A Principal Parts Fall Greek Croy Lesson 15 Ω 1 2 3 4 5 6 Present (Deponent) Present & M/P/D Imperfect & M/P/D σῴζω γίνοµαι Future (Deponent) Future and M/D σώσω γενήσοµαι (Deponent) and M/D ἔσωσα ἐγενόµην and Pluperfect σέσωκα γέγονα M/P and Pluperfect M/P σέσωσµαι γεγένηµαι Passive Passive & Future Passive ἐσώθην ἐγενήθην Greek Tense Translating Greek Tense The Greek denotes an action completed in the past, but the focus is on its result or continued status into the present. What did you do yesterday? I was studying Greek. << IMPERFECT I studied Greek. << AORIST Why do you look so tired? I have been studying Greek. << PERFECT The Greek denotes an action completed in the past, but the focus is on its result or continued status into the present. πεπίστευκα I have believed. I have been believing. SUBJ have/has PAST form of verb SUBJ have/has been PAST PROGRESSIVE form of verb Translating Greek Tense Greek Tense The Greek denotes an action completed in the past, but the focus is on its result or continued status into the present. γέγραπται It has been written It is written ἐγήγερται He has been raised He is risen NOTE that the perfect may sometimes best be translated like a Present Tense The Greek denotes an action completed in the past, but the focus is on its result or continued status into the present. Colossians 1.16 for in [Christ] all things in heaven and on earth were created [] all things have been created [] through him and for him. 1
Translating Greek Tense Greek Tense John 11.25-2727 (Raising of Lazarus) [Martha scolds Jesus for not having been there to prevent Lazarus death ] Jesus said to her, "I am the resurrection and the life. Those who believe in me, even though they die, will live, and everyone who lives and believes in me will never die. πιστεύεις τοῦτο; λέγει αὐτῷ ναὶ κύριε, ἐγὼ πεπίστευκα ὅτι σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ The Greek denotes an action completed in the past, but the focus is on its result or continued status into the present. Mark 1.15 πεπλήρωται The time is fulfilled, and the kingdom of God has come near ἤγγικεν PERFECT TENSE is fulfilled / has been fulfilled is near / has come near Ephesians 2.8 Τῇ γὰρ χάριτί ἐστε σεσῳσµένοι διὰ πίστεως NET For by grace you are saved through faith NRS For by grace you have been savedthrough faith, KJV For by grace are ye savedthrough faith; NIV For it is by grace youhave been saved, through faith NJB Because it is by grace that youhave been saved, through faith NLT God savedyou by his grace when you believed. CEV You were savedby faith in God, who treats us much better than we deserve. MSG Savingis is all his idea, and all his work. All we do is trust him enough to let him do it. σα/α -- σα/α -- θη -- 2ΑΟR PASS ἐ *STEM η -- κα / α -- PERFECT ACTIVE ICATIVE PERFECT ACTIVE ICATIVE λέ λε λέ λε λέ λε 2
PERFECT ACTIVE ICATIVE λέ κα λέ κα λέ κα Add the κα tense code λε κα λε κα λε κα PERFECT ACTIVE ICATIVE λέ κα λέ κας λέ κε(ν) Add the Primary Endings λε καµεν λε κατε λε κασι(ν) or καν 3S shortens to κε(ν) Two possible forms in 3P The endings also look like the σα/α -- σα/α -- θη -- 2ΑΟR PASS ἐ *STEM η -- κα / α -- PERF MPD -- X STEM -- -- PERFECT MIDDLE/PASSIVE ICATIVE PERFECT MIDDLE/PASSIVE ICATIVE PERFECT MIDDLE/PASSIVE ICATIVE λέ λε λέ µαι λε µεθα λέ λε λέ σαι λέ σθε λέ λε λέ ται λέ νται Add the Primary Mid/Pass Endings directly to the STEM 3
PERFECT MIDDLE/PASSIVE ICATIVE πεπεισ πεισµαι γεγραπ γραπται πείθω γράφω Be aware of contractions with the Stem and endings πεπεισ πεισµεθα Greek Pluperfect Tense The Greek Pluperfect denotes an action completed prior to some point in the past, with the focus on its result or continued status up to that point. (It s like a past tense of the.) I had studied Greek when I was a child. I had been studying Greek until I finished seminary. Translating Greek Pluperfect Tense The Greek Pluperfect denotes an action completed prior to some point in the past, with the focus on its result or continued status up to that point. (It s like a past tense of the.) I had believed. I had been believing. SUBJ had PAST form of verb SUBJ had been PAST PROGRESSIVE form of verb σα/α -- σα/α -- θη -- 2ΑΟR PASS ἐ *STEM η -- κα / α -- PERF MPD -- X STEM -- -- PLPF ACT (ἐ) X STEM κει / ει -- λέ λε λέ λε λέ λε 4
ἐλέ ἐλε ἐλέκει ἐλεκει ἐλέ ἐλε ἐλέκει ἐλεκει ἐλέ ἐλε ἐλέκει ἐλεκει Add the ἐ augment (usually) Add the κει tense code ἐλέκειν ἐλέκεις ἐλέκει Add the Secondary endings ἐλεκειµεν ἐλεκειτε ἐλεκεισαν NOTE: Because there is so much other coding to indicate the PLPF, the ἐ augment is sometimes omitted σα/α -- σα/α -- θη -- 2ΑΟR PASS ἐ *STEM η -- κα / α -- PERF MPD -- X STEM -- -- PLPF ACT (ἐ) X STEM κει / ει -- PLPF M/P (ἐ) X STEM -- -- PLUPERFECT ΜIDDLE/PASSIVE ICATIVE PLUPERFECT ΜIDDLE/PASSIVE ICATIVE ONLY OCCURS 7 TIMES IN THE NT λέ λέ λέ λε λε λε 5
PLUPERFECT ΜIDDLE/PASSIVE ICATIVE PLUPERFECT ΜIDDLE/PASSIVE ICATIVE ἐλέ ἐλε ἐλέµην ἐλεµεθα ἐλέ ἐλε ἐλέσο ἐλεσθε ἐλέ ἐλε ἐλέτο ἐλεντο Add the ἐ augment (usually) Add the Secondary Middle/Passive endings directly to the STEM Present 1 2 Passive INFINITIVES ειν Mid/Pass/Dep ε - σθαι (M/P/D) σαι σα - σθαι (M/D) ειν ε - σθαι (M/D) θη / η - ναι κε / ε - ναι σθαι(m/p/d) PRESENT INFINITIVE ειν - εσθαι to be loosening / to keep on being loosened 1st AORIST INFINITIVE λῦσαι σα σασθαι σθαι to loosen / to be loosened AORIST INFINITIVE λαβεῖν λαβέσθαι to take / to be taken AORIST PASSIVE INFINITIVE θῆναι to be loosened βληθῆναι to be thrown PERFECT ACTIVE INFINITIVE λε κέναι to have loosened PERFECT MIDDLE/PASSIVE/DEPONENT INFINITIVE λε σθαι to have been loosened (passive) PERFECT REDUPLICATION When verb begins with: Most consonants > simple reduplication πεπιστευκα λεκα Vowel / diphthong > lengthen the vowel / diphthong ἀγαπαω> ἠγαπηκα (yes, it looks just like an augment) Aspirated consonant (φ θ χ) > reduplicated with corresponding unaspirated consonant θεραπευω > τεθεραπευκα φιλεω > πεφιληκα Double consonant (ψ ζ ξ) or two consonants > reduplicate with ἐ (yes, it looks just like an augment) ζητεω > ἐζητηκα σταυροω > ἐσταυρωµαι Irregulars: See section 105, page 86f. ἐγγίζω ἕτερος, -α, -ον οὔπω πολλάκις Croy Lesson 15 Vocabulary 6
Croy Lesson 15 Vocabulary ANALYSIS ἀκήκοα γέγονα ἤγγικα ἐγήγερµαι ἔγνωκα εἴρηκα (for Inf, no Pers/#) ἤγγικεν ἐγνώκειτε σέσωκέν προείρηκα ἐξεληθει γεγονέναι PERS 1 2 3 # S P TENSE Pres, Impf, Aor, Fut MOOD Ind Inf VOICE Mid Dep Pass TRANS (for Inf, no Pers/#) PERS 1 2 3 ANALYSIS # S P TENSE Pres, Impf, Aor, Fut, Pf, Plpf ἤγγικεν 3 S Pf ἐγνώκειτε 2 P Plpf σέσωκέν 3 S Pf προείρηκα 1 S Pf ἐξεληθει 3 S Plpf γεγονέναι Pf MOOD Ind Inf INF VOICE M D P TRANS it has drawn near you had known s/he has saved I have spoken before s/he had gone out to have become Croy Lesson 15 Exercises Do sentences 4, 5, 8, 9 and 11 of Practice and Review; Work on any others Do NT #5 Work on: LP 15 Vocab Start working on 50+ vocab list: A-K Quiz on Tuesday the 7 th Analysis of a few and/or Pluperfect forms Short translation (for INF, no person or number) ἔπεσον πέπτωκα ἐγείρεσθαι PERSN 1, 2, 3 NUMBER S, P TENSE Pres, Impf, Aor, Fut, Pf, Plpf πολλάκις ἔπεσον ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ µου, MOOD Indic, Inf VOICE, Mid, Dep, Pass νῦν δὲ πέπτωκα καὶ οὐ δύναµαι ἐγείρεσθαι. Croy #3 7