dnt m v H- -s - {]-Xn-tj-[-ß-fm-Wv kw-l-sn-x- k-a-c-am-bn cq-]m- -c-s - n-cn- p- -Xv ]mcn-ÿn-xni k p-e-\sø XInSw adn- p, P\-Po-hn-XsØ Zp -l-am- p Izmdn-Iƒs -Xnsc Dbcp P\-Iobka-c-ß-sf- p-dn- p tic-fobw ]w n XpS-cp p... apx-e-as: IzmdnaS-bmbn amdp Im jni{kmaw ] n-a-l ae-\n-c-i-fpss XmgvhmcsØ Im jni kar- n-bpss lcn-x-`q-an-bm-bn-cp ]me- msv Pn -bnse apx-e-as C v A\-[n-IrX Izmdn-I-fpsS hnf-\n-e-ambn amdn-bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. sx- -e-tbm-cw F- -dn-b-s -Sp- ap-x-e-a-s-bp-ss In-g- a-e-s -cphv ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw Im s -Sp- -s - p-i-gn- p. Zpc apjtø v Gsd Zqc-an-s - -dnbp \m p-im kwlsn v XpS-ßn-bn-cn- p- p. tic-fobw hm Øm-irw-Je Ir-jn-bpw I -j-i-cpw Im -jn-i ]m-c-º-cy-hpw A-\y-am-bn- n- m-ø, ]m-e- m-s {Km-ao-W-X-bp-sS {]-Xn-cq-]-am-b ap-x-e-a-s-bn-se \m- n-s-h-gn-iƒ C- v `o-xn-bp-ss \n-g-]-s - v hn-p-\-am-bn-øo - n-cn- p-ibm-wv. ap-x-e-a-s-bp-ss In-g- a-e-\n-c-i-sf Im - s -Sp-Øv a-s-ßp- `o-a tsm-d-kv tem-dn-iƒ A-kl-\o-b-am-b B-c-h-tØm-sS, s]m-sn-\n-d- v C-S-bv- nss ]-e-h-gn-i-fn-eq-ss-bpw I-S- p-t]m-ip- p- v. s\- n -X- v a-w-øn-cp- sn-ω -]m-x-iƒ a-c-w- m- n-ep-i-fp-ss ]-cp- F-b -tlm-wp-iƒ ti- v hn-dß-en- p-t]m-bn-cn- p- p. s\- n-bm-º-xn- -]-d-ºn- pfw a-e-\n-c-i-fp-ss Xm-gv-hm-c-sØ ]m-d- p- p-i-fp-ss A-Sn-Ø-d-bn-f- n-s m- p-t]m-ip- Cu ]-cp- ]m- n-ep-i-ƒ- v ap- n C-\n-bpw ]-I- p-\n - n- F- Xo-cp-am-\-Øn-em-Wv \m- p-im. \n-c-h-[n Izm-dn- I-fp- Cu ta-j-e-bn-se ]-e Izm-dn-Iƒ-s -Xn-scbpw X-t±-io-b-am-bn D-b - p-h- {]-Xn-tj-[-߃ h- gn-x-s-b k-a-c-ß-fn Xp-S-ßn C- v hn-]p-e-am-b P- \-Io-b sn-dp-øp-\n - m-bn cq-]-s - p-i-gn- n-cn- p- p. ap-x-e-a-s-bn-se F- m A-\-[n-Ir-X-Izm-dn-I-fpw A-S- p-]q- -W-sa- pw sse-k -kv d-±m- -W-sa- pw B-h-iy-s - v P-\-Io-b k-a-c-k-an-xn-bp-ss B-`n-ap-Jy- Øn ap-x-e-a-s ]- m-b-øv Hm-^o-kn-\v ap- n A-\n- n-x-im-e \n-cm-lm-c k-a-cw Xp-S-ßn-bn-cn- p- I-bm-Wv. C-cp-]-Øn-b-t m-fw A-\-[n-Ir-X Izm-dn-Ifm-Wv sx- -e-tbm-cw F- -dn-b-s -Sp- ap-x-e-a-s-bpss In-g- a-e-s -cp-hn {]-h -Øn- p- -sx- nepw 13 h -j-am-bn J-\-\w Xp-S-cp- aq- w-ip- nse ss^-hv-ãm sa- -kn-s\-xn-sc-bm-wv {]-[m-\- am-bpw i- -am-b {]-Xn-tj-[w D-b - p-h- n-cn- p- -Xv. A-\-[n-Ir-X Izm-dn-Iƒ-s - m-sa-xn-sc h -jß-fm-bn \n-e-\n - p- \m- p-im-cp-ss H- -s - {]- Xn-tj-[-ß-fm-Wv kw-l-sn-x- k-a-c-am-bn cq-]m- -cs - n-cn- p- -Xv. ssk-e v-hm-en Im-Sp-I-fpw A- - m-sn a-e-\n-c-ifpw ]n- n- v ]m-e- m-ss-øp- -txm-ss kzm-`m-hn-i-ambn ap-dn-bp- ]- n-a-l- w I-cn-º-\-I-fp-sS k-a-x-e- `q-hn \n- pw ho- pw a-e-i-fm-bn D-b-cp- -Xn-\v 43
Izm-dn-Iƒ \n -Øn-sh- -W-sa- v 2010 Umw kp-c- m A-tXm-dn- n Pn- m-`-c-w-iq-s-øn-\v \n -tz-iw \ -In-bn-cp- p km- yw h-ln- p- sn-dp-{km-a-am-wv ap-xe-a-s. a-e-i-fpw C-S-\m-S Ip- p-i-fpw Xm-gvh-c-I-fpw k-a-x-e-ß-fpw Dƒ-t - k-hnti-j-am-b `q-{]-ir-xn-bp- {]-tz-iw. ti-c-f- Øn-s `q-k-hn-ti-j-x-i-fp-ss-sb- mw ]-cnto-z-sa- v ]-d-bm-hp- -hn-[w ssh-hn-[y-ßfm k-º- w. tem-i-øn-se X-s kp-{]- [m-\ ssp-h-ssh-h-[y tlm- v-kv-t]m- p-i-fnsem- m-b ]-d-ºn- p-fw I-Sp-hmk-t -X-hpam-bn A-Xn-cp-]- n-sp- {]-tz-iw F- \n-ebn-ep- k-hn-ti-j-x-bpw ap-x-e-a-s-sb thdn- p-\n -Øp- p. Im -jn-i k-º- -X-bm-Wv ap-x-e-a-s-sb A-Xn-te-sd {i-t -b-am- n-bncp- -Xv. ]- v s\ -Ir-jn- v t]-cp-ti- n-cp- Cu {Km-aw C- v G- -hpw Iq-Sp-X- am- º-gw I-b- n-b-bv- p- ta-j-e-bm-wv. F- m ap-x-e-a-s-bp-ss Cu Im -jn-i k-ar- n-sb X- p-i - pw hn-[w Izm-dn-Iƒ C- v B {]-tz-i-øn-s N-c-a-Ko-Xw F-gp-Xn-s m- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. ]-e Im-cy-߃ ]cn-k-wn- p-tºm-gpw ]-cn-ÿn-xn Zp -_-e {]-tz-i-am-bn hn-e-bn-cp-ø-s -Sp- ÿ-e-am-wv ap-x-e-a-s. Km-Uv-Kn dn-t m - v {]-Im-cw C.-F-kv.F ta-j-e H- n Dƒ-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cp- Nn- q Xm-eq- n-em-wv Cu {]-tz-iw h-cp- -Xv. I-kv-Xq-cn-cw-K dn-t m - v {]-Im-cw ap-x-e-a-s H- pw c- pw hn-t -Pp-Iƒ C.-F-kv.F-bn Dƒ-s - n- p- v. ]m-e- m-sv Pn- -bn-se G- -dp-i-w- n-\v s\ - m-s-߃- v P-e-tk-N-\ ku-i-cy-samcp- p- Np- n-bm Um-an-\v k-ao-]-øp- c- v hm -Up-I-fn-em-bm-Wv Cu Izm-dn-Iƒ an- -Xpw ÿn-xn sn-øp- -Xv. `m-c-x- p-g-bpss ap-jy ssi-h-gn-bm-b Km-b-{Xn- p-g-bp-ss t]m-j-i-\-zn-bm-b Np- n-bm - p-g-bn-em-wv Np- n-bm Umw ÿn-xn sn-øp- -Xv. s\- nbm-º-xn a-e-\n-c-i-fn \n- pw Np- n-bm ]p-g-bn-te- v F-Øp- \n-c-h-[n \o - m-ep- I-sf sim-s m-sp- n-s m- m-wv Izm-dn-Isf- mw \n-e-bp-d- n- n-cn- p- -Xv. ]-e-i- m- n sh- - m- w Dƒ-s -ss-bp- \n-c-h-[n \o - m-ep-iƒ a-e-\n-c-i-fn \n- pw Np- nbm ]p-g-bn-te- v F-Øp- p- v. a-e-bp-ss D- -ÿm-\-ß-fn \n- pw Xm-gv-h-c-I-fn-te- p- \o - m-ep-i-fp-ss Cu H-gp- v a-g- m-e-øv \-b-a-t\m-l-c Im-gv-N-bm-bn am-dmdp- v. C- v B \o - m-ep-iƒ ]-e-xpw a-eb-sn-hm-c-sø Izm-dn-I-fn h- v sim-s m-sp- -s -Sp-I-bm-Wv. Np- n-bm - p-g h- nh-cp-fp- -Xn-\pw Um-an-se P-e-\n-c- v Xm-gp- -Xn- \pw C-Xv Im-c-W-am-bn- p- v. C-Xv Um-an \n- p- P-e-tk-N-\ ]-cn-]m-sn-sb km-c-ambn _m-[n- n- p-ap- v. Im -jn-im-h-iy-øn-\p- sh- -sa-øn- m I-gn-bm-Ø ÿn-xn C- n-hn-ss ]-Xn-hm-bn-cn- p- p. P-e-tk-N-\- sø B-{i-bn- v Ir-jn sn-øp- ]m-e- m- S I -j-i ]-e-cpw t_m -sh- p-i-fn \n- pw sh- w I-s -Øp- A-]-I-S-I-cam-b ÿn-xn-bm-wv C-Xp-aq-ew kw-pm-x-ambn-cn- p- -Xv. Np- n-bm Um-an-s B-bs - v ]-cn-[n-bn-ep- s\ -Ir-jn sh- w In- m-sx D-W-ßn-t m-ip- hm -Ø-Iƒ C- v ap-x-e-a-s-bn ]-Xn-hm-Wv. F-e-h-t -cn, sim- -t m-sv {]-tz-i-ß-sf-bpw Cu {]-iv-\w _m-[n- p- p- v. P-e-tk-N-\-sØ B-{i-bn- p- Ir-jn-bm-Wv h -j-ß-fm-bn ap-x-e-a-s {]-tz-i-øv \n-e-\n - p- -Xv. A-Xn-\m - Ø-s ti-c-f-øn G- -hpw Iq-Sp- X Um-ap-I-fp- ]- m-b-øv F- k-hn-ti-j-x-bpw ap-x-e-a-s-bv- m- Wp- -Xv. ao -I-c, Np- n-bm, s]- cp-hm-cn- - w, ]-d-ºn- p-fw, Xq-W- -S-hv Um-ap-I-fn \n- p- sh- -am-wv ap-x-e-a-s-bn-se-bpw k-ao-] ]- m-b-øn-se-bpw I -j-i ap-jyam-bpw Ir-jn- m-bn B-{in-bn- p- - Xv. A- q- -Øn-se kp-{]-[m-\ Umap-I-fn-sem- m-b Np- n-bm Um-ans {]-h -Ø-\w Xm-dp-am-dm- p- - Xn Izm-dn-Iƒ- v Ip- -I-c-am-b ]- p- v. \o - m-ep-iƒ \-in- n- p-sim- v Np- nbm ]p-g-sb a-cp- -d-ºm- n-b-xv Iq-Sm-sX Np- n-bm Um-an-\v hn- -ep- m-ip- -Xn-\v t]m-epw Izm-dn-I-fp-sS {]-h -Ø-\w Im-c-Wam-bn-`-hn- p. Np- n-bm -Um-an-\v `o-j-wn-bm- Ipw-hn-[-Øn {]-h -Øn- p- Izm-dn-Iƒ \n -Øn-sh- -W-sa- v 2010 Umw kp-c- m A-tXm-dn- n Pn- m-`-c-w-iq-s-øn-\v \n - tz-iw \ -In-bn-cp- p. F- m, A-Xv {]mh -Øn-I-am- m A-h - v I-gn- n- n- F- -Xm-Wv Zm-cp-W bm-ym - yw. ]-e Im-cy-߃ ]-c-k-wn- p-tºm-gpw ]- cn-ÿn-xn Zp -_-e {]-tz-i-am-bn hn-e-bn-cp- Ø-s -Sp- ÿ-e-am-wv ap-x-e-a-s. Km-Uv- Kn dn-t m - v {]-Im-cw C.-F-kv.F ta-j-e H- n Dƒ-s -Sp-Øn-bn-cp- Nn- q Xm-eq- n-em-wv Cu {]-tz-iw h-cp- -Xv. I-kv-Xq-cncw-K dn-t m - v {]-Im-cw ap-x-e-a-s H- pw 44
l-km -Uv tkm-tw-j am- v {]-Im-cw a-e-bn-sn- n D- m-im D-b - km-[y-x-bp- {]-tz-iamwv ap-x-e-a-s Np n-bm dnk thm-bdpw ] n-a-l ae-\n-c-ifpw c- pw hn-t -Pp-Iƒ C.-F-kv.F-bn Dƒs - n- p- v. D-cpƒ-s]m- -ep-i-fpw a-æn-sn- nepw C-S-bv- n-ss D- m-im-dp- {]-tz-i-am- Wv Ip-Ø-s\ \n - p- s\- n-bm-º-xn-bpss a-e-bp-ss Xm-gv-hm-cw. C-{b-[n-Iw D-b-c-ap- a-e-\n-c-i-ƒ H-cp a-xn -s - p-t]m-se \n-c- p-\n - p- A-]q - `q-an-im-kv-{xw Cu {]-tz-i-øn-s ap-jy k-hn-ti-j-x-bm- Wv. 1977 C-hn-sS-bp- m-b h-en-b a-e-bn-sn- n-en hym-]-i-am-b Bƒ-\m-i-hpw Ir-jn- \m-i-hpw D- m-b-xm-bn tc-j-i-fp- v. X-an-gv- \m-sp-am-bn A-Xn-cp-]- n-sp- sn-ω-wmw-]- Xn ap-x sim- -t m-sv h-sc-bp- 14 Intem-ao- Zq-c-tØm-fw B Zp-c- -Øn-s hym-]v-xn \o- p-t]m-bn-cp- p. 1977 \-hw-_ 7se a-c-w c-pn-ã {]-Im-cw 22 t] B Zp-c- -Øn a-c-w-s - -Xm-bm-Wv A-dn-bp- - Xv. X-an-gv-\m- n \n- pw Ir-jn-bn-S-ß-fn ]-Wn-sb-Sp- m-s\-øn-b ]m-h-ß-fm-bn-cp- p A-Xn-te-sd-bpw. A-{X-bpw A-]-I-S-I-c-am-b A-tX a-e-b-sn-hm-c-øm-wv Izm-dn-Iƒ C- t mƒ `q-an-bp-ss s\- p-]n-f - p-sim- n-cn- p- -Xv. A-Xy- m-[p-\n-i b-{ -km-{kn-ifm-epw sh-sn-t m- p-i-fm-epw a-e-bn-f- p- - Xv ho- pw a-e-bn-sn- n-en-\p- km-[y-x D- b -Øp- p- v. sx- -e-tbm-c-øv F- v Intem-ao- -dn-\p- n aq- v h -In-S Izm-dn-Ifpw \m-ev {I-j bq-wn- p-i-fpw C-cp-]-tXmfw sn-dp-in-s Izm-dn-I-fp-ap- v. tz-io-b Zp-c- -\n-hm-c A-tXm-dn- n-bp-ss \n -t±-i-sø Xp-S - v 2012 sk- n-s (sk t^m F -Øv k-b -kv Ã-Uo-kv) B-`n-ap- Jy-Øn ti-c-f k - m X-øm-dm- n-b \m-nyp-d l-km -Uv tkm-tw-j am- v {]-Im-cw a-e-bn-sn- n D- m-im D-b - km-[y-x-bp- {]-tz-i-ß-fm-bm-wv ap-x-e-a-s H- pw c- pw hn-t -Pp-I-sf tc-j-s -Sp-Ønbn-cn- p- -Xv. F-fp- -Øn \m-i-\-jv-s߃ D- m-im-\n-s-bp- tem-e-am-b `q-{]-tzi-ß-sf {]-Ir-Xn Zp-c-ß-fn \n- pw kw-c- n- p- -Xn-\m-Wv k - m Cu ]T-\-ßsf- mw \-S-Øp- -sx- n-epw Hu-tZym-Kn-I kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fp-ss I-S-em-kp-]-Wn-Iƒ- - p-d-tø- v H- pw I-S- m-dn- F- -Xv A- \n-b-{ n-x J-\-\-߃- v sskz-cy-am-bn Xpc- p- -Xn-\p- h-gn Xp-d- p-sim-sp- p- p. sn-dn-b `q-]-cn-[n- p- n C-{X-b-[n-Iw Izm-dn-Iƒ {]-h -Øn- p- -Xn-s k- n-x B-Lm-Xw (cumulative impact) hn-i-z-am-b ]T-\-ß-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn hn-e-bn-cptø- -Xm-Wv. A-Xn-\v ti-jw am-{x-sa i-cn- pw C-{X-bpw Zp -_-e-am-b H-cp {]-tz-i-øv Izm-dn-Iƒ- v A-\p-a-Xn \ -Im ]m-sp- q. F- m ]m-d-s - p-i-sf kz-øp-k-ºm-z-\- Øn-\p- hn-`-h-am-bn Im-Wp- -h-cpw A-Xns B -`m-s D-]-tbm- m- -fpw {]-Ir-Xn-Zp-c- -Øn-s a-c-w- -b-ß-fn-te- v Cu l-cn-x- `q-an-sb ]n-gp-sx-dn-bp-i-bm-wv sn-øp- -Xv. 45
2013 Un-kw-_ B-dn-\v ]m-e- m-sv Pn- m I-f-Iv-S ap-x-e-a-s-bn-se Izm-dn-I-fn k-µ -i-\w \-S-Øn-bn-cp- p {]-Ir-Xn-Zp-c- `o-xn-bp-ss B-gw h - n- n- p- a-s m-cp h-kv-xp-x Cu {]-tz-isø- p-dn- p- `q-i-º km-[y-xm ]T-\-ßfm-Wv. 1900 s^-{_p-h-cn 8\v Nn- q-cn-\-sp-øp- \-t - n- n {]-`-h-ti-{µ-am-bn, `q-i-º-am- ]n-\n-bn B-dv tc-j-s -Sp-Øn A-Xn-i- - am-b `q-i-º-ap- m-bn-. H-cp `q-i-ºw \-S- ÿ-e-øv 100-130 h -j-øn-\n-s-bn `q-i- ºw ho- pw B-h -Øn- m-\n-s-bp-s - v ]q-s\ B-ÿm-\-am-bn {]-h -Øn- p- kokv-tam-f-pn-ãv B-cp _m-]-xv \-S-Øn-b ]T-\w ]-d-bp- p- v. 2001 sk-]v-xw-_-dn ]p-d-øn-d-ßn-b {^- v-sse am-k-kn B ]T-\-sØ- p-dn- v hn-i-z-am-bn dn-t m - v sn-bv-xn- p-ap- v. ap-x-e-a-s-bn \n- pw G- sd A-I-e-Ø- m-ø ÿ-e-øm-wv A-{Xbpw h-en-b `q-i-º-ap- m-b-xv F- -Xv \q- m- p-iƒ- n- p-d-hpw \m- p-im-cp-ss D-d- w si-sp-øp- p h-kv-xp-x-bm-wv. 2000 -Øn-\v ti-j-hpw sn-dn-b txm-xn-ep- `q-i-ºßƒ ]m-e- m-sn-s In-g- ta-j-e-bn tc-j-s -Sp-Øn-bn- p- v. `q-i-º-am-]n-\n-b 2.4 tc-j-s -Sp-Øn-b aq- v `q-i-º-߃ h- n-øm-h-f-øn-\-sp-øv c- v h -jw ap-ºph-sc D- m-bn. `q-i-º km-[y-xm {]-tz-i- Øv \-S- p- A-\n-b-{ n-x J-\-\w A-Øcw km-[y-x-i-sf ho- pw Iq- p-i-bm-wv snøp- -sx- im-kv-{xo-b hn-i-i-e-\-߃ \- ap- v ap- n \n-c-h-[n-bp- v. F- m A- sxm- pw _m-[-i-a-s - Xo -Øpw \n-tj- [m-fl-i-hpw P-\-hn-cp- -hp-am-b k-ao-]-\w X-s -bm-wv C-hn-sS-bpw Izm-dn D-S-a-Iƒ ssi-s m- n-cn- p- -Xv. k - m A-t\zj-W dn-t m - p-i-fn Dƒ-s -ss ]-cm-a -in- -s - n- p- Cu hn-j-b-tøm-sv H-cp-hn-[- Øn-epw a-dp-]-sn-]-d-bm A-[n-Ir-X X-ømdm-bn- n-. Izm-dn-Iƒ-s -Xn-sc-bp- {]-Xn-tj-[- ߃ i- -am-b-xn-s\-øp-s - v 2013 Unkw-_ B-dn-\v ]m-e- m-sv Pn- m I-f-Iv-S ap-x-e-a-s-bn-se Izm-dn-I-fn k-µ -i-\w \-S- Øn-bn-cp- p. aq- w-ip- v, ta- n-d, Np- nbm Umw {]-tz-i-øp- Izm-dn-I-fn I-f- Iv-S si. cm-a-n-{µ-s t\-xr-xz-øn-ep- kw-lw t\-c-s -Øn an- ]-cn-tim-[-\ \- S-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp- p. an- Izm-dn-I-fpw A-\- [n-ir-x-am-bm-wv {]-h -Øn- p- -sx- v A- t±-l-øn-\v {]m-y-an-i ]-cn-tim-[-\-bn X- s hy- -am-hp-i-bp- m-bn. A- m-cy-߃ hn-i-z-am-bn A-dn-bp- -Xn-\m-bn ap-x-e-a-s-bnse A-\-[n-Ir-X Izm-dn-I-sf Ip-dn- v hn-i-zam-bn ]Tn- v dn-t m - p \ -Im Nn- q X- l-kn -Zm-sc I-f-Iv-S Np-a-X-e-s -Sp-Øn. Xp-S - v 2013 Un-kw-_ G-gv, F- v Xo-b-Xn- I-fn X-l-ko -Zm-dpw su-]yq- n X-lko -Zm-dpw ap-x-e-a-s 1, 2 hn-t -Pp-I-fn-se Po-h-\- m-cpw tn - v kw-`-h-ÿ-e-߃ k-µ -in- p-i-bpw Un-kw-_ H-º-Xn-\v X- s I-f-Iv-S - v dn-t m - v k-a - n- p-ibpw sn-bv-xp. A-Xp-h-sc k - m kw-hn- [m-\-ß-fn \n-s m- pw k-lm-bw e-`n- m-xn-cp- \m- p-im - v B-izm-k-I-c-am-b dn-t m - m-bn-cp- p X-l-ko -Zm \ -In-b- Xv. Izm-dn-I-ƒ- v e-`n- A-\p-a-Xn-I-fpw A- h-bp-ss Im-em-h-[n-I-fpw A-\p-a-Xn- v hn-cp- -am-bn \-S-Øp- {]-h -Ø-\-ß-fp-sa- mw X-l-ko -Zm-dp-sS t\-xr-xz-øn-ep- kw- Lw hn-i-z-am-bn ]-cn-tim-[n- p. sk- n-s ]T-\w, `q-i-º-km-[y-x-i-sf- p-dn- p- ]T- \-߃, {]-tz-i-øn-s ]m-cn-ÿn-xn-i-am-b {]m-[m-\yw F- n-h -Iq-Sn ]-cn-k-wn- p-sim- p- dn-t m - m-wv X-l-ko -Zm I-f-Iv- S - v \ -In-b-Xv. ap-x-e-a-s ]- m-b-ønse J-\-\-{]-h -Ø-\-߃ \n-tcm-[n- m-hp- -Xm-Wv F- m-wv Izm-dn-I-fp-sS en-ãv k- ln-xw Nq- n- m-wn- p-sim- v X-l-ko - Zm-dp-sS dn-t m - v A- n-a-am-bn ]-d- -Xv. aq- w-ip- n-se ss^-hv-ãm sa- -kn-s c- v Izm-dn-I-fpw sn-ω-wmw-]-xn-bn-se F h km -Uv-kpw ta- n-d-bn-se txmw k -sa- -kpw B-Wv A-\p-a-Xn e-`n- -Xns ]-cn-[n ew-ln- v h -txm-xn J-\-\w \-S-Øn-b-Xm-bn X-l-ko -Zm I-s -Øn-b- Xv. ta-j-e-bn-se an- Izm-dn-I-fpw Pn-tbm-f- Pn h-ip- n-s am-\-z-fi-߃ Im- n - -d- Øn-bm-Wv J-\-\w \-S-Øp- -sx- v A-t\zj-W-Øn hy- -am-bn-cp- p. 6 ao- J-\- \w \-S-Øm- A-\p-a-Xn-bp- ss^-hv Ãm sa- -kn-s H-cp Izm-dn 19.5 ao- h-sc J-\-\w \-S-Øn-b-Xm-bn I-s -Øn. sn-ω-wmw-]-xn-bn-se F h km -Uv-kv 8 ao- B-g-Øn-epw ap-x-e-a-s c- v hn-t - Pn {]-h -Øn- p- txmw-k sa- -kv 12 ao- B-g-Øn-epw A-\p-a-Xn ew-ln- v J- \-\w \-S-Øn-. s\- n-bm-º-xn h-\-ta-j-enbn \n- pw aq- v In-tem-ao- A-I-e- Øn Izm-dn-I-fp-s - pw C-Xv h-\-øn-\pw h-\y-po-hn k-øn-\pw `o-j-wn-bm-ip-sa- pw dn-t m - v ]-d-bp- p- v. P-\-Io-b {]-Xn-tj- [-sø Xp-S - v H-cp k - m kw-hn-[m-\w ap- n- n-d-ß-b-t mƒ ap-x-e-a-s-bn I-s - Øn-b A-\-[n-Ir-X {]-h -Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv C- 46
kw-bp- ]-cn-tim-[-\ \-S-Øn Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp- p- -Xp-h-sc {]-h -Ø-\-߃ \n -Øn-h-bv- m-\m-wv D-Ø-c-hn- -Xv X-l-ko -Zm dn-t m - v \ -In-b-Xn-s\ Xp-S - v, C-{X-b-[n-Iw Izm-dn-Iƒ- v ssa-\nw-kv B v Pn-tbm-f-Pn h-ip- v J-\-\m-\p-a-Xn \ -In-b-Xv F-ß-s\-sb- v D- -X-e A-t\z-j-Ww th-w-sa- v B-h-iy-s - v I-f-Iv-S k - m No-^v sk-{i- -dn- v I-sØ-gp-Xn-bn-cp- p. A-\-[n-Ir-X-am-bn {]-h -Øn- n-cp- C-cp-]-Xv Izm-dn-Iƒ- v tãm- v sa-tωm \ -Ip-I-bpw sn-bv-xp. sx- mw. F- m F-{X-tbm h -j-ß-fm-bn C-tX ÿm-]-\-ß-sf hn-uv-vn-i-fm- n C- tx Izm-dn-Iƒ Cu ta-j-e-bn {]-h -Øn- p- p- v. D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Ø-s - -h-cm-cpw C-{X- \m-fpw H- pw A-t\z-jn- m cw-k-øv h- n- n-. ]-Øv h -j-øn-te-sd-bm-bn Xp-S-cp- ]-e Izm-dn-I-fpw \n-b-a-ew-l-\-øn-eq-ss Im -s -Sp-Ø {]-Ir-Xn-k-º-Øn-s\-bpw A- Xp- m- n-b \-jv-s-ß-sf-bpw B - pw \n- I-Øm-\m-In- F- -Xv Zm-cp-W bm-ym - yam-bn Xp-S-cp- p. X-l-ko -Zm dn-t m - v \ -In-b-Xn-s\ Xp-S - v, C-{X-b-[n-Iw Izm-dn-Iƒ- v ssa- \nw-kv B v Pn-tbm-f-Pn h-ip- v J-\-\m-\p-a- Xn \ -In-b-Xv F-ß-s\-sb- v D- -X-e A- t\z-j-ww th-w-sa- v B-h-iy-s - v I-f-Iv- S k - m No-^v sk-{i- -dn- v I-sØ-gp- Xn-bn-cp- p. A-\-[n-Ir-X-am-bn {]-h -Øn- ncp- C-cp-]-Xv Izm-dn-Iƒ- v tãm- v sa-tωm \ -Ip-I-bpw sn-bv-xp. ]n- m-se, \m- p-imcp-ss ]-cm-xn ]-cn-k-wn- v A-\p-a-Xn-bn- msx {]-h -Øn- p- Izm-dn-Iƒ-s -Xn-sc \- S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-Øp-sIm- v Pn-tbm-f-Pn h-ip- pw cw-k-sø-øn. F h, ss^-hv-ãm, txmwk F- o Izm-dn-Iƒ- m-wv Pn-tbm-f-Pn h-ip- v tãm- v sa-tωm \ -In-b-Xv. hn-hn-[ h-ip- p-iƒ kw-bp- ]-cn-tim-[-\ \-S-Øn Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp- p- -Xp-h-sc {]-h -Ø-\- ߃ \n -Øn-h-bv- m-\m-wv D-Ø-c-hn- -Xv. Xp-S - v ]m-e- m-sv A-kn-à v I-f-Iv-S-dp-sS t\-xr-xz-øn Pn-tbm-f-Pn, a-en-\o-i-c-w \n-b-{ -W t_m -Uv, {Km-a-]- m-b-øv, P- e-tk-n-\ h-ip- p-i-fn-se D-tZym-K-ÿ P-\p-h-cn 3\v ap-x-e-a-s-bn-se 12 Izm-dn- I-fn t\-cn- v ]-cn-tim-[-\ \-S-Øn. Izm-dn- Iƒ Im-c-W-ap- m-ip- P-e-tim-j-W-hpw Im -jn-i hn-f-i-fn-ep- m-ip- Ip-d-hpw ho- Sp-Iƒ- v kw-`-hn- \m-i-\-jv-s-ß-fpw ]m-ds m-sn kr-jv-sn- p- B-tcm-Ky-{]-iv-\-ßfpw A-t\z-j-Ww kw-lw hn-e-bn-cp-øn. F- m, A-kn-à v I-f-Iv-S-dp-sS dn-t m - v ]- cn-k-wn- p-sim- v F- m \n-b-am-\p-kr-x Izm-dn-I-fpw {I-j bq-wn- p-i-fpw Xp-S - pw {]-h -Øn- n- m-sa- pw Pn-tbm-f-Pn h-ip- v G -s -Sp-Øn-b tãm- v sa-tωm ]n -h-en- m-hp- -Xm-sW- p-am-wv I-f-Iv-S D-Ø-chn- -Xv. k - m kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fn \n- pw A-Xp-h-sc-bp- m-b F- m A-\p-Iq-e Xo-cpam-\-ß-sf-bpw A- n-a-dn- p- X-c-Øn-ep- \-S-]-Sn-bm-bm-Wv A-Xn-s\ k-a-c-{]-h -Ø- I I- -Xv. A-t\z-j-W dn-t m - p-i-sf- mw Izm-dn-I-fp-sS {]-h -Ø-\-߃ \n-c-h- [n {]-iv-\-߃- v Im-c-W-am-Ip-sa- v Nq- n- m-wn- n- pw I-f-Iv-S-dp-sS A- n-a \-S-]- Sn Izm-dn-Iƒ- v A-\p-Iq-e-am-bn am-dp-i-bmbn-cp- p. A-\p-a-Xn-]-{X-ß-fn ]-d-bp- hy-h-ÿ-iƒ I -i-\-am-bn ]m-en- p-sim- v P-\-߃- v _p- n-ap- m- m-sx Xp-S - v {]-h -Øn- m Ip-g- -an-s - \n-e-]m- Sm-Wv I-f-Iv-S ssi-s m- -Xv. P-\p-h-cn 7\v I-f-Iv-S-dp-sS B D-Ø-c-hv h- -Xn-s\ Xp-S - v ss^-hv-ãm Dƒs -ss-bp- h -In-S Izm-dn-Iƒ- v \ -In-bn-cp- tãm- v sa-tωm Pn-tbmf-Pn h-ip- v ]n -h-en- p. ]-cn-ÿn-xn {]-iv-\-߃ D- m-ip- n-s - v Izm-dn- Iƒ D-d- p-h-cp-ø-ww, s]m-sn-]-d- p- -Xv H-gn-hm- -Ww, kv-t^m-s-\w \n-b- { n-x-am-b A-f-hn-em- -Ww F- n-ßs\ Xm-c-X-tay-\ Zp -_-e-am-b-xpw Ir- {Xn-a-߃ Im-Wn- v a-dn-i-s- m-hp- - Xp-am-b Nn-e \n -t±-i-߃ am-{x-am-wv Pntbm-f-Pn h-ip- v ho- pw {]-h -Ø-\m-\p-a- Xn \ -Ip- -Xn-s `m-k-am-bn ap-t m- v h- - Xv. A-\p-a-Xn In- n-b-txm-ss Izm-dn-Iƒ {]- h -Ø-\w ho- pw Du - n-x-ambn. Izm-dn-I-fp-sS A-\-[n-Ir-X {]-h -Ø-\w X-I -Øp-X-cn- -W-am- n-b H-cp {Km-a-sØ ho- pw Zp-cn-X- -b-ß-fn-te- v X- n-hn-sp- Xo-cp-am-\-am-bn A-Xp-am-dn. Izm-d-I-fn \n- p- ]m-d-s m-sn-bpw tem-up-am-bn A- Xn-th-K-Øn t]m-ip- tem-dn-i-fp- m- p- s]m-sn-bpw Im- n - -S - v ap-x-e-a-s-bpss In-g- ta-j-e-bm-si tcm-k-{k-ÿ-ambn-cn- p- p. tem-dn- I-S- p-t]m-ip- h-gn-ifn am-{x-a-, ho-sp-iƒ- p- n-te- v t]mepw s]m-sn- h- p-\n-d-bp- A-h-ÿ-bm-Wp- -sx- v \m- p-im ]-d-bp- p. izm-k-timi Iym -k-dn-\v h-sc Im-c-W-am-tb- m-hp- 47
[ txmw-k sa- -kv bm-sxm-cp-hn-[ A-\p-a-Xn-bp-an- m-sx-bm-wv aq- v am-k-tøm-fw {]-h -Øn- -Xv [ ]m-d-s m-sn-bp-am-bn a- n- v Po-hn-Xw apt m- v sim- p-t]m-ti- Zp-cn-X-Øn-em-Wv sn-dn-b Ip- n-iƒ t]m-epw. B-Zn-hm-kn- -Z-fnXv hn-`m-k-øn -s - Z-cn-{Z-cm-b-h Xm-a-kn p- sh- m-c- -S-hv, ta- n-d, ^n-j-do-kv, sf.-_n, Ip- -e- p-f-ºv tim-f-\n-iƒ- v ap n-eq-ss-bm-wv In-g- Izm-dn-I-fn \n p- tem-dn-iƒ ]m- p-t]m-ip- -Xv. Im -\-S-bm-bn k- -cn- p- C-h-cp-sS sskz-cy-po-hn-x-øn-\v ta tem-dn-i-fp-ss ac-w- m- n \n-c- -c `o-j-wn-bm-bn am-dn-bncn- p- p. \m- p-im - v G-sd _p- n-ap- v kr-jv-sn p- txmw-k sa- -kv bm-sxm-cp-hn-[ A-\p-a-Xn-bp-an- m-sx-bm-wv aq- v am-ktøm-fw {]-h -Øn- -Xv F- v hn-h-cm-h-imi \n-b-a-{]-im-cw A-dn-bm I-gn- -Xv {]Xn-tj-[-Øn-s hym-]v-xn-iq- n-bn- p- v. ssek -kv C- F- hn-h-cw ]p-d-øm-b-txmss A-P- -bn t]m-epw h-bv- m-sx Xn-cn p-]n-sn- v sse-k -kv \ -Im ]- m-bøv `-c-w-k-an-xn {i-an- n-cp- p. P-\-ß-fp-sS kw-l-sn-x-am-b {]-Xn-tj-[-am-Wv B \o- sø ]-cm-p-b-s -Sp-Øn-b-Xv. A-Xp-t]m-se A-\-[n-Ir-X-am-b {]-h -Øn- p- ]-e Izmdn- pw ]- m-b-øv tãm-]v sa-tωm \ In-bn-cp-s - n-epw ]- m-b-øn-s \-S-]-Sn {I-a-߃ Zp -_-e-am-bn-cp- -Xn-\m tim-sxn-bn A-sX- mw X- n-t m-hp-i-bpw Izmdn-Iƒ- v ho- pw {]-h -Øm-\-\p-a-Xn e-`n p-i-bpw sn-bv-xp. C-sX- mw X-t±-io-b `-c- 48 W-ÿm-]-\-Øn-\pw P-\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ- pw ta-ep- Izm-dn am-^n-bp-ss kzm-[o-\-am-wv hy- -am- p- -Xv. `-c-w-ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-ss si-sp-im-cy-ÿ-xbpw A-gn-a-Xn-bpw Im-c-Ww Izm-dn-Iƒ ho pw {]-h -Øn- p Xp-S-ßn-b-tXm-sS \m- pim ]n-s -bpw tdm-un-en-d-ßn. P-\p-hcn 9\v Izm-dn-bn \n- pw h- tem-dn-i-sf A-h h-gn-bn X-S- p. F.-Un.Fw kw-`ÿ-e-sø-øp-i-bpw Izm-dn-Iƒ {]-h -Øn m A-\p-h-Zn- -W-sa- v B-h-iy-s -Sp-Ibpw sn-bv-xp. F- m P-\-߃ A-Xn-\v k-ω-xn- n-. A-tXm-sS I-f-Iv-S-dp-am-bn N \-S-Øn ho- pw Izm-dn-I-fp-sS {]-h -Øw \n -Øn-h-bv- m F.-Un.Fw B-h-iy-s p. F- m \m- p-im - p- m-b B-izm-kw G-sd-\mƒ \o- p-\n- n-. t]m-eo-kv kw-c -W-Øn-\p- tim-s-xn hn-[n k-ºm-zn- psim- v, t]m-eo-kv A-I-º-Sn-tbm-sS Izm-dnIƒ ho- pw {]-h -Ø-\w Xp-S-ßn. s^-{_p-h-cn 21\v \m- p-im {]-Xn-tj-[-hpam-bn ]- m-b-øv Hm-^o-kn-\v ap- n-seøn. {]-I-S-\w t]m-eo-kv X-S- -txm-ss sn-dn-b txm-xn kw-l -j-ap- m-bn. \qtdm-fw h-cp- k-a-c-{]-h -Ø-I-sc t]m-eokv A-d-Ãp-sN-bv-Xv ap-x-e-a-s t]m-eo-kv tãj-\n-te- v sim- p-t]m-bn. kv-{xo-iƒ- pw Ip- n-iƒ- pw `- -Ww t]m-epw \ -Im-sX a-wn- q-dp-i-tfm-fw t]m-eo-tã-j-\n X-S p-h- p. P-\-Io-b k-a-c-øn-\v t\-sc-bp t]m-eo-kn-s lnw-km-fl-i \n-e-]m-sn
Cu {]-iv-\-߃- v t\-sc ap-x-e-a-s-bv- v G-sd-\mƒ I-Æ-S-bv- m I-gn-bn- {]-Xn-tj-[n- v s^-{_p-h-cn 22\v k-a-c-k-an- Xn-bp-sS B-`n-ap-Jy-Øn ap-x-e-a-sn-bn l -Øm B-N-cn- p. Xp-S - pw k-a-cw i- -am-bn Xp-S-cp-Ibm-Wv. A-\-[n- -Ir-X {I-j-dp-Iƒ A-S- p-]q- n \m- p-im - p- m-b B-tcm-Ky {]-iv-\-߃- pw Ip-Sn-sh- t{km-x- p-i-fn-se sh- w Ip-d- -Xn-\pw ho-sp-iƒ- v hn- -ep- m- n-b-xn-\pw a-xn-bm-b \-jv-s-]-cn-lm-cw \ -I-W-sa- v B-h-iy-s - v k-a-c-{]-h -Ø- I ]- m-b-øv Hm-^o-kn-\v ap- n-se k-ac-]- -en-ep- v. Izm-dn-ap-X-em-fn-am-cp-sS kzm- [o-\-ti-jn- v ap- n \n-k-lm-b-cm-bn t\m- n \n- n-cp- - ]-g-b tdm-fn-s\ A-h ]-Sn- v ]p-d-øm- n-bn-cn- p- p. km-[y-am-b k- m-l-ß-fp-ss ]n -_-e-øm, P-\-Io-b k-a-c-hpw \n-b-a-t]m-cm- -ß-fp-am-bn ap-x-e-a-s- m ap-t m- v t]m-hp-i-bm-wv. _r-l-øm-b ]n- p-w-i-fpw k-a-c-øn-\v e-`n- p- p- v. ap-x-e-a-s-bn-se Im-em-h-ÿ-bn A-Sp- Ø-Im-e-Øp- m-b {]-I-S-am-b am- -ß-sf- p-dn- v I -j-i B-i- m-ip-e-cm-wv. hn-f- Iƒ- p- m-b Ip-d-hn-eq-sS-bm-Wv A-h A- Xn-s {]-Xn-^-e-\-߃ A-dn-bm-dp- -Xv. amß-i-fp-ss Xm-gv-h-c-bm-bn-cp- Cu am-t mkn- n C- v I-cn- p-w-ßn-b am-ºq- -fm \n-d- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. 80 i-x-am-\-am-wv Cu h -jw D-Xv-]m-Z-\-Øn Ip-d-hp- m-bncn- p- -Xv. A -t^m-w-k-bpw kn-µq-chpw sh- -c- n- n-bpw Dƒ-s -ss-bp- G-sd kzo-im-cy-x-bp- C-\-ß-fn-em-bn 45,000 S -h-sc I-b- n ap -h -j-ß-fn C-hn-sS- \n- pw I-b- n-b-b- n-cp- p. F- m hm-sn- gp-ø am-ß-iƒ am - - n hn-e-bn- m-xmb-txm-ss ap-x-e-a-s-bn-se am-ßm I -j-i I-c-I-b-dm-\m-Im-Ø {]-Xn-k- n-bn-te- v ho-wp-sim- n-cn- p-i-bm-wv. Izm-dn-I-fn-te- p- h-gn-i-fn-se am-t m- p-i-sf- mw ]md-s m-sn-bn Ip-fn- p-\n - p-i-bm-wv. Ime-h-ÿ-bn-ep- m-ip- hy-xn-bm-\-øn-s\m- w hn-f-hn-s\ t\-cn- v _m-[n- p- {]-iv-\- am-bn C-Xv \n-e-\n - p- p- v. ap-x-e-a-s ta-j-e-bn-ep- m-ip- Im-em-h-ÿm hy-xnbm-\-øn-s _-lp-hn-[ {]-iv-\-ß-sf Izm-dn- I-fp-sS A-\n-b-{- n-x J-\-\-hp-am-bn _- n- n- v a-\- n-em- p- X-c-Øn-ep- C-S-s]- S-ep-I-fn-te- v k-a-cw hn-i-kn-t - n-bn-cn- p- p. ]m-e- m-sv Np-c-Øn-s H-c- -am-b s- \- n-bm-º-xn a-e-\n-c-i-fp-ss Xm-gv-hm-c-Øm- Wv J-\-\w \-S- p- -Xv F- -Xm-Wv Kp-cp-Xc-am-b {]-iv-\w. Cu a-e Im -s -Sp- -s - F.-F. \ko-dns\ Itø w snbvxp {]-i-kv-x h-\y-po-hn t^m-t m-{km-^-dpw Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\p-am-b F.-F. \-ko-dn-s\ ap-x-e-a-s-bn-se ta- n-d-bn A-\-[n-Ir-Xambn {]-h -Øn- p- txmw-k sa- kn-se sxm-gn-em-fn-i-fpw Kp- -I-fpw I- tø w sn-øm {i-an- p. am - v 21, sh- nbm-gvn s\- n-bm-º-xn a-e-i-fp-ss Xm-gv-hmc-Øv \n- pw h-\y-po-hn-i-fp-ss t^m-t msb-sp- p- -Xn-\m-sb-Øn-b-Xm-bn-cp- p \ko-dn-s t\-xr-xz-øn-ep- m-bn-cp- kwlw. D-S Izm-dn-I-fn \n-s -Øn-b kw-lw A-h - v t\-sc I-b - p-i-bpw Iym-a-d ]n-sn- p-hm-ßn \-in- n- p-i-bpw ss_- n-\pw a- pw ti-sp-]m-sp-iƒ h-cp-øp- I-bpw sn-bv-xp. \ko \ -In-b ]-cm-xnsb-øp-s - v 12 t] -s -Xn-sc t]m-eo-kv ti-sk-sp-øp. Sp- -txm-ss a-[y-ti-c-f-øn-s Im-em-h-ÿbn kp-{]-[m-\ ]- p-h-ln- p- ]m-e- m- S Np-c-Øn-s ho-xn Iq-Sp-I-bpw Im-em-hÿ I-W- p-iq- -ep-iƒ sx- n- p-i-bpw sn-øpw. Im-em-h-ÿ-sb h-f-sc-tb-sd B- {i-bn- p- Im -jn-i k-aq-l-øn-s \mss- \n-e-bn Cu {]-iv-\-߃- v t\-sc ap-x-e-a-s-bv- v G-sd-\mƒ I-Æ-S-bv- m I- gn-bn-. 2012 Un-kw-_ 25\v ko-xm - p- v ta- J-e-bn a-e-bn-sn- n D- m-b-xn-s\ Xp-S - v sk t^m F -Øv k-b -kv Ã-Uokn-se ]-cn-ÿn-xn im-kv-{x hn-`m-kw ta-[mhn tum. kn.-f. tam-l-\, im-kv-{x- -\m-b tum. A-P-b-Ip-am h -Ω F- nh \-S-Øn-b ]T-\w s\- n-bm-º-xn Xm-gv-hc-bn-se J-\-\w A-]-I-S-am-sW- v hn-e-bn-cp- Øn-bn-cp- p. a-e-b-sn-hm-c-sø A- v Intem-ao- {]-tz-iw _-^ tkm-wm-bn {]- Jym-]n- v J-\-\w \n-tcm-[n- -W-sa- m-wv A-h dn-t m - v \ -In-b-Xv. J-\-\w ap-x-ea-s-sb F-{X-am-{Xw _m-[n- p-sa- -Xv im-kv- {Xo-b-am-bn hn-i-zo-i-cn- p- dn-t m - m-bn-cp- p A-Xv. F- n- pw A-Xn-t Xp-S \-S-]- Sn-I-sfm- p-ap- m-bn-. {]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS k- pen-xm-h-ÿ-tb-bpw P-\-Po-hn-X-sØ-bpw _m- [n- p- hn-[-øn-ep- J-\-\-am-sW- v \- S- p- -sx- v ]-e k - m G-P -kn-ifpw dn-t m - v sn-bv-xn- pw Izm-dn-Iƒ-s -Xn- 49
cm-jv-{so-b kzm-[o-\-ß-fm-wv C-sX- mw a-dn-i-s- p- -Xn-\p- {]-[m-\ h-gn 50 sc \-S-]-Sn-I-fp- m-ip- n- F- -Xm-Wv ap- X-e-a-S-bpw F-Øn-\n - p- {]-Xn-k- n. ti-c-f-øn-se Izm-dn hn-cp- k-a-c-ß-sf- mw k-am-\-am-b ]-co- -W-L- -Øn-eq-sSbm-Wv I-S- p-t]m-ip- -Xv. P-\-ß-sf k-lmbn- m _m-[y-ÿ-cm-b-h Izm-dn-Iƒ- v Iq- p-\n - p- p. B Zp-c-h-ÿ-sb- q-sn a-dn- I-S- m-\p- I-cp-Øm-Wv Izm-dn k-a-c-߃ C-t mƒ kz-cq-]n- p-sim- n-cn- p- -Xv. Po-h-\pw kz-øn-\pw ]-cn-ÿn-xn- pw `oj-wn-bp- m- -cp-sx- v A-t]- -t^m-an H- n- p-sim-sp-øn- m-wv F- m Izm-dn-I-fpw {]- h -Ø-\w Xp-S-ßp- -Xv. I-S-em-kn-se D-d- p- Iƒ I-S-em-kn am-{x-sam-xp-ßp- n-s-øm- Wv Izm-dn-I-fp-sS kzm-[o-\-ti-jn sh-fn-s - Sp- -Xv. H-º-Xv A-\p-a-Xn-Iƒ In- m-bm am- {X-sa H-cp Izm-dn- v {]-h -Ø-\w Xp-S-ßm I-gn-bq. 1. ssa-\nw-kv B v Pn-tbm-f-Pn, 2. F-Iv-kv-tπm-ko-hv, 3. ªm-Ãnw-Kv, 4. a-en-\o-ic-w \n-b-{ -W t_m -Uv, 5. Pn- m sa-un- Hm-^o-k, 6. ^-b t^m-gv-kv, 7. ^m- Iv-S-do-kv B v t_m-bn-te-gv-kv, 8. Pn- m I- f-iv-s, 9. ]- m-b-øv. C-{X kp-i- -am-b \n-co- -W kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fp- m-bn-cp- n- pw A-h-sb- mw a-dn-i-s- p- -Xn-\p- Izm-dn ap- X-em-fn-am-cp-sS ti-jn-bm-wv N - sn-ø-s ts- a-s m-cp hn-j-bw. cm-jv-{so-b kzm-[o-\- ß-fm-Wv C-sX- mw a-dn-i-s- p- -Xn-\p- {]-[m-\ h-gn. ]-W-s m-gp- p-sim- v am-{x-ap- m-ip- - X- Cu cm-jv-{so-b ]n- p-w. Izm-dn-Iƒ- v ]n- n-ep- A-Zr-iy \n-t -]-ß-fn-te- m- Wv A-Xv hn-c Nq- p- -Xv. ti-c-f-øn-se ]-e {]-ap-j cm-jv-{so-b t\-xm- - m-cpw _n- \m-an- t]-cn Izm-dn \-S-Øp- -Xm-bn B- t -]w hym-]-i-am-wv. A-Ø-cw A-Zr-iy-_- -߃ sh-fn-s -Sp-Øpw hn-[-ap- sx-fnhp-iƒ ]-e-bn-s-ß-fn \n- pw s]m-ßn-h-cp- p-ap- v. c-l-ky-\n-t -]-I-sc Xp-d- p-im- Wn- v, Izm-dn-Iƒ- v ta-ep- cm-jv-{so-b ]m - n-i-fp-ss Xm-Xv-]-cy-ß-sf- m-sw- v s]m-xp-k-aq-l-sø t_m-[y-s -Sp-Øp-I-bm- Wv Izm-dn hn-cp- k-a-c-߃- v ap- n-ep- a-s m-cp sh- p-hn-fn. cm-jv-{so-b ]m - n-iƒ am-{x-a-, a-x- -km-aq-ln-i kw-l-s-\-iƒ- v ta-epw Izm-dn ap-x-em-fn-am - v km- n-[y-ap- v. X-e-t»-cn _n-j- v am tpm - v h-enb-a- -Øn-en-s 75- mw ]n-d- m-fn-\v Izm-dn- -{Ij I-º-\n-I-fp-sS B-`n-ap-Jy-Øn a-t\mc-a ]-{X-Øn H-cp t]-pv B-iw-km-]-c-kyw h- kw-`-hw A-Xn-s hy- -am-b kq-n-\- bm-wv. A-tX-k-a-bw ti-c-f-øn-se \n -Ωm-W ta-j-e-bp-ss B-[n-Iyw In-g- a-e-iƒ- v ta-ep- k-ω -±w A-\p-Zn-\w Iq- n-s mt -bn-cn- p-i-bm-wv. `-h-\-\n -Ωm-W-Øn se [q -Øpw tjm- nw-kv amƒ kw-kv-im-chpw ssl-ss-iv hn-i-k-\-\-b-ß-fp-sa- mw ÿn-xn-k-xn-iƒ k- o -Æ-am- p- p. A-im- {Xo-b-am-b \n-b-{ -W-߃ A-Sn-t - n- p- p F- v ]-cm-xn-s - p-sim- v ti-c-f-ønse {I-j-dp-Iƒ s^-{_p-h-cn A- y-hm-c- Øn ]-Wn-ap-S- v \-S-Øn-bn-cp- p. tdm-uv Sm-dn-Kpw, sim- n sa-t{sm-bp-ss \n -Ωm-Whpw ap-x X-t±-io-b kz-bw-`-c-w ÿm-]- \-ß-fp-sS hn-i-k-\ {]-h -Ø-\-߃ h-sc A-Xn-s\ Xp-S - v ap-s-ßp-i-bp- m-bn. ]m-d- I-fp-sS ta-ep- Kp-cp-X-c-am-b B-{in-X-XzsØ {In-bm-fl-I-am-bn a-dn-i-s- m-sx Izm-dn- I-sf \n-b-{ n- m I-gn-bn-s - bm-ym - yw Iq-Sp-X hy- -am-bn-cn- p- p. k-aqlw H- m-si ]-cn-k-wn-t - H-cp hn-j-bam-bn A-Xv \n-e-\n - p-tºm-gpw, s]m-xp-j- P-\m-hn-te- pw kz-im-cy a-sn-io-e-i-fn-te- pw ]-W-sam-gp-Ip-sa- Im-c-W-Øm a-e- Iƒ hn- p-ap-sn- m A-\p-h-Zn- n-s - X- t±-io-b-cp-ss ]m-cn-ÿn-xn-i t_m-[y-øn-\pw Nn-e km-[y-x-i-fp-s - m-wv ap-x-e-a-s-bnss k-a-c-hpw hy- -am- p- -Xv. tic-fobw hcn-kwjy Ab-bv p-a-t m... hm jni hcn-kwjy (12 e w) : C y-bn : 300 cq], ÿm]-\-߃ v : 600 cq] hntz-i-tø v : 1200 cq]. Iq mbva AwKXzw : 10,000 cq]. BPo-h-\m hcn-kwjy hntz-i-tø v : 8000 cq]. C y-bn : 6000 cq]. IØp-Iƒ, hm Ø-Iƒ, hni-i-e-\-߃, kw`m-h\,]c-ky-߃ F n-hbpw {]Xo- n- p p. _ -߃ v : tic-fo-bw, sim m-se, Xriq - 21 t^m : 0487-2421385, 9446576943 tim n-i-ƒ In p- n-s - n : 8129931739