MENTAL TROPES IN THE HOLY QUR`AN NAZEER HUSSEIN EMRITTE. submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of

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1 MENTAL TROPES IN THE HOLY QUR`AN by NAZEER HUSSEIN EMRITTE submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY in the subject ARABIC at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR PROF Y DADOO CO-SUPERVISOR DR IE JAFFER November 2011

2 SUMMARY OF THE THESIS SUMMARY OF THE THESIS This is a systematic study of tropes of the Holy Quràn divided into four chapters The first chapter is entitled An historical review of rhetoric and stylistics and it consists of two sections; the first section is entitled Western rhetoric and stylistics where as the second section deals with Arabic rhetoric and stylistics. The second chapter is entitled Tropes and their components and it consists of two sections; the first section is entitled the definition of tropes. This section deals with the definition of literal expressions and figurative expressions and the required condition for figurative expressions; that is the syntactical and semantic coherence and relationships. The second section is entitled Components of tropes which deals with different components of tropes. The third chapter is entitled Linguistic tropes of the Holy Quràn and it consists of two sections; the first section is entitled The spread of linguistic tropes in the Holy Quràn. The second section is entitled Relationship of linguistic tropes in the Holy Quràn. This section quotes each and every relationship of linguistic tropes in the Holy Quràn. The fourth chapter is entitled mental tropes in the Holy Quràn and it consists of three sections; the first section is entitled Mental tropes in the Holy Quràn from part 1 to part 10. The second section is entitled Mental tropes in the Holy Quràn from part 11 to part 20 and the third section is entitled Mental tropes in the Holy Quràn from part 21 to part 30. These sections quote verses of the Holy Quràn which contain mental tropes. The above mentioned chapters deal with the following points 1. The Western and Arabic rhetoric and stylistics across the times. 2. The periods of the rising up of the Arabic rhetoric its full development completion codification and complexity. 3. Definition of literal and figurative meaning the syntactical and semantic coherence and the relationship. 4. Linguistic tropes their relationships purposes and components. 5. The occurrence of tropes in Arabic language. 6. Linguistic tropes in the Holy Quràn and their relationships. 7. Mental tropes and their components. 8. Mental tropes in the Holy Quràn.

3 KEY TERMS KEY TERMS 1. Rhetoric 2. Semantics 3. Stylistics 4. Literal expressions 5. Figurative expressions 6. Tropes 7. Arabic Language 8. Arabic Linguistics

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6 KEY TERMS 1. Rhetoric 2. Semantics 3. Stylistics 4. Literal expressions 5. Figurative expressions 6. Tropes 7. Arabic Language 8. Arabic Linguistics

7 MENTAL TROPES IN THE HOLY QUR`AN by NAZEER HUSSEIN EMRITTE submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY in the subject ARABIC at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR PROF Y DADOO CO-SUPERVISOR DR IE JAFFER November 2011

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208 !$pκÍ5 tβθà±ïüö7tƒ 7 ƒr& öνçλm; ôθr& -. ( ) ( )

209

210 $yγè= WiÏΒ πy híšy 7πy híšy (#äτrt y_uρ Νä3ø n=tæ =ÏGä

211

212 () (). ().. öä.u $t6 zr& (#uθè=ö7tρuρ

213 ξuκtã ß ômr& öä3 ƒr& öνä.uθè=ö7u Ï9 nο4θu ptø$#uρ Nöθyϑø9$# tn=y{ Ï%!$# - $ZW tρî) â!$t±o yϑï9 Ü=pκu. nο4θu ptø$#uρ Nöθyϑø9$#. Νä3Î Ÿ jï.ãρ Ï%!$# ÏNöθyϑø9$# à7n= Β Νä39 ùuθtgtƒ ö è%

214 $uζè=ß â çµ F ùuθs? èπs3í n=yϑø9$# (#ρãxÿ2 t Ï%!$# ûuθtgtƒ ŒÎ) # ts? öθs9uρ $yγï?öθtβ t Ïm } àρf{$# ûuθtgtƒ ª!$#.. (). 412 ξuκtã ß ômr& öä3 ƒr& öνä.uθè=ö7u Ï

215 Îû uúö F{$#uρ ÏN uθ yϑ 9$# tn=y{ Ï%!$# uθèδuρ. ξyϑtã ß ômr& öνä3 ƒr& öνà2uθè=ö7ušï9 Ï!$yϑø9$# n?tã çµä ötã šχ%ÿ2uρ 5Θ$ ƒr& Ïπ GÅ Νà2uθè=ö7uŠÏ9..!$# tx6tβuρ (#ρãx6tβuρ

216

217 $]%ø Í Ï!$yϑ 9$# z iïβ Νä3s9 Ú^iÍ t ãƒuρ -.. Ÿωuρ $\ ø x ÇÚö F{$#uρ ÏN uθ yϑ 9$# z iïβ $]%ø Í óοßγs9 à7î=ôϑtƒ Ÿω $tβ «!$# ÈβρßŠ ÏΒ tβρß ç6 ètƒuρ - tβθãè ÏÜtGó o

218 $pκìeöθtβ y èt uúö F{$# ÏµÎ $ušômr'sù 5 ø hí ÏΒ Ï!$yϑ 9$# z ÏΒ ª!$# tαt Ρr&!$tΒuρ -.. #Y $tρ öνîγïρθäüç Îû tβθè=à2ù'tƒ $yϑ ΡÎ) $ ϑù=àß 4 yϑ tgušø9$# tα uθøβr& tβθè=à2ù'tƒ t Ï%!$# βî)

219 ... #Y $tρ. #\ôϑyz çåçôãr& û Í_1u r& þ oîτî).. yξ Î=s% $YΨoÿsS ÏµÎ šχρçtiô±o uρ É= tgå6ø9$# z ÏΒ ª!$# tαt Ρr&!$tΒ tβθßϑçfõ3tƒ š Ï%!$# βî)

220 $ Ζ9$# ωî) óοîγïρθäüç Îû šχθè=ä.ù'tƒ $tβ y7í s9'ρé& tα$s% tβuρ tαt Ρr& ª!$# tαt Ρr&!$tΒ Ÿ WÏΒ ãαì Ρé'y. ξ Î=s% $YΨoÿsS... ΟÎγÏΡθäÜç Îû šχθè=ä.ù'tƒ $tβ y7í s9'ρé&. $ Ζ9$# ωî)

221 . #Y $tρ öνîγïρθäüç Îû tβθè=à2ù'tƒ $yϑ ΡÎ) $ ϑù=àß 4 yϑ tgušø9$# tα uθøβr& tβθè=à2ù'tƒ t Ï%!$# βî). $ Ζ9$# n<î) tβθãô tƒ y7í s9'ρé& -. $ Ζ9$# z iïβ ;οtøãm $xx 4 n?tã Λä Ζä.uρ

222 . (439) ãã_ $xx 4 n?tã.. $ Ζ9$# n<î) šχθãô tƒ Zπ ϑí r& öνßγ uζù=yèy_uρ

223 . $ Ζ9$# n<î) û_í_tρθãô s?uρ Íο4θyf Ζ9$# n<î) öνà2θã Šr& þ Í< $tβ ÏΘöθs) tƒuρ -... _Í_tΡθãô s?uρ

224 ... z ß süø ±9$# çµäü 6y tftƒ Ï%!$# ãπθà)tƒ $yϑx. ωî) tβθãβθà)tƒ Ÿω (#4θthÌ9$# tβθè=à2ù'tƒ š Ï%!$# - yϑø9$# ÏΒ

225 . Zπxyè ŸÒ Β $Z yèôêr& (#θthì9$# (#θè=à2ù's? Ÿω (#θãψtβ#u š Ï%!$# $yγ ƒr' tƒ

226 $ ϑù=àß 4 yϑ tgušø9$# tα uθøβr& tβθè=à2ù'tƒ t Ï%!$# βî)

227 . -. È $ Ψ9$# tα uθøβr& tβθè=ä.ù'u s9 Èβ$t7 δ 9$#uρ Í $t6ômf{$# š iïβ #ZÏWŸ2 βî) (#þθãζtβ#u t Ï%!$# $pκš r' tƒ

228 .... Νä3Ï9 uθøβr& # n<î) öνçλm; uθøβr& (#þθè=ä.ù's? Ÿωuρ

229 .... $yγ ΨÏΒ ã à2ù'tƒ π Ψy_ çµs9 ãβθä3s? ρr&

230 .... ΟÎγÎ=ã_ö r& ÏMøtrB ÏΒuρ óοîγï%öθsù ÏΒ (#θè=ÿ2v{

231 . ΟÎγÎ=ã_ö r& ÏMøtrB ÏΒuρ óοîγï%öθsù ÏΒ.. χθè=í!$s% öνèδ ρr& $¹G u t $uζß ù't $yδu!$y sù $yγ uζõ3n= δr& >πtƒös% iïβ Νx.uρ yθçρ Ï èt. ÏΒ Èβρãà)ø9$# š ÏΒ $uζõ3n= δr& öνx.uρ

232 .. $º ø x öνåκçjyè xx Í_øóè? Ÿω N uθ yϑ 9$# Îû 7n= Β iïβ x.uρ... $uζß ù't $yδu!$y sù

233 χθè=í!$s% öνèδ ρr&..... $uζß ù't $yδu!$y sù

234 Νæηs9 uθøβr& # yϑ tfu ø9$# (#θè?#u uρ -.!$ iïψ9$# yϑ tgtƒ Îû É= tgå3ø9$# Îû öνà6ø n=tæ 4 n= Fãƒ $tβuρ ÎγŠÏù öνà6 ÏGøãƒ ª!$# È è%

235 ... ÎγŠÏù öνà6 ÏGøãƒ ª!$#. () ÎγŠÏù öνà6 ÏGøãƒ ª!$#. t Ï Éf y äοtys 9$# u Å+ø9é&uρ

236 .. $YΒÌøgèΧ çµ u ÏNù'tƒ tβ çµ ΡÎ)

237 . $YΒÌøgèΧ çµ u ÏNù'tƒ tβ

238

239 n?ãèø9$# àm y_u $!$# ãνçλm; y7í s9'ρé'sù ÏM ysî= Á9$# Ÿ ÏΗxå ô s% $YΨÏΒ σãβ ÏµÏ?ù'tƒ tβuρ

240

241 ... 5ΟŠÎ=y 5=ù=s)Î!$# tar& ô tβ ωî) tβθãζt Ÿωuρ Α$tΒ ßìxΖtƒ Ÿω tπöθtƒ

242 .. - #\ôϑyz çåçôãr& û Í_1u r& þ oîτî)

243 -. çµtƒïš$tρ äíô u ù=sù πtƒös)ø9$# È t ó uρ

244 - -. ΝÍκÍ5θè=è% Îû } øšs9 $ Β ΝÎγÏδ uθøùr'î šχθä9θà)tƒ - Ïµø ym$oψpg 2 çïütƒ.. çt9ø.r& öνèδâ ρß ß¹ Ï è? $tβuρ öνîγïδ uθøùr& ô ÏΒ â!$ÿòøót7ø9$# ÏNy t ô s%

245 . #þθä9$s% š Ï%!$# z ÏΒ Ìøä3ø9$# Îû tβθãì ç Ï%!$# y7ρâ øts Ÿω ãαθß 9$# $yγ ƒr' tƒ - öνßγçθè=è% ÏΒ σè? óοs9uρ óοîγïδ uθøùr'î $ ΨtΒ#u

246 Οßγçθè=è% 4 n1ù's?uρ öνîγïδ uθøùr'î Νä3tΡθàÊöãƒ -.. ΟÎγÏδ uθøùr'î Οßγä9öθs% šï9 sœ - οy Ïn uρ πy øtρ Í θá9$# Îû y ÏçΡ #sœî*sù µø ym$oψpg 2 çïütƒ 9È sû Ÿωuρ

247 .. - tβρà$î# yz

248

249

250

251

252 () () ΝÎγø n=tã Môϑyè Ρr& t Ï%!$# xþ uåà * tλ É)tGó ßϑø9$# xþ u_åç9$# $tρï δ$#

253 ( οuθ t±ïî öνïδì Áör& # n?tãuρ ( $ZÊttΒ ª!$# ãνèδyš#t sù ÖÚz ΝÎγÎθè=è% Îû

254 . ΝÍκÍ5 ä Ì öκtjó o ª!$# öνßγè?t pgkïb Mpt 2u $yϑsù 3 y ßγø9$Î s's# n=ò9$# (#ãρutiô $# t Ï%!$# y7í s9'ρé&

255 .... tβθãèå_ötƒ Ÿω öνßγsù Ò ôϑã íνõ3ç BΛà¼

256 . Ï!$yϑ 9$# z iïβ 5=hÍŠ Áx. ρr& -.. #ZÏVŸ2 ÏµÎ ÅÒãƒ

257 .. u!$tβeï$!$# à7ïó o uρ -... (#ÿρß yf sù tπyškψ (#ρß àfó $# Ïπs3Í n=uκù=ï9 $oψù=è% øœî)uρ -.( )

258 t ÏèÏ. 9$# yìtβ (#θãèx.ö $#uρ

259 öνíκhí5u (#θà) n= Β Νåκ Ξr& tβθ ΖÝàtƒ t Ï%!$# - ( )... Νà6 àρr& öνçfôϑn=sß öνä3 ΡÎ) ÉΘöθs) tƒ

260 öνä3 oψø%y u $tβ ÏM t6híšsû ÏΒ (#θè=ä

261 t Ï Å yz οyštï% (#θçρθä. öνßγs9 $oψù=à)sù

262

263 χθßϑn=ôètƒ Ÿω öνßγ Ρr(x. öνïδí θßγàß u!#u uρ «!$# = tfå

264 È x6n=yϑø9$# n?tã tαì Ρé&!$tΒuρ tósbå 9$# } $ Ψ9$# tβθßϑkï=yèãƒ (#ρãxx. š ÏÜ u ±9$# Å3 s9uρ -٢١.... öνèδttβr&!$tβ!$# tβθýá ètƒ ω Š#y Ï ÔâŸξÏî îπs3í n=tβ $pκön=tæ

265 tβρâs σãƒ $tβ tβθè=yèøtƒuρ 4 â!$t±o tβ ÏµÏGyϑômtÎ tgøƒs ª!$#uρ = - -

266 .. -. =

267 ..! çµyγô_uρ zνn=ó r& ô tβ 4 n?t $VÜy uρ Zπ Βé& öνä3 oψù=yèy_ y7ï9 x x.uρ

268 .. Ü=Î=s)Ζtƒ ϑïβ tαθß 9$# ßìÎ6 Ktƒ tβ zνn= èuζï9 ωî)!$pκön=tæ MΖä. ÉL 9$# s's#ö7é)ø9$# $oψù=yèy_ $tβuρ - 4 Ïµø t7é)tã 4 n?tã

269 . t ÎÉ9 Á9$# yìtβ!$# βî)

270 šχθãζïè =9$# ãνåκß]yèù=tƒuρ - t Ïèyϑô_r& $ Ζ9$#uρ Ïπs3Í n=yϑø9$#uρ «!$# èπuζ ès9 öνíκön=tæ y7í s9'ρé& -... Ç süø ±9$# ÏN uθäüäz (#θãèî6 Ks? Ÿωuρ

271 ٣٣

272 . -٣٤.. -٣٥

273 -٣٦ ٣٧

274 .. -٣٨.. -٣٩

275 .. -٤٠... -٤١

276 .. ()

277 (#ÿρãxx. š Ï%!$#uρ ( Í θ Ψ9$# n<î) ÏM yϑè= à9$# z iïβ Οßγã_Ì ãƒ (#θãζtβ#u š Ï%!$# Í<uρ ª!$# - 3 ÏM yϑè= à9$# n<î) Í θ Ψ9$# š iïβ ΝßγtΡθã_Ì ãƒ ßNθäó Ü9$# ãνèδäτ!$ušï9 ρr&

278

279

280

281

282

283

284 - ()

285

286 ()

287 ( )

288 ()

289

290

291 . ZπtFøót èπtã$ 9$# ãνåκøeu!%ỳ #sœî) # Lym

292

293 yϑx. Ä $ Ψ9$# Îû ÏµÎ Å ôϑtƒ #Y θçρ çµs9 $oψù=yèy_uρ çµ oψ ušômr'sù $\GøŠtΒ tβ%x. tβuρr& - 4 $pκ ]iïβ 8lÍ $sƒ 2 } øšs9 ÏM yϑè= à9$# Îû ã&é#sw Β

294

295

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307 () ()

308

309

310

311

312 ômt6 x. $yϑî øtρ eè ä. 4 n?tã íοí!$s% uθèδ ô yϑsùr&

313 - -.!$t±o tβ ª!$# ÅÒãŠsù ( öνçλm; š iî t7ãšï9 ÏµÏΒöθs% Èβ$ Î=Î ÏΒ $uζù=y ö r&!$tβuρ - 4 â!$t±o tβ Ï ôγtƒuρ

314 . óοîγïδ uθøùr& þ Îû óοßγtƒï ƒr& (#ÿρ Štsù tβθßγyϑ ètƒ öνíκìetõ3y Å s9 öνåκ ΞÎ) x8ãôϑyès

315 Ú É)u ø9$# y7u Ï?ù'tƒ 4 Lym y7 u ô ç6ôã$#uρ

316 $YΒθè=tΒ y ãèø)tfsù ÅÝó t6ø9$# ä. $yγôüý ö6s? Ÿωuρ y7é)ãζã 4 n<î)»'s!θè=øótβ x8y tƒ ö yèøgrb Ÿωuρ - # θý øt Χ... $\$pgéo tβθãζïβ σãƒ Ÿω t Ï%!$# t tuρ y7uζ t $oψù=yèy_ tβ#u öà)ø9$# švù&ts% #sœî)uρ - #Y θçgó Β

317 . - - ξ Î6y Êr &u4 yϑôãr& ÍοtÅzFψ$# Îû uθßγsù 4 yϑôãr& ÿ ÍνÉ yδ Îû šχ%x. tβuρ -... #ZÅÁtΡ $uζøšn=tã y7s9 ß ÅgrB Ÿω ΝèO ÏN$yϑyϑø9$# y# èåêuρ Íο4θuŠysø9$# y# èåê š oψø%sœ`{ #]ŒÎ) -١١٩

318 . 4 ª!$# u!$t±o βr& HωÎ) # xî šï9 sœ Ïã$sù oîτî) > ô ($t±ï9 s9θà)s? Ÿωuρ -... Νæη u šχθãô tƒ t Ï%!$# yìtβ y7 øtρ É9ô¹$#uρ -١٢١ ( $u Ρ 9$# Íο4θuŠysø9$# sπoψƒî ß ƒìè? öνåκ ]tã x8$uζøštã ß ès? Ÿωuρ

319 ..... $pκå ρãã 4 n?tã îπtƒíρ%s{ } Éδuρ $pκïù txρr&!$tβ 4 n?tã ÏµøŠ x. Ü=kÏ=s)ãƒ yxt7ô¹r'sù -.. $Y6øŠx â ù& 9$# Ÿ yètgô $#uρ hí_ïβ ãνôàyèø9$# z yδuρ oîτî) bé>u tα$s%

320 .. $wšï9uρ šρà$! ÏΒ Í< ó=yγsù

321 . $wšî=tã A ô Ï¹ tβ$ Ï9 öνçλm; $uζù=yèy_uρ -.. Í? δr& ô iïβ #\ƒî uρ kí< yèô_$#uρ

322 4 zøts Ÿωuρ $pκïù ßNθßϑtƒ Ÿω tλ yγy_ çµs9 βî*sù $YΒÌøgèΧ çµ u ÏNù'tƒ tβ çµ ΡÎ) -.. x8ï èt. ÏΒ y7tβöθs% $ ΖtFsù ô s% $ ΡÎ*sù tα$s%

323 $yϑßγè? u öθy $yϑçλm; ôny t7sù $pκ ]ÏΒ ŸξŸ2r'sù -.. àá Éótƒ $tβ çνß ø x. t Ïδõ ãƒ ö yδ öýàζušù=sù ôìsüø)u ø9 ΝèO Ï!$yϑ 9$# n<î) A=t6 Î0 Šß ôϑu ù=sù -١٣١

324 . ÏM oψ Áósßϑø9$# tβθãβötƒ t Ï%!$#uρ öνä3 9 ;N u öθtã ß] n=ro

325 . 4 Ï öθ 9$# tsütβ ôntïüøβé& û ÉL 9$# Ïπtƒös)ø9$# n?tã (#öθs?r& ô s)s9uρ -.. #ZÏΨ Β #\yϑs%uρ %[` uå $pκïù Ÿ yèy_uρ

326 $ ϑ n=y uρ Zπ ŠÏtrB $yγšïù šχöθ )n=ãƒuρ (#ρçy9 ¹ $yϑî sπsùöäóø9$# šχ ρt øgä ší s9'ρé& -.. t ÏèÅÒ yz $oλm; öνßγà) oψôãr& ôm =sàsù Zπtƒ#u Ï!$uΚ 9$# z iïβ ΝÍκön=tã öαií t çρ ù't± Σ βî)

327

328 -.. tβθèwt6 ès? Zπtƒ#u?ìƒÍ eè ä3î tβθãζö6s?r& Ï' # à9$# ÏΘöθtƒ Ü>#x tã öνèδx yzr'sù çνθç s3sù

329 ... š t ô tβ u!$tβ yšu uρ $ ϑs9uρ -.. É)sù 9öyz ô ÏΒ n<î) Mø9t Ρr&!$yϑÏ9 oîτî) bé>u tα$s)sù

330 ... ( n?tã šχ uρô ã Ÿξsù àmø ŸÒs% È s#y_f{$# $yϑ ƒr& -.. Zωθß u $yγiïβé& þ Îû y]yèö7tƒ 4 Lym 3 tà)ø9$# y7î=ôγãβ y7 u tβ%x. $tβuρ

331 . «!$# É>#x yèx. Ä $ Ψ9$# sπuζ FÏù Ÿ yèy_ «!$# Îû y ÏŒρé&!#sŒÎ*sù

332 . Ÿ Î6 9$# tβθãèsüø)s?uρ tα%ỳ hì9$# šχθè?ù'tfs9 öνä3 ΨÎ r&

333 () () $yγøšs9î) (#þθãζä3ó tfjï9 %[` uρø r& öνä3å àρr& ô iïβ ä3s9 tn=y{ βr& ÿ ÏµÏG tƒ#u ô ÏΒuρ yš tèùuρ 4 o_ WtΒ! (#θãβθà)s? βr& ( >οy Ïm uθî Νä3ÝàÏãr&!$yϑ ΡÎ) ö è%

334 . u θç7s? 9 Zοt pgïb šχθã_ötƒ Ÿωρâ s? βr& uúö F{$#uρ ÏN uθ yϑ 9$# ÛÅ ôϑãƒ!$# βî)

335 . & Î7 Β 5Θ$tΒÎ) þ Îû çµ uζøš Áômr& > ó x«ä.uρ -.. $wšym tβ%x. tβ u É ΖãŠjÏ

336 $Vϑ yè Ρr&!$uΖƒÏ ƒr& ômn=ïϑtã $ ϑiïβ Νßγs9 $uζø)n=yz $ Ρr& (# ρttƒ óοs9uρr& -.. È Ïϑu ø9$# Ç tã $uζtρθè?ù's? Λä Ζä. öνä3 ΡÎ) (#þθä9$s%

337 zνšïδ töz} ÏµÏGyè Ï ÏΒ χî)uρ sø#tsù

338 4!$tƒö 9$# Mø% ¹ ô s% $s)ï uρ ;ο Ïã Îû (#ρãxx. t Ï%!$# È t

339 î n=ïg z$# ωî)!#x yδ βî) ÍοtÅzFψ$# Ï' #Ïϑø9$# Îû #x pκí5 $uζ èïÿxœ $tβ ë># ρr& ÿ çµ ΡÎ) ( Ï ƒf{$# #sœ yš ãρ#yš $tρy ö7tã öä.øœ$#uρ

340 4 WξÏÜ t $yϑåκs] t $tβuρ uúö F{$#uρ u!$yϑ 9$# $uζø)n=yz $tβuρ -.. ô s)s9uρ

341 A>#x tãuρ 5=óÁãΖÎ süø ±9$# z Í_ tβ oîτr& ÿ çµ u 3 yš$tρ øœî) z>θ ƒr&!$tρy ö7tã öä.øœ$#uρ

342 . Í $ Ζ9$# n<î) û_í_tρθãô s?uρ Íο4θyf Ζ9$# n<î) öνà2θã Šr& þ Í< $tβ ÏΘöθs) tƒuρ n= Ê Îû ωî) t ÍÏ x6ø9$# (#àσ tãßš $tβuρ

343 .. 5Θ$ ƒr& Ïπyètö r& þ Îû $pκse uθø%r&!$pκïù u s%uρ

344 . ( $yγïf zé& ô ÏΒ çt9ò2r& } Ïδ ωî) >πtƒ#u ô iïβ ΟÎγƒÌçΡ $tβuρ -.. $JΒöθs% y Ì ôfu Ï9 «!$# tπ$ ƒr& tβθã_ötƒ Ÿω š Ï% #Ï9 (#ρãïøótƒ (#θãζtβ#u š Ï% #jï9 è% - tβθç6å õ3tƒ (#θçρ%x. $yϑî

345 ... Ïµ ƒy tƒ È t. ÏΒ â ä Ψ9$# ÏMn=yz ô s%uρ

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347 ( Ï&Î!θß u uρ «!$# Ä y tƒ t t (#θãβdï s)è? Ÿω (#θãζtβ#u t Ï%!$# $pκš r' tƒ -.. yìôϑ 9$# s+ø9r& ρr& ë=ù=s% çµs9 tβ%x. yϑï9 3 tò2ï%s! y7ï9 sœ Îû βî)

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416 87. Alistair McGrath. Historical Theology An Introduction to the History of Christian Thought (Oxford Blackwell Publishers 1998). 88. Amir Jafri and Shahid N. Shah Alim for windows release 4.5 ISL Software Corporation Asian Development Bank Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) Atlas of the Environment. ( Publisher and publication year unknown). 90. Baqir Al-Qurashi Shareef. The Life of Imam al-hasan al-askari (Qum Ansariyan Publications 2005). 91. Barthes Roland. L ancienne rhetorique (Communications ). 92. Beaton Roderick. George Seferis Waiting for the Angel - A Biography (New Haven Yale University Press 2003). 93. Bertrand Russell. A History of Western Philosophy Simon & Schuster Bien Peter. Nikos Kazantzakis and the Linguistic Revolution in Greek Literature (Princeton N.J. Princeton University Press 1972). 95. Biographies of Companions Alim for windows release 4.5 ISL Software Corporation

417 96. Bizzell Patricia and Herzberg Bruce. The Rhetorical Tradition Readings from Classical Times to the Present 2 nd edition (Boston Bedford St. Martins 2001). 97. Black Edwin. Rhetorical Criticism a Study in Method ( Madison WI University of Wisconsin Press 1965). 98. Brockett Oscar G. History of the Theatre 6 th edition (Boston; London Allyn and Bacon 1991). 99. Brown Peter Robert Lamont. The rise of Western Christendom triumph and diversity A.D nd illustrated edition (Oxford Wiley- Blackwell Publishers 2003) Butts James R. The Progymnasmata of Theon a new text with translation and commentary (Unpublished Dissertation Claremont Graduate School 1987) Chavannes Edouard. Sima Qian's biography of Confucius (French translation Records of the Grand Historian publication year unknown) Choniates Nicetas. The Sack of Constantinople (1204) translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History by D.C. Munro Series 1 Vol 31 (Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press 1912) Copleston Frederick. History of Philosophy Volume 1. ( Publisher and publication year unknown) Ergener Rashid and Ergener Resit. About Turkey Geography Economy Politics Religion and Culture (Pilgrims Process 2002) Finley M. I. Democracy Ancient and Modern 2 nd edition (London Hogarth 1985).

418 106. Grimal Nicolas. A History of Ancient Egypt (Librairie Arthéme Fayard 1988) Guthrie. History of Greek Philosophy Volume 3 (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1969) Herbert Benario W. An Introduction to Tacitus (Athens GA University of Georgia Press 1975) Hutto David. Ancient Egyptian Rhetoric in the Old and Middle Kingdom Rhetorica (California University of California Press 2002) Jurjānī Al. Encyclopædia Britannica 15 th edition Krumbacher Gesch. d. byz. Literatur (Munich 1897) Lipson & Roberta A. Binkley Rhetoric before and beyond the Greeks (New York State University of New York Press 2004) Marco M. Cavallaro A. Pecchioli E. and Vernesi C. Artificial Occurrence of the Fallow Deer Dama dama dama on the Island of Rhodes (Greece) Insight from mtdna Analysis (Human Evolution 21 No ) Martin McKinsey. (translation) Late Into the Night The Last Poems of Yannis Ritsos (Oberlin College Press 1995) Martin Richard. Seven Sages as Performers of Wisdom Cultural Poetics in Archaic Greece (New York Oxford 1988) PP Metzger David. (2004) Pentateuchal Rhetoric and the Voice of the Aaronides. ( Publisher unknown) Rawson Elizabeth. Cicero A Portrait (Allen Lane Penguin Books Ltd. 1975). Revised edition (Bristol Classical Press 1983).

419 118. Sandy Gerald. The Greek World of Apuleius Apuleius and the Second Sophistic (Leiden Brill 1997) Sarton George.The Unity and Diversity of the Mediterranean World (Osiris ) Sedley David. ) England Cambridge University Press 2003 ( Plato. Encyclopaedia Britannica Shaw Ian. The Oxford history of ancient Egypt (Oxford University Press) Taylor John. The Innate Passion and the Apotheosis (Odysseus Elytis) Into the Heart of European Poetry (New Brunswick New Jersey Transaction Publishers 2008) Tung Anthony. The City the Gods Besieged Preserving the World's Great Cities The Destruction and Renewal of the Historic Metropolis. (New York Three Rivers Press 2001) Veloudis Giorgos. Dionysios Solomos. Romantic poetry and poetic. The German sources (Gnosi Athens 2000) Walter Ong. Orality and Literacy (New York Routledge 2002) Wehr Hans. Arabic English Dictionary a dictionary of modern written Arabic edited by Cowan J. Milton 3 rd edition (New York Spoken Language Services 1976) Xu George Q. The Use of Eloquence The Confucian Perspective in Carol S Yusuf Ali Qur`an Translation and Commentary Alim for windows release 4.5 ISL Software Corporation

420 WEBSITES Encyclopædia Britannica Online - Ammianus Marcellinus..Sassine & Marwa EL Nabbout.. (httpkadmous.orgwp?p=3359) World Factbook Greece Government CIA. ( Retrieved httpwww.arab- )...(ency.comindex.php?module=pnencyclopedia&func=display_term&id= (httpwww.rafed.netbookssearakhasaesindex.html).-.. httpwww.alfaseeh.com ).(

421 ...( httpzahidabdulfattah.maktoobblog.com)... (httpwww.alghoraba.comtrajem35_ahmad_moharram.htm... (httpmajles.alukah.netshowthread.php?t=25778)... (httpwww.alshirazi.comworldarticle398.htm ) -. httpwww.arab-.(ency.comindex.php?module=pnencyclopedia&func=display_term&id=8838 (httpejabat.google.com)..

422 ) -.. httparab-.(ency.comindex.php?module=pnencyclopedia&func=display_term&id=8863 ). httpouruba.alwehda.gov.sy archives.asp?filename= ( 4550.( ) httpwww.ashefaa.com.....httpwww.alshirazi.comworldarticle398.htm

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