing. of νόος, mind. 239 pres. act. inf. of προσέχω + νόος = lit. to hold one s mind with, i.e., to focus one s attention; q. v. to turn one s mind to, or to turn one s attention to. (Liddell and Scott) 240 Adj., neut. pl. of δίκαιος, just things st sing. pres. act. subj. of λέγω. 242 masc. gen. sing. of δικαστής, a judge. 243 Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. nom. sing. of ἀρετή, goodness, excellence. 244 masc. gen. sing. of ῥήτωρ. 245 Adj., Att., Ep., or Dor., neut. pl. of ἀληθής. 246 pres. act. inf. of λέγω.

18 P a g e 17 Then just as if 247 I so happened to be someone foreign, 248 certainly I suppose you would agree with me 249 if I were speak in the manner, language, and style 250 of those by whom I was taught. 251 I now stand in need of this particular customary thing from you, and so I should at the very least expect to be permitted 252 that style and that diction for they are in like manner better on the one hand, but worse on the other, 253 and to consider this 254 and focus the mind on this, 255 whether I speak just things, or not for it is the same virture for a judge and an orator to speak truths ὥσπερ ἄν εἰ. 248 τῷ ὄντι ξένος ἐτύγχανον. 249 ὤν συνεγιγνώσκετε δήπου ἄν μοι. 250 εἰ ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ φωνῇ τε καὶ τῷ τρόπῳ ἔλεγον. 251 ἐν οἷσπερ ἐτεθράμμην.. ὥσπερ οὖν ἄν εἰ, & etc., In sentences containing present or past conditions, when it is implied that the condition of the protasis is not or was not fulfilled, and when the apodisis expesses what would be (or would have been) the result if that condition were (or had been) fulfilled, the secondary tenses of the Indicative are used in both protasis and apodosis. The apodosis regularly contains the adverb ἄν. (Goodwin, 49.2) Here: ἄν... ἐτύγχανον...συνεγιγνώσκετε...ἄν...ἐτεθράμμην. Thus: if I happened to be...you would agree...of those by whom I was taught. 252 ὥς γέ μοι δοκῶ...ἐᾶν. 253 τὸν μὲν τρόπον τῆς λέξεως ἐᾶν ἴσως μὲν γὰρ χείρων ἴσως δὲ βελτίων ἂν εἴη. 254 αὐτὸ δὲ τοῦτο σκοπεῖν. 255 καὶ τούτῳ τὸν νοῦν προσέχειν. 256 δικαστοῦ μὲν γὰρ αὕτη ἀρετή ῥήτορος δὲ τἀληθῆ λέγειν.

19 P a g e 18 Πρῶτον 257 μὲν οὖν δίκαιός 258 εἰμι 259 ἀπολογήσασθαι, 260 ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, πρὸς τὰ πρῶτά 261 μου ψευδῆ 262 κατηγορημένα 263 καὶ τοὺς πρώτους 264 κατηγόρους, 265 ἔπειτα 266 δὲ πρὸς τὰ ὕστερον 267 καὶ τοὺς (18β) ὑστέρους. 268 Ἐμοῦ γὰρ πολλοὶ 269 κατήγοροι 270 γεγόνασι 271 πρὸς ὑμᾶς καὶ πάλαι 272 πολλὰ 273 ἤδη 274 ἔτη 275 καὶ οὐδὲν ἀληθὲς 276 λέγοντες, 277 οὓς 278 ἐγὼ μᾶλλον 279 φοβοῦμαι 280 ἢ 281 τοὺς ἀμφὶ 282 Ἄνυτον, 283 καίπερ 284 ὄντας 285 καὶ τούτους δεινούς: Adj., superl., neut. sing. of πρότερος, first, first and foremost. 258 Adj., masc. nom. sing. of δίκαιος, of persons, observant of custom and social rule, well-ordered, civilised st sing. pres. act. ind. of εἰμί. 260 aor. mid./pass. inf. of ἀπολογέομαι, to defend oneself. 261 Adj., neut. pl. of πρῶτος, first. 262 Adj., neut. pl. of ψευδής, lying, false, untrue. 263 neut. pl. perf. mid./pass. part. of κατηγορέω, speak against, to accuse. 264 Adj., masc. acc. pl. of πρῶτος. 265 Adj., masc. acc. pl. of κατήγορος, accuser. 266 Adv., thereupon, thereafter, then. 267 Adj., neut. pl. of ὕστερος, latter, last. 268 Adj., masc. acc. pl. of ὕστερος. 269 Adj., masc. nom. pl. of πολύς, many. 270 Adj., masc. nom. pl. of κατήγορος rd pl. perf. act. ind. of γίγνομαι. 272 Adv., long ago, in olden time, in days of yore, in time gone by. 273 Adj., neut. pl. of πολύς, many. 274 Adv., already, by this time 275 Att., Ep., or Dor., neut. pl. of ἔτος. 276 Adj., neut. sing. of ἀληθής. 277 masc. nom. pl. pres. act. part. of λέγω. 278 Pron., masc. acc. pl. of ὅς. 279 Adv., comp. of μάλα, very, exceedingly. 280 Att., Ep., or Dor., 1st sing. pres. mid./pass. ind. of φοβέω, fear. 281 Conj., than. 282 Prep., about, or for one. 283 Anytus. 284 Part., even, although, albeit. 285 masc. acc. pl. pres. act. part. of εἰμί. 286 Adj., masc. acc. pl. of δεινός.

20 P a g e 19 First and foremost, as is customary, 287 I shall speak in my defense, 288 O Athenian men, 289 to the first lies spoken against me 290 and to the first accusers, 291 and thereafter to the later lies 292 and to the latest accusers. 293 For my accusers happen to many, 294 they spoke to you 295 in the days of yore for many years already, 296 and they said not one true thing. 297 I fear those men more 298 than Anytus, 299 even though they are so clever: πρῶτον μὲν οὖν δίκαιός. 288 εἰμι ἀπολογήσασθαι. 289 ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι. 290 πρὸς τὰ πρῶτά μου ψευδῆ κατηγορημένα. 291 καὶ τοὺς πρώτους κατηγόρους. 292 ἔπειτα δὲ πρὸς τὰ ὕστερον. 293 καὶ τοὺς ὑστέρους. 294 ἐμοῦ γὰρ πολλοὶ κατήγοροι γεγόνασι. 295 πρὸς ὑμᾶς...λέγοντες. 296 καὶ πάλαι πολλὰ ἤδη ἔτη. 297 καὶ οὐδὲν ἀληθὲς λέγοντες. 298 οὓς ἐγὼ μᾶλλον φοβοῦμαι. 299 ἢ τοὺς ἀμφὶ Ἄνυτον. 300 καίπερ ὄντας καὶ τούτους δεινούς.

21 P a g e 20 Ἀλλ ἐκεῖνοι 301 δεινότεροι, 302 ὦ ἄνδρες, οἳ ὑμῶν τοὺς πολλοὺς ἐκ παίδων 303 παραλαμβάνοντες 304 ἔπειθόν 305 τε καὶ κατηγόρουν 306 ἐμοῦ 307 μᾶλλον οὐδὲν ἀληθές, ὡς: Ἔστιν τις Σωκράτης σοφὸς ἀνήρ, τά τε μετέωρα 308 φροντιστὴς 309 καὶ τὰ ὑπὸ γῆς 310 πάντα 311 ἀνεζητηκὼς 312 καὶ τὸν ἥττω 313 λόγον κρείττω 314 (18ξ) ποιῶν. 315 Οὗτοι, 316 ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, οἱ ταύτην 317 τὴν φήμην 318 κατασκεδάσαντες, 319 οἱ δεινοί 320 εἰσίν μου κατήγοροι: 321 οἱ γὰρ ἀκούοντες 322 ἡγοῦνται 323 τοὺς ταῦτα 324 ζητοῦντας 325 οὐδὲ 326 θεοὺς 327 νομίζειν Adj., masc. nom. pl. of ἐκεῖνος, the person there, that person. 302 Adj., masc. nom. pl. of δεινός. 303 masc. gen. pl. of παῖς, child. 304 masc. nom. pl. pres. act. part. of παραλαμβάνω, to take, or receive rd pl. imperf. act. ind. of πείθω, to prevail upon, win over, persuade; to mislead. 306 Att., Ep., or Dor., neut. sing. pres. act. part. of κατηγορέω, to accuse. 307 Pron., 1st. masc. gen. sing. of ἐγώ. 308 Adj., neut. pl. of μετέωρος, of persons, thoughtless, absent-minded. 309 masc. nom. sing. of φροντιστής, deep thinker. 310 Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. gen. sing. of γῆ, Earth. 311 Adj., neut. pl. of πᾶς, all. 312 masc. nom. sing. perf. act. part. of ἀναζητέω, investigate, search out, discover. 313 Adj., comp., Att., masc. acc. sing. of ἥσσων, inferior; esp. in force, weaker. 314 Adj., comp., Att., masc. acc. sing. of κρείσσων, stronger, mightier. 315 masc. nom. sing. pres. act. part. of ποιέω, make. 316 Adj., masc. nom. pl. of οὗτος. 317 Att., Ep., or Ion., Adj., fem. acc. sing. of οὗτος. 318 Adj., Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. acc. sing. of φήμη, rumor. 319 masc. nom. pl. aor. act. part. of κατασκεδάζω, spread a report against one. 320 Adj., masc. nom. pl. of δεινός. 321 Adj., masc. nom. pl. of κατήγορος. 322 masc. nom. pl. pres. act. part. of ἀκούω. 323 Att., Ep., or Dor., 3rd pl. pres. mid. ind. of ἡγέομαι, to suppose, believe, hold. 324 Adj., neut. pl. of οὗτος. 325 Att., Ep., or Dor., masc. acc. pl. pres. act. part. of ζητέω, search or inquire into, investigate, examine, of philosophical investigation. 326 Part., but not; and not yet, not as yet. 327 masc. acc. pl. of θεός, God. 328 Att., or Ep., pres. act. inf. of νομίζω, own, acknowledge, consider as, esteem, hold in honor, or to believe in.

22 P a g e 21 And those terrible men, 329 O men, 330 took many of you aside 331 and mislead you from childhood 332 and prevailed upon you by accusing me with more than one untrue thing. 333 For instance: There is this someone, 334 Socrates, 335 a wise man, 336 and a deep thinker of mindless things, 337 who is investigating everything on Earth, 338 and making the weaker argument stonger. 339 Those men, 340 O Athenian men, 341 who spread this rumor, 342 they are my clever accusers, 343 and these hearing those things investigated 344 will think those men 345 do not believe in Gods ἀλλ ἐκεῖνοι δεινότεροι. 330 ὦ ἄνδρες. 331 οἳ ὑμῶν τοὺς πολλοὺς παραλαμβάνοντες. 332 ἐκ παίδων ἔπειθόν. 333 ἔπειθόν τε καὶ κατηγόρουν ἐμοῦ μᾶλλον οὐδὲν ἀληθές. 334 ἔστιν τις. 335 Σωκράτης. 336 σοφὸς ἀνήρ. 337 τά τε μετέωρα φροντιστὴς 338 καὶ τὰ ὑπὸ γῆς πάντα ἀνεζητηκὼς. 339 καὶ τὸν ἥττω λόγον κρείττω ποιῶν. 340 οὗτοι. 341 ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι. 342 οἱ ταύτην τὴν φήμην κατασκεδάσαντες. 343 οἱ δεινοί εἰσίν μου κατήγοροι. 344 οἱ γὰρ ἀκούοντες...ταῦτα ζητοῦντας. 345 ἡγοῦνται τοὺς. 346 οὐδὲ θεοὺς νομίζειν.

23 P a g e 22 Ἔπειτά 347 εἰσιν οὗτοι οἱ κατήγοροι πολλοὶ καὶ πολὺν 348 χρόνον 349 ἤδη κατηγορηκότες, 350 ἔτι 351 δὲ καὶ ἐν 352 ταύτῃ 353 τῇ ἡλικίᾳ 354 λέγοντες 355 πρὸς 356 ὑμᾶς ἐν ᾗ 357 ἂν μάλιστα 358 ἐπιστεύσατε, 359 παῖδες 360 ὄντες 361 ἔνιοι 362 ὑμῶν καὶ μειράκια, 363 ἀτεχνῶς 364 ἐρήμην 365 κατηγοροῦντες 366 ἀπολογουμένου 367 οὐδενός. 368 Ὃ 369 δὲ πάντων 370 ἀλογώτατον, 371 ὅτι 372 οὐδὲ τὰ (18δ) ὀνόματα 373 οἷόν 374 τε αὐτῶν εἰδέναι 375 καὶ εἰπεῖν, 376 πλὴν 377 εἴ 378 τις 379 κωμῳδοποιὸς 380 τυγχάνει 381 ὤν Adv., thereupon, thereafter, then. 348 Adj., Att., or Ep., masc. acc. sing. of πολύς, many. 349 masc. acc. sing. of χρόνος, time. 350 masc. nom. pl. perf. act. part. of κατηγορέω, to accuse. 351 Adv., yet, still, besides, further, moreover. 352 Ep., 3rd pl. imperf. act. ind. of εἰμί. 353 Adj., Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. dat. sing. of οὗτος. 354 Att., Dor., or Aeol., fem. dat. sing. of ἡλικία, time of life, age. 355 masc. nom. pl. pres. act. part. of λέγω. 356 Prep., of Time, towards or near a certain time, at or about. 357 Pron., Att., Hom., or Ion., fem. dat. sing. of ὅς. 358 Adv., superl. of μάλα nd pl. aor. act. ind. of πιστεύω, trust, put faith in, rely on. 360 masc. nom. pl. of παῖς, child. 361 masc. nom. pl. pres. act. part. of εἰμί. 362 Adj., masc. nom. pl. of ἔνιοι, some. 363 neut. pl. of μειράκιον, boy, lad, stripling. 364 Adv., simply, really, absolutely; without art, without rules of art. 365 Adj., Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. acc. sing. of ἐρῆμος, desolate, lonely, solitary. 366 Att., Ep., or Dor., masc. nom. pl. pres. act. part. of κατηγορέω. 367 Att., Ep., or Dor., masc. gen. sing. pres. mid./pass. part. of ἀπολογέομαι. 368 Adj., gen. sing. of οὐδείς. 369 Pron., neut. sing. of ὅς. 370 Adj., neut. gen. pl. of πᾶς. 371 Adj., superl., masc. acc. sing. of ἄλογος, without reason, irrational. 372 Adv., that. 373 neut. pl. of ὄνομα, name. 374 Adj., neut. sing. of οἷος, such as, what sort or manner of nature, kind, or temper. 375 perf. act. inf. of οἶδα, to know. 376 Att., Ep., or Dor. aor. act. inf. of εἶπον. 377 Prep., except, save nd sing. pres. act. ind. of εἶμι. 379 Pron., masc. nom. sing., someone, anyone. 380 masc.. nom. sing., comic poet rd sing. pres. act. ind. of τυγχάνω, to meet by chance, meet with, fall in with a person. 382 masc. nom. sing. pres. act. part. of εἰμί.

24 P a g e 23 There are, then, many of these accusers, 383 and they have been accusing me already for a long time, 384 and moreover they used to speak to you at this very young age 385 when you were most likely to be convinced 386 some of you being children and young men, simply accusing without principle with no one for a defense, 387 and what is most unreasonable of all 388 is that it is the sort of thing where there is no way 389 to speak or even know the names of those men, 390 unless you happen upon someone who is a writer of comedies ἔπειτά εἰσιν οὗτοι οἱ κατήγοροι πολλοὶ. 384 καὶ πολὺν χρόνον ἤδη κατηγορηκότες. 385 ἔτι δὲ καὶ ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ ἡλικίᾳ λέγοντες πρὸς ὑμᾶς. 386 ἐν ᾗ ἂν μάλιστα ἐπιστεύσατε. 387 ἀτεχνῶς ἐρήμην κατηγοροῦντες ἀπολογουμένου οὐδενός. 388 ὃ δὲ πάντων ἀλογώτατον. 389 ὅτι οὐδὲ...οἷόν. 390 τὰ ὀνόματα...τε αὐτῶν εἰδέναι καὶ εἰπεῖν. 391 πλὴν εἴ τις κωμῳδοποιὸς τυγχάνει ὤν. When πλὴν εἴ is used for εἴ μή, unless, there is an ellipsis of an apodosis after πλήν: it is not possible to know even their names, except (it is possible) in case one happens to be a comedian. (Goodwin, 53n4)

25 P a g e 24 Ὅσοι 392 δὲ φθόνῳ 393 καὶ διαβολῇ 394 χρώμενοι 395 ὑμᾶς ἀνέπειθον 396 οἱ δὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ πεπεισμένοι 397 ἄλλους πείθοντες 398 οὗτοι πάντες 399 ἀπορώτατοί 400 εἰσιν: οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀναβιβάσασθαι 401 οἷόν 402 τ ἐστὶν αὐτῶν ἐνταυθοῖ 403 οὐδ ἐλέγξαι 404 οὐδένα, 405 ἀλλ ἀνάγκη 406 ἀτεχνῶς 407 ὥσπερ σκιαμαχεῖν 408 ἀπολογούμενόν 409 τε καὶ ἐλέγχειν 410 μηδενὸς 411 ἀποκρινομένου Adj., masc. nom. pl. of ὅσος, as great as, how great; of Quantity, as much as, how much ; of Space, as far as, how far; of Time, as long as, how long; of Number, as many as, how many; of Sound, as loud as, how loud. 393 masc. dat. sing. of φθόνος, ill-will, envy, jealousy. 394 Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. dat. sing. of διαβολή, Diablo, false accusation, slander. 395 masc. nom. pl. pres. mid./pass. part. of χράω, to fall upon, attack, assail rd pl. imperf. act. ind. of ἀναπείθω, persuade, convince. 397 masc. nom. pl. perf. mid./pass. part. of πείθω. 398 masc. nom. pl. pres. act. part. of πείθω. 399 Adj., masc. nom. pl. of πᾶς. 400 Adj., superl, masc. nom. pl. of ἄπορος, of persons, hard to deal with, unmanageable. 401 aor. mid. inf. of ἀναβιβάζω, at Athens, bring up to the bar of a court of justice as a witness. 402 Adj., neut. sing. of οἷος, fit or able to do. 403 Adv., hither. 404 aor. act. inf. of ἐλέγχω, test, bring to the proof. 405 Adj., masc. acc. sing. of οὐδείς. 406 Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. nom. sing. of ἀνάγκη, force, constraint, necessity. 407 Adv., simply, i.e. really, absolutely. 408 Att., Ep., or Dor., pres. act. inf. of σκιαμαχέω, fight against a shadow. 409 Att., Ep., or Dor., masc. acc. sing. pres. mid./pass. part. of ἀπολογέομαι. 410 Att., or Ep., pres. act. inf. of ἐλέγχω. 411 Adj., gen. sing. of μηδείς, not one, not even one, nobody. 412 neut. gen. sing. of ἀποκρίνω, to give answer to, reply; to answer charges, defend oneself.

26 P a g e 25 But assailing me with such great slander and jealousy they convinced you, 413 and they themselves having been convinced convinced others 414 all these men are most hard to deal with. 415 For it is not possible to call those men here to be witnesses or to crossexamine anyone. 416 But to defend by shadow boxing is a simple necerssity 417 and refuting when there is nobody to answer. 413 ὅσοι δὲ φθόνῳ καὶ διαβολῇ χρώμενοι ὑμᾶς ἀνέπειθον. 414 οἱ δὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ πεπεισμένοι ἄλλους πείθοντες. 415 οὗτοι πάντες ἀπορώτατοί εἰσιν. 416 οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀναβιβάσασθαι οἷόν τ ἐστὶν αὐτῶν ἐνταυθοῖ οὐδ ἐλέγξαι οὐδένα. 417 ἀλλ ἀνάγκη ἀτεχνῶς ὥσπερ σκιαμαχεῖν ἀπολογούμενόν.

27 P a g e 26 Ἀξιώσατε 418 οὖν καὶ ὑμεῖς, 419 ὥσπερ ἐγὼ λέγω, διττούς 420 μου τοὺς κατηγόρους 421 γεγονέναι, 422 ἑτέρους 423 μὲν τοὺς ἄρτι 424 κατηγορήσαντας, 425 ἑτέρους δὲ (18ε) τοὺς πάλαι 426 οὓς 427 ἐγὼ λέγω, 428 καὶ οἰήθητε 429 δεῖν 430 πρὸς ἐκείνους 431 πρῶτόν με 432 ἀπολογήσασθαι: 433 καὶ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐκείνων πρότερον 434 ἠκούσατε 435 κατηγορούντων 436 καὶ πολὺ 437 μᾶλλον ἢ τῶνδε 438 τῶν ὕστερον nd pl. aor act. imper. of ἀξιόω, think, deem worthy; think fit, expect, consent, resolve. 419 Pron., 2nd nom. pl. of σύ. 420 Adj., Att., masc. acc. pl. of δισσός, twofold, double. 421 Adj., masc. acc. pl. of κατήγορος. 422 perf. act. inf. of γίγνομαι. 423 Adj., masc. acc. pl. of ἕτερος, one or the other of two things. 424 Adv., just now, right now, presently. 425 masc. acc. pl. aor. act. part. of κατηγορέω. 426 Adv., long ago. 427 Pron., masc. acc. pl. of ὅς st sing. pres. act. subj nd pl. aor. pass. subj. of οἴομαι, think, suppose, imagine, believe. 430 Ep., or Dor., pres. act. inf. of δεῖ, there is a need. 431 Adj., masc. acc. pl. of ἐκεῖνος. 432 Pron., 1st. masc. acc. sing. of ἐγώ. 433 aor. mid./pass. inf. of ἀπολογέομαι. 434 Adj., comp., neut. sing. of πρότερος, before, former, sooner, earlier. 435 Att., Ep., or Ion., 2nd pl. aor. act. ind. of ἀκούω. 436 Att., Ep., or Dor., masc. gen. pl. pres. act. part. of κατηγορέω. 437 Adj., Att., or Ep., neut. sing. of πολύς. 438 Pron., masc. gen. pl. of ὅδε, this, these. 439 Adj., comp., masc. acc. of ὕστερος, latter, last.

28 P a g e 27 Let you therefore agree, 440 just as I say, 441 my accusers happen to be twofold 442 I say 443 there are those accusing me right now, 444 and there are those whom I say which were long ago. 445 And as you might imagine, 446 there is need for me to defend against those men first, 447 for it was earlier that you heard from those accusers, 448 and more often, 449 than those later men ἀξιώσατε οὖν καὶ ὑμεῖς. 441 ὥσπερ ἐγὼ λέγω. 442 διττούς μου τοὺς κατηγόρους γεγονέναι. 443 ἐγὼ λέγω. 444 ἑτέρους μὲν τοὺς ἄρτι κατηγορήσαντας. 445 ἑτέρους δὲ τοὺς πάλαι οὓς ἐγὼ λέγω. 446 καὶ οἰήθητε. 447 δεῖν πρὸς ἐκείνους πρῶτόν με ἀπολογήσασθαι. 448 καὶ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐκείνων πρότερον ἠκούσατε. 449 καὶ πολὺ μᾶλλον. 450 ἢ τῶνδε τῶν ὕστερον.

29 P a g e 28 Εἶεν: 451 ἀπολογητέον 452 δή, 453 ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, καὶ ἐπιχειρητέον 454 (19α) ὑμῶν ἐξελέσθαι 455 τὴν διαβολὴν 456 ἣν 457 ὑμεῖς ἐν πολλῷ 458 χρόνῳ 459 ἔσχετε 460 ταύτην 461 ἐν οὕτως 462 ὀλίγῳ 463 χρόνῳ. Βουλοίμην 464 μὲν οὖν ἂν τοῦτο οὕτως γενέσθαι, 465 εἴ 466 τι ἄμεινον 467 καὶ ὑμῖν 468 καὶ ἐμοί, καὶ πλέον 469 τί 470 με ποιῆσαι 471 ἀπολογούμενον: 472 οἶμαι 473 δὲ αὐτὸ χαλεπὸν 474 εἶναι, καὶ οὐ 475 πάνυ 476 με λανθάνει 477 οἷόν 478 ἐστιν. 451 Part., Att., Well! 452 Adj., masc. acc. sing of ἀπολογητέος, one must defend rd sing. imperf. act. ind. of δεῖ, there is need. 454 Adj., masc. acc. of ἐπιχειρητέον, one must attempt. 455 aor. mid. inf. of ἐξαιρέω, in Mid. to deliver. 456 Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. acc. sing. of διαβολή. 457 Pron., Att., Hom., or Ion., fem. acc. sing. of ὅς. 458 Adj., masc. dat. sing. of πολύς. 459 masc. dat. sing. of χρόνος, time nd pl. aor. act. ind. of ἔχω, have, hold; bear, carry, bring. 461 fem. acc. sing. of οὗτος. 462 Adv., with a diminishing power, so, merely so, simply. 463 Adj., masc./neut. dat. sing. of ὀλίγος, little, small st sing. pres. mid./pass. opt. of βούλομαι, will, wish, be willing. 465 aor. mid. inf. of γίγνομαι. 466 Conj., if. 467 Adj., comp., neut. sing. of ἀμείνων, better. 468 Pron., 2nd dat. pl. of σύ. 469 Adj., comp., neut. sing. of πλείων, more. 470 Pron., neut. sing. of τις. 471 aor. act. inf. of ποιέω. 472 Att., Ep., or Dor., masc. acc. sing. pres. mid./pass. part. of ἀπολογέομαι st sing. pres. mid./pass. ind. of οἴομαι. 474 Adj., neut. sing. of χαλεπός, difficult. 475 Adv., no truly, assuredly not, not however, for surely not. 476 Adv., altogether rd sing. pres. act. ind. of λανθάνω, to escape notice, to be unknown, unseen, unnoticed. 478 Adj., neut. sing. of οἷος, such as, of what sort.

30 P a g e 29 Well! one must indeed defend, 479 O Athenian men, 480 and one must attempt to deliver you from the Devil, 481 from that which you held for a long time 482 in such little time. 483 I certainly wish it would happen this way, 484 if it were something better for both you and for me, 485 and making my defense something greater, 486 but I imagine it to be difficult, 487 and it does not altogether escape me, 488 such as it is. 479 εἶεν ἀπολογητέον δή. 480 ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι. 481 καὶ ἐπιχειρητέον ὑμῶν ἐξελέσθαι τὴν διαβολὴν. 482 ἣν ὑμεῖς ἐν πολλῷ χρόνῳ ἔσχετε ταύτην. 483 ἐν οὕτως ὀλίγῳ χρόνῳ. 484 βουλοίμην μὲν οὖν ἂν τοῦτο οὕτως γενέσθαι. 485 εἴ τι ἄμεινον καὶ ὑμῖν καὶ ἐμοί. 486 καὶ πλέον τί με ποιῆσαι ἀπολογούμενον. 487 οἶμαι δὲ αὐτὸ χαλεπὸν εἶναι. 488 καὶ οὐ πάνυ με λανθάνει.

31 P a g e 30 Ὅμως 489 τοῦτο μὲν ἴτω 490 ὅπῃ 491 τῷ θεῷ 492 φίλον, 493 τῷ δὲ νόμῳ 494 πειστέον 495 καὶ ἀπολογητέον. 496 Ἀναλάβωμεν 497 οὖν ἐξ 498 ἀρχῆς 499 τίς 500 ἡ κατηγορία 501 ἐστὶν ἐξ ἧς 502 (19β) ἡ ἐμὴ 503 διαβολὴ 504 γέγονεν, 505 ᾗ 506 δὴ καὶ πιστεύων 507 Μέλητός με ἐγράψατο 508 τὴν γραφὴν 509 ταύτην. Εἶεν: τί δὴ λέγοντες 510 διέβαλλον 511 οἱ διαβάλλοντες; 512 ὥσπερ οὖν κατηγόρων 513 τὴν ἀντωμοσίαν 514 δεῖ 515 ἀναγνῶναι 516 αὐτῶν: Σωκράτης ἀδικεῖ 517 καὶ περιεργάζεται 518 ζητῶν 519 τά τε ὑπὸ γῆς 520 καὶ οὐράνια 521 καὶ τὸν ἥττω 522 λόγον κρείττω 523 (19ξ) ποιῶν 524 καὶ ἄλλους ταὐτὰ 525 ταῦτα διδάσκων Conj., all the same, nevertheless, notwithstanding, still rd sing. pres. act. imper. of εἶμι, go. 491 Adv., in what way, how, as. 492 masc. dat. sing. of θεός. 493 Adj., neut. sing. of φίλος, of things, pleasant, welcome. 494 masc. dat. sing. of νόμος, that which is in habitual practice, use, customary. 495 Adj., neut. sing. of πειστέον, one must persuade. 496 Adj., neut. sing. of ἀπολογητέος st pl. aor. act. subj. of ἀναλαμβάνω, take up, take into one's hands. 498 Prep., ἐκ, from out of. 499 fem. gen. sing. of ἀρχή, beginning, origin. 500 Interrog., fem. nom. sing. of τίς, what? 501 fem. nom. sing. of κατηγορία. 502 Pron., Att., Hom., or Ion., fem. gen. sing. of ὅς. 503 Adj., Ep., or Ion., fem. nom. sing. of ἐμός, mine. 504 Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. nom. sing. of διαβολή 505 3nd sing. perf. act. ind. of γίγνομαι. 506 Adv., which way, where, whither. 507 masc. nom. sing. pres. act. part. of πιστεύω rd sing. aor. mid. ind. of γράφω, 509 Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. acc. sing. of γραφή, in writing. 510 masc. nom. pl. pres. act. part. of λέγω rd pl. imperf. act. ind. of διαβάλλω, to traduce, to slander, or to calumniate. 512 masc. nom. pl. pres. act. part. of διαβάλλω. 513 Adj., masc. gen. pl. of κατήγορος. 514 Att., Dor., or Aeol., fem. acc. sing. of ἀντωμοσία, an oath or affidavit made one against the other. 515 Att., Ep., Dor., or Ion., 3rd sing. imperf. act. ind. of δέω, there is need. 516 aor. act. inf. of ἀναγιγνώσκω, know well, know certainly. 517 Att., Ep., Dor., or Ion., 3rd sing. pres. act. ind. of ἀδικέω, to do wrong rd sing. pres. mid./pass. ind. of περιεργάζομαι, to be busy about something. 519 Att., Ep., or Dor., masc. nom. sing. pres. act. part. of ζητέω, seek, seek for. 520 Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. gen. sing. of γῆ, the Earth. 521 Adj., neut. pl. of οὐράνιος, sky. 522 Adj., comp., Att., neut. pl. of ἥσσων, inferior, weaker. 523 Adj., comp., Att., neut. pl. of κρείσσων, stronger, mightier. 524 Att., Ep., or Dor., masc. nom. sing. pres. act. part. of ποιέω. 525 Adj., neut. pl. of ταὐτός, identical. 526 masc. nom. sing. pres. act. part. of διδάσκω, teach.

32 P a g e 31 All the same, 527 let it on the one hand go 528 according to God s plan, 529 and on the other hand, let it be be both persuasive and defensive according to custom. 530 Therefore we should take it up from the beginning: 531 What is the accusation, 532 and from whence did my calumny come arise? 533 and whither indeed Meletus putting his trust wrote this indictment against me. 534 Well, what in fact is the slander being spoken by the slanderers? In so far as there is need to know with certainty the affidavit of the accusers themselves: 535 Socrates is a wrongdoer and a busybody seeking after things under the Earth and in the skies and is making weaker arguments stronger arguments and is teaching the same things to others ὅμως. 528 τοῦτο μὲν ἴτω. 529 ὅπῃ τῷ θεῷ φίλον. 530 τῷ δὲ νόμῳ πειστέον καὶ ἀπολογητέον. 531 ἀναλάβωμεν οὖν ἐξ ἀρχῆς. 532 τίς ἡ κατηγορία ἐστὶν. 533 ἐξ ἧς ἡ ἐμὴ διαβολὴ γέγονεν. 534 ᾗ δὴ καὶ πιστεύων Μέλητός με ἐγράψατο τὴν γραφὴν ταύτην. 535 ὥσπερ οὖν κατηγόρων τὴν ἀντωμοσίαν δεῖ ἀναγνῶναι αὐτῶν. 536 Σωκράτης ἀδικεῖ καὶ περιεργάζεται ζητῶν τά τε ὑπὸ γῆς καὶ οὐράνια καὶ τὸν ἥττω λόγον κρείττω ποιῶν καὶ ἄλλους ταὐτὰ ταῦτα διδάσκων.

33 P a g e 32 Τοιαύτη 537 τίς 538 ἐστιν: ταῦτα γὰρ ἑωρᾶτε 539 καὶ αὐτοὶ ἐν τῇ Ἀριστοφάνους 540 κωμῳδίᾳ, 541 Σωκράτη 542 τινὰ 543 ἐκεῖ 544 περιφερόμενον, 545 φάσκοντά 546 τε ἀεροβατεῖν 547 καὶ ἄλλην 548 πολλὴν 549 φλυαρίαν 550 φλυαροῦντα, 551 ὧν 552 ἐγὼ οὐδὲν 553 οὔτε 554 μέγα 555 οὔτε μικρὸν 556 πέρι ἐπαΐω. 557 Καὶ οὐχ ὡς 558 ἀτιμάζων 559 λέγω τὴν τοιαύτην ἐπιστήμην, 560 εἴ τις περὶ τῶν τοιούτων 561 σοφός 562 ἐστιν μή πως 563 ἐγὼ ὑπὸ Μελήτου 564 τοσαύτας 565 δίκας 566 φεύγοιμι 567 ἀλλὰ 568 γὰρ ἐμοὶ 569 τούτων, 570 ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, οὐδὲν μέτεστιν Adj., Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. nom. sing. of τοιοῦτος, such as this. 538 Pron., fem. nom. sing. of something nd pl. imperf. act. ind. of ὁράω, to see or look. 540 masc. gen. sing., Aristophanes. 541 Att., Dor., or Aeol., fem. dat. sing. of κωμῳδία, comedy. 542 masc. acc. sing. of Σωκράτης, Socrates. 543 Pron., masc. acc. sing. of τις. 544 Adv., there, in that place. 545 masc. acc. sing. pres. mid./pass. part. of περιφέρω, to carry around. 546 neut. pl. pres. act. part. of φάσκω, say, affirm, assert. 547 Att., Ep., or Dor., pres. act. inf. of ἀεροβατέω, to walk the air. 548 Adj., Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. acc. sing. of ἄλλος. 549 Adj., Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. acc. sing. of πολύς. 550 Att., Dor., or Aeol., fem. acc. sing. of φλυαρία, nonsense, foolery. 551 Att., Ep., or Dor., masc. acc. sing. pres. act. part. of φλυαρέω, talk nonsense, play the fool. 552 Pron., neut. gen. pl. of ὅς. 553 Adj., neut. sing. of οὐδείς. 554 Adv., and not. 555 Adj., neut. sing. of μέγας, big. 556 Adj., neut. sing. of μικρός, small, little. 557 Att., Ep., or Ion., 1st sing. fut. act. ind. of ἐπαιάζω, cry over, mourn over. 558 Pron., masc. acc. pl. of ὅς or Adv., so, thus. 559 masc. nom. sing. pres. act. part. of ἀτιμάζω, hold in no honor, esteem lightly, to dishonor, to slight, or to treat as unworthy. 560 Att., Ep., or Ion., fem. acc. sing. of ἐπιστήμη, acquaintance with a matter, understanding, skill, knowledge. 561 Adj., masc. neut. gen. pl. of τοιοῦτος. 562 Adj., masc. nom. sing., skilled in any handicraft or art, cunning in his craft. 563 Part., in any way, at all, by any means. 564 masc. gen. sing. of Μέλητός. 565 Adj., Dor., or Aeol., fem. gen. sing. of τοσοῦτος, so much, thus much, so far. 566 Dor., or Aeol., fem. gen. sing. of δίκη, judgment st sing. pres. act. opt. of φεύγω, flee, take flight, to flee from, to shun, to avoid, or to evade. 568 Adv., otherwise. 569 Pron., 1st masc. dat. sing. of ἐγώ. 570 Adj., neut. gen. pl. of οὗτος rd sing. pres. act. ind. of μέτειμι, to be among.

34 P a g e 33 It is something such as that, 572 and you and they themselves saw these things 573 in the comedy of Aristophanes some Socrates being carried around there 574 saying things 575 and walking on air, 576 and talking a lot of other nonsense, 577 I shall cry over not one of those things neither big nor small. 578 And I say that not so as to disparage such knowledge, 579 if someone is wise about such matters 580 not that I would escape from the great vengeance of Meletus 581 by that means 582 but otherwise 583 not one thing among those things 584 is for me, 585 O men of Athens τοιαύτη τίς ἐστιν. 573 ταῦτα γὰρ ἑωρᾶτε καὶ αὐτοὶ. 574 ἐν τῇ Ἀριστοφάνους κωμῳδίᾳ, Σωκράτη τινὰ ἐκεῖ περιφερόμενον 575 φάσκοντά. 576 ἀεροβατεῖν. 577 καὶ ἄλλην πολλὴν φλυαρίαν φλυαροῦντα. 578 ὧν ἐγὼ οὐδὲν οὔτε μέγα οὔτε μικρὸν πέρι ἐπαΐω. 579 Καὶ οὐχ ὡς ἀτιμάζων λέγω τὴν τοιαύτην ἐπιστήμην. 580 εἴ τις περὶ τῶν τοιούτων σοφός ἐστιν. 581 μή πως ἐγὼ Μελήτου τοσαύτας δίκας φεύγοιμι 582 πως. 583 ἀλλὰ γὰρ. 584 τούτων μέτεστιν οὐδὲν. 585 ἐμοὶ. 586 ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι.

35 P a g e 34 (19δ) Μάρτυρας 587 δὲ αὖ 588 ὑμῶν τοὺς πολλοὺς παρέχομαι, 589 καὶ ἀξιῶ 590 ὑμᾶς ἀλλήλους 591 διδάσκειν 592 τε καὶ φράζειν, 593 ὅσοι 594 ἐμοῦ πώποτε 595 ἀκηκόατε 596 διαλεγομένου 597 πολλοὶ δὲ ὑμῶν οἱ τοιοῦτοί 598 εἰσιν 599 φράζετε 600 οὖν ἀλλήλοις 601 εἰ πώποτε ἢ μικρὸν ἢ μέγα ἤκουσέ 602 τις ὑμῶν ἐμοῦ περὶ τῶν τοιούτων διαλεγομένου, καὶ ἐκ τούτου 603 γνώσεσθε 604 ὅτι τοιαῦτ 605 ἐστὶ καὶ τἆλλα 606 περὶ ἐμοῦ ἃ 607 οἱ πολλοὶ λέγουσιν. 608 Ἀλλὰ 609 γὰρ οὔτε τούτων οὐδέν ἐστιν, οὐδέ γ εἴ τινος 610 ἀκηκόατε 611 ὡς 612 ἐγὼ παιδεύειν 613 ἐπιχειρῶ 614 ἀνθρώπους καὶ χρήματα 615 (19ε) πράττομαι, 616 οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἀληθές masc. acc. pl. of μάρτυς, a witness, or a martyr. 588 Adv., furthermore, moreover, besides st sing. pres. mid./pass. ind. of παρέχω, furnish, supply, allow, grant; produce a person on demand st sing. pres. act. ind. of ἀξιόω, think fit, expect, consent, resolve. 591 Adj., masc. acc. pl. of ἀλλήλων, of one another, to one another, one another. 592 Att., or Ep., pres. act. inf. of διδάσκω. 593 Att., or Ep., pres. act. inf. of φράζω, point out, show, indicate, show forth, tell, declare. 594 Adj., masc. nom. pl. of ὅσος. 595 Adv., ever. 596 Att., 2nd pl. perf. act. ind. of ἀκούω. 597 masc. gen. sing. pres. mid./pass. part. of διαλέγω, in Philosophy, practice dialectic, elicit conclusions by discussion, to engage in dialogue. 598 Adj., masc. nom. pl. of τοιοῦτος, such as this rd pl. pres. act. ind. of εἰμί nd pl. pres. act. imper. of φράζω. 601 Adj., masc. dat. pl. of ἀλλήλων, of one another, to one another, one another. 602 Att., Ep., or Ion., 3rd sing. aor. act. ind. of ἀκούω. 603 Adj., neut. gen. sing. of οὗτος nd pl. fut. mid. ind. of γιγνώσκω, to learn, to know, or to perceive. 605 Adj., neut. pl. of τοιοῦτος. 606 Adj., neut. pl. of ἄλλος, other, another. 607 Pron., neut. pl. of ὅς rd pl. pres. act. ind. of λέγω. 609 Adv., otherwise. 610 Pron., gen. sing. of τις, anyone, anything. 611 Att., 2nd pl. perf. act. ind. of ἀκούω. 612 Pron., masc. acc. pl. of ὅς. 613 Att., or Ep., pres. act. inf. of παιδεύω, to train, teach, educate. 614 Att., Ep., or Dor., 1st sing. pres. act. ind. of ἐπίχειρον, generally to earn wages. 615 neut. pl. of χρῆμα, goods, property, money. 616 Att., 1st sing. pres. mid./pass. ind. of πράσσω, to achieve, to bring about, to effect, or to accomplish. 617 Adj., neut. sing. of ἀληθής.