Γεωγραφική Θέση Central Asia Minor. Ιστορική Περιοχή Galatia. Διοικητική Υπαγωγή Patriarchate of Constantinople IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ

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1 Περίληψη : Ankara was one of the cities where Christianity was spread already from the years of the Apostles. Although the presence of a bishop in the area was not constant, causing problems from time to time, the city was indeed the seat of a bishop, with short breaks, already from the 15th century. While the presence of the Orthodox element in the early Ottoman centuries seems to be weak, it was strengthened from the 18th century onwards due to migration from Cappadocia. Γεωγραφική Θέση Central Asia Minor Ιστορική Περιοχή Galatia Διοικητική Υπαγωγή Patriarchate of Constantinople 1. Introduction Christianity must have been introduced to the region of Galatia and its capital, Ankara, already from the years of the Apostles. Furthermore, it is stated that the Apostles Peter, Andrew and, particularly, Paul, preached in Ankara and established the local church. 1 It has also been supported that Crescens, Paul s student who lived between 56 and 117, was the first bishop of the city. 2 However, Theodore is the earliest indisputably acceptable bishop of Ankara, who must have martyred during a persecution before Diocletian s years. The next known bishop of the city was Clement, born in 265 and martyred in Diocletian s years ( ); his memory is honoured on January 23. The bishopric of Ankara started gradually to be upgraded to a diocese and seat of the ecclesiastical province of Galatia I, about which information is provided from around 650 onwards, when the Notitiae episcopatum started to be compiled and the diocese occupied the 4 th position among the dioceses of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, a position it held until the 18 th century, when it was downgraded to the 31 st position. In 1855 it held the 32 nd position, while in the early 20 th century it slightly ascended to the 29 th position. 3 In the Early and Middle Byzantine period, the Diocese of Ankara controls a series of bishoprics, 4 which were abolished in the late 11 th century due to the Turkish occupation and the subsequent decrease in the Orthodox population. 5 It was then that the problem of the absence of the metropolitans arose, because it is not clear whether the various persons holding the post of the metropolitan from the 12 th until the early 17 th century were present in their diocese and actually exercised their duties. However, the diocese continued its constant existence, while the post of the metropolitan was from time to time held by notable figures, such as Germanos Rasoxestis, Serapheim of Pisidia, Gerasimos Domnenos and Gerbasios Sarasitis. When the last members of the Orthodox community left in 1923 and the diocese was de facto abolished, the then metropolitan Constantine ( ) continued to bear his title and settled in Constantinople. 2. Administration The issue of the administration of the province is primarily connected with the actual presence and the duties of the metropolitan, which is an issue that actually arises in the late 11 th century, when the Turkish conquest, which causes the relative isolation of the region of Ankara from the political and ecclesiastical centre of Orthodoxy as well as the decrease in the local Orthodox population, contributes to the frequent absence of the metropolitan. This becomes evident in the period between the mid-14 th century and the early 17 th century, with several testimonies reporting either that the post of the metropolitan was awarded to an hierarch of another province or that the province itself was ceded as an exarchy or that the person holding the title of the metropolitan was not present. 6 Δημιουργήθηκε στις 10/11/2017 Σελίδα 1/10

2 On the other hand, as regards the period after the Fall of Constantinople, the reference to the metropolitan of Ankara in the patriarchal berats of 1483 and 1525 strongly indicates the presence of the metropolitan, 7 while Kaisareia, which continued being an active ecclesiastical province though without a metropolitan in his place, is not reported. In general, the problem of the actual presence and active exercise of duties by the metropolitans of Ankara before the 17 th century cannot be easily resolved, while in case there are no positive testimonies, the actual presence of the metropolitans should not be considered certain. The first metropolitan of Ankara in Modern years, about whom there are strong indications that exercised his duties in Ankara, was Parthenios ( ), who informed the Patriarch of the economic distress of the diocese, which worsened because of the current disorder (the celali revolts) and made the economic support of the actual presence of a metropolitan difficult. The solution to the economic problem of the diocese, which would also strengthen its position, was found in 1610, when the Diocese of Gangra ceded to the metropolitan of Ankara the settlements of İnebolu, Tilk Hisar and Tosya. The above mentioned incident gives a fairly convincing explanation of the frequent absence of the metropolitan of Ankara, that is, the limited actual operation of the diocese in the previous centuries, since the absence may be attributed to the small flock and the resulting lack of adequate sources. The metropolitans of Ankara must have been in their places from the early 17 th century (in the years of Parthenios) unless there are indications of the opposite. However, adequate information about the operation of the diocese and the metropolitans comes only from the 19 th and the early 20 th century. The permanent seat of the diocese was Ankara, while from 1794 onwards the newly built church of St. Nicholas was the cathedral. 8 The three schools of the Orthodox community were established in the 1870s and 1880s, with the local church playing a key role in their administration and management. 3. Geographical Jurisdiction From the establishment of the ecclesiastical province until the 11 th century, the territorial jurisdictions of the Diocese of Ankara were clearly defined and coincided with the Roman province of Galatia I (Galatia Prima), regardless of the fact that this specific political entity had been abolished in the 7 th century. Post-11 th century developments, which are described by the deactivation and final abolishment of ecclesiastical provinces, probably brought about the expansion of the province of Ankara (whose official name remains province of Galatia, while the metropolitan bears the full title of the Hypertimus and exarch of the entire Galatia ) to the nearby provinces that become inactive, such as Galatia ΙΙ (Salutaris) based in Pessinus. In any case, however, apart from the second half of the 19 th century, there is neither correct information about the jurisdictions of the province before the 17 th century nor clear definition of the jurisdiction of the diocese. In the 15 th, 16 th and 17 th century, the jurisdiction of the diocese possibly coincided with the teritorrial limits of the old sancak of Ankara, with the addition, from the early 17 th century (1610), of the towns of Tllk Hisar, İnebolu and Tosya of the sancak of Kastamonu, under the Diocese of Gangra until then, so that the constant economic problem of the diocese, because of the limited flock, could be dealt with. 9 At any rate, the metropolitans of Gangra never consented to the detachment of those settlements from their jurisdiction, while following unceasing attempts in the next decades they achieved their permanent return. After the Tanzimat reforms, the Ottoman provinces took their final form and, therefore, there is a clear picture of the jurisdiction of the province of Ankara within the framework of the administrative division of the state. The late Ottoman vilayet of Ankara includes the seats of two Orthodox dioceses, Ankara and Kaisareia. The area of jurisdiction of the Diocese of Ankara was much more limited than that of the Diocese of Kaisareia, which extended to the sancaks of Kaisareia, Yozgat, Çorum and Kirşehir, while the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Ankara extended only to the sancak of Ankara, with the Orthodox population inhabiting only the city of Ankara and another three small communities in the town of Haymana and the villages of Dikmen (in the kaza of Beypazarı or Ayaş) and Köceren. 10 Moreover, the Diocese of Ankara extended to a small part of the vilayet of Bursa, with the kazas of Kütahya and Eski Şehir of the sancak of Kütahya being under its jurisdiction, while Orthodox communities existed only in the cities of Kütahya and Eski Şehir (as well as in two villages of the kaza). 11 The actual area of jurisdiction of the Diocese of Ankara in the late Ottoman period included eight settlements, that is, Ankara, Kütahya, Eski Şehir, Haymana, the villages of Dikmen and Köceren of the sancak of Ankara, as well as the villages of İspir and Köçoğlu of the kaza of Eski Şehir. 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3 4. Flock According to the section referring to the area of jurisdiction of the diocese, it is obvious that the essence of an ecclesiastical province is its flock. What is more, the power and prestige of the province is primarily connected with the arithmetic and economic superiority of the community of the faithful. 12 In Late Antiquity, the Diocese of Ankara enjoyed particularly high prestige and, as a result, it occupied the 4 th position in the list of the dioceses of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, thanks to either historical and symbolic reasons probably the establishment of the local church by Apostle Paul or actual reasons related to the political, administrative or economic importance of the city. In fact, the Diocese of Ankara maintained this honorary position after the 11 th century as well, although the populations subjected to the diocese gradually decreased and the diocese became powerless and insignificant. The decline of this ecclesiastical province was typically confirmed only in the 18 th century, when it was demoted from the 4 th to the 31 st position. The decline of the Orthodox population of the region started in the 11 th century, while in the 15 th century, which provides the earliest evidence, the population was actually shrank. In 1488/1489, in the entire sancak of Ankara there were 822 households subject to poll tax (cizye). 13 In particular, according to Barkan, in the city of Ankara there were 277 Christian households between 1520 and He obviously took into account the 1522 records, which were probably used by the compilers of the encyclopedia Yurt Ansiklopedisi. The latter made an approximate calculation on the basis of the records and estimated the Christians at about 1500 against 15,000 Muslims and 200 Jews. 14 The large number of Armenian names among the Christians shows that this limited group of Christians included few Orthodox, while it is very likely that the Armenians formed the largest group among the Christians of Ankara, as it happened in the recent 19 th and early 20th century. 15 In any case, the existence of an Orthodox community in Ankara at the time should not be disputed, since the traveller Dernschwam (1553) explicitly refers to the existence of Orthodox calling them Greeks (Kricher) along with the Armenians and the Jews. 16 The existence of even this small congregation gives an explanation for the existence of an active diocese, although it was a diocese of limited resources and economic potential as well as of low spiritual and educational level, since the Orthodox population consisted of isolated and economically and socially weak communities. That is why it was very difficult for the metropolitan to be actually present, as evidenced by the numerous relevant testimonies of the 15 th and the 16 th century. The condition of the Orthodox population must have worsened because of the warfare caused by the celali revolts. Throughout the 18 th century the situation improved, when order was restored in the country under the administration of the Çapanoğlu family, production increased and commercial activity was stimulated. The population of the Orthodox community grew thanks to the migration of both Cappadocians from the wider region of Kaisareia and Pontic Greeks to the mines of Akdağ. Economy also improved, mainly thanks to commerce, which enabled some members of the community to become quite wealthy. As a result, there was no problem about the support of the metropolitan, while the activities of the Church could be expanded (the new metropolitan church of St. Nicholas was built in 1794). The Cappadocians also settled in the city and the close vicinity of Ankara, according to a local tradition of the early 20 th century, which supported that the Orthodox population of Ankara came exclusively from Kaisareia. This is partly true, as the above population came from the wider region of the vilayet of Ankara. It is most likely that the Orthodox of the sancaks of Yozgat, Çorum and Kirşehir were subjected to the Diocese of Kaisareia rather than the Diocese of Ankara due to the fact that they were descended from the region of Kaisareia. In the recent period of the late 19 th and early 20 th century, the number and geographical distribution of the congregation of the Diocese of Ankara may be accurately estimated. They formed the communities of Ankara (1637 people in 1881, 1565 before 1890, 2251 before 1905, 2587 before 1914), Haymana (23 people in 1881, 407 before 1914), Eski Şehir (1147 people between 1880 and 1890, 2952 in 1913/1914 or 1941 according to another source), Kütahya (4050 people between 1880 and 1890, 5398 before 1914), the villages of İspir and Köçoğlu of the kaza of Eski Şehir (52 and 108 respectively before 1914) as well as small communities in the villages of Dikmen and Köceren of the sancak of Ankara, whose existence is evidenced by the construction of churches in 1845 and 1892 respectively. 17 The numbers correspond to a small percentage of the population both in the wider area and in the specific cities and settlements. They are smaller than the number of both Muslims and Armenians of the wider area, thus Δημιουργήθηκε στις 10/11/2017 Σελίδα 3/10

4 making the Diocese of Ankara one of the smallest dioceses of Asia Minor. According to evidence from the Ecumenical Patriarchate concerning the period before 1914, the Diocese of Ankara included 10,598 people and was larger only than the dioceses of Philadelpheia and Cydoniae, while it was smaller than all of the rest dioceses of Asia Minor at the time. 18 Moreover, the most important community with respect to the size of population was not in Ankara but in Kütahya, which confirms the increase in the population of the Diocese of Ankara thanks to its extended jurisdiction over Kütahya and Eski Şehir, which took place at some unspecified moment during the Ottoman period. The entire flock of the province remained Turkish-speaking even in the early 20 th century, while it is reported that the only people who spoke Greek fluently were senior priests, teachers and some state officials. 19 However, it is most likely that the foundation and operation of Greek schools in the 1870s and 1880s contributed to the spread of the Greek language Μωϋσείδης, Μ., Συμβολή εις την Ιστορίαν της Ανθυπατικής Γαλατίας: Μονογραφία περί Αγκύρας, Ξενοφάνης 2 (1905) p Μωϋσείδης, Μ., Συμβολή εις την Ιστορίαν της Ανθυπατικής Γαλατίας: Μονογραφία περί Αγκύρας, Ξενοφάνης 2 (1905) p In the Syntagmation (a sort of Notitia episcopatum of the 18th 20th centuries) of Chrysanthos of Jerusalem (1715), the Diocese of Ankara was still in the 4 th position, whereas in that of Serapheim II (1759) it held the 31 st position. It seems that until 1855 it fell even more (Syntagmation of Anthimos VI), while in the Syntagmation of 1901 it climbed slightly to the 29 th position. See Karalevsky, C., Ancyre. I. Metropole Grecque, Dictionnaire dʹ Histoire et de Géographie Ecclésiastiques, II.2 (Paris 1914) column See list of bishoprics until the 11 th century. 5. Le Quien, M., Oriens Christianus I (Paris 1740) pp ; Fedalto, G., Hierarchia Ecclesiastica Orientalis: series episcoporum ecclesiarum christianarum orientalium, I. Patriarchatus Constantinopolitanus (Padova 1988) pp For example, in the Notitiae nos 19 and 20, which portray the prevailing situation in the second half of the 14 th century, the office of the metropolitan of Ankara is under the metropolitan of Thessaloniki. Between 1395 and 1406 Ankara had its own metropolitan, Makarios, a famous controversial theologian, who accompanied Emperor Manuel II on his journey to Europe, which proves that he was absent from Ankara. From 1406 onwards, the province of Ankara is ceded as an exarchy to the metropolitan of Gangra, while in 1438 the region of Ankara is under the metropolitan of Kyzikos, Metrophanes. Constantine, who is said to have been metropolitan in 1450, took part in a council in Constantinople, which may indicate that he was settled there. After the Fall of Constantinople, in two councils held in Constantinople (1471/1472 and 1483/1484), the metropolitan of Ankara was represented by the metropolitan of Thessaloniki (it may be assumed that his post was held by the metropolitan of Thessaloniki), while in 1475 the metropolitan of Ankara was in Constantinople and consecrated Patriarch Raphael I. See Αλεξανδρίδης, Η., Η Πάλαι και Νυν Κατάστασις της Μητροπόλεως Αγκύρας, Εκκλησιαστική Αλήθεια 22 (1902) pp , 234; Μωϋσείδης, Μ., Συμβολή εις την Ιστορίαν της Ανθυπατικής Γαλατίας: Μονογραφία περί Αγκύρας, Ξενοφάνης 2 (1905) pp ; Ζαχαριάδου, Ε., Δέκα Τουρκικά Έγγραφα για τη Μεγάλη Εκκλησία ( ) (Athens 1996) p Ζαχαριάδου, Ε., Δέκα Τουρκικά Έγγραφα για τη Μεγάλη Εκκλησία ( ) (Athens 1996) pp. 115, This church, which was built on the site of an earlier one, opened on April 23, 1794, in the years of metropolitan Ioannikios. Its conservation and restorationwas completed on May 20, Before the church was built, the preserved 6 th c. old church of St. Clement had been probably used as the cathedral. In the early 20 th century, there was another church in Ankara under the control of the Orthodox community, the church of St. George. See Μωϋσείδης, Μ., Συμβολή εις την Ιστορίαν της Ανθυπατικής Γαλατίας: Μονογραφία περί Αγκύρας, Ξενοφάνης 2 (1905), p The settlement reported as Tilk Hisar cannot be identified. Alexandridis (Αλεξανδρίδης) suggests its identification with Sivrihisar [Αλεξανδρίδης, Ηλ., Η Πάλαι και Νυν Κατάστασις της Μητροπόλεως Αγκύρας, Εκκλησιαστική Αλήθεια 22 (1902) p. 207], which is not accepted since it is very uncertain whether any Orthodox population lived there throughout the Ottoman period, particularly in the early 17th century (at least in the 15th and Δημιουργήθηκε στις 10/11/2017 Σελίδα 4/10

5 16th century as well as the late 19th century, the city and district of Sivrihisar had no Orthodox population). About the 15th and 16th century, see: Doğru, H., XV. ve XVI. Yüzyıllarda Sivrihisar Nahiyesi (Ankara 1997), about the late 19th century: Cuinet, V., La Turquie d Asie: Géographie administrative, statistique descriptive et raisonnée de chaque province de l Asie Mineure, v. Ι (Paris 1890). 10. The particular references to sancaks concern the late Ottoman period of the institution, the so called mütessariflik. It should be mentioned that a third diocese of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the Diocese of Chaldia, was involved in the vilayet of Ankara, with jurisdiction over the kaza of Akdağ Maden of the sanjak of Yozgat; see Cuinet, V., La Turquie d Asie: Géographie administrative, statistique descriptive et raisonnée de chaque province de l Asie Mineure Ι (Paris 1890) p The rest of the kazas of the sancak of Kütahya, that is, the kazas of Uşak, Gediz and Simav, were under the Diocese of Philadelpheia. 12. Papadopoulos, Th., Studies and Documents relating to the History of the Greek Church and People under Turkish Domination 2 (London 1990) p Barkan, Ö.L., 894 (1488/89) yılı cizyesinin tahsilâtına âit muhasebe bilânçoları, Belgeler 1 (1964) p Barkan, Ö.L., Research on the Ottoman Fiscal Surveys, in Cook, M.A. (ed.), Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day (London 1970) p See entry Ankara, Yurt Ansiklopedisi 1 (İstanbul 1981) p The emergence of the Armenian community in Ankara may be dated from the 11th century, when the Armenians migrated to the eastern and central Asia Minor. The city soon became an important Armenian centre, while from the early 13th century onwards the city was the seat of the Gregorian archbishopric, the oldest in Asia Minor, with extensive jurisdictions. Catholicism was introduced to Ankara through that Armenian community, where it was restricted, towards the late 17th century more accurately in 1686 due to the activities of Melcon Thazpazian, the student of the Jesuits and subsequent bishop of Mardin. In 1707, there were approximately 400 Catholic Armenians, a number later increased due to the migration from Mardin as well. After the Sultan officially recognised the Catholic Armenian community in 1831, a respective bishopric was established in Ankara in In recent years, the Catholic Armenians constituted the largest Christian group in the city of Ankara, although they were quite fewer than the Orthodox and the Gregorian Armenians in the district. See Tournebize, F., Evêché Arménien Catholique, Dictionnaire d' Histoire et de Géographie Ecclésiastiques, II.2 (Paris 1914), columns Dernschwam, H., Tagebuch einer Reise nach Konstantinopel und Kleinasien (1553/55): nach der Urschrift im Fugger archiv, ed. Franz Babinger (München Leipzig 1923) p Cuinet, V., La Turquie d Asie: Géographie administrative, statistique descriptive et raisonnée de chaque province de l Asie-Mineure Ι (Paris ) p. 277, and IV (Paris ), p. 203, Μωϋσείδης, M., Συμβολή εις την Ιστορίαν της Ανθυπατικής Γαλατίας: Μονογραφία περί Αγκύρας, Ξενοφάνης 2 (1905) pp. 415, 416. Patriarchat Oecumenique, Les Atrocités Kemalistes dans les régıons du Pont et dans le reste de l Anatolie (Constantinople 1922) pp. 228, 265; Yurt Ansiklopedisi 1 (İstanbul 1981) p. 541, see entry Ankara ; McCarthy, J., Muslims and Minorities: the population of Ottoman Anatolia and the end of the empire (New York-London 1983) p. 97. As regards the Orthodox population of Eski Şehir, Cuinet reports a total number of 12,700 (!!!) people in the entire kaza for the period , which is also reported by Anagnostopoulou (Αναγνωστοπούλου see Αναγνωστοπούλου, Σ., Μικρά Ασία, 19ος αι : οι Ελληνορθόδοξες Κοινότητες από το Μιλλέτ των Ρωμιών στο Ελληνικό Έθνος (Athens 1997), in a list of tables without page numbers). It is hardly possibly that this number is correct, and, moreover, contradicts the reliable testimony of Moysidis (Μωϋσείδης) that Orthodox Christians existed only in the city of Eski Şehir (Cuinet provides the more realistic number of 1147). The information provided by Cuinet about the existence of a large Orthodox population in the district of Eski Şehir must have been false. This is also evidenced by the information about the year 1913/1914 provided by McCarthy, that is, a population of 2952 Orthodox living in the kaza of Eski Şehir, whose largest part must have been in the city, as well as by the information provided by the Ecumenical Patriarchate about the period around 1914, when Orthodox Christians lived only in the city (1941) and the villages of İspir (52) and Köçoğlu (108). 18. The information about the 10,598 people comes from the evidence provided by the Ecumenical Patriarchate concerning the period around 1914; see Patriarchat Oecumenique, Les Atrocites Kemalistes dans les reg?ons du Pont et dans le reste de l Anatolie (Constantinople 1922) pp. 228, 265. Kitromilides and Alexandris provide the quite higher number of 16,700 people, which also comes from Greek statistics, see Kitromilides, P. Alexandris, A., Ethnic Survival, Nationalism and Forced Migration: the historical demography of the Greek community of Asia Minor at the close of the Ottoman era, Δελτίο Κέντρου Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών 5 ( ) p. 27. Before 1890 and according to information provided by Cuinet, the overall number of the congregation of the diocese was just 7093 people (1896 in the entire sanjak of Ankara, 4050 in Kutahya, 1147 in Eski Sehir); see Cuinet, V., La Turquie d Asie: Geographie administrative, statistique descriptive Δημιουργήθηκε στις 10/11/2017 Σελίδα 5/10

6 et raisonnee de chaque province de l Asie?Mineure Ι (Paris ) p. 277, IV (Paris ) pp. 203, Karalevsky, C., Ancyre. I. Métropole Grecque, Dictionnaire dʹ Histoire et de Géographie Ecclésiastiques, II.2 (Paris 1914) column Μωϋσείδης, Μ., Συμβολή εις την Ιστορίαν της Ανθυπατικής Γαλατίας: Μονογραφία περί Αγκύρας, Ξενοφάνης 2 (1905) p Βιβλιογραφία : Αναγνωστοπούλου Σ., Μικρά Ασία, 19ος αι Οι Eλληνορθόδοξες Κοινότητες. Aπό το Μιλλέτ των Ρωμιών στο Ελληνικό Έθνος, Ελληνικά Γράμματα, Αθήνα 1997 Ζαχαριάδου Ελισάβετ, Δέκα Τουρκικά Έγγραφα για τη Μεγάλη Εκκλησία ( ), Ινστιτούτο Βυζαντινών Ερευνών/Εθνικό Ίδρυμα Ερευνών, Αθήνα 1996 Fedalto G., Hierarchia Ecclesiastica Orientalis 1: Patriarchatus Constantinopolitanus Series Episcoporum Ecclesiarum Christianarum Orientalium, Padova 1988 Doğru H., XV. ve XVI. Yüzyıllarda Sivrihisar Nahiyesi, Ankara 1997 McCarthy J., Muslims and Minorities: The population of Ottoman Anatolia and the end of the empire, London New York 1983 Papadopoulos Th., Studies and Documents relating to the History of the Greek Church and People under Turkish Domination, 2, London 1990 Barkan Ö.L., "Research on the Ottoman Fiscal Surveys", Cook, M.A. (επιμ.), Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day, London 1970, Karalevsky C., "Ancyre. I. Métropole Grecque", Dictionnaire d' Histoire et de Géographie Ecclésiastiques, τομ. ΙΙ.2, Paris 1914, στ Alexandris A., Kitromilides P., "Ethnic Survival, Nationalism and Forced Migration : The historical demography of the Greek community of Asia Minor at the close of the Ottoman era", Δελτίο Κέντρου Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών, 5, , 9-44 Tournebize F., "Ancyre. II. Evêché Arménien Catholique", Dictionnaire d' Histoire et de Géographie Ecclésiastiques, τομ. ΙΙ.2, Paris 1914, στ Γριτσόπουλος Τ., "Άγκυρα", Θρησκευτική και Ηθική Εγκυκλοπαιδεία, τομ. 1, Αθήνα 1962, στ "Ankara", Yurt Ansiklopedisi, τομ. 1, Istanbul 1981 Δικτυογραφία : Christian Classics Ethereal Library Γλωσσάριo : berat Δημιουργήθηκε στις 10/11/2017 Σελίδα 6/10

7 A sultanic decree that bestowed an office or a set of privileges on an individual or a group of people. They were given not only to all state officials, but also to the members of the high clergy, including patriarchs and metropolitans. exarchy An ecclesiastical province that does not belong to the nearest diocese, but is administrated either directly by the Patriarchate or by a patriarchal monastery. kaza The basic grade of the Ottoman provincial administration. It included the surrounding region of a city or a town. During the late Ottoman Period it is identified with the kaymakamlık. Notitia episcopatuum The Notitiae episcopatuum are official documents of the Patriarchate of Constantinople and Antioch, containing the ecclesiastical dioceses in hierarchical order.these documents were modfied regularly. sancak (liva) Medium sized unit of provincial administration of the Ottoman state, throughout its history. A subdivision of the early Ottoman eyalet (or beylerbeylik) and the later Ottoman vilayet. In the late Ottoman Period it was known also as mutasarrıflık. tanzimat The 19th-century reforms in the Ottoman Empire, which were inaugurated in 1839 with the edict of Hatt-i Şerif and came to an end with the Constitution of The reforms, which were considered an effort for the modernization and liberalization of the state, concerned every aspect of the political, social and economic life in the Empire. Of particular importance were the ones that equated legally Muslim and non-muslim subjects. vilayet (valilik) The larger administrative unit in the Ottoman provincial administration system. The large provinces of the Ottoman Empire were previously called eyalet. The new regulation of 1864 introduced the vilayet as an equivalent of the French départment - albeit of smaller size. The governor of the vilayet was called vali and had extensive authority. Πηγές Barkan, Ö.L., 894 (1488/89) yılı cizyesinin tahsilâtına âit muhasebe bilânçoları, Belgeler 1 (1964) pp Cuinet, V., La Turquie d Asie: Géographie administrative, statistique descriptive et raisonnée de chaque province de l Asie Mineure, v. Ι IV (Paris ). Dernschwam, H., Tagebuch einer Reise nach Konstantinopel und Kleinasien (1553/55): nach der Urschrift im Fugger archiv, ed. Framz Babinger (München Leipzig 1923). Le Quien, M., Oriens Christianus, v. I III (Paris 1740). Αλεξανδρίδης, Η., Η Πάλαι και Νυν Κατάστασις της Μητροπόλεως Αγκύρας, Εκκλησιαστική Αλήθεια 22 (1902) pp , Μωϋσείδης, Μ., Συμβολή εις την Ιστορίαν της Ανθυπατικής Γαλατίας: Μονογραφία περί Αγκύρας, Ξενοφάνης 2 (1905) pp , , , , , Βοηθ. Κατάλογοι Bishoprics (until the 11 th century) Aspona Iuliopolis Δημιουργήθηκε στις 10/11/2017 Σελίδα 7/10

8 Anastasiopolis Kinna Lagania Mnizus Tabia Verinopolis Kaloumna (Calumenes) Metropolitans of Ankara, 15th-20th century Constantine (1450) Makarios (1460) 1465: the metropolitan of Sevasteia (suffragan) Germanos before 1517: the metropolitan of Corinth (suffragan) Gerasimos (1561) Matthaios (1590) Sabbatios (1596) Parthenios ( ) Arsenios Gregory (?) Laurentius ( ) Germanos ( ) Gerasimos II (1668) Serapheim (from 1670 onwards) Athanasios (1679) Ioakeim (1698) Δημιουργήθηκε στις 10/11/2017 Σελίδα 8/10

9 Makarios II (c. 1710) Meletios (c. 1713) Neophytos (1721) 1732: the metropolitan of Ioannina Clement (suffragan) Ioannikios (1740) Anthimos (1765) Serapheim of Pisidia (1774 c. 1780) Matthaios II (1783) (Makarios 1788?) Ioannikios II (before ) Sophronios ( ) Methodios ( ) Kyrillos (1823) Agathangelos ( ) Gerasimos III Domnenos (1832) Sophronios II (1835) Makarios III (1836) Kyrillos II (1836) Nikephoros (1838) Hierotheos (1845) Meletios II (1852) Ioannikios III (1860) Gerasimos IV (1868) Chrysanthos ( ) Nikolaos ( ) Δημιουργήθηκε στις 10/11/2017 Σελίδα 9/10

10 Sophronios III (1902) Gerbasios Sarasites ( ) Constantine ( ) Δημιουργήθηκε στις 10/11/2017 Σελίδα 10/10