συμπληροῦσθαι present passive infinitive συμπληρόω = fill completely (passive) become quite full, fulfill, approach, come under BAGD 779b.

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1 1 Acts 2 (2:1) συμπληροῦσθαι present passive infinitive συμπληρόω = fill completely (passive) become quite full, fulfill, approach, come under BAGD 779b. ἡμέρα, ας, ἡ = day (of the natural day, the period between the rising and setting of the sun) under BAGD 353b-. ὁμοῦ = together, at the same time (as), in company (with) under BAGD 569a. (2:2) ἄφνω = suddenly, immediately, at once under BAGD 126b. Rare. ἦχος, ου, ὁ = sound, tone, noise, report, news under BAGD 349b. φερομένης present passive participle φέρω. πνοή, ῆς, ἡ = wind, breath under BAGD 680a. βίαιος, α, ον = violent, forcible, strong under BAGD 141a. ἐπλήρωσεν aorist active πληρόω. οἶκος, ου, ὁ = house, dwelling, (occasionally amounts to) city, dwelling, habitation, household, family under BAGD 560a. καθήμενοι present middle participle κάθημαι = sit, stay, be, live, reside, settle, sit down under BAGD 389a. ἦσαν καθήμενοι Note the periphrastic construction. Grammatical note = Periphrastic Participles. A periphrastic participle involves a finite verb (ειμι) + a participle. The term periphrastic related to the roundabout way of expressing the verbal idea In other words, instead of simply using one verb to express the action, a verb plus a participle is used. Before we discuss the specific types of periphrastic participles, it will be helpful to discuss some common characteristics of this construction.

2 2 (2:3) 1. The finite verb found in a periphrastic construction is usually a form of the verb ειμι. 2. The finite verb can occur in the present, imperfect, or future tense-forms. 3. The participle will be either present or perfect and will usually occur in the nominative case. 4. The participle usually follows the indicative verb (only rarely will the participle precede the main verb). 5. This construction is often used to highlight verbal aspect. 6. It is most common in Mark s, John s, and especially Luke s writings. 7. The most common form in the NT is the imperfect periphrastic. See KMP, ὤφθησαν aorist passive ὁράω = see, catch sight of, notice (of sense perception under BAGD 577b. The functions of the aorist active are taken over by εἰδον and the forms belonging to it. βλέπω is used for the present and imperfect for the most part. And ὀφ-(?) for the aorist. διαμεριζόμεναι present middle/passive participle διαμερίζω = divide, separate, distribute, divide (only passive) be divided under BAGD 186b. γλῶσσα, ης, ἡ = tongue, language under BAGD 162a. ὡσεί = (particle denoting comparison) as, like, (something) like, (with numbers and measures) about under BAGD 899a. πῦρ, πύρος, ὁ = fire under BAGD 730b-. ἐκάθισεν aorist active καθίζω = cause to sit down, seat, set under BAGD 389b. (2:4) ἐπλήσθησαν aorist passive πληρόω. ἤρξαντο aorist middle ἄρχω = be first, (active) rule over something or someone, (middle) begin under BAGD 113b.

3 3 λαλεῖν present active infinitive λαλέω = sound, give forth sounds or tones (which form a kind of speech), speak under BAGD 463a. ἐδίδου imperfective active δίδωμι = give, grant, bestow, impart under BAGD 192b. ἀποφθέγγεσθαι present middle infinitive ἀποφθέγγομαι = speak out, declare (boldly or loudly (of the speech of the wise man) under BAGD 102a. Grammatical note = Infinitives. Purpose. A purpose infinitive communicates the goal or intent of an action or state expressed by the controlling verb. Students oftentimes have difficulty distinguishing between a purpose and a result infinitive. The main difference is that a purpose infinitive indicates an intended result, whereas a result infinitive indicates what has actually already resulted (or a conceived result). The function of a purpose infinitive is similar to ἱνα + infinitive. A purpose infinitive can be tested by adding the words in order to or for the purpose of directly in front of the infinitive. Purpose infinitives can be identified when they are the objects of prepositions. Although they can occur as simple infinitives they also occur with the article του or after the prepositions εις το and προς το. It is usually sufficient simple to translate the purpose infinitive with to + the verbal meaning. At times, it might be better to use that, so that, in order that or in order to. Purpose clauses often occur after verbs of motion (such as ἐροχομαι, -βαινω, and πορευομαι, sending (such as ἀποστελλω), giving (such as διδωμι), and choosing (such as ἐκλεγομαι). See KMP, 362. (2:5) κατοικοῦντες present active participle κατοικέω = (intransitive) live, dwell, reside, settle (down) (transitive) inhabit something under BAGD 424a. εὐλαβής, ές = (in our literature only of religious attitudes) devout, God-fearing under BAGD 322a. Rare. ἀπὸ παντὸς ἔθνους τῶν ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν Interesting construction. Does this resemble a similar construction in the Hebrew Bible or in rabbinic literature? (2:6) γενομένης aorist middle participle γίνομαι.

4 4 συνῆλθεν aorist active συνέρχομαι = come together, assemble, gather, come, go, (or) travel (together) with someone under BAGD 788a. πλῆθος, ους, τό = quantity (or) number, large number, multitude, meeting, assembly, people, meeting, assembly under BAGD 668a. συνεχύθη aorist active συγχέω = confound, throw into consternation (passive) be amazed, surprised, excited, agitated under BAGD 775a. ἤκουον imperfect active ἀκούω. λαλούντω present active participle λαλέω = sound, give forth sounds or tones (which form a kind of speech), speak under BAGD 463a. ἴδιος, ία, ον = one s own, belonging to an individual under BAGD 369b. διάλεκτος, ου, ἡ = language (of a nation or a region) under BAGD 185b. ὅτι ἤκουον εἷς ἕκαστος τῇ ἰδίᾳ διαλέκτῳ λαλούντων αὐτῶν The syntax of this clause is a little difficult. Because heard one each in own dialect/language speaking them = because each one heard them speaking in his own language? Grammatical note = Inceptive Imperfect. The imperfect tense-form (past imperfective aspect) is often used to emphasize the beginning of an action (or, less common, a state). This inceptive nuance is communicated by the lexical meaning of the verb and the context. Because of the progressive aspect, the implication is that the action, after it began, continued to some duration. In contrast, the inceptive use of the aorist, while also stressing the beginning of the state (or, less common, action), does not imply that the state continued. Like many of the various uses of the imperfect, this use is common in narratives and often indicates a shift in topic or a change in the action. In order to communicate this use, began or started is usually added to the English translation. See KMP, 266. (2:7) ἐξίσταντο imperfect middle ἐξίστημι = (transitive) change, displace, (then) drive one out of one s senses, confuse, amaze, astound (intransitive) become separated from something, lose something, lose one s mind, be out of one s sense (so Euripedes and others) under BAGD 276a.

5 5 ἐθαύμαζον imperfect active θαυμάζω = (intransitive) wonder, marvel, be astonished (the context determines whether in a good or bad sense), wonder at something (transitive) admire, wonder at (with accusative) under BAGD 352a. λέγοντες present active participle λέγω. ἅπας, α, αν = whole, all, everybody under BAGD 81b. λαλοῦντες present active participle λαλέω. οὐχ ἰδοὺ ἅπαντες οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ λαλοῦντες Γαλιλαῖοι Another difficult clause. Not behold all these are the speaking ones Galileans = Are not all these who are speaking Galileans? Grammatical note = Cognate dative. The cognate dative is aligned with the verb either with regard to the root of the word or with regard to the idea conveyed. The cognate dative is sometimes called the Hebraic dative because of its affinity with the similar construction in the Hebrew OT. In English, it is often most appropriate to translate the cognate dative with an intensifying adjective (such as utterly, fervently, or earnestly ). For more examples of explicit (linguistic) cognate datives, see Acts 2:7. See KMP, 135 and n60. (2:8) ἐγεννήθημεν aorist passive γεννάω = beget, (of women) bear (Aeschylus and others), bring forth, produce, cause under BAGD 155a. ἐν ᾗ ἐγεννήθημεν How does this clause function in this verse? In which it happens/comes to be? Grammatical note = Progressive Present. This use of the present tense-form conveys an action that is in progress, as opposed to an action performed instantaneously. The action isviewed as continuous but should not be confused with an action that is repeated, regularly performed, or is a general truth that is timeless. The progressive present is consistent with the progressive aspect in that it presents an action as in progress or in the process of being accomplished. Consequently, it is usually best translated as a continuous present with the helping verb is/are. This use is especially common in narratives where the verb occurs in direct (or sometimes indirect) discouse. See KMP, 256.

6 6 (2:9) κατοικοῦντες present active participle κατοικέω. (2:10) μέρος, ους, τό = part (in contrast to the whole), component part, element, the parts (of a country), region, district, side, piece, branch (or) line of business, matter, affair, share under BAGD 506a. ἐπιδημοῦντες present active participle ἐπιδημέω = stay in a place as a stranger (or) visitor, be in town, return home under BAGD 292a. (2:11) προσήλυτος, ου, ὁ = proselyte (one who has come over), convert under BAGD 714b. λαλούντων present active participle λαλέω. ἡμέτερος, α, ον = our under BAGD 347b. μεγαλεῖος, α, ον = magnificent, splendid, grand, greatness, sublimity under BAGD 496b. (2:12) ἐξίσταντο imperfect middle ἐξίστημι. διηπόρουν imperfect active διαπορέω = be greatly perplexed, at a loss about BAGD 187b. θέλει θέλω = wish (of desire), wish to have, desire, want something under BAGD 354b. τί θέλει τοῦτο εἶναι Note how Koine Greek expresses mean. Literally what does this want to be? (2:13)

7 7 διαχλευάζοντες present active participle διαχλευάζω = deride, mock under BAGD 191a. Hapax in the New Testament. ἔλεγον imperfect active λέγω. γλεῦκος, ους, τό = sweet new wine under BAGD 162a. Hapax in the New Testament. μεμεστωμένοι perfect passive participle μεστόω = fill under BAGD 508b. Hapax in the New Testament. Grammatical note = The Participle may also denote the means by which the action of the principal verb is brought about, or the manner in which it is effected, or the circumstances which attend its performance. Manner: But others mocking said ὡς is often inserted before a participle of Manner. See Nunn 258. Grammatical note = Participles. Manner. An adverbial participle of manner answers the question of How? the main verb was performed. Because the participle of means answers this same question, there is often confusion between these two uses. The participle of manner refers to the way in which an action is carried out, often translated as an adverb. It often conveys an emotion or attitude. In contrast, the participle of means related to the method by which something was completed. The participle of manner may employ the particle ὡς ( as ). This category is much less common than the participle of means. See KMP, 330. (2:14) Σταθεὶς aorist passive participle ἵστημι. ἐπῆρεν aorist active ἐπαίρω = lift up, hold up something (passive) (figurative) rise up, offer resistance, be in opposition, be presumptuous, put on airs under BAGD 281b-. ἀπεφθέγξατο aorist middle ἀποφθέγγομαι = speak out, declare (boldly or loudly) under BAGD 102a. γνωστός, ή, όν = known, capable of being known, intelligible under BAGD 164a. ἔστω present active imperative είμι.

8 8 ἐνωτίσασθε aorist middle imperative ἔνωτίζομαι = give ear, pay attention to something under BAGD 271a. Hapax in the New Testament. Similar to Hiphil Ishtar)? or even Akkadian uzunša iškun (Descent of?אזן ῥῆμα, ατος, τό = that which is said, word, saying, expression, (after the Hebrew) thing, object, matter, event under BAGD 735a. (2:15) ὑπολαμβάνετε present active ὑπολαμβάνω = take up someone, receive as a guest, support, assume, think, believe, be of the opinion under BAGD 845a. μεθύω = be drunk under BAGD 499b. ἔστιν γὰρ ὥρα τρίτη τῆς ἡμέρας Many have found this statement mildly amusing. They re not drunk. Because because it s too early in the day! (2:16) εἰρημένον perfect passive participle λέγω. Again note how λέγω uses different stems for different stems and aspects. προφήτης, ου, ὁ = prophet (as proclaimer and interpreter of the divine revelation) under BAGD 723a. (2:17) ἐσχάτος, η, ον = last (of place, or rank and succession), (of time) least, last under BAGD 313b. ἐκχεῶ - future active ἐκχέω = pour out (passive) give up (or) abandon oneself under BAGD 247a. σάρξ, σάρκος, ἡ = flesh, (literally of the material that covers the bones of a human or animal body), the body (itself viewed as a substance), a man of flesh and blood, human (or) mortal nature, earthly descent under BAGD 743a.

9 9 προφητεύσουσιν future active προφητεύω = proclaim a divine revelation, prophetically reveal (what is hidden), foretell the future, prophesy under BAGD 723a. θυγάτηρ, τρός, ἡ = daughter, (to denote a more general relationship) under BAGD 364b. νεανίσκος, ου, ὁ = youth, young man, servant under BAGD 534b. ὅρασις, εος, ἡ = organ of sight, eye, (that which is seen), spectacle, (of extraordinary vision) under BAGD 577b. ὄψονται future middle ὁράω. ἐνύπνιον, ου, τό = a dream under BAGD 270b. Hapax in the New Testament. ἐνυπνιασθήσοντα future passive ἐνυπνιάζομαι = dream under BAGD 270b. Hapax in the New Testament. (2:18) δοῦλος, ου, ὁ = slave, (in contrast to the master), (in contrast to the son), (in contrast to a Christian brother) under BAGD 205b. προφητεύσουσιν future active προφητεύω. (2:19) δώσω future active δίδωμι. τέρας, ατος, τό = prodigy, portent, omen, wonder (in our literature only plural and combined with σημεια) under BAGD 812b. σημεῖον, ου, τό = sign, the sign or distinguishing mark by which something is known, token, indication under BAGD 747b. αἷμα, ατος, τό = blood, (of the (apocalyptic) red color) under BAGD 22b. πῦρ, ός, τό = fire under BAGD 729b.

10 10 ἀτμίς, ίδος, ἡ = mist, vapor under BAGD 120a. Hapax in the New Testament. καπνός, οῦ, ὁ = smoke: under BAGD 403a. Rare. (2:20) ἥλιος, ου, ὁ = the sun (with and without the article) under BAGD 345b. μεταστραφήσεται future passive μεταστρέφω = change, alter, pervert something into something under BAGD 513a. Appears to be used predominantly in a negative sense. σκότος, ους, τό = darkness, gloom under BAGD 757b. σελήνη, ης, ἡ = moon under BAGD 746b. ἐλθεῖν aorist active infinitive ἔρχομαι. μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα = large, great, (with the concept of spaciousness), (of quantity), (of intensity) under BAGD 497b. ἐπιφανής, ές = (adjective) splendid, glorious, remarkable (of the day of God s judgment) under BAGD 304a. Grammatical note = Infinitives. Subsequent Time. With the subsequent time use of the infinitive, the action of the infinitive occurs after the action of the main or controlling verb and is expressed by προ του or πριν (ἤ) + infinitive. As was mentioned in the discussion for the previous time use of the infinitive, this category is often mislabeled. Because the action of the infinitive takes place after the action of the main verb, the word before is used in translation. Thus, before the action of the main verb took place. See KMP, 366. (2:21) ἐπικαλέσηται future middle subjunctive ἐπικαλέω = call, call out, name, give a name, appeal to someone under BAGD 294a. σωθήσεται future passive σῷζω = save, keep from harm, preserve, rescue, save (or) free from disease, keep, preserve (passive) thrive, prosper, get on well, save (or) preserve from eternal death, be saved, attain salvation under BAGD 798a.

11 Grammatical note = Subjunctive. Indefinite Relative or Temporal Clause. The subjunctive is used after the indefinite relative pronouns ὁστις (ἄν/ἐαν) or ὅς (δ ) ἄν. These constructions generally indicate a generic or indefinite subject. That is, they make a relative pronoun (eg, who ) indefinite or uncertain ( whoever ). See KMP, See also KMP,