حديد. 5 ا فيذيميا. شرح جالينوس. E: اقايله يستنكر M 10 E: يسكر M, in al ىسىىكر in marg. scr. Colv. 11sq. حديد [ا لثغ hic post

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1 شرح جالينوس للمقالة الثانية من كتاب ا بقراط المسم ى ا فيذيميا المقالة السادسة المقالة السادسة من تفسير جالينوس للمقالة الثانية من كتاب ا بقراط المسم ى ا فيذيميا. قال جالينوس: ا ن هذه المقالة ا خر مقالة جعلتها في تفسير المقالة الثانية من كتاب ا فيذيميا. وفي هذه المقالة ا قاويل كثيرة بعضها مخالف ا صلا لرا ي ا بقراط وبعضها يرتاب بها ولذلك بالواجب لست ا قتصر على تفسير جميع ا قاويله لكن ي ا مي ز مع ذلك بين الا قاويل الصحيحة وبين الا قاويل المخالفة لرا ي ا بقراط والا قاويل 10 التي قد يستنكر ويرتاب بها كما قد فعلت فيما سلف. قال ا بقراط: ا لثغ خفيف اللسان صاحب وسواس سوداوي خالص كثير الطرف حديد. قال جالينوس: قد قرن قوم قوله «صاحب وسواس سوداوي «بالجزء الثاني من هذا القول فجعلوه على هذا المثال: «صاحب وسواس سوداوي خالص <كثير> M: om. E 5 تفسير ا بقراط Colv. Quintus deest et sextus incipit in marg. scr. [المقالة السادسة 4 ا قاويله M وكذلك E: ولذلك E 8 مخالفة M: مخالف M: om. E 7 جالينوس M: om. E 6 ا فيذيميا E: اقايله يستنكر M 10 E: يسكر M, in al ىسىىكر in marg. scr. Colv. 11sq. حديد [ا لثغ hic post duas vel tres lineas 6. quibus (?) in in marg. scr. ا لثغ Colv. 11 M A: اللثغ E ante صاحب scr. et del. طحاب M خالص E M: om. على A 14 E: om. M سوداوي E: om. M post سوداوي add. addidi كثير E كثير

2 GALEN COMMENTARY ON T HE SECOND BOOK OF HIPPOCRATES' EPIDEMICS PART V I The sixth part of G a l e n 's Commentary on the second book of the work of H i p - p o c r a t e s called Epidemics. Galen said: This is the final part of the commentary I wrote on the second book of the Epidemics. There are many statements in it which are either in complete disagreement with H i p p o c r a t e s ' opinions or dubious. It is therefore necessary that I not just explain everything he said but also distinguish between true statements, ones that disagree with H i p p o c r a t e s ' opinion and ones that may be objectionable and dubious, as I have done previously. VI 1 Hippocrates said [VI 1: V 132,16sq. L.]: L i s p i n g, l i v e l y t o n g u e d, m e l - ancholic, pure, blinking frequently, vehement. Galen said: Some people have attached his expression m e l a n c h o l i c to the second part of this passage and put it as follows: the melancholic is pure, blinking fre-

3 768 Galen, Commentary on the second book 355 الطرف حديد» وقد ظن قوم من ا تباع ا بقراط ا ن هذا القول كل ه قول واحد يدل على الذين هم مستعد ون متهي ئون للوقوع في «الوسواس السوداوي «كما لو كان كتب: «ا ن الا لثغ الخفيف اللسان الخالص الكثير الطرف الحديد صاحب وسواس». وهذه الا قاويل ا ن ما ا ثبتها ا بقراط تذكرات لنفسه ثم ا ن ثاسالوس ابنه با خرة 5 جمعها وا ل فها. وقد نفعل نحن مثل هذا كثيرا ا ن نقصد ا لى شيء من الا شياء فنثبت له بالخاطر الا و ل دليلين ثم نذكر من بعد دلائل ا خر فلا نمتنع من ا ن نلحقها بعد تلك من غير ا ن نصلح الكلام حت ى يستوي نسقه با سره فقد يمكن ا ن يكون هذا القول ا ن ما كتب على هذا المعنى ويمكن ا ن يكون قولين الا و ل منهما على هذا المثال: «الا لثغ الخفيف اللسان صاحب وسواس سوداوي «والثاني على 10 هذا المثال: «الخالص الكثير الطرف حديد». فا م ا «الا لثغ» فقد تقد م قولي فيه وا ما «الخفيف اللسان» فيقال ا ن ه يدل على ا ن طبيعته طبيعة سريعة الحركة حاد ة وصاحب هذه الطبيعة لا تزال المر ة الصفراء غالبة عليه ا لى وقت منتهى شبابه ثم ا ن ه في تلك السن يميل ا لى السوداء لاحتراق 11sq. حاد ة [وا ما. Ḥunayn, Ǧawāmiʿ II 6: Ambrosianus B 135 sup., fol. 129 v ,1 11sq. v. Ḥunayn, Ǧawāmiʿ II 6: Ambrosianus B 135 sup., fol. 129 v [وصاحب عليها E: om. M الطرف حديد 1 M وذكر K: E وقد ظن ut vid., in marg. corr. E 3,فوق K M: om. E, ex قوم E ىىىىون M: K متهي ئون 2 E M: om. K كان K M: om. E ا ن 3 K: E: sine punctis ىاىىلس [ثاسالوس 4 M, Thessalus in marg. scr. Colv.: scripsi تاس الس M ابتدا K: E ابنه M فنسبت E: ڡىٯىىت K: فنثبت 6 Colv. in marg. scr. تنسٯ ه بتدبيره in al nescio quid [نسقه با سره 7 E M نفسه K: نسقه وقد M: K فقد E 9sq. الا لثغ المثال E M: om. K على 11 K M: om. E طبيعته المر ة 12 E K: om. M, in marg. add. Colv. سريعة K Ḥunayn: om. M, in marg. add. Colv.: شرىفة E post سريعة in marg. add. et del. لمارة Colv. حاد ة K Ḥunayn: om. M, لمارة in marg. add. Colv.: حارة E تزال E K Ḥunayn: om. M, ىدان in marg. add. Colv. منتهى 13 E M Ḥunayn: ex م ىتهاها corr. K ا ن ه E M Ḥunayn: اخد K ante تلك السن add. مىل K لاحتراق K Ḥunayn: لاحيراو E: لاحراق M

4 of Hippocrates Epidemics part VI quently, vehement. Some followers of H i p p o c r a t e s thought that this entire passage is a single sentence that refers to people who are prone and predisposed to m e l - ancholy, as if he had written: the lisper who is lively tongued, pure, frequently blinking and vehement is melancholic. H i p p o c r a t e s only recorded these observations as reminders for himself, T h e s s a l u s then collected and compiled them later on. We often do the same thing: we focus on something, record evidence on first impressions, then afterwards note down other evidence, and nothing stops us from adding to it later, without correcting the observation (itself ), so that it is evenly arranged. He may have written this passage in this sense, but it may (also) be the case that it is two sentences, the first of which is as follows: the lisper who is lively tongued is melancholic and the second is as follows: the pure (person) who is blinking frequently is vehement. I have discussed the l i s p e r before. It is said that l i ve l y t o n g u e d indicates that his nature is quick-moving and impetuous. Someone with this nature is constantly dominated by yellow bile until the end of his adolescence and then, at that age, in-

5 770 Galen, Commentary on the second book الصفراء بقو ة الحرارة عليها. وعلى هذا فس ر الجزء الا و ل من هذا القول من قرا ه مفردا مقطوعا عن الجزء الثاني ولم يبعد من الا قناع فيما فس ر من ذلك. وا م ا الجزء الثاني من هذا القول ففيه حرف ليس بالبي ن وهو قوله «خالص». وذلك ا ن هذا الحرف ا ذا قرن بشيء ا خر دل على ا ن ذلك الشيء صرف محض 5 لا يشوبه ولا يخالطه غيره وعلى هذا المعنى يدل قولنا في مرار خالص ومتى ا فرد هذا الحرف لم يدل على شيء ا ل ا ا ن ا توه م معه شيئا ا خر قد ا لقى ذكره لبيانه. فتحتاج ا لى ا ن تفهم في هذا الموضع مع قوله «خالص» ما يدل على «الوسواس السوداوي «ا ي تلك الدلائل خالصة قوي ة مثل سواد اللون ا و حمرته ا و كثرة الشعر وقو ته في البدن كل ه وخاص ة على القص فقد علمنا ا ن هذه الدلائل تدل على ا ن 10 طبيعة صاحبها مائلة ا لى الوسواس السوداوي واختبرنا ذلك بالتجربة. ووجدنا ا يضا الفرهة من الا طب اء قد ظن وا هذه الدلائل في دلائل الوسواس السوداوي وكذلك غلظ الشفتين فقد قيل في هذا ا يضا ا ن ه من دلائل غلبة السوداء. وقد را ينا كثيرا مم ن غلبت عليه السوداء بهذه الحال واللون المفرط الحمرة ا و الا سود وكثرة الشعر وخاص ة ا ذا كان صلبا ا سود مم ا قد يسهل وجود السبب في 15 حدوثه وقد بي ن ا ذلك في كتابنا في المزاج. وليس الحال كذلك في غلظ الشفتين فا م ا روفس فكتب فيه بهذا اللفظ: «وصاحب هذه الحال يكون غليظ الشفتين لا ن حركة الحرارة تكون فيه ا لى ما هناك كثيرة». M 4 ڡي K: E من M فام ا K: ڡاما E: وا م ا K 3 او على M: E وعلى K عليه Ḥunayn: E M عليها 1 M, vel ق ر ي add. قولنا M 5 post الج زء E: الجزء K: الحرف Colv. 6 in alio deerat in marg. scr. قصي M: K كثرة M وحمرته K: E ا و حمرته E M 8 لسانه K: لبيانه M شي K: E شيئا M يفهم K: E ا توه م [واختبرنا E 10 القصر Colv.: in marg. scr. القصر K M, in al القص M 9 الشقر K: E الشعر E شقر له الوسواس 11sq. E M كتبوا K: ظن وا M الفرقة K: E الفرهة Colv. 11 in marg. scr. واعتبرنا in al وكذلك K: E وكثرة E K: om. M 14 كثيرا E K: om. M وقد السوداء M 13 الس ودا K: E السوداوي K ىدل E: M: om. بي ن ا K M: om. E 15 مم ا الشفتين 14sq. corr. K اسودا E M: ex ا سود M كثرة E هذا M: K بهذا M وكتب K: E فكتب M, Rufus in marg. scr. Colv.: sine punctis E K روفس 16

6 of Hippocrates Epidemics part VI clines towards black bile because the yellow bile is burnt through the power the heat has over it. This is how people who read the first part of this passage in isolation and separate from the second part explain it, and their explanation is fairly convincing. 1 The second part of this passage contains a word that is unclear, namely p u r e. For when this word is combined with something else, it indicates that that thing is unmixed and unadulterated, not contaminated by or blended with anything else. Our expression pure bile illustrates this meaning. But when this word stands alone, it does not indicate anything unless I take it (in combination) with something else that has not been mentioned because it is obvious. Hence, you need to understand his word p u r e here with something that indicates m e l a n c h o l y, that is to say, t h e s e i n d i c a t o r s a r e p u r e a n d s t r o n g, for example a black or red complexion, or abundant and strong hair on the entire body, especially the breastbone. 2 We know that these indicators signal that the nature of someone who displays them inclines towards melancholy, and we have tested this through experience. We have also found that proficient physicians considered these indicators signs of melancholy, including thick lips. They are also said to be indicators of the predominance of black bile. We have often seen that when people in this condition are dominated by black bile, have extremely red or black complexions and abundant hair, especially when it is hard and black, it is easy to determine the cause for this. We have explained this in our book On Mixture. 3 But this is not the case with thick lips. R u f u s wrote about this in the following words: Someone in this condition has thick lips because the heat in him moves where it is abundant. 1 lit. it is not far from persuasion 2 The Arabic translator rendered the term κατακορέες (V 132,17 L.), which can be applied to colours ( deep ) as well as the character and quantity of body hair ( strong ), with pure (ḫāliṣ), which does not reproduce the double meaning of the Greek word. 3 cf. Gal. De temp. II 5: p. 64,14 70,27 Helmr. = I 611,7 621,17 K.

7 772 Galen, Commentary on the second book وا م ا «كثرة طرف» العينين فتدل على سرعة حركة من الرا ي. وا م ا «الحد ة» ا عني سرعة الغضب فقد قلت فيها قبل. فقد تبي ن كيف ينبغي ا ن يفس ر الجزء الثاني من هذا القول ا ذا قرئ مفردا على حدته وكيف ينبغي ا ن يفس ر القول با سره ا ذا جعل صفة لدلائل عل ة واحدة وهي «الوسواس السوداوي». 5 قال ا بقراط: صاحب الرا س الكبير والعينين الكحلاءين الكبيرتين والا نف 356 الغليظ الا فطس جي د. قال جالينوس: ا ن قوله في هذا الكلام ا يضا «جي د» ا ن كان ا ن ما ا راد به الخلق فليس ينتفع بهذا الكلام في الطب وا ن كان ا ن ما ا راد به حال البدن كل ه في صح ته فقد ينتفع بهذا الكلام في الطب والقول في سبب كل واحد من هذين 10 المعنيين يطول كان المعنى في هذا الكلام خلق النفس الجي د ا و حال البدن الصحيح. ا ل ا ا ن المفس رين قد قالوا في تفسير هذا القول ا قاويل كثيرة تناقض بعضها بعضا وصر ف كل واحد منهم المعنى نحو هواه من ذلك ا ن «عظم الرا س» كما قلت قبل جعله بعضهم دليل الرطوبة وجعله بعضهم دليل اليبس وكذلك «كبر العينين». 15 ولم نذكر فيما تقد م في ا مر لون العينين شيئا وا نا ذاكر ذلك الا ن. فقد ظن قوم ا ن اللون الا سود من العينين ا عني «الا كحل» دليل على المزاج اليابس واللون الا زرق دليل على المزاج الرطب من قبل ا ن الطفل يكون في ا و ل ا مره ا ميل ا لى الزرقة فا ذا 5sq. جي د [صاحب. b. Riḍwān, Fawāʾid II 6: Cantabr. Dd , fol. 150 r v 1 M بها K: E فيها 2 II فقد K M: ٯد E 4 post واحدة iter. et del. وك ي ف ينب غي ان ىفسر القول باسر ه M 5 M: K به K M: om. E, in marg. add. E 3 الكلام ا يضا M 7 الحلاوين Riḍwān: E K A b. الكحلاءين المعن ي ن K: E المعنيين E M: om. K 10 في الطب M من هذا K: E بهذا om. E, in marg. add. E 3 9 M 11 post القول add. ايض ا M ا قاويل E M: اٯوال ا K بعضها K M: ىعضهم العينين E 16 K M: E K: om. M ا لى M 17 ل ي س K: E دليل ut vid., E,الكسير

8 of Hippocrates Epidemics part VI F r e qu e n t b l i n k i n g o f t h e e y e s indicates quick movement in thinking. I have discussed v e h e m e n c e, that is, short temper, before. It is therefore clear how the second part of this passage should be explained when read separately by itself and how the entire passage should be explained when it is taken as a description of the indications of the same illness, namely m e l a n c h o l y. VI 2 Hippocrates said [VI 1: V 132,18sq. L.]: S o m e o n e w i t h a l a r g e h e a d, large, black eyes and a thick, snub nose is good. Galen said: If by also saying good in this passage he meant the character, this passage would not be useful for medicine, but if he meant by it the healthy condition of the entire body, this passage would be useful for medicine. One could talk at length about the reasoning behind each of these two meanings, whether the meaning in this passage is the good character of the soul or the healthy condition of the body. But the commentators have made many mutually contradictory statements in their comments on this passage. Each of them changed the meaning at his convenience: some took a l a r g e h e a d, as I have said above, to be an indicator of wetness, others took it to be an indicator of dryness, as (they did) l a r g e e y e s. We have not said anything yet about the colour of the eyes, and I shall discuss this now. Some people thought that the black colour of the eyes, that is, b l a c k e y e s, indicates a dry mixture and that blue colour indicates a wet mixture because children

9 774 Galen, Commentary on the second book تمادى به الزمان فبحسب ما يزداد يبسا يزداد لون عينيه سوادا وقال قوم ا ن ه كما ا ن لون الجلد فيمن كان مزاجه ا شد يبسا ا زيد سوادا كذلك لون العينين. ولم يبي ن واحد من الفريقين ا مر طبيعة العينين وقد بي ن ا من ا مرهما ا ن هما تقبلان روحا ني را من الدماغ فبحسب ذلك الروح يختلف لونهما كما يختلف لون البحر 5 فقد نجده يكون ا سود ويكون ا زرق ويكون ا سمانجوني ا ويكون ا شهل ورب ما كان بين الا سمانجوني وبين الا سود وليس لهذا اللون اسم خاص ا ل ا ا ن العين ا ذا كانت بهذا اللون شب هت بعين العنز لا ن لون عين العنز في ا كثر الا مر هذا اللون. فكما ا ن الماء يتبي ن ا سود على وجهين ا م ا بسبب كثرته مثل اللج ة المعروفة «بالسوداء» وا م ا بسبب ا ن الهواء المحيط به مظلم كدر كما قد يرى البحر يكون 10 في الشتاء كذلك يكون لون العينين ا سود ا م ا من قبل ا ن النور الذي يا تيها من فوق ليس بالني ر الصافي لكن ه مظلم ضبابي وا م ا من قبل كثرة الرطوبة التي في العينين في 5sq. الا سود [فقد. Ḥunayn, Ǧawāmiʿ II 6: Ambrosianus B 135 sup., fol. 129 v 30sq , Ḥunayn, Ǧawāmiʿ II 6: Ambrosianus B 135 sup., fol. 129 v [فكما بالعنبة b. Riḍwān, Fawāʾid II 6: Cantabr. Dd , fol. 150 r [الماء بالعنبة 8 776,1 K ڡى M: E من M ترا K: E ني را E 4 مں M: K ا مر E يتىيں M: K يبي ن K 3 اشد M: E ا زيد 2 ويكون iter. يكون ا سود M post وقد K: E فقد K 5 هذه add. البحر K post ىحسب M: E فبحسب E 6 اشهلا Ḥunayn: K M ا شهل M اسمانجوميا K: E ا سمانجوني ا E اسود E K الا سمانجوني Ḥunayn: الاسما ىحري بعين العنز M 7 K M: بغير العين E عين K: om. M: غير E العين M: K العنز II E 8 ante يتبي ن add. ىم E اللحميه [اللج ة E: اللحمه K: اللحهية M, in uno اللحمية in alio اللحيه in marg. scr. Colv.: لجه الىحر b. Riḍwān: الىحه Ḥunayn, sine punctis in marg. scr. Colv.: conieci 10 b. E M الصافي M 11 ى ابس ا Ḥunayn: E K b. Riḍwān يا تيها M اللون Ḥunayn: E K b. Riḍwān النور Riḍwān Ḥunayn: الصاڡ K vel صاى in marg. scr. Colv. صامى vel videtur صاىى M, in al صافى Ḥunayn: E K b. Riḍwān ضبابي

10 of Hippocrates Epidemics part VI at first tend more towards blue but as time progresses their eyes become blacker, corresponding to increasing dryness. Others said that just as the complexion of the skin is blacker for people with a drier mixture, so is the colour of the eyes. Neither of these two groups has explained the nature of the eyes. We on the other hand have explained that they receive luminous pneuma from the brain and that their colour varies in accordance with that pneuma just as the colour of the sea varies: we find that it is black, blue, sky-blue, deep-blue, and sometimes it is between sky-blue and black. This colour does not have its own name but when eyes have this colour, they resemble the eyes of goats because goats' eyes mostly have this colour. Just as water appears black in two ways, either because of its quantity like the sea known as the Black (Sea), or because the air that surrounds it is as gloomy and turbid as the sea appears to be in winter, so is the colour of the eyes dark either because the light they receive from above is not purely bright but gloomy and hazy, or because there is a large quantity of moisture in the eyes in the space between the crystalline

11 776 Galen, Commentary on the second book 357 الفضاء الذي فيما بين الرطوبة الجليدي ة والغشاء الشبيه بالعنبة. وقد يكتفي بهذا في لون العينين. وا ن ما قلت ما قلت منه بسبب ا صحاب الشره في الكلام وا م ا الا حسن فترك ا شباه هذا الكلام ا صلا ا ذ كن ا قد استقصينا البحث عنه في كتب ا خر. فا م ا من 5 كانت سن ه سن ا لا يؤاتيه لمعاناة الكلام الذي فيه طول ولا تقد مت له رياضة في الكلام البرهاني والكلام الطبيعي فا شير عليه ا ن يدع هذا الكلام ا لى ما هو ا نفع منه في صناعة الطب لكن ي ا عرف كثيرا من الناس يغلب عليهم كما قلت الشره في الكلام فيريدون ا ن يذوقوا من كل شيء طرفا ويكسلون عن استقصاء تعل م كل واحد من تلك الا شياء على الكمال. 10 ولا ن ا بقراط قد ذكر «الا نف» فينبغي ا ن نقول فيه ا يضا شيئا بسبب ا صحاب الشره في الكلام: ا ن الا نف الدقيق المسنون دليل على المزاج اليابس ا ذ كان ا ن ما نراه يكون كذلك ا ذا غلب اليبس على الوجه بسبب الاستفراغ ا م ا من سهر وا م ا من ذرب وا م ا من جوع كما عل منا ا بقراط في افتتاح كتابه في تقدمة المعرفة حين قال: «الا نف الدقيق والعينان الغائرتان» وسائر ما وصف ثم ا تبع ذلك با ن يخص الا نف v. b. Riḍwān, Fawāʾid II 6: Cantabr. Dd , fol. 150 r [ا عرف الكمال sq. v. b. Riḍwān, Fawāʾid II 6: Cantabr. Dd , fol. 150 r [اليابس Progn. 2,1: p. 4,5sq. Jouanna = II 114,2 L.:. Buqrāṭ, Taqdima 206,1 Hipp. [الا نف الغائرتان 14 M اح س ن K: E الا حسن M 3 بالعينبة Riḍwān: E K b. بالعنبة M الجلدية Riḍwān: E K b. الجليدي ة 1 M, in alio لمعاني K: E لمعاناة E سببا Colv.: in marg. scr. سببا K M, in alio سن ا M 5 اذا K: E ا ذ 4 Colv. 6 in marg. scr. لمعاناة K يذوقوا M ير يد ون Riḍwān: E K b. فيريدون M 8 الطبي K: E الطبيعي M, in al بذموا in marg. scr. Colv.: يذموا E تعل م M b. Riḍwān: بعلم E: علم ولا ن K 10 E K: الا ان M 11 ante ا ن add. الا من M 12 K M: om. E 14 post قال add. ان M والعينان E K: الع ي ن ي ن M post M العاتيق del. scr. et والعينان M الغارت ي ن K: E الغائرتان E قال del. add. et با ن post K: E يخص M لخص

12 of Hippocrates Epidemics part VI liquid and the grape-like membrane. This shall suffice concerning the colour of the eyes. I only said what I said about it because of people who are eager to argue. But it is best to set this kind of discussion aside altogether since we have thoroughly investigated it in other books. 1 I would advise those who are of an age at which it is inappropriate to be burdened by long discussions and who have no previous experience with the discourse of logic and natural (philosophy) to set this (kind of ) discussion aside in favour of something that is more beneficial for the medical art. But I know many people who are, as I said, overcome by their eagerness for argument and want to dabble in everything 2 but are too lazy to learn each one of these things thoroughly and completely. Because H i p p o c r a t e s mentioned the n o s e, we also have to say something about it because of those eager to argue: a thin, pointed nose indicates a dry mixture since we only see that it is such when dryness dominates the face as a result of excretion, either from insomnia, diarrhoea or hunger, as H i p p o c r a t e s has taught us at the beginning of his book Prognostic when he said: a thin nose and hollow eyes and the rest he described. He then added (some) specifics and said: it is necessary to ask 1 cf. e.g. Gal. De sympt. causis I 2: V II 99,2 14 K. 2 lit. want to taste a bit of everything

13 778 Galen, Commentary on the second book فقال: «ا ن ه ينبغي ا ن يسا ل هل ا رق المريض ا و لان بطنه لينا كثيرا ا و بعد عهده بالغذاء». فا م ا الا نف الذي حاله ضد حال هذا وهو «الغليظ الا فطس» فيدل على ضد المزاج الذي يدل عليه ذلك ا عني على المزاج الرطب. وقد ات فق جميعهم على هذا على ا ن هم غير مت فقين كما قلت فيما تقد م ذكره ا ل ا ا ن ا قربهم من الا قناع 5 يروم ا ن يضيف صاحب هذه الحال التي ذكرها ا بقراط في هذا الكلام في المزاج المتوس ط ويقولون ا ن ه لم ا كان كذلك كانت حاله في الصح ة حالا جي دة محمودة ويصح حون ا ن مزاج هذا مزاج متوس ط من ا ن ه ا ضيف ا لى دلائل الرطوبة من الا نف دلائل اليبس من الرا س والعينين ا م ا من واحد منهما وا م ا من كليهما. قالوا: فهذا المزاج المتوس ط لم ا كان ا فضل مزاج دل من بدن صاحبه على صح ة وهو من 10 نفسه على جودة وجوده فبالواجب قال فيمن كان مزاجه هذا المزاج ا ن ه «جي د» محمود. قال ا بقراط: صاحب العين التي تضرب ا لى الحمرة الناصعة والرا س الكبير والرقبة القصيرة والقص الواسع متين الغضب. قال جالينوس: قد اختلف ا يضا المفس رون لهذه المقالة في صاحب العينين 15 اللتين هما بهذا اللون فظن بعضهم ا ن مزاج صاحبهما مزاج رطب كمزاج صاحب العين الزرقاء وظن بعضهم ا ن مزاج صاحبها حار يابس من قبل ا ن الا سد والنمور 1sq. بالغذاء [ا ن ه Hipp. Progn. 2,2: p. 5,4 6,1 Jouanna = II 114,8 10 L.:. Buqrāṭ, Taqdima 206,6sq. 2sq. الرطب [فا م ا. b. Riḍwān, Fawāʾid II 6: Cantabr. Dd , fol. 150 r 16 M ويقول K: E ويقولون E 6 ىصف M: K يضيف Colv. 5 in marg. scr. ارٯ M, in al ادق K: E ا رق 1 in وحروره in al [وجوده M 10 ڡي K: E من E K 9 II كلاهما M: كليهما M 8 د ل يل K: E دلائل 7 marg. scr. Colv. sine مىىں et مىاىه et sic saepe posterior متين M, scriptum يتب ي ن K: E متين 13 punctis in alio sed scribendum منين in marg. scr. Colv.: سيين صاحبهما A 15 E K: صاح بها M 15sq. صاحبها II مزاج E K: om. M

14 of Hippocrates Epidemics part VI whether the patient suffered from insomnia, his bowels were very loose or he had not eaten properly. A nose that has the opposite condition, namely one that is t h i c k a n d s n u b, indicates the opposite mixture to the one indicated by the former, that is, a wet mixture. Everyone agreed on this but they disagreed, as I said, on the previous issue. But the most persuasive of them want to relate those in the condition H i p p o - c r a t e s described in this passage to an intermediate mixture. They say that since this is the case, their state of health is good and positive, and they confirm that this mixture is intermediate because the indicators of wetness from the nose are supplemented by indicators of dryness from the head and eyes, either from one of them or both. They say that since this intermediate mixture is the best, it indicates with respect to the body that someone with it is healthy and with respect to the soul that it has an excellent character. He therefore necessarily said that someone with such a mixture is good and positive. VI 3 Hippocrates said [V I 1: V 132,19 L.]: S o m e o n e w i t h b r i g h t grey-blue 1 eyes, a large head, short neck and wide breastbone is steady in anger. Galen said: The commentators of this book also disagreed about people with this eye colour. Some think that they have a wet mixture like that of someone with blue eyes, others think that they have a hot, dry mixture because, as they claim, lions and 1 For the translation grey-blue for ilā l-ḥumrati, cf. WGAÜ I 751, s.v. χαροπός and I 77, s.v. αἰγωπός.

15 780 Galen, Commentary on the second book 358 بزعمهم بهذا اللون ا عينها. وقد قلت في «الرا س العظيم» قبل ما اختلفوا فيه وناقض بعضهم بعضا فا م ا «القص الواسع» فلست ا علم ا حدا يقدم على القول با ن ه يدل على شيء غير كثرة الحرارة التي بسببها يكون صاحب «القص العريض» لا محالة غضوبا بمنزلة السباع. 5 فا م ا «قصر الرقبة» فقد انفتح منها كلام كثير للبحث عن الحال فيها لا ن ه حال من ا حوال النفس ا و من مزاج البدن ينبغي ا ن توجب. والحيرة خاص ة يلزم فيها من رام ا ن يحكم على الا نسان من سائر الحيوان ا ن شيئا من ا مر حال نفسه ا و في ا مر مزاج بدنه ا ذ كن ا قد نرى ا ن بعض الحيوان لا رقبة له ا صلا مثل السمك وبعضه رقبته في غاية الطول مثل بعض الطيور والا نسان ا صغر رقبة من جميع الحيوان 10 بقياس عظم بدنه فا ن العضو ا م ا يقال ا ن ه من الحيوان عظيم ا و صغير بقياس عظم بدنه. والحيوان ذو الا ربع متوس ط بين هذه في عظم الرقبة وكل ه ا عظم رقبة من الا نسان ا ل ا ا ن ه يختلف في الا كثر والا قل ا ل ا ا ن ه ليس شيء منه يبلغ من عظم رقبته ما يبلغ الطير بقياس بدنه. فقد ينبغي لك ا ن تفهم هذا عن ي وتحفظه دائما فقد تظن بالجمل ا ن رقبته ا طول من رقاب جميع الطيور خلا النعامة ا ل ا ا ن ك ا ن قست 15 رقبته بمقدار عظم بدنه لم تجد رقبته ا زيد طولا ولا قوائمه ا يضا بقياس سائر بدنه ا طول من قوائم الطيور. وقد بي نت في كتابي في منافع الا عضاء ا ن الذي يعدم الرقبة من الحيوان هو ما كان منه لا حلقوم له ولا حنجرة ولا رئة فقد تفقد هذه الا عضاء مع فقدان الحلقوم في الراس العظيم قبل ما اختلفوا فيه وىاٯض ىعضهم iter. شيء K M: om. E, in marg. add. E 3 3 post بعضا 2 marg. in انتح in al [انفتح E 5 بعضا ڡاما الفص الواسع فلست اعلم احدا يقوم على القول ىانه يدل على شي scr. Colv. 6 post II من add. et del. ن ف س M post توجب add. ح يرة M, in al الحره ىرجب in marg. scr. ان ما K: E ا م ا E 3 10 مىىى add. in marg. وبعضه E K: om. M 8 post ا ن M 7 ب ه ا K: E فيها Colv. M ا ن ه K M: om. يختلف E 12 K M: مختلف E من K M: به عن ي E 13 K M: اعني E 15 E K: om. M منه M 18 اع ظ م K: E ا زيد Colv. in marg. scr. تجر in al [تجد

16 of Hippocrates Epidemics part VI leopards have eyes of this colour. I have already discussed above their disagreements and mutual contradictions with regard to l a r g e h e a d s. I do not know anyone who had the audacity to claim that a w i d e b r e a s t b o n e indicates anything else than an abundance of heat as a result of which someone with a wide breastbone is as irascible as a wild beast. The s h o r t n e c k has been the starting point for much talk about the investigation of its condition because it needs to be determined whether it is a condition of the soul or of the mixture of the body. This confusion especially affects those who wanted to judge for humans on the basis of other animals whether something is related to the condition of their soul or the mixture of their body, since we have seen that some animals have no neck at all, for example fish, and others have an extremely long neck, for example certain birds, while humans have the shortest neck of all living beings compared to the size of their body. A body part of an animal is called large or small compared to the size of its body. Quadrupeds are in between these in neck size and they all have a longer neck than humans, but there are differences between longer and shorter ones. None of them, however, have as long a neck as birds compared to their body. You need to learn this from me and remember it always: you may think that a camel's neck is longer than those of all birds except the ostrich, but if you compared its neck with the size of its body, you would not find that its neck is longer, nor are its legs also longer compared to the rest of its body than the legs of birds. I have explained in my book on On the Uses of the Body Parts 1 that animals that lack a neck are those that have no throat, larynx and lungs; these body parts are absent 1 cf. Gal. De usu part. VIII 1: I 442,3 445,13 Helmr. = III 609,4 614,7 K.

17 782 Galen, Commentary on the second book 359 وقد بي نت ا ن ما كان من الحيوان كذلك فليس له ا يضا صوت. فا م ا الحيوان ذو الرقبة فما كان منه ذا كف ا و له شبيه بالكف مثل القرد والحيوان الذي يسم ى «قونوقافالس» والحيوان الذي يسم ى «ساطورس» والحيوان الذي يسم ى «لنكس» فا ن الرقبة من جميعه صغيرة وما لم يكن له منه كف ا صلا فليس رقبته لا محالة 5 طويلة وكذلك الطير ليس الرقبة منه لا محالة طويلة ا ل ا ا ن جميع الطير وما كان من الحيوان الذي يمشي ليس له كف يعم ه خل ة واحدة من الخلقة وهي ا ن جميع هذا الحيوان طول الرقبة منه بحسب طول القوائم. وا عظم هذا الحيوان رقبة ما كان تناوله الغذاء با ن يرتعيه من الا رض ويجب ا ن يطا طئ رقبته بحسب طول قوائمه فا م ا الحيوان الذي يا كل اللحم فرقبته ا قل طولا. 10 وا قل جميع هذا الحيوان رقبة الا نسان ثم من بعده القرد الذي قائمتاه المقد متان شبيهتان بيدي الا نسان وكذلك الحيوان الذي يقال له «ساطورس» والحيوان الذي يقال له «لنكس» وبعد هذه الحيوان الذي يقال له «قونوقافالس» ومن بعده الدب ثم من بعد هذا الحيوان الذي يا كل اللحم الذي بينه وبين الحيوان الذي يا كل العشب فرق عظيم جد ا من قبل ا ن ه ليس شيء من الحيوان الذي طعامه العشب 15 يذوق اللحم ولا شيء من الحيوان الذي طعامه اللحم يذوق العشب. فنجد في الحيوان الذي له رقبة وليس له كف طول الرقبة بقياس طول القوائم. ٯرٮوٯالس K: ٯوٮوٯاٯارلس E: ٯرٮوٯارس [قونوقافالس M 3 او K: ذوا E: ذو M: om. E K كذلك الحيوان 1 II M, in al ٯرىوٯارس vide postea signum θ in marg. scr. Colv.: correxi I والحيوان E K: فالحي وان M [لنكس Colv. male est enim Satyrus in marg. scr. طاطورس corr. M, in al ٮطاطورس E K: ex ساطورس sine punctis E K M, Lycus puto vel Lynx in marg. scr. Colv.: وما scripsi 4 K M: ومما E له K M: om. ليس E 6 E K: om. M حملة [خل ة E M: حمله K: ساطورس conieci 11 E K: ساطوروس M 12 ٯوىوٯالس E: ٯومٯاٯلس [قونوقافالس om. E K: sine punctis M: scripsi [لنكس M: om. E K لنكس له II K: ٯومٯاٯلس M, θ et in al ٯرٯارٯالس vide ante forte cercopithecus vide Lynx in marg. scr. Colv.: correxi del. add. et وليس K M: om. E 16 post الذي bis scr. E 15 الحيوان I وبين K هده M: E هذا 13 M ل ه رقبة add. et in marg. ول ي س له رقبة

18 of Hippocrates Epidemics part VI along with the absence of the throat. I have explained that such animals also do not have a voice. Regarding animals that have a neck, all those that have hands or something like hands, for example apes, the animals called cynocephalus, 1 those called satyrus 2 and those called lynx, have a short neck. Those that do not have hands at all inevitably do not have a long neck. The same applies to birds: their necks are not necessarily long, but all birds and walking animals without hands have one characteristic of their external appearance in common, namely that in all these animals the length of their neck is proportional to the length of their legs. The animals with the longest necks are those that obtain their food by grazing from the ground. They must bend their neck proportionally to the length of their legs. Animals that eat meat have shorter necks. The living being with the shortest neck is the human, then after him the ape, whose front feet resemble human hands, and the same applies to the animal called satyrus, 3 the one called lynx, after these the animal called cynocephalus, 4 after it the bear and then the meat-eating animals. There is a very big difference between them and animals that eat grass because no animal that eats grass likes meat and none that eats meat likes grass. We find that in animals that have a neck but no hands the length of the neck is proportional to the length of the legs. 1 transliterated as qūnūqāfālus, i.e. a species of apes, perhaps baboons 2 transliterated as sāṭūrus, another species of apes 3 transliterated as sāṭūrus 4 transliterated as qūnūqāfālus

19 784 Galen, Commentary on the second book والرقاب يخالف بعضها بعضا في كل واحد من الناس اختلافا كثيرا جد ا في الغلظ والطول فنجد الرقبة في بعض الناس طويلة دقيقة وفي بعضهم طويلة غليظة وفي بعضهم قصيرة دقيقة وفي بعضهم قصيرة غليظة والرقبة التي تنسب بالحقيقة ا لى العظم هي الرقبة التي تفوق سائر الرقاب في الطول والغلظ جميعا. وقد نجد 5 ا بقراط يسم ي من كان فقار الرقبة منه كبارا قوي ة «شديد الرقبة» وكذلك تكون الرقبة في الا سد والكلاب والدببة وبالجملة في كل حيوان شا نه النهش. ونجده في هذا الكلام يسم ي من حال رقبته ضد هذه الحال «قصير الرقبة» ويجوز ا ل ا يكون ا راد من حال رقبته ضد هذه الحال بالحقيقة لكن من حال رقبته شبيهة بالحال المضاد ة لتلك الحال. وذلك ا ن الرقبة القصيرة ا ن ما جرت العادة ا ن 10 يفهم عن قائلها ا ن قطر الطول فقط منها ناقص فا ذ كان لم يبي ن شيئا من ا مر القطر الا خر وهو قطر العرض ا و الغلظ كيف شئت قسمه وذلك ا ن ه قد يمكن ا ن تكون «الرقبة القصيرة» كما قلت قبل في بعض الناس غليظة وفي بعضهم دقيقة. فقد بي ن ا ذلك على ا ن تستدل وتعلم علما يقينا على ماذا تدل «الرقبة القصيرة» الل هم ا ل ا ا ن يقال ا ن ها تدل على قصر من الفقار كما ا ن ها ا ذا كانت قصيرة دقيقة 15 دل ت من الفقار مع القصر على دق ة. وذلك ا ن ه يجب ا ن تكون الرقاب التي يخالف بعضها بعضا في الطول ا م ا مختلفة العدد من الفقار وا م ا مختلفة الطول من كل VI, Hipp. Epid. VI 1,2: p. 2,7 Manetti Roselli = V 266,7 L.:. Ǧālīnūs, T Ifīḏīmiyā [شديد الرقبة 5 lemma I 3: Scor. arab. 805, fol. 5 v 14 Ambrosia-. Ḥunayn, Ǧawāmiʿ II 6: [وذلك منها ,1 nus B 135 sup., fol. 129 v 32sq. E كبار M: K كبارا E K: om. M 5 وفي I دقيقة K M: om. E, in marg. add. E 3 3 كثيرا 1 III الرقبة E K: الرقب والدببة M 6 K: والذيبة E: والذيبة M وبالجملة M: وفي الجمله E: ىالحمله K النهش K M: ex in قصر in al قطر in al [قطر E 10 بالعجال M: K بالحال E 9 رٯبه M: K رقبته corr. E 3 7 النمس marg. scr. Colv. يبي ن شيئا E M: ىىىىں شيى ا و الغلظ K 11 K M: والعلظ E كيف K M: وكيف E K M: om. E شئت in marg. scr. Colv.: scripsi ٯسمىه E: sine punctis K M, in al ٯسمىه [قسمه 14 M الىهم K: E الل هم M ان ما K: E ا ن ها

20 of Hippocrates Epidemics part VI Each person's neck differs greatly in (terms of ) thickness and length. We find that some people's necks are long and slender, some long and thick, some short and slender and some short and thick. The neck that is truly called big is one that surpasses other necks in both length and thickness. We find that H i p p o c r a t e s calls one whose neck vertebrae are large and powerful strong-necked. Such is the neck in lions, dogs, bears and generally in all animals whose nature is to kill with the teeth. We find in this passage that he calls someone who has the opposite kind of neck s h o r t - n e c k e d, but he may not really have meant someone who has the opposite kind of neck rather than someone whose neck is similar to the opposite kind. For when someone says short neck, he is usually understood to mean that only its length 1 is reduced. Since he did not explain anything about the other dimension, that is, the width or thickness, 2 how do you want to separate them? For a s h o r t n e c k can, as I said before, in some people be thick but slender in others. We have explained this so that you can infer and know for sure what a s h o r t n e c k indicates other than (of course) indicating that the vertebrae are short, just as when the neck is short and slender it indicates that the vertebrae are slender and short. For necks that differ in length must either have a different number of vertebrae 1 lit. the measure of its length 2 lit. the measure of the width or thickness

21 786 Galen, Commentary on the second book واحد منها ولم يوجد في العنق قط ا كثر من سبع فقارات لا في الا نسان ولا في غيره من الحيوان ذي الا ربع. وقد وصفت لك تركيب ا بدان جميع هذا الحيوان في كتابي في علاج التشريح وقلت فيه ا ن ه ينبغي لك متى قرا ت في كتاب ا حد من القدماء ا ن كلامه في 5 الحيوان الذي طبيعته غير بعيدة من طبيعة الا نسان ا ن تفهم عنه ا ن ا و ل هذا الحيوان جنس القرود التي تقدر على المشي على قائمتين وتستعمل القائمتين المقد متين كما يستعمل الا نسان يديه ثم الثاني جنس الدببة والثالث جنس السباع وكل ها يا كل اللحم وا طراف قوائمها مقسومة ا لى ا صابع وا ن كان ليس شيء منها له كف ككف الا نسان. وا م ا سائر الا جناس من الحيوان فليس شيء منها ا طراف 10 قوائمه مقسومة ا لى ا صابع لكن ها ذوات ا ظلاف ا و حوافر وما كان منها ذا ا ظلاف 360 فمنه ما بحتر ومنه ما له خرطوم طويل مثل الخنزير. فاختلاف الرقاب في الطول يوجد في الحيوان الذي يا كل اللحم ومنه الا نسان لا با ن عدد الفقار كما قلت ينقص فيه ويزيد لكن با ن طول كل واحدة من الفقار ينقص وا م ا اختلاف الرقاب في الغلظ فيكون بحسب غلظ الفقار ودق ته. 15 وقد يظن الظان ا ن غلظ الفقار ودق ته ا ن ما يكون بحسب غلظ النخاع ودق ته وذلك ا ن الفقار يحيط بالنخاع وليس يوجد ذلك كذلك دائما لكن ا قد نجد مرارا 1sq. الا ربع [ولم v. Ḥunayn, Ǧawāmiʿ II 6: Ambrosianus B 135 sup., fol. 129 v 33sq ,1 35sq. v. Ḥunayn, Ǧawāmiʿ II 6: Ambrosianus B 135 sup., fol. 129 v [وليس دقيق E ا حد Ḥunayn 4 ذوي M: وڡي K: E ذي E 2 الا Ḥunayn: K M لا E ىحد Ḥunayn: K M يوجد 1 K: واحد M ante كلامه add. ذل ك E 4sq. طبيعته II في bis scr. طبيعة M 5 K M: om. E, in marg. add. عنه E 3 K M: منه E ا ن M: om. E التي K 6 E M: الدى المقد متين K 7 K M: والمقدمتيں E K 9 مىها سى M: E شيء منها M وكل ما K: E وكل ها M 8 الذيبة K: E الدببة M بدنه K: E يديه Colv. in marg. scr. تجر ut suspicor esse تام يسير M, in al م ا غبز E: تام يسير K: بحتر E 11 ڡاما M: K وا م ا E واحدة E 13 ڡى الطول ىوجد في الحيوان الىه del. add. et قلت E post التي تاكل :M K الذي يا كل 12 K: واحد M 15 II غلظ E K: الغلظ M

22 of Hippocrates Epidemics part VI or each of these has a different length, but there are never more than seven vertebrae in the neck, neither in humans nor in any other animal with four legs. I have described to you the structure of all these animals' bodies in my book On Anatomical Procedure. 1 I said there that when you read in a book by one of the ancients that he discusses the animals whose nature is not far from that of humans, you must understand it to mean that the first of these animals is the species of apes who are able to walk on two legs and use their front legs like humans use their hands; the second is the species of bears; and the third is the species of wild beasts. They all eat meat and have the ends of their legs divided into digits, even though none of them have hands like those of humans. No other animal species have the ends of their legs divided into digits. Rather, they have cloven hooves or (uncloven) hooves. Some that have cloven hooves are thickset and some have a long snout like pigs. The necks of animals that eat meat, humans among them, are found to vary not because they have, as I said, a smaller or larger number of vertebrae but because the length of each vertebra is smaller. Necks vary in thickness depending on how thick or slender the vertebrae are. One could think that the thickness and slenderness of vertebrae depends on the thickness and slenderness of the spinal cord because the vertebrae surround the spinal 1 cf. Gal. De anat. administr. I 1; V I 1: p. 5,11 9,21; 337,6 341,21 Garofalo = II 218,5 223,4; 532,8 536,12 K.: Ǧālīnūs, Tašrīḥ I IX 6,10 10,16; 336,7 340,16

23 788 Galen, Commentary on the second book كثيرة النخاع دقيقا والفقار غليظا واسعا ونجد ا يضا النخاع غليظا وحوله فقار دقيق ا ل ا ا ن ما يوجد من الا بدان بهذه الحال قليل وا م ا في الا كثر فغلظ الفقار مناسب لمقدار غلظ النخاع. ولم ا كان الصلب عضوا لا بد منه في الحيوة وحاله من البدن بمنزلة حال الخشبة التي عليها مبني السفينة من السفينة كان فقاره ا ذا ابتدا 5 بخلقته من الرا س على العظم فواجب ا ن يتبع ذلك عظم الرقبة وا ذا ابتدا ت خلقة الفقار من الرا س بصغر فا ن الرقبة لا محالة تكون صغيرة. وقل ما يجتمع مع صغر الرقبة عظم الصدر ومتى ات فق ذلك فواجب فيمن اجتمع ذلك فيه ا ن تكون الحرارة في قلبه كثيرة. ولذلك تكون رئته عظيمة ويكون صدره ا ذ كان للرئة بمنزلة الحصن عظيما فيجب من ذلك ا ن يكون سعة الصدر 10 مع صغر الرقبة من ا صح الدلائل على حرارة القلب بالطبع. وذلك ا ن ه يجب متى كانت الرقبة عظيمة ا ن يكون الصدر عظيما لعظم الفقار الذي فيه الذي مبني تركيبه عليه فمتى كان الفقار صغارا لم نجد ا ن يكون الصدر معه عظيما دون ا ن يكون في ذلك البدن سبب ا خر ا وجب تزي ده في العظم. وليس يوجد لذلك سبب سوى حرارة القلب فيكون الصدر الواسع في ذلك البدن من ا صح الدلائل على 15 حرارة القلب وقد ات فق الناس على ا ن القلب متى كان بهذه الحال كان صاحبه v. Ḥunayn, Ǧawāmiʿ II 6: Ambrosianus B 135 sup., fol. 129 v r 4 [ومتى القلب 7 14 Colv. in marg. scr. الحىوه M, in al الحي اة K: E الحيوة E ىمقدار M: K لمقدار E 3 ڡاما M: K وا م ا 2 scr. in marg. الخشىة in al [الخشبة Colv. in marg. scr. بمنزلة الحال M, in al بحال K: E بمنزلة حال 4 Colv.,العضو M: K العظم K ڡحلٯىه M: E بخلقته E K: om. M 5 من السفينة M تبني K: E مبني ut vid., بصغر E 6 E K: لصغر M صغيرة K M: om. E 8 [رئته sic scriptum sed scribendum ريته in marg. scr. ا ذ كان Colv. 9 K Ḥunayn: om. E: اذا كان M 11 II الذي E M: om. K: ان Ḥunayn Ḥunayn ىبني E: ىىا M: K مبني E صعار Ḥunayn: K M صغارا 12 Ḥunayn يجب M: E K نجد 15 M: om. E K على

24 of Hippocrates Epidemics part VI cord, but this is not always the case. Rather, we often find that the spinal cord is slender while the vertebrae are thick and wide, and we also find that the spinal cord is thick but surrounded by slender vertebrae, although few such bodies exist. The thickness of the vertebrae mostly correlates with the extent of thickness of the spinal cord. Since the spine is a body part that is indispensable for life and its role in the body is like that of the keel, on which it is built, for a ship, when the vertebrae begin to be formed from the head at a large size, the size of the neck necessarily follows it, and when the vertebrae begin to be formed at a small size, the neck will certainly be small. Rarely do a small neck and a large chest coincide, but when they do, the heat in the heart of people in which they coincide must be abundant. Their lungs are therefore large and, since it is like a fortress for the lungs, their chest is (also) great. Hence, it necessarily follows from this that a wide chest together with a small neck is one of the surest indicators of a naturally hot heart. For when the neck is large, the chest must be large because of the size of the vertebrae in it on which its structure is based. When the vertebrae are small, we have not found that the chest is also large unless there is in that body some other cause that requires it to increase in size. There is no other cause for this except the heat of the heart. Hence, a wide chest in that body is one of the surest indicators of the heart's heat. People agree that when the heart is in this condition,

25 790 Galen, Commentary on the second book 361 قوي الغضب فبالواجب صار القص العظيم مع صغر الرقبة يوجب ا ن يكون صاحبها غضوبا. وبي ن ا ن ا بقراط دل على سعة الصدر با سره من سعة ا بين جزء منه وهو «القص». ولو كان قال «الرقبة الدقيقة» ا و «الصغيرة» لكان هذا التفسير موافقا 5 مطابقا لا محالة لكلامه ولم ا قال «قصيرة» فقد يحتاج ا لى زيادة تستدل بها على حال الرقبة في مقدار دورها. فا ن فهمنا عنه من قوله «قصيرة» ا ي صغيرة كان جميع ما قلنا واقعا على ما ينبغي فا ن لم تتابعنا على ا ن نفهم قوله «قصيرة» على هذا المعنى لم تجد تفسيرا يوافق هذا القول. فانزل الا مر على ا ن قوله «رقبة قصيرة» ا ن ما ا راد به صغيرة لينفذ القول ا لى ما بعده ولذلك تكون سعة الصدر دليلا 10 صحيحا على المزاج الحار. ولنبحث بعد لم ا ضاف ا لى ذلك «عظم الرا س». وا ولى من ذلك بالبحث والذي من سببه قلنا جميع ما قلنا لم قيل في صاحب هذه الحال ا ن ه «متين الغضب» ولم يقل مطلقا ا ن ه «غضوب». وقد قال ا يضا قبيل في ا خر ا ن ه «حديد» ا ي سريع الغضب وبي ن ا ن ذلك هو ضد هذا الذي ذكره الا ن فوصفه با ن ه «متين 15 الغضب» وذلك ا ن حد ة الغضب وسرعته دليل على حال عجلة من النفس «ومتانة الغضب» دليل على حال ركانة وثبات من النفس. وذلك ا ن الناس ا ذا را وا ا نسانا Ḥunayn, Ǧawāmiʿ II 6: Ambrosianus B 135 sup., fol. 130 r [وذلك حديدا ,13 Colv. in marg. scr. ابين جزء منه vel اي جزء منه legendum اىىں حرمىه in al sine punctis [ا بين منه 3 M, K متين M ىسميه E: يسميه K: سببه K 12 الىحث M: E بالبحث K M: om. E 11 قال 4 scriptum متين in al deerat sed legendum متين vel يتبين in marg. scr. Colv.: يتبىں E E K: om. M هذا 14 sed in alio sine punctis متانة (?) sequens hic et [ومتانة E 15 ىىں M: K متين E ڡوصه M: K فوصفه add. K M Ḥunayn: om. E, in marg. حال K وس رعته add. الغضب in marg. scr. Colv. 16 post مىاىه E 3 post ركانة add. النفس K را وا K M: ارادوا E

26 of Hippocrates Epidemics part VI a person has a strong temper. A large breastbone in conjunction with a small neck must therefore mean that the person is irascible. It is clear that H i p p o c r a t e s indicated the width of the entire chest through the width of its most distinct part, the b r e a s t b o n e. If he had said slender or small neck, this explanation would certainly be consistent and agree with his text. But since he said s h o r t, it needs an addition from which one can infer the condition of the neck in (terms of) its girth. If we take his word short to mean small, everything we have said is in fact as it should be, but if you do not follow us in understanding his word s h o r t in this way, you will not find an explanation that is consistent with this expression. Assume therefore that by his expression s h o r t n e c k, he meant small, so that the expression fits together with what follows. A wide chest is therefore a sure indicator of a hot mixture. Let us in the following investigate why he added a l a r g e h e a d to this; but more deserving of study and the reason why we said everything we said is why they say that someone in this condition is s t e a d y i n a n g e r and not simply irascible. He also said earlier that someone else is vehement, that is, he has a quick temper, and it is clear that this is the opposite of what he mentioned now: he described him as s t e a d y i n a n g e r because a vehement and a quick temper indicate a passing state of the soul but s t e a d i n e s s i n a n g e r indicates a calm and level-headed state of the soul. For

27 792 Galen, Commentary on the second book يبطئ حرده حت ى لا يظهر منه قلق لمن يراه [ا ن] يقولوا ا ن هذا الرجل «متين الغضب» ولا يقولون فيه ا ن ه «غضوب» ومن شا ن من كانت هذه حاله ا ن يدوم الغضب منه مد ة ا طول كما ا ن «الحديد» يسكن غضبه في ا كثر الا مر سريعا. وذلك ا ن من شا ن الركين الثبات ومن شا ن السخيف الخفيف سرعة التنق ل فيشبه 5 ا ن يكون الحرارة من القو ة الغضبي ة تحدث الخلق الغضوب ويكون اختلافه في السرعة والا بطاء بحسب طبيعة القو ة الناطقة. وذلك ا ن ه متى كانت هذه القو ة ا عني الناطقة سريعة الانقياد فا ن الخاطر في النفس يكون ا كثر سرعة ومتى كانت وثيقة حذيرة حدث من قبل ذلك ا بطاء الغضب. ومم ا يقرب من الا قناع ا يضا ا ن نقول ا ن ه كما ا ن للقو ة الغضبي ة جلدا وضعفا 10 كذلك للقو ة الناطقة ا يضا فا ذا كانت القو ة الناطقة جلدة قدرت على منع القو ة الغضبي ة وكظمها عند ا فراط حركتها فيكون الخلق من صاحب هذه الحال «متين الغضب» وا ذا كانت القو ة الناطقة ضعيفة فسلة لم تطق ضبط الغضب فتتحر ك حينئذ القو ة الغضبي ة بسرعة فيكون صاحبها «حديدا». وا ن كان هذا القول مم ا يقرب من الا قناع فقد نجد «عظم الرا س» دليلا على فضيلة القو ة الفكري ة وشد تها 15 ا ذ كان مسكن تلك القو ة الدماغ كما ا ن مسكن القو ة الغضبي ة القلب ومسكن القو ة الشهواني ة الكبد. sine punctis in [متين seclusi ا ن E فلولم ىزل Colv.: in marg. scr. فلولم ىزل K M, in al قلق يراه 1 الركں K: الركين Ḥunayn 4 به M: ب ه K: E منه Colv. 3 in marg. scr. منين sed scribendum مىىىں alio E: الركىتين M: الوكىن Ḥunayn, sine punctis in marg. scr. Colv. فيشبه K M: om. E, in marg. add. E 3 Ḥunayn: E K للقو ة E K Ḥunayn: om. M ا يضا K M Ḥunayn: om. E, in marg. add. E 3 9 حدث 8 K M Ḥunayn: om. E 12 الخلق كانت 11sq. E M Ḥunayn: om. K ا يضا الناطقة M 10 II القو ة M فتحرك Ḥunayn: E K فتتحر ك Colv. in marg. scr. فتىله Ḥunayn, sic scriptum فتيلة E: مسله M: K فسلة K 15 دلىل M: E دليلا E يضرب M: K يقرب K 14 ڡان M: E وا ن E K Ḥunayn: om. M بسرعة 13 II القو ة bis scr., alterum del. E 15sq. الغضبي ة القو ة E M: om. K

28 of Hippocrates Epidemics part VI when people see a person become annoyed so slowly that to someone who sees him he never appears to be in a state of agitation, they say that the person is steady in a n g e r, not that he is irascible. For someone in this condition, anger normally persists for a very long time, just as the anger of someone who is vehement usually cools off quickly: a calm (personality) is normally level-headed and a foolish and frivolous (personality) normally changes quickly. It seems that heat of the spirited faculty brings about an irascible disposition, but it differs in terms of how rapid or slow it is depending on the nature of the rational faculty: when this faculty, that is, the rational, yields quickly, the emotions in the soul are more rapid, but when it is firm and deliberate, it causes the anger to slow down. It is also fairly convincing that we say that just as the spirited faculty can be steadfast or weak, so can also the rational faculty. When the rational faculty is steadfast, it is able to restrain and suppress the spirited faculty when it moves excessively, and the disposition of someone in this condition is s t e a d y i n a n g e r. When on the other hand the rational faculty is weak and feeble, it cannot withstand the pressure of the anger. The spirited faculty then moves quickly and the person is vehement. If this account is fairly convincing, we find that a l a r g e h e a d is an indicator of the virtue and strength of the rational faculty since the brain is the seat of this faculty, just as the heart is the seat of the spirited faculty and the liver is the seat of the appetitive faculty.

29 794 Galen, Commentary on the second book 362 قال حنين: ا ن ي وجدت جالينوس قد تا و ل على ا بقراط ا ن ه ا راد «بعظم الرا س» ا ن يجعله دليلا على قو ة النفس الناطقة. وقد بي ن جالينوس في كتابه المعروف «بالصناعة» ا ن عظم الرا س ا ن ما يدل على قو ة النفس الفكري ة متى كانت الرقبة مشاكلة له ا ي غليظة قوي ة فا م ا متى كانت الرقبة دقيقة ضعيفة والرا س عظيما فذلك 5 عنده دليل على كثرة الماد ة وضعف القو ة فقد يجب بحسب هذا ا ن يكون مع عظم الرا س في صاحب هذه الحال غلظ من الرقبة حت ى يكون عظم الرا س دليلا على القو ة التي فيه. وهذا مناقض لما تقد م من قول جالينوس ا ن ا بقراط ا ن ما ا راد «بالرقبة القصيرة» الرقبة الدقيقة ا و الصغيرة. وقد تبي ن ا ن الا ولى ا ن يكون عنى «بالرقبة القصيرة» القصيرة الغليظة. وواجب 10 متى كانت الرقبة كذلك ا ن يكون فقار الصلب ناقصا في قطر الطول وا ن كان تام ا ا و فاضلا في قطر الدور وا ذا كان ذلك فواجب ا ن يكون الصدر ا يضا ناقصا في قطر الطول فيكون سعته بسبب ذلك ناقصة. فا ذا كان الدماغ يوجب ا ن يكون الصدر بهذه الحال وكان القلب بحرارته يوجب ا ن يكون الصدر زائد السعة فلا بد ا ذ كان لا يمكن ا ن يزاد في طول الصدر ا ن يزاد في قطر دوره حت ى يتلاقى تفض ل 15 زيادة قطر الدور ما نقص من سعته بسبب نقصان قطر الطول وا ذا كان ذلك فواجب ا ن «يعرض القص «ويكون عرضه غير مناسب لطوله. وهذا فيما ا حسب كان معنى ا بقراط في تركه ذكر سعة الصدر وذكره «عرض القص «كيما يدل ا ن ه يريد ا ن يكون عرض القص بقياس طوله زائدا. وا ن ما وصفت 1 post ا ن ه add. انما E 3 post بالصناعة add. الصغيرة مشاكلة M 4 bis scr. M دقيقة ضعيفة E K: M: E القصيرة E M: om. K 8 عظم E 6 I ولقد M: K فقد E 5 عظيم M: K عظيما M ضعيڡة دقيقة marg. in العلىظه E, scr. et del. القصيرة Colv.: K M, in al deest in marg. scr. القصيرة الغليظة K 9 الصعىره add. E 3 12sq. سعته وكان E K: om. الحال M 13 K: om. M: الحالة E 14 ante I يزاد add. et del. M يكون I يزاد K M: يزداد E يزاد II I في K M: om. E, in marg. add. تفض ل E 3 E K: تفصيل M E ىاىٯص M: K ما نقص 15

30 of Hippocrates Epidemics part VI Ḥunayn said: I have found G a l e n explaining that H i p p o c r a t e s meant to make a l a r g e h e a d an indicator of the power of the rational soul. In his book known as The Art, 1 however, G a l e n explained that a large head only indicates the power of the rational soul when the neck corresponds to it, that is, (when it is) thick and strong. When the neck is slender and weak but the head large, this indicates in my opinion that the matter is plentiful but the power weak. Hence, according to this, a large head of someone in this condition must be accompanied by a thick neck in order for the large head to become an indicator of its power. But this contradicts G a - l e n 's previous claim that by s h o r t n e c k, H i p p o c r a t e s only meant a slender or small neck. It is clear that it would be more appropriate for him to mean by s h o r t n e c k a short, thick one. When the neck is like this, the vertebrae of the spine must have a reduced vertical diameter, even if their girth is normal or above. When this is the case, the chest must also be shorter and its volume therefore smaller. Hence, if the brain requires the chest to be in this condition and the heart through its heat requires the chest to be more spacious, it must, since it cannot increase in height, increase in girth, so that the additional increase in girth makes up for the loss of volume caused by the reduced height. When this is the case, the b r e a s t b o n e must be w i d e and its width disproportionate to its length. This, I think, is what H i p p o c r a t e s meant when he failed to mention the volume of the chest while mentioning a w i d e b r e a s t b o n e in order to indicate that he means that the width of the breastbone is greater compared to its length. I have only 1 cf. Gal. Ars med. 6,2sq.: p. 287,19 288,13 Boudon = I 320,3 15 K.: Ǧālīnūs, Ṣināʿa 36,7 37,9

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