Variation of Soil Microbial Populations and Relationships Between Microbial Factors and Soil Nutrients in Cover Cropping System of Vineyard

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1 Acta Horticulturae Sinica * % 83.4% 68.1% P P N N K P N P K S A X Variation of Soil Microbial Populations and Relationships Between Microbial Factors and Soil Nutrients in Cover Cropping System of Vineyard XI Zhu-mei LI Hua * LONG Yan ZHANG Jin and PANG Xue-liang College of Enology Northwest A & F University Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture Yangling Shaanxi China Abstract Three such cover crops two perennial legumes (white clover and alfalfa) and a perennial gramineous grass tall fescue were sown inter-row in Cabernet sauvignon vineyard with clean tillage as the control. The effects of cover cropping on microbial populations soil nutrient contents and their relationships were studied. The results showed that soil microbial quantities in cover cropping treatments were increased among which azotobacter and cellulose-decomposing and bacteria microorganisms increased by 223.4% 83.4% and 68.1% respectively but only slightly changing for actinomyces compared with bare soil control the soil from white clover and alfalfa plots showed higher quantities of microbial populations than tall fescue polt and significant differences were observed between the two cover crop treatments and the control except actinomyces. Also it indicated that cover crop treatments ZDKG-09 Z Author for correspondence lihuawine@nwsuaf.edu.cn

2 had higher soil organic matter content but reduced available P and total P. For white clover and alfalfa treatments the contents of soil hydrolyzable N total N available K increased evidently while decreased for tall fescue treatment. All kinds of soil nutrients showed significant or very significant position correlations with soil microorganism factors except that soil available P were no significant correlations with fungi and azotobacter. Path analysis indicated that in the vineyard intercropping system soil cellulose-decomposing microorganisms was the main factor affecting the accumulation of soil organic matter soil actinomyces was the most important factor affecting soil total N hydrolyzable N total P available P and available K. Key words vineyard inter-row cover crops soil microbial populations soil nutrients Drinkwater et al Morlat & Jacquet 2003 King & Berry 2005 Abbona et al Monteiro & Lopes 2007 Ranells & Wagger 1996 Rupp 1996 King & Berry Spring Tiquia et al Compant et al Ingels et al Whitelaw-Weckert et al Vitis vinifera L. Cabernet Sauvignon m 1.5 m Trifolium repens Haifa Festuca arundincea Finelawn Medicago sativa Algunjin m h 220 d 580 mm 0 ~ 60 cm 0.82 g kg g kg mg kg mg kg mg kg g kg -1 ph g cm -3

3 CT CF CM ST 1.0 m m cm 0 ~ 20 cm 20 ~ 40 cm N N P P K K ph 1: Excel DPS ~ 20 cm 20 ~ 40 cm 1 0 ~ 40 cm Table 1 The effect of cover crops on soil microbial quantity of 0 40 cm depth in vineyard / 10 4 g -1 Treatment / cm Soil layer Bacteria Fungi Actinomyces Azotobacter 0 ~ A 6.60 A A A 4.79 A T. repens 20 ~ B 2.10 B B B 2.70 B Average a 4.35 b ab a 3.74 a 0 ~ A 5.11 A A A 4.69 A F. arundincea 20 ~ B 2.74 B B B 2.02 B Average b 3.92 bc b b 3.36 a 0 ~ A 8.45 A A A 4.69 A M. sativa 20 ~ B 4.74 B B B 2.02 B Average a 6.60 a a a 3.30 a 0 ~ A 4.84 A A A 2.76 A Control 20 ~ B 2.45 B B B 1.02 B Average b 3.64 c ab c 1.89 b microorganisms P < 0.05 P < 0.05 Note Values with different lowercase letters are significantly different among different treatments at P < 0.05 Values with different capital letters are significantly different among different treatments at P < The same below.

4 % 0 ~ 40 cm 124.6% ~ 302.4% 223.4% 74.6% ~ 97.9% 83.4% 29.9% ~ 98.7% 68.1% K P N 0 ~ 20 cm 20 ~ 40 cm ph 0 ~ 40 cm N N K N N 3 P P P K K P < % 14.5% ph Treatment /cm Soil layer 2 0 ~ 40 cm Table 2 The effects of cover crops on soil nutrient content of 0 40 cm depth in vineyard ph N/ mg kg -1 Hydrolyzable N P/ mg kg -1 Available P K/ N/ P/ K/ mg kg -1 g kg -1 g kg -1 g kg -1 Available K Total N Total P Total K / g kg -1 Organic matter 0 ~ A A 9.21 A A 0.82 A 0.73 A A A T. repens 20 ~ A B 4.81 B B 0.68 B 0.63 B A 9.64 B Average 8.11 a a 7.01 b a 0.75 a 0.68 a a a 0 ~ A A A A 0.63 A 0.74 A A A F. 20 ~ A B 7.51 B B 0.48 B 0.69 A A 9.21 B arundincea Average 8.18 a c a b 0.56 c 0.71 a a a 0 ~ A A 7.62 A A 0.84 A 0.71 A A A M. sativa 20 ~ A B 3.46 B B 0.64 B 0.63 B A 9.97 B Average 8.21 a a 5.54 c a 0.74 a 0.67 a a a 0 ~ A A A A 0.75 A 0.76 A A A Control 20 ~ A B 7.95 B B 0.58 B 0.69 A B 8.09 B Average 8.18 a b a b 0.66 b 0.73 a a 9.66 b

5 N N P K P P K ph K K ph Correlation factor 3 Table 3 Pearson correlation coefficient between soil microbial quantity and soil nutrient content ph N Organic Total N matter N Hydrolyzable N P Total P P Available P K Total K K Available K Bacteria 0.764** 0.881** 0.853** 0.905** 0.769** 0.644* ** Fungi ** 0.926** 0.922** 0.697* ** Actinomyces 0.727** 0.880** 0.881** 0.920** 0.839** 0.734** ** Azotobacter 0.822** 0.840** 0.815** 0.871** 0.670* ** 0.753** 0.947** 0.853** 0.881** 0.805** 0.678** ** microorganisms ** P 0.01 * P 0.05 r = r 0.01 = Note ** indicates that correlation is significant at the P 0.01 level and * indicates that correlation is significant at the P 0.05 level. The same below. Critical value r 0.05 = r 0.01 = K N N P P K N N P P K N N N N N N P P K P P K P P K

6 A N B N C P D P E K F Table 4 Path coefficients of soil microbial quantity to soil organic matter A soil total N B hydrolyzable N C total P D available P E and available K F content Soil Correlation factor nutrient A B C D E F χ 1 y χ 2 y χ 3 y χ 4 y χ 5 y χ 1 ( Bacteria) χ 2 ( Fungi) χ 3 ( Actinomycetes) χ 4 ( Azotobacter) χ 5 ( χ 1 ( Bacteria) χ 2 ( Fungi) χ 3 ( Actinomycetes) χ 4 ( Azotobacter) χ 5 ( χ 1 ( Bacteria) χ 2 ( Fungi) χ 3 ( Actinomycetes) χ 4 ( Azotobacter) χ 5 ( χ 1 ( Bacteria) χ 2 ( Fungi) χ 3 ( Actinomycetes) χ 4 ( Azotobacter) χ 5 ( χ 1 ( Bacteria) χ 2 ( Fungi) χ 3 ( Actinomycetes) χ 4 ( Azotobacter) χ 5 ( χ 1 ( Bacteria) χ 2 ( Fungi) χ 3 ( Actinomycetes) χ 4 ( Azotobacter) χ 5 ( y A B C D E F Note The date underline was direct path coefficients y represents dependent variable A B C D E and F respectively. Determination Sum of indirect coeffcient path coefficient 3 1 Compant et al Ingels et al Whitelaw-weckert et al. 2007

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