EASTERN BOEOTIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT

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1 II ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ ΥΠΟΥΡΓΕΙΟ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΜΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥΡΙΣΜΟΥ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΕΡΓΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΣΤΕΡΕΑΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΑΣ ΥΠΟΥΡΓΕΙΟ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΜΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥΡΙΣΜΟΥ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΕΡΓΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΣΤΕΡΕΑΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΑΣ Πρακτικά επιστημονικής συνάντησης Βόλος Τόμος ΙΙ: Στερεά Ελλάδα

2 ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΕΡΓΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΣΤΕΡΕΑΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΑΣ 3

3 ΥΠΟΥΡΓΕΙΟ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΜΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥΡΙΣΜΟΥ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΕΡΓΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΣΤΕΡΕΑΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΑΣ Πρακτικά επιστημονικής συνάντησης Βόλος Τόμος ΙΙ: Στερεά Ελλάδα ΒΟΛΟΣ 2012

4 EASTERN BOEOTIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT V. Aravantinos, B. Burke, B. Burns, I. Fappas, S. Lupack The Eastern Boeotia Archaeological Project has conducted three seasons ( ) of intensive surface survey as a synergasia of the 9th Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities and the Canadian Institute in Greece. The limits of our survey are well-defined (fig. 1): we confine ourselves to a 16 by 10 kilometer zone around the modern villages of Arma, Eleon, and Tanagra. East of Thebes we are in a plain bounded by the Hypaton Mountain to the north and the Soros range along the south. The Tanagra Airforce Base is to our east and the industrial zone along the National Highway is our current northern border. Our research area straddles an important region between Attica, Euboea, and Boeotia, and it is very much a border zone where different systems intersect, a contested periphery 1. This part of Boeotia, throughout various points in history, was a peripheral region for which one or more core regions compete(d) 2. Boeotia tends to lend itself to a regional approach and the topography of this area has always played a key role in its development. The major city of Thebes lies to the west, and Chalkis and the Euboian gulf to the east. Most commentators note that there were two leading cities throughout much of its prehistoric and historic periods Orchomenos and Thebes. Yet, we shouldn t forget that a prominent role was also played by Tanagra in both the prehistoric and historical ages, as demonstrated primarily by Tanagran cemeteries and the walls of the Archaic/Classical city. Furthermore, the architectural features and surface remains at Eleon, coupled with Linear B evidence from Thebes, suggest a well-established, economically influential settlement here as well, between Tanagra and Thebes. Taking a regional approach to Boeotia puts our project in very good company. As Fossey has demonstrated, Homer shows a broad, expansive knowledge of Boeotia as a region of many different cities 3. Boeotia, specifically Hyria, opens the Catalogue of Ships, and occupies 1/16 th of the entire list. There are 29 named places plus two from around Orchomenos, contributing ships, and about 6000 men. The next highest number in the catalogue is reserved for 12 territories belonging to Agamemnon; followed by 10 ruled by Menelaus. Homer also gives specific numbers of men and ships for Boeotia, in contrast to most other regions of Greece; each of Boeotia s 50 ships contained 120 men. Boeotia clearly receives pride of place, and this suggests that the poet was more familiar with this part of Greece than any other. The inclusion of Eleon among the Boeotian cities in the Homeric Catalogue also suggests its importance among the region s lesser towns 4. The name has been applied to the acropolis in the village of Arma based on the description given by Plutarch, Strabo, and Pausanias of the site s watery surroundings. Strabo (9.2.17) says the site s name is derived from its marshes «διὰ τὸ ἐπὶ τοὶς ἕλεσιν ἱδρῦσθαι». A subterranean spring can still be found at the acropolis of Eleon, and the geological survey begun by Ruth Siddall (University College London) indicates that the Acropolis at Arma is a fault uplifted block and there was arguably a seismic risk over the time of occupation there. Siddall believes it likely that several major earthquakes occurred more than 10 on faults within our zone over the last 10,000 yrs. The local geology is typical of central Greece, comprised of Mesozoic limestones, a series of carbonate and clastic Neogene sedimentary rocks, and recent sediments and soils. Exposed soil stratigraphy north-west 1. As defined by Allen 1997 and Cline Chase-Dunn Hall 1997, Fossey Hope Simpson Lazenby

5 EASTERN BOEOTIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT of the Tanagra village indicate the prehistoric landscape was well-watered, in the sequence of a lake, superseded by river systems. Siddall also concludes that the Acropolis of ancient Eleon was formed through deposits, composed of Mesozoic (Cretaceous) grey, laminated limestones, which appear to have been broken up and redeposited during the Neogene. This activity also resulted in the rocky outcrops, or tors, immediately west of the Acropolis. Conditions on the Arma Acropolis favor the application of geophysical prospecting, in particular resistivity and magnetic mapping, as well as ground penetrating radar and electrical tomographies. The project is being carried out by the Exploration Geophysics Lab of Aristotle University in Thessaloniki. Prof. Gregory N. Tsokas is responsible for the survey and has prepared a separate publication on the processing of the data, the results and the inferred conclusions. Since the beginning of modern archaeological survey in the Aegean, Boeotia has figured heavily in methodological debates: the survey of classical Tanagra, a Canadian Institute project from a few decades ago by Duane Roller, is closest to our own survey area, but our territories are distinct and do not overlap 5. Other projects include John Fossey s examination of the area around Khorsiai 6, the Skourta Plain studied by Munn and Zimmerman Munn 7, the Plataiai Survey 8, the Kopais basin research by Knauss and his team of hydrologists 9, to name just a few. The Cambridge/Bradford/Durham Boeotian Expedition, has been active for many years in the region 10. In its present form it is a joint Leiden-Ljubljana project which continues to work in the region with a specific focus on city-state development 11. Recent work has centered on the cities of Tanagra, Thespiae, and Koroneia 12. This is the most active survey presence in Boeotia today and results are being thoroughly published by Bintliff and his colleagues. Our field methods and collection follow the basic format established by previous regional surveys in Greece. We are fully engaged with the results from current and recently completed surveys, in Boeotia and elsewhere in Greece, such as EKAS (Eastern Korinthia Archaeological Survey), NVAP (Nemea Valley Archaeological Projet), PRAP (Pylos Regional Archaeological Project), and MARWP (Minnesota Archaeological Researches in the Western Peloponnese) 13. As on those surveys, field collection of ceramics occurs with detailed recording of features in the landscape. Teams of five to six individuals walk tracts defined by natural features and modern land-use. Fieldwalkers are spaced 10 meters apart, walk in parallel transects, and record the density of artifacts within a two-meter width. Our methods include a broader analysis of the region s long-term history and documentation of all periods extant in the region, from early prehistory to the early modern. With this approach we aim not only to investigate our area to its fullest potential, but also to provide complementary data for other research projects at Thebes itself, and other survey projects within Boeotia and further afield. Several factors of ancient topography suggest that the area of Eastern Boeotia deserves systematic investigation. Before the collaborative project began in 2007, archaeological sites around the villages of Arma, Eleona, and Tanagra in Boeotia were never systematically studied, despite reports of archaeological material following rescue excavations and casual investigation. Beginning in 2007 our efforts have focused on the agricultural areas and visible monuments in the landscapes surrounding the modern villages. We have been drawn to this area for its rich potential in material culture, including several archaeological discoveries: the Mycenaean tombs at the locations of Dendron and Gephyra to the east of Tanagra village, similar tombs near Arma, the impressive polygonal wall on the flat-top acropolis at Arma village, the kastro located on the peak of Mt. Soros, and the medieval towers in Arma and Tanagra. The Mycenaean chamber tombs contained the well-known painted larnakes unique to the Mainland, and one objective of our project is to investigate possible areas of corresponding Mycenaean-era settlement(s). The quality of tomb contents and scale of the fu- 5. Roller 1987, Fossey Morin Munn and Zimmerman Munn Konecny et al Lauffer Bintliff Snodgrass 1985; Bintliff Howard Snodgrass Bintliff Slapzac Bintliff et al See also Cherry

6 V. ARAVANTINOS, B. BURKE, B. BURNS, I. FAPPAS, S. LUPACK nerary architecture have fueled expectations of a significant Bronze Age settlement nearby, but no indications have been recovered in the immediate area. Of equal importance, our survey zone lies between Thebes, the major economic center of the region, and the Euboean gulf, making the plain a likely conduit for inter- and extra-regional exchange. One methodological issue is the problem with under-representation of Bronze Age remains based on surface collection, the so-called hidden landscape, as repeatedly noted by Bintliff and his colleagues 14. The work of the Leiden-Ljubljana Project, west of Thebes, yielded a surprisingly low frequency of Bronze Age finds and led to the proposal of a broad theory that prehistoric periods are generally underrepresented by the surface record. This conclusion has spurred vigorous discussion in recent archaeological literature 15. Our initial view is that the pattern is the likely product of increased centralization in western Boeotia, but that this is not necessarily true of the eastern region. Thorough analysis of our data, and further work to compare it with other survey results, will explore this problem more fully. New tablets from the 1994 excavations in Thebes inform our project s efforts to understand the Mycenaean kingdom of Thebes 16. These tablets, dated to the LH IIIB2 period, are among the last ones written by the scribes working within the palace of Thebes, and reflect the political landscape of that time. Ft 140 is a page-shaped tablet that records five different toponyms and varying amounts of wheat (GRA) and olives (OLIV) for each. Aravantinos, Godart and Sacconi have identified three of the five toponyms: te-qa-i in line 1 is Thebes itself, e-u-te-re-u on line 2 can be identified as Eutresis, and e-re-o-ni in line 5 is Eleon 17. This list was probably made up to indicate the tax, in terms of grain and olives, which each location was to pay to the palace at Thebes. The significance of Ft 140 for our study is that it locates Eleon in economic and political relation to Thebes, as scholars have reconstructed the relationship between sites such as Pakijane and Nichoria (ti-mi-to-a-ke-e) to the palace at Pylos. Eleon can therefore be seen as a second-order site of some importance, both in relation to Thebes and within its own territory, as it must have been able to collect the taxes owed to Thebes from its own local region. One difficult aspect of working in this area is toponomy ancient place names, mentioned by authors such as Homer 18, Herodotus, Pausanias or Strabo 19, which have disappeared over time. During the Ottoman period, census records tell us that very different names were applied to villages in this area. Since the dawn of the modern Greek state ancient names have been readopted but applied without precision. Early modern travelers, well discussed by Roller 20, include Ulrich, Gell, Leake, and recent topographers like Fossey, Hope Simpson and Bintliff have tried to clarify the issue of Boeotian toponyms. For the areas in EBAP s survey zone, we may summarize them in the following chart: Ancient name Medieval name Modern village Heleon Dhrítsa Arma Mycenaean Tanagra Brátzi Tanagra Archaic/Classical Tanagra Grimádha none Harma Spaïdhes Eleonas Delion Dilesi Dhílesi In 2007 we covered the territory around modern Arma village, about 20 hectares in total; in 2008 we expanded to fields around Tanagra; and in 2009 we worked around the village of modern Eleona (fig. 2) Bintliff Howard Snodgrass Davis 2004; Shon Aravantinos et al. 2001; 2002; 2005; Aravantinos 1999; Dakouri - Hild Aravantinos et al. 2001, 263, Hope Simpson Lazenby Wallace Roller Burke Burns Lupack

7 EASTERN BOEOTIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT Our initial work has proven very successful in terms of locating, collecting, and analyzing surface material which represents activity from the Neolithic through the early modern periods. We are very fortunate to be able to collect a generous sample of diagnostic material and to store it in the Thebes Museum. We gratefully acknowledge the help of all the museum staff and the IX Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities. In the center of our zone is the intriguing site, identified (since the mid-19th century) as ancient Eleon, located on a small acropolis, just to the northwest of Arma village. It is a natural elevation situated on a rise and is clearly a multi-period site whose most distinctive extant feature is a well-preserved polygonal wall indicating the area s importance in the historical periods. On and around the Eleon acropolis, in 2007, we detected large quantities of diagnostic artifacts across the 277 units surveyed. Our walkers counted nearly 57,000 sherds in the field, of which 6,742 were retained for analysis. Our preliminary study suggests three major phases of activity at Eleon: Late Bronze Age (including a robust Middle Helladic phase), late Classical-Hellenistic, and Ottoman, with densities that extend beyond the elevated and walled settlement. The datable material from the elevated area and its slopes is primarily prehistoric, of a much longer range than expected from casual observation. This includes good representation at the Early Helladic period. In the Middle Helladic the population of Eleon may have increased significantly considering the large number of Grey Minyan ware sherds, and smaller numbers of Yellow Minyan ware. Many of these had a very high gloss and complex profiles, and we suspect these were likely not produced at Eleon, thus indicating extensive trade during the Middle Helladic era. Mainland Polychrome sherds and Matt-Painted pieces probably also date to the latest phase of the Middle Helladic period and carry on into Late Helladic I. The Late Helladic II and III periods are well represented by numerous handles with swaths of paint at their bases, kylix stems (some plain, some with rings of paint), and rims with characteristic bands of red paint. Some decorated pieces allow for more specific chronological dating in the later Mycenaean phases. For instance, the scale pattern on a piriform jar fragment indicates that the site was inhabited during the LH IIIA period, while the dotted lozenge chain demonstrates the same for the LH IIIB period. Several examples of deep bowls with monochrome interiors and bands of paint on the exterior rims indicate that Eleon must have been occupied into the latest LH IIIB and middle IIIC periods. The continued occupation of Eleon into IIIC is striking, when compared to the settlement patterns in western Boeotia studied by Oliver Dickinson [pers. communication October 2007]. He has informed us that ceramic finds generally indicate a tapering off of occupation during the later Mycenaean periods. Fixed features were also detected to the southwest, where a number of chamber tombs were located in the slopes of the hills surrounding Eleon. The largest concentration of tombs was found below the church of Profitis Elias, where over 20 tombs were recorded and mapped in All were heavily disturbed and devoid of ancient material. Erosion and modern damage make the exact dimensions of many difficult to discern, although three tombs were fairly intact. Our team expanded in 2008, with 16 fieldwalkers concentrating on the area surrounding the village of Tanagra, including the kastro located on the peak to the southwest, and the medieval tower to the northwest. We also began to sample the area to the west of the village. We examined the Mycenaean tombs excavated in the 1960s and 70s east of Tanagra village that contained the famous painted larnakes 22. The cemeteries are composed primarily of roughly hewn chambers cut into the natural bedrock that were mapped and surveyed in olive groves near modern Tanagra village, in a location known as Dendron in the excavations by Th. Spyropoulos 23. Some impressive surface ceramics that were collected in 2008 in the vicinity of the tombs clearly date to the Mycenaean period, including material (e.g. an LH IIB goblet with pendant rock pattern) that predates the main phase of tomb deposition in LH III. Based on stylistic parallels with figural pottery, the painted scenes on the Tanagra larnakes suggest a date for the tombs in the Late Helladic IIIA-B periods, from ca to 1200 BC. This is the era when the kingdom of Thebes reached its greatest political extent in Boeotia and may have rivaled Mycenae as the leading center in Bronze Age Greece. The tombs have not been explicitly studied in relation to settlement patterns of the region, which will change based on results from the EBAP survey. 22. Vermeule 1965; Iakovidis 1966; Σπυρόπουλος 1970; Immerwahr 1994; Burke Σπυρόπουλος ;

8 V. ARAVANTINOS, B. BURKE, B. BURNS, I. FAPPAS, S. LUPACK The location of settlements in relation to ancient cemeteries is often difficult to determine, particularly during the Mycenaean period. Northeast of the Dendron cemetery we located an excavation trench with slight remains of an ancient structure. Spyropoulos 24 briefly described this as evidence for a settlement associated with the Mycenaean cemetery, but he published no specific Bronze Age material. The vast majority of datable ceramics we recovered from this area are from Classical, Hellenistic, and Roman periods. Thus, the settlement associated with the Tanagra tombs has yet to be identified, and Eleon is the largest Mycenaean site so-far identified in this region and therefore a potential candidate. Returning to ancient Eleon, several clusters of building material of the post-mycenaean age were surveyed in the northwest. Most substantial are the partial foundations of a square tower, measuring 3 3 meters, with traces of a wall running to the north and south. These remains suggest the expansion of the settlement well beyond the elevated center of Eleon, but only during Classical and later periods. Other accumulations of cut stone are extant, but no longer in situ, having been moved to the periphery of fields by modern cultivation practices. We also made efforts to document the most impressive built feature at the site, the well-preserved stretch of wall, constructed of so-called Lesbian polygonal masonry that follows an unusual, curved path (fig. 3). The wall was drawn using a total station and ArcView drafting software by Sigrid Eliassen and her team from the Danish Institute in Athens. The wall measures over 70 meters in length and is preserved in some parts to a height of 5 meters. Some earlier scholars interested in the site thought the polygonal wall to be Archaic, based on the style of masonry. Given the relative absence of Archaic ceramics and the high concentrations of black-glazed Classical pottery, a major construction project, such as the building of this wall, is more likely to have been carried out in the later Classical period. Of course more work needs to be done for any conclusive evidence but we are wondering if it s possible that the wall belongs to a period of Theban eclipse by Tanagra, in the fourth century, and would suggest the possibility that Tanagra had some hand in its construction. 24. Σπυρόπουλος 1974, esp

9 EASTERN BOEOTIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΠΡΟΓΡΑΜΜΑ ΑΝΑΤΟΛΙΚΗΣ ΒΟΙΩΤΙΑΣ Β. Αραβαντινός, B. Burke, B. Burns, Ι. Φάππας, S. Lupack Η παρούσα ανακοίνωση αποτελεί έναν πρώτο απολογισμό του κατά τα έτη έργου της ερευνητικής ομάδας που, με τη συνεργασία της Θ Εφορείας Προϊστορικών και Κλασικών Αρχαιοτήτων και του Καναδικού Ινστιτούτου στην Ελλάδα, δραστηριοποιείται στην περιοχή Ελαιώνα Άρματος - Τανάγρας, στην Ανατολική Βοιωτία (East Boeotia Archaeological Project). Η περιοχή της έρευνας ευρισκόμενη ανάμεσα στο μεγάλο κέντρο της Θήβας και τα λιμάνια του νότιου Ευβοϊκού κόλπου, κατέχει ιδιαίτερη σημασία καθ όλη την αρχαιότητα, όπως αποδεικνύουν οι διάσπαρτες ενδείξεις αρχαίας κατοίκησης, τα αρχαιολογικά κατάλοιπα σημαντικών οικισμών και νεκροταφείων, οι καταγραφές των πινακίδων Γραμμικής Β από τη Θήβα, αλλά και η παρουσία θέσεών της στον επικό «Νηῶν Κατάλογο». Κατά τα τρία πρώτα έτη του νέου αυτού αρχαιολογικού προγράμματος, η ερευνητική ομάδα διεξήγε συστηματική επιφανειακή έρευνα σε μεγάλο τμήμα της εν λόγω περιοχής, εστιάζοντας κυρίως γύρω από τους οικισμούς του αρχαίου Ελεώνα και της Τανάγρας, από την οποία κατέστη δυνατό να συγκεντρωθούν και να καταγραφούν ενδείξεις ανθρώπινης παρουσίας και δραστηριότητας που χρονολογούνται σε όλες τις περιόδους της αρχαιότητας, με ιδιάιτερη έμφαση στους μυκηναϊκούς, κλασσικούς και ελληνιστικούς χρόνους. BIBLIOGRAPHY Allen M., Contested Peripheries: Philistia in the Neo-Assyrian World-System (Ph. D. UCLA). Aravantinos V., Mycenaean Texts and Contexts at Thebes: The Discovery of New Linear B Archives on the Kadmeia, With Appendix by Eleni Andrikou, in Deger-Jalkotzy S. Hiller S. Panagl. O. (eds.), Floreant Studia Mycenaea. Akten des X. Internationalen Mykenologischen Colloquiums in Salzburg vom Mai 1995, Band I, Wien, Aravantinos V. Godart L. Sacconi A., Thèbes: Fouilles de la Cadmée I: Les tablettes en Linéaire B de la Odos Pelopidou: Édition et commentaire, Pisa and Rome. Aravantinos V. Godart L. Sacconi A., Thèbes: Fouilles de la Cadmée III: Corpus des documents d archives en linéaire B de Thèbes (1-433), Pisa and Rome. Aravantinos V. del Freo M. Godart L. Sacconi A., Thèbes: Fouilles de la Cadmée IV: Les textes de Thèbes (1-433): Translitération et tableaux des scribes, Pisa and Rome. Bintliff J. Howard P. Snodgrass A.M., The Hidden Landscape of Prehistoric Greece, JMA 12, Bintliff J. Howard P. Snodgrass A.M., Testing the hinterland: The work of the Boeotia Survey ( ) in the southern approaches to the city of Thespiai, Cambridge: MacDonald Institute Monographs. Bintliff J. Slapšak B., The Leiden-Ljubljana Ancient Cities of Boeotia Project: Season 2006, Pharos 14, Bintliff J. Slapšak B. Noordervliet B., The Leiden-Ljubljana Ancient Cities of Boeotia Project: summer 2007 spring 2008, Pharos 15, Bintliff J. Snodgrass A.M., The Cambridge/Bradford Boeotian Expedition: The First Four Years, JFA 12, Burke B., Mycenaean Memory and Bronze Age Lament, in Suter A. (ed.), Lament: Studies in the Ancient Mediterranean World and Beyond, OUP USA, Burke B. Burns B. Lupack S., The Eastern Boeotia Archaeological Project (EBAP), in Schachter A. (ed.), Teiresias: A Review and Bibliography of Boiotian Studies 37 (2), Chase-Dunn C. Hall T., Rise and Demise: Comparing World-Systems, Boulder, CO. Cherry J., Archaeology Beyond the Site: Regional Survey and its Future, in Papadopoulos J. Levanthal 950

10 V. ARAVANTINOS, B. BURKE, B. BURNS, I. FAPPAS, S. LUPACK R. (eds.), Theory and Practice in Mediterranean Archaeology: Old and New World Perspectives, UCLA, Los Angeles, Cline E., Contested Peripheries in World Systems Theory: Megiddo and the Jezreel Valley as a Test Case, Journal of World-Systems Research 6, Dakouri-Hild A., Breaking the Mould? Production and Economy in the Theban State, in Dakouri-Hild A. Sherratt S. (eds.), Autochthon: Papers Presented to O.T.P.K. Dickinson on the Occasion of his Retirement, Oxford. Davis J., Are the Landscapes of Greek Prehistory Hidden? A Comparative Approach, in Alcock S.E. Cherry J.F. (eds.), Side-by-Side Survey, OUP, Fossey J., Topography and Population of Ancient Boiotia, vol. I and II, Chicago. Fossey J.M. Morin J., The Khostia Project: Excavation and Survey, in Fossey J.M. (ed.), Boeotia Antiqua I: Papers on Recent Work in Boiotian Archaeology and History, Amsterdam, Hope Simpson R. Lazenby J., The Catalogue of Ships in Homer s Iliad, Oxford. Iakovidis S., A Mycenaean Mourning Custom, AJA 70, Immerwahr S., Death and the Tanagra Larnakes, in Carter J.B. Morris S.P. (eds.), The Ages of Homer: A Tribute to Emily Townsend Vermeule, Austin, Konecny A.L. Marchese R.T. Boyd M.J. Aravantinos V., Plataiai in Boeotia: A Preliminary Report on Geophysical and Field Surveys Conducted in , Hesperia 77, Lauffer S., Kopais, Untersuchungen zur historischen Landeskunde Mittelgriechenlands, I, Frankfurt. Munn M. Zimmerman Munn M., On the Frontiers of Attica and Boiotia: The Results of the Stanford Skourta Plain Project, in Schachter A. (ed.), Essays in the Topography, History, and Culture of Boiotia, Teiresias Suppl. 3., Montreal, Roller D., Tanagra Survey Project The Site of Grimadha, BSA 82, Roller D., Early Travellers in Eastern Boeotia, Amsterdam. Roller D., Tanagran Studies I: Sources and Documents on Tanagra in Boiotia, Amsterdam. Schon R., On a Site and Out of Sight: Where Have Our Data Gone?, JMA 13, Σπυρόπουλος Θ.Γ., Ανασκαφή εις το μυκηναϊκόν νεκροταφείον της Τανάγρας, ΑΑΑ 3, Σπυρόπουλος Θ.Γ., Τανάγρα. Έργον, Σπυρόπουλος Θ.Γ., Ανασκαφή μυκηναϊκής Τανάγρας, ΠΑΕ 132, Σπυρόπουλος Θ.Γ., Ανασκαφή μυκηναϊκής Τανάγρας, ΠΑΕ 135, Σπυρόπουλος Θ.Γ., Ανασκαφή μυκηναϊκής Τανάγρας, ΠΑΕ 137, Σπυρόπουλος Θ.Γ., Ανασκαφή μυκηναϊκής Τανάγρας, ΠΑΕ 138, Σπυρόπουλος Θ.Γ., Ανασκαφή μυκηναϊκής Τανάγρας, ΠΑΕ 139, Vermeule E., Painted Mycenaean Larnakes, JHS 85, Wallace P., Strabo s Description of Boiotia: a commentary, Heidelberg. 951

11 EASTERN BOEOTIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT Fig. 1. Map of the survey area for the Eastern Boeotia Archaeological Project. Fig. 2. Units surveyed by the Eastern Boeotia Archaeological Project, 2007 and

12 V. ARAVANTINOS, B. BURKE, B. BURNS, I. FAPPAS, S. LUPACK Fig. 3. Standing remains at ancient Eleon: the polygonal wall and medieval tower. 953

13 ΒΡΑΧΥΓΡΑΦΙΕΣ ΧΡΟΝΟΛΟΓΙΚΕΣ ΠΕΡΙΟΔΟΙ AN Aρχαιότερη Νεολιθική Γ Γεωμετρικός ή, -ό ΜΓ Μέσος (ή-ο) Γεωμετρικός ή, -ό ΠΓ Πρωτογεωμετρικός ή, -ό ΠΕ Πρωτοελλαδική ΠΕΣ Πρώιμη Εποχή του Σιδήρου ΠΕΧ Πρώιμη Εποχή του Χαλκού ΜΕ Μεσοελλαδική ΜΕΧ Μέση Εποχή του Χαλκού ΜΝ Μέση Νεολιθική ΝΝ Νεότερη Νεολιθική ΤΝ Τελική Νεολιθική ΥΓ Ύστερος (-η, -ο) Γεωμετρικός (-ή, -ό) ΥΕ Υστεροελλαδική ΥΕΧ Ύστερη Εποχή του Χαλκού ΥπΜ Υπομυκηναϊκή ΧΛ Χαλκολιθική ΕΒΑ EH EIA EPG FN G LBA LH LN LPG MBA MH MPG PG SM SPG ΔΙΑΣΤΑΣΕΙΣ διάμ. διάμετρος εκ. εκατοστά μ. μέτρα Εarly Bronze Age Early Helladic Early Iron Age Early Protogeometric Final Neolithic Geometric Late Bronze Age Late Helladic Late Neolithic Late Protogeometric Middle Bronze Age Middle Helladic Middle Protogeometric Protogeometric Submycenaean Sub-protogeometric μέγ. μέγιστος, -η, -ο μήκ. μήκος πάχ. πάχος πλ. πλάτος σωζ. σωζόμενος, -η, -ο τ.μ. τετραγωνικά μέτρα ύψ. ύψος χιλ. χιλιοστά χλμ. χιλιόμετρα cm. centimeter gr. grams kg. kilo km. kilometer m. metre sq km. square kilometer ΛΟΙΠΕΣ ΒΡΑΧΥΓΡΑΦΙΕΣ (αδ.) διδ. διατριβή (αδημοσίευτη) διδακτορική διατριβή (αδ.) διπλ. εργασία (αδημοσίευτη) διπλωματική εργασία αι. αιώνας αρ. αριθμός αρ. ευρ. αριθμός ευρετηρίου αρ. κατ. αριθμός καταλόγου Βλ. Βλέπε γρ. γραμμάρια Δ.Β.Μ.Α. Διεύθυνση Βυζαντινών, Μεταβυζαντινών, Αρχαιοτήτων ΕΑΜ Εθνικό Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο ΕΒΑ Εφορεία Βυζαντινών Αρχαιοτήτων εικ. εικόνα εκδ. εκδότης επιμ. επιμέλεια ΕΠΚΑ Εφορεία Προϊστορικών και Κλασικών Αρχαιοτήτων ΕΠΣΒΕ Εφορεία Παλαιοανθρωπολογίας- Σπηλαιολογίας Β. Ελλάδος ΕΠΣΝΕ Εφορεία Παλαιοανθρωπολογίας- Σπηλαιολογίας Ν. Ελλάδος ΙΑΚΑ Τμήμα Ιστορίας, Αρχαιολογίας και 1337

14 ΣΥΝΤΟΜΟΓΡΑΦΙΕΣ ΠΕΡΙΟΔΙΚΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΣΕΙΡΩΝ Κοινωνικής Ανθρωπολογίας του Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλίας ΙΓΜΕ Ινστιτούτο Γεωλογικών και Μεταλλευτικών Ερευνών ιδιαίτ. ιδιαίτερα κ.ά. και άλλοι, και άλλα κ.ε και εξής λ. λήμμα λ.χ. λόγου χάριν μτφρ. μετάφραση μ.χ. μετά Χριστόν κεφ. κεφάλαιο ό.π. όπως παραπάνω παραπ. παραπάνω πάχ. πάχος περ. περίπου πίν. πίνακας πρβλ. παράβαλε π.χ παραδείγματος χάριν π.χ προ Χριστού σελ. σελίδα σημ. σημείωση σχ. σχέδιο τ. τόμος τεύχ. τεύχος υποσ. υποσημείωση YΠ.ΠΟ. Υπουργείο Πολιτισμού Αbb. Abbildung A.C. after Christ A.D. anno Domini a.s.l. above sea level av. J.-C. avant Jésus-Christ B.C. before Christ c. century ca. circa ch. chapter cf. confer col. column ed(s). éd(s). edited, editor(s), éditeur(s) esp. especially et al. et alii etc. et cetera fig. figure figs. figures ff. following G.I.S. Geographical Information Systems inv. inventory, inventaire mil. millennium n. note no.(s.) number(s), numéro(s) p. page pl. plate, planche Suppl. Supplement Taf. Tafel(n) Tav. Tavola vol. volume 1338

15 ΣΥΝΤΟΜΟΓΡΑΦΙΕΣ ΠΕΡΙΟΔΙΚΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΣΕΙΡΩΝ AA: Archäologischer Anzeiger ΑΑΑ: Αρχαιολογικά Ανάλεκτα εξ Αθηνών AAustr: Archaeologia Austriaca ΑΑΧ: Ανθρωπολογικά και Αρχαιολογικά Χρονικά ΑΒΜΕ: Αρχείον των Βυζαντινών Μνημείων της Ελλάδος ABV: Beazley J.D., Attic Black-Figure Vase Painters. Oxford ActaArchHung: Acta archaeologica Academiae scientiarum Hungaricae ΑΔ: Αρχαιολογικόν Δελτίον ΑΕ: Αρχαιολογική Εφημερίς AEA: Aegean Archaeology ΑΕΘΣΕ 1: Αρχαιολογικό έργο Θεσσαλίας και Στερεάς Ελλάδας 1. Πρακτικά Επιστημονικής Συνάντησης, Βόλος , Βόλος, ΑΕΘΣΕ 2: Αρχαιολογικό έργο Θεσσαλίας και Στερεάς Ελλάδας 2. Πρακτικά Επιστημονικής Συνάντησης, Βόλος , Βόλος, ΑΕΜ: Αρχείο Ευβοϊκών Μελετών ΑΕΜΘ: Το Αρχαιολογικό Έργο στη Μακεδονία και Θράκη ΑΘΜ: Αρχείο Θεσσαλικών Μελετών Aegaeum: Aegaeum. Annales d archéologie égéenne de l Université de Liège AIA: Archaeological Institute of America AJA: American Journal of Archaeology AJPh: American Journal of Philology Altertum: Das Altertum AM: Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung AmerAnt: American Antiquity ANSMN: American Numismatic Society Museum Notes AntCl: L Antiquité classique Antiquity: Antiquity. Rivista di archeologia, architettura, urbanistica, delle origine al medioevo AntK: Antike Kunst AnzWien: Anzeiger. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Philologisch-historische Klasse AR: Archaeological Reports Archaeometry: Archaeometry. Bulletin of the Research Laboratory for Archaeological and History of Art, Oxford University ArchClass: Archeologia classica Αρχαία Θεσσαλία: Πρακτικά Διεθνούς Συνεδρίου για την Αρχαία Θεσσαλία στη μνήμη του Δημήτρη Ρ. Θεοχάρη, Αθήνα, Αρχαιογνωσία: Αρχαιογνωσία. Επιστημονική Επετηρίδα της Φιλοσοφικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Αθήνας ARV2: Beazley J.D., Attic red-figure vase-painters, Oxford. ASAtene: Annuario della Scuola Archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni Italiane in Oriente AW: Antike Welt. Zeitschrift für Archäologie und Kulturgeschichte BABesch: Bulletin antieke beschaving BalkSt: Balkan Studies BaM: Baghdader Mitteilungen BAR: British Archaeological Reports BAR-BS: British Archaeological Reports British Series BAR-IS: British Archaeological Reports International Series BEFAR: Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d Athènes et de Rome BCH: Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique BICS: Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies BJb: Bonner Jahrbücher des rheinischen Landesmuseums in Bonn und des Vereins von Altertumsfreunden im Rheinlande Boreas: Boreas. Uppsala studies in ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern civilizations BSA: The Annual of the British School at Athens BSCA: Byzantine Studies Conference, Abstracts BullÉpigr: Bulletin épigraphique (en Revue des Études grecques) Byzantion: Byzantion. Revue Internationale des etudes Byzantines ByzF: Byzantinische Forschungen. Internationale Zeitschrift für Byzantinistik ΒΖ: Byzantinische Zeitschrift CAJ: Cambridge Archaeological Journal Chiron: Chiron. Kommission für Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts 1339

16 ΣΥΝΤΟΜΟΓΡΑΦΙΕΣ ΠΕΡΙΟΔΙΚΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΣΕΙΡΩΝ CIG: Canadian Institute in Greece CMO: Canada Map Office CMS: Corpus der Minoischen und Mykenischen Siegel CNRS: Centre national de la recherche scientifique CR: Classical Review CRAI: Comptes rendus des séances de l Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres (Paris) CronCatania: Cronache di archeologia e di storia dell arte, Università di Catania CVA: Corpus vasorum antiquorum ΔΑΔ: Δημοσιεύματα του Αρχαιολογικού Δελτίου ΔΑΦΕΟ: Δελτίον της εν Αλμυρώ Φιλαρχαίου Εταιρείας της Όθρυος Dacia: Dacia. Revue d archéologie et d histoire ancienne DOP: Dumbarton Oaks Papers DossArch: Dossiers d Archéologie ΔΧΑΕ: Δελτίον της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας ΕΕΒΜ: Επετηρίς της Εταιρείας Βοιωτικών Μελετών ΕΕΒΣ: Επετηρίς Εταιρείας Βυζαντινών Σπουδών ΕΕΚΜ: Επετηρίς Εταιρείας Κυκλαδικών Μελετών ΕΕΠΣΑΠΘ: Επιστημονική Επετηρίς της Πολυτεχνικής Σχολής, Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης EJA: European Journal of Archaeology EPRO: Études Préliminaires aux Religions Orientales dans l empire Romain. Έργον: Το Έργον της Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας Έργο Εφορειών: 1η Επιστημονική Συνάντηση: Μάιος 1998: Βόλος. Το έργο των Εφορειών Αρχαιοτήτων και Νεωτέρων Μνημείων του ΥΠΠΟ στη Θεσσαλία και στην ευρύτερη περιοχή της ( ), Βόλος FD: Fouilles de Delphes, Paris FGrHist: F. Jacoby, Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (Berlin 1923 ) Gnomon: Gnomon. Kritische Zeitschrift für die gesamte klassische Altertumswissenschaft GRBS: Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies Hermes: Hermes. Zeitschrift für klassische Philologie Hesperia: Hesperia. Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens Historia: Historia. Zeitschrift für alte Geschichte ΘΕ: Θεσσαλική Εστία Θεσσαλία: Θεσσαλία. Δεκαπέντε Χρόνια Αρχαιολογικής Έρευνας, Αποτελέσματα και Προοπτικές, Πρακτικά Διεθνούς Συνεδρίου Λυών, Απριλίου 1990, τ. Α-Β, Aθήνα, ΘεσΗμ: Θεσσαλικό Ημερολόγιο ΘΧρ: Θεσσαλικά Χρονικά ΙG: Inscriptiones Graecae IJNA: The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration. IK: Inschriften griechischer Städte aus Kleinasien ILN: The Illustrated London News IstMitt: Istanbuler Mitteilungen IstMitt-BH: Istanbuler Mitteilungen. Beiheft JAIC: Journal of American Institute of Conservation JArchSc: Journal of Archaeological Science JbRGZM: Jahrbuch des römisch-germanischen Zentralmuseums, Mainz JdI: Jahrbuch des deutschen archäologischen Instituts JFA: Journal of Field Archaeology JGS: Journal of Glass Studies JHS: Journal of Hellenic Studies JMA: Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology JMC: Journal of Material Culture JÖAI: Jahreshefte des Österreichischen Archäologischen Institutes in Wien JÖB: Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik JRA: Journal of Roman Archaeology JRS: Journal of Roman Studies JSA: Journal of Social Archaeology JSav: Journal des savants Kernos: Kernos. Revue internationale et pluridisciplinaire de religion grecque antique Klio: Klio. Beiträge zur alten Geschichte LH IIIC Chronology and Synchronisms Ι: Deger-Jalkotzy S. Zavadil M. (επιμ.), LH IIIC Chronology and Synchronisms, Proceeding of the International Workshop Held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences at Vienna, May 7th and 8th, 2001, Wien, LH IIIC Chronology and Synchronisms ΙΙ: Deger-Jalkotzy S. Zavadil M. (επιμ.), LH IIIC Chronology and Synchronisms II, LH III C Middle, Proceeding of the International Workshop Held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences at Vienna, October 29th and 30th, 2004, Wien, LH IIIC Chronology and Synchronisms ΙΙΙ: Deger-Jalkotzy S. Bächle A.E. (επιμ.), LH IIIC Chronology and Synchronisms III, LH III C Late and the transition to the Early Iron Age, Proceeding of the International Workshop Held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences at Vienna, February 23rd and 24th, 2007, Wien, LGPN: Lexicon of Greek Personal Names LIMC: Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae MAA: Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry MeditArch: Mediterranean Archaeology. Australian and New Zealand Journal for the Archaeology of the Mediterranean World 1340

17 ΣΥΝΤΟΜΟΓΡΑΦΙΕΣ ΠΕΡΙΟΔΙΚΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΣΕΙΡΩΝ Minos: Minos. Revista di filologia egea Μνημεία Μαγνησίας: Μνημεία της Μαγνησίας. Πρακτικά Συνεδρίου «Ανάδειξη του διαχρονικού μνημειακού πλούτου του Βόλου και της ευρύτερης περιοχής», Βόλος Μαϊου 2001, Βόλος, MüJb: Münchner Jahrbuch der Βildenden Kunst NC: Numismatic Chronicle NSc: Notizie degli scavi di antichità NumAntCl: Numismatica e antichità classiche. Quaderni ticinesi OJA: Oxford Journal of Archaeology OlF: Olympische Forschungen OpAth: Opuscula atheniensia ΠΑΕ: Πρακτικά της εν Αθήναις Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας PBF: Prähistorische Bronzefunde PCPS: Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society Pharos: Pharos. Journal of the Netherlands Institute at Athens Phoenix: Phoenix. Journal of the Classical Association of Canada ΠΜΚ 1: Φρούσσου, Ε. (επιμ.), Η Περιφέρεια του Μυκηναϊκού κόσμου, Πρακτικά Α Διεπιστημονικού Συμποσίου, Λαμία Σεπτεμβρίου 1994, Λαμία ΠΜΚ 2: Κυπαρίσση-Αποστολίκα, Ν., Παπακωνσταντίνου, Μ. (επιμ.), Η Περιφέρεια του Μυκηναϊκού κόσμου, Β Διεθνές Διεπιστημονικό Συμπόσιο, Σεπτεμβρίου, Λαμία 1999, Αθήνα PZ: Prähistorische Zeitschrift RA:Revue Archéologique RE: Paulys Realencyclopädie REA: Revue des études anciennes REByz: Revue des Études Byzantines REG: Revue des études grecques RHist: Revue historique RHR: Revue de l histoire des religions RM: Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung RN: Revue numismatique RPhil: Revue de philologie, de littérature et d histoire anciennes SEG: Supplementum epigraphicum graecum SIG: Dittenberger W., Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum, I (1915), II (1917), III (1920), IV ( ), Leipzig SIMA: Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology SIMA-PB: Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology and Literature. Pocketbook SMEA: Studi micenei ed egeo-anatolici SNG Cop: Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Denmark, The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals, Danish National Museum. Συνέδριο Ιστορίας και Πολιτισμού Θεσσαλίας: Πρακτικά Πρώτου Διεθνούς Συνεδρίου Ιστορίας και Πολιτισμού της Θεσσαλίας. Λάρισα, 9-11 Νοεμβρίου 2006, Λάρισα, ThesCRA: Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum Υπέρεια: Υπέρεια. Επιστημονική Εταιρεία Μελέτης Φερών- Βελεστίνου-Ρήγα ZfN: Zeitschrift für Numismatik ZPE: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik ZRVI: Zbornik Radova Vizantološkog Instituta 1341