Studies on the Athena Parthenos of Pheidias

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1 University of Iowa Iowa Research Online Theses and Dissertations 1914 Studies on the Athena Parthenos of Pheidias Charles Amzi Vannoy State University of Iowa This work has been identified with a Creative Commons Public Domain Mark 1.0. Material in the public domain. No restrictions on use. This dissertation is available at Iowa Research Online: Recommended Citation Vannoy, Charles Amzi. "Studies on the Athena Parthenos of Pheidias." PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) thesis, State University of Iowa, Follow this and additional works at:

2 STUDIES ON THE ATHENA PARTHENOS OF P H E IDIAS A DISSERTATION p re s e n te d to th e F a c u lty of th e S ta t e U n iv e r s it y o f Iow a i n C a n d id a cy f o r th e D egree o f D o c to r o f P h ilo s o p h y by C h a r les Am zi Vannoy 1914

3 CONTENTS CHAPTER I. PURPOSE; METHOD OF APPROACH. I n t r o d u c t o r y re m a rk s. A b r i e f a p p r e c ia t io n o f th e h i s t o r i c a l and r e lig i o u s s ig n if ic a n c e o f th e s ta t u e. D e s c r ip tio n o f th e s ta tu e.; i t s l a t e h is t o r y. S c h r e ib e r 's m ethod o f a p p ro a c h and i t s l i m i t a t i o n s ; h is tw o r u le s. M ethod o f e v a lu a tio n f o r th e v a r io u s s o u rc e s. CHAPTER I I, EXAMINATION OF EVIDENCE AND STATEMENT OF CONCLUSIONS: PARTICULAR FEATURES AND THFIR PROPER RESTORATION; SOURCES. Date c f d e d ic a t io n. The q u e s tio n o f th e co lu m n. The s iz e o f th e b a se; i t s s c u lp t u r a l a d o rn m e n t. The r e l a t i v e p o s it io n s c f s e r p e n t, s h ie ld and 3pe a r. Was th e o w l e m itte d? The s u p p o rt u n d e r th e s h ie ld. D e c o ra tio n o f th e s u r fa c e e o f th e s h ie ld. The d i s t r i b u t i o n c f m a t e r ia ls. The c h r y s e le p h a n tin e te c h n iq u e. The ro b e o f th e P a rth e n o s i n th e l a t e r y e a rs o f th e h i s t o r y o f th e s t a t u e. The d e c o r a tio n o f th e h e lm e t. S o u rc e s : a n c ie n t a u t h o r i t i e s ; c o p ie s and a d a p ta tio n s ; b ib lio g r a p h y.

4 CHAPTER I / I n th e tw e n ty in s ta n c e s w here P a u s a n ia s makes s p e c if ic m e n tio n o f s ta tu e s o f g o ld and iv o r y he speaks o f P h e id ia s as th e b u ild e r o f f i v e : th e Zeus a t O ly m p ia, th e H e a v e n ly A p h r o d ite o f E l i s, and one s ta tu e each o f A th ^ ra.,a t A th e n s, E l is, a n d P e lle n e, r e s p e c t iv e ly, and he a ls o r e f e r s to h im as th e h e lp e r o f Theoco3mus on th e u n f in is h e d g o ld and iv o r y image o f Zeus a t M egara, W h ile i t can h a r d ly he s a id t h a t th e s ta tu e o f th e A th e n a P a rth e n o s was c o n s id e re d in a n t i q u i t y as P h e id ia s s g r e a te s t w o rk in th e c h r y s e le p h a n tin e te c h n iq u e, y e t one may s a f e ly a f f i r m t h a t to th e m odern s tu d e n t i t 13 o f s u rp a s s in g i n t e r e s t, f o r i t seems t h a t no o th e r w o rk o f a n c ie n t a r t has been p re s e rv e d in so many d i f f e r e n t s o u rc e s o f in f o r m a t io n. The m onum ental e v id e n c e i s v a s t l y m ore e x te n s iv e th a n f o r o th e r w o rks o f a n c ie n t a r t. The s ta t u s o f Zeus a t O ly m p ia, a3 ju d g e d b y th e p r a is e o f a n c ie n t w r i t e r s, may have b e e n, indefed, th e c ro w n in g w o rk o f P h & id ia s 3 l i f e ; y e t, on th e o th e r h a n d, as a s o u rc e o f i n s p ir a t i o n f o r l a t e r a r t i s t s and as an a t t r a c t i v e theme f o r th e m in o r a r t s, th e A th e n a P a rth e n o e is c l e a r l y uns u rp a s s e d e i t h e r in th e w o rk s o f P h e id ia s o r h is s u c c e s s o rs. The q u e s tio n s w h ic h w i l l be s u g g e s te d i n th e f o llo w in g pages may be s ta te d b r i e f l y, as f o llo w s : What s h o u ld be o u r m ethod o f a p p ro a c h in th e s tu d y o f th e A th e ra P a rth e n o s? What w ere th e r e l a t i v e p o s it io n s o f th e d i f f e r e n t ite m s such as th e s h ie ld, th e la n c e and th e s e rp e n t? What c f th e n e c e s s ity in th e o r i g i n a l s ta tu e o f a colum n l i k e t h a t w h ic h o c c u rs i n th e V a rv a k e io n s ta t u e t t e? How w ere th e s c u lp t u r a l d e c o r a tio n s o f

5 th e h e lm e t, s h ie ld and base c a r r ie d o u t in th e o r ig in a l? was th e p r o b a b le d i s t r i b u t i o n o f th e g o ld and iv o r y, i. e. What is th e g e n e r a lly a c c e p te d v ie w t h a t th e c h ito n was o f g o ld c o r r e c t? I f so, how may t h i s f a c t be h a rm o n is e d f u l l y w it h th e s ta te m e n ts o f th e a n c ie n t w r it e r s? and i f n o t, w hat a b o u t th e th e o r y t h a t th e ro b e in w h ic h th e s ta tu e was c lo th e d was th e one p r e s e n te d to A th e n a P o lia s a n n u a lly a t th e tim e o f th e P a n a th e n a ic f e s t iv a l? T h a t, e s s e n t ia lly, was a g o ld and iv o r y s ta tu e? One o u g h t to b e a r i n m in d i n t r y i n g to a p p r e c ia te th e im age i t s e l f t h a t th e b u ild in g o f th e P a rth e n o n and th e s e t t in g up o f th e g o ld and iv o r y s ta tu e o f th e p a tr o n goddess o f th e S ta te m arked th e c lim a x o f th e tre m e n d o u s a c t i v i t y o f th e A th e n ia n p e o p le w h ic h fo llo w e d th e P e rs ia n w a r. T h e ir s p i r i t s had in some way r e c e iv e d an in c a lc u la b le u p l i f t and an. im m e a sura b le e n th u s ia s m fro m t h e i r s ig n a l v i c t o r i e s o v e r th e Mede. T h e ir homes had been d e s tro y e d and th e a c r o p o lis had been l a i d in r u in s, b u t th e p e o p le n e v e r th e le s s w ere f r e e, and A th e n s had become th e s a v in g l i g h t o f a l l G re e ce. There was awakened w i t h i n them a f e e lin g o f i r r e s i s t a b l e p o w e r, t h a t need th e y o a re f o r th e h a rd s h ip s w h ic h th e w o rk o f r e b u ild in g t h e i r c i t y n e c e s s a r ily t h r u s t upon them? T h e ir c o u n tr y, t h e i r t r a d i t i o n s, and t h e i r c u lt u r e had b e e n p r e s e r v e d. One i s l i k e l y, to m is s to some e x te n t th e s p i r i t o f th e w o rk o f? h e id ia 3 and f a i l to a p p r e c ia te i t s r e a l s ig n if ic a n c e i f he th in k s c f t h i s s ta tu e m e re ly as an e f f o r t a t d is p la y on th e p a r t o f th e A th e n ia n p e o p le, o r as th e outcom e o f any c r a f t y scheme on th e p a r t o f P e r ic le s to u n it e a l l H e lla s. I t w as, r a t h e r, th e b lo s s o m in g f o r t h o f th e r e lig i o u s l i f e o f th e A th e n ia n p e o p le as th e y came

6 in t o th e r e a l i z a t i o n o f t h e i r d e b t o f g r a t it u d e to Heaven f o r th e d e fe a t o f th e P e rs ia n s, and i t was lik e w is e th e m ir a c le o f t h e i r own in c re a s e d s tr e n g t h and g re a tn e s s o f s o u l w h ic h came a t t h i s tim e fro m s o u rc e s w h ic h a re as y e t unknow n. I t was th e f e e lin g t h a t w it h th e h e lp o f A th e n a n o th in g g r e a t and n o b le was beyond t h e i r p o w e r. A c c o r d in g ly, th e y began to r e s to r e and a d o rn th e A c r o p o lis and to r e b u ild th e houses c o n n e c te d w it h th e w o rs h ip o f th e one d e it y i n whom e s p e c ia lly th e y had t r u s t e d f o r t h e i r s tr e n g h t to c o n q u o r. They s e t u p, f i r s t o f a l l th e "A th e n a P ro m a c h u s, 1 a s ta tu e i n b ro n z e so g ig a n t ic t h a t th e h e lm e t and th e t i p o f th e s p e a r c o u ld be 3een f a r o u t a t sea. The p e o p le s a id : "A th e ra h a s been f i g h t i n g f o r u s, " and P h e id ia s, m ore th a n any o t h e r - a r t i s t o f t h a t tim e, was a b le to g iv e t h e i r b e l i e f a f i t t i n g e x p re s s io n i n o u tw a rd s y m b o l. Ten i^ears l a t e r when th e same a r t i s t c re a te d f o r th e s t a t e th e s ta tu e o f A th e n a w h ic h was t o s ta n d i n th e Hecatom pedon o f th e new te m p le o f th e P o lia s, i t was no lo n g e r a m i l i t a n t d i v i n i t y w h ic h he s o u g h t t o r e p r e s e n t; i t was an A th e n a T riu m p h a n t. T h is i s in d ic a t e d by h e r a t t i t u d e, by th e N ik e upon h e r o u ts tr e tc h e d hand, by th e s c u lp t u r a l d e c o r a tio n o f h e r s h ie ld i n f a c t, t h i s m ust have been i n a sense th e d o m in a n t id e a o f th e w h o le te m p le. The d e s c r ip t io n w h ic h P a u s a n ia s * g iv e s o f th e s ta tu e i3 c ir c u m s t a n t ia l b u t in c o m p le te. "The image i t s e l f is made o f iv o r y and g o ld. Upon th e m id d le o f th e h e lm e t is th e f i g u r e o f a s p h in x and on th e e i t h e r s id e a r e ( J r i f f i n s w ro u g h t in r e l i e f... The image o f A th e n a s ta n d s u p r ig h t, c la d i n a c h it o n w h ic h re a c h e s to th e f e e t : on h e r b r e a s t is th e head o f Medusa w ro u g h t i n iv o r y. *

7 She h o ld s a N ik e a b o u t f o u r c u b its h ig h, and i n h e r ( o th e r ) hand a s p e a r. A t h e r f e e t th e r e is a s h ie ld and n e a r th e s p e a r th e re is a s e rp e n t w h ic h may be E r ic h th o n iu s. On th e p e d e s ta l o f th e image is w ro u g h t in r e l i e f th e b i r t h o f P a n d o ra." T h is d e s c r ip t io n is c o n firm e d by th e s ta te m e n ts o f o th e r w r i t e r s, and num erous d e t a ils a re added w h ic h Pausa n ia s d id n ot m e n tio n. The h e ig h t o f th e im age was t w e n t y - s ix c u b it s *. The fa c e, hands and f e e t w ere o f iv o r y, b u t th e p u p ils o f th e eyes w ere o f s to n e * *. The g o ld o f th e s ta tu e c o u ld a l l be re m o v e d * **. On th e o u ts id e o f th e s h ie ld, in th e r e p r e s e n t a t io n o f th e b a t t l e o f th e G reeks and Ama z o n s, P h e id ia s p la c e d p o r t r a i t r e l i e f s o f P e r ic le s and h im s e lf * * * *. On th e in s id e o f th e s h ie ld was th e b a t t l e o f th e gods and th e g ia n t s, and on th e s a n d a ls, C e n ta u rs and L a p i t h s * * * * *. The P a rth e n o s w ore th e a e g is * * * * * *. The num ber o f f ig u r e s o f d i e t i e s re p re s e n te d on th e base was t w e n t y * * * * * * *. The N ik e w ore a g o ld e n c r o w n * * * * * * * *. N o tw ith s ta n d in g t h i s w e a lth o f l i t e r a r y e v id e n c e th e d e s c r ip t io n is in c o m p le te. M e n tio n is n o t made o f th e P egasus on e it h e r s id e o f th e s p h in x, o f th e s e rp e n ts o f th e a e g is, o f th e lo c k s o f h a ir f a l l i n g down o v e r th e b r e a s t, o f th e s m a ll heads o f a n im a ls p r o je c t in g o v e r th e * P lin y, N. H * * P la to Hi pp. m a jo r p. 290b. * * * T h u c ; D io d ; P l u t. P e r. 31. * * * * Pl u t. P e r. 31; d i o C h ry s. Or, 12 v o l. 1,p. 214D; C ic e r o, Tus c ;V a l,m a x ; A r i s t o t l e de mundo 6,p b ; Ap u le iu s, d e mundo 32. * * * * * P lin y, o p. c i t. * * * * * * M a x.t y r.d is s e r t ; A r i s t i d. O r v o l. l. p D. * * * * * * * P lin y, N.H * * * * * * * * I.G

8 fo r e h e a d -p ie c e o f th e h e lm e t, o f th e g ir d le and th e a rra n g e m e n t o f th e f o ld s o f th e c h it o n, o r o f th e s p e c ia l fe a tu r e s o f o rn a m a n ta tio n 3uch as th e n e c k la c e and b r a c e le t s. These and o th e r d e t a ils may be d is c o v e re d o n ly fro m a c o m p a ra tiv e s tu d y o f th e num erous m onum ental s o u rc e s. The f a t e o f th e A th e n a P a rth e n o s is n o t f u l l y known. V ie w e d as to d u r a b i l i t y c h r y s e le p h a n tin e s ta tu e s w ere n o t a lt o g e t h e r a 3 u c c e s 3 *. P o s s ib ly i t was a m is ta k e on th e p a r t o f P e r ic le s to cause th e s ta tu e to be made so t h a t th e g o ld c o u ld be rem oved. Too much cre d e n c e may e a s ily be g iv e n, d o u b tle s s, to th e s t o r y o f L a c h a re s an: h is t h e f t, as t o l d by P a u s a n ia s * * and o th e r s, b u t th e e x is te n c e o f a t r a d i t i o n as to th e re m o v in g o f th e π ερ ια ιρ ετό ς κόσμος * * * o f th e s ta tu e re n d e rs i t d i f f i c u l t to b e lie v e t h a t th e g o ld was i n t a c t in th e seco nd c e n tu r y o f o u r e ra. Y e t, t h a t th e g o ld was n o t a l l rem oved i s made t o le r a b ly c e r t a in by th e d e s c r ip t io n o f th e s ta tu e by P a u s a n ia s, p a r t i c u l a r l y w here he makes m e n tio n o f th e N ik e, w h ic h, in a l l p r o b a b i l i t y, was o f g o ld. The r e a l fo u n d a tio n o f th e t r a d i t i o n c o n c e rn in g L a c h a re s i s n o t known. E p ig r a p h ic a l e v id e n c e, h o w e ver, shows t h a t th e r e was a te n d e n c y to w a rd s d is i n t e g r a t i o n o f th e s e v e r a l p a r t s o f th e s ta tu e and th e r e is no in d ic a t io n t h a t i t was r e p a ir e d a t a n y tim e. Among th e tr e a s u r e s o f th e H ecatom pedon a re m e n tio n e d tw o s m a ll h e lm e ts από του βάθρου * * * * lik e w is e th e g o ld e n G o rg c n e io n άπο τής άσπ ίδο[ς] * * * * a ls o a b ra n c h w it h f o u r :o ld e n le a v e s fro m th e cro w n w h ic h th e N ik e w o r e * * * * * *. The G o rg o n e io n ( τ *Κ εο^ * * * * * * * fu r th e r m o r e was * F o r th e r e p a ir o f th e Zeus a t O ly m p ia by Damophon see P a u s a n ia s ; o f * * P a u s a n ia s , 7 ; c f. A t h e n , and P l u t. I s. e t. O s. 71. * * * P a u s a n ia s 1, 35, 7; c f. T h u r * * * * I. G f. ; S ,i i 6 0 f.? XXX** X x x x x y y j

9 s t o le n εξ άκροπόλεως.. L i t t l e b y l i t t l e, th e s ta tu e seems to have l o s t i t s o rn a m e n ta tio n. The P a rth e n o s s to o d, h o w e ve r, u n t i l th e f o u r t h c e n tu r y o f th e C h r is t ia n e r a *, and i t may have re m a in e d i n i t s p la c e even f o r a c e n tu r y m o re. The p h ilo s o p h e r P r o c lu s, who d ie d in th e l a t t e r h a l f o f th e f i f t h c e n tu r y is s a id t c have seen th e s ta tu e rem oved "b y th o s e who move th in g s im m o v a b le "**. The th e o r y t h a t th e P a rth e n o s was rem oved to.c o n s ta n tin o p le does n o t seem t o be s u p p o rte d b y e v id e n c e o f much w e ig h t. I t s s o le b a s is i s a c o n je c tu r e by A re th a s ( c A,D.) * * * r e l a t i v e to an iv o r y A th e n a w h ic h was s it u a t e d in th e fo ru m o f C o n s ta n tin e, Some have th o u g h t t h a t th e iv o r y A th e n a w h ic h he m e n tio n s i s th e P a rth e n o s, b u t as to t h is we c a n n o t be c e r t a in. C o n s id e ra b le c a re s h o u ld be u se d i n d e a lin g w it h th e q u e s tio n o f th e r e l a t i o n o f th e v a r io u s r e p lic a s to each o th e r n o t to a p p ro a c h th e s u b je c t p re p o s s e s s e d w it h a p a r t i c u l a r n o t io n w h ic h is l i k e l y to o ve rsh a d o w th e r e a l e v id e n c e. U n d o u b te d ly one may s tu d y th e w o rks w h ic h a re m ore o r le s s d i r e c t c o p ie s o f w o rks by P h e id ia s and p r o d u c tio n s b y th e p u p ils o f P h e id ia s u n t i l th e r e comes a r a t h e r d e f i n i t e id e a o f th e P h e id i& n s t y le as i t was e x p re s s e d in m a rb le and b ro n z e. C a re, on th e o th e r h a n d, m ust be ta k e n in t r y i n g to a p p ly such id e a s to s ta tu e s o f g o ld and iv o r y u n t i l a d e q u a te kn o w le d g e is had o f th e a c t u a l c h r y s e le p h a n tin e te c h n iq u e. T h is need is s u g g e s te d by S c h r e ib e r * s d is c u s s io n * * * * o f th e r e l a t i o n o f th e v a r io u s r e p lic a s o f th e P a rth e n o s to «o n.* * * * * 1. 0, & 2 f. * * * * * * I. G ,6 4 5,6 5 6, * * * * * * * S y n e s iu s de_ c a lu A. * See Zosim us 4,1 8 w here m e n tio n is made o f a s m a ll im age o f A c h ille s p la c e d " a t th e f o o t o f th e s ta tu e o f A th e n a s e t up i n th e P a rth e n o n." * * M a rin u s v i t a P r o c l i 30. * * * S c h o l.a d A r s t id. 5 0,-p * * * * P er A th e n a P a rth e n o s de3 P h e id ia s, υ. 47.

10 C o lo s s a l S ta tu e b y A n tio c h u s.

11 each o th e r. The d i f f i c u l t y of a p p ly in g S c h r e ib e r 's p r i n c i p l e * c o n c e rn in g th e p a r t i c u l a r fe a tu r e o f th e s t y le o f P h e id ia s 's w o rk in a case w here th e " St i l g e p r ä g e " o f th e o r i g i n a l is a lm o s t e n t i r e l y a m a tte r of c o n je c tu r e, as in th e c h r y s e le p h a n tin e te c h n iq u e of th e P a r th e n o s,is o b v io u s. S c h r e ib e r s e le c ts tw o c o p ie s ( A n t iochus and C a p it o lin e ) as com ing n e a re s t to th e o r i g i n a l i n some r e s p e c ts, a p p a r e n tly b e c a u s e : Be id e haben den h a r d k a n tig e n Me t a l l s t i l d e r Gewandung s e lb s t m it d e r E ig e n th u m li c h k e i t d e r E in kn ic k u n g e n in den F a lte n w a n d d e u t lic h b e w a h r t* *. Y e t i t i s e n t i r e l y p o s s ib le t h a t s ta tu e s fo u n d in Rome, as th e two m e n tio n e d a b o ve, sh o w in g th e M e t a l l s t i l, a re n o t d i r e c t c o p ie s of th e o r i g i n a l b u t o f some r e p l i c a in b ro n z e. I t w i l l be seen a t once t h a t th e m a tte r o f m ethod is v e r y im p o r ta n t s in c e i t d e te rm in e s to a la r g e d e g re e th e r e s u lt s w h ic h may be a t t a in e d. S c h r e ib e r, f o r e xa m p le, la y s d own two g e n e r a l r u le s * * * w h ic h s e t f o r t h h is m ethod o f a p p ro a c h, as f o llo w s : " d ie Kop ie n, j e m ehr s ie s ic h in d e r G rösse dem O r ig in a l annäh e rn, auch um so m ehr E in z e lz ü g e d e s s e lb e n e n th a lt e n können, u nd u m g e k e h rt je k le in e r, un so u n v o lls t a n d ig e r, a u s z u g a rtu g e r s e in w e rd e n," and 2. "je d e u t lic h e r s ic h in den K o p ie n d a s e ig e n th ü m lic h e S t i l g e u rä g e d e r O r ig in a le e r h a lt e n h a t, um so * He a r r iv e s a t t h i s g e n e r a l r u le a s e l f e v id e n t r u le and y e t one e a s ily c a p a b le o f b e in g a p p lie d in s u ch a way as to v i t i a t e i t s s ig n if ic a n c e : " je d e u t lic h e r s ic h in den K o p ie n das e ig e n t h u m liche S t i l g e p r ä g e d e r O r ig in a le e r h a lte n h a t, um so nähe r w erd en s ie d ie s e n s te h e n und um s o z u v e rl ä ssi g e r auch i n den E in z e lz ü g e n s e i n. " * * i b i d. * * * i b i d. p p

12 n ^ h e r w erden sie, d ie s e n s te h e n und um so z u v e r lä s s ig e r auch in den E in z e lz t'-'-e n s e i n. " I n c i d e n t a l l y, h o w e v e r, S c h re ib e r a d m itte d a f a c t w h ic h to some e x te n t a n n u ls th e v a lu e o f h is tw o r u le s : n a m e ly, t h a t man;/ o f th e c o p ie s w ere p ro d u c e d i n Rome, w ro u g h t, i t may b e, b y a r t i s t s who n e v e r saw th e o r i g i n a l s ta tu e, When t h i s f a c t i s once a d m itte d, i t f e llo w s t h a t n e it h e r th e r e l a t i v e s iz e o f th e copy n o f th e p a in s t a k in g c a r e * o f th e a r t i s t can, p a r t i c u l a r case be s s u f f i c i e n t g u a ra n te e o f a c c u ra c y. in a One w o u ld need to knew in a d d it io n s o m e th in g o f th e a c t u a l copy w h ic h he s o u g h t to re p ro d u c e. Such in f o r m a t io n is w a n tin g. When S c h re ib e r says t h a t th e la r g e r r e p lic a s have p re s e rv e d c e r t a in d e t a i l s w h ic h a re s u p p re s s e d i n th e s m a lle r, and m e n tio n s in p a r t i c u l a r th e f o ld s o f th e d r e s s, th e m o d if ic a t io n c f th e s e rp e n ts on th e a e g is and th e tre a tm e n t o f th e lo c k s o f h a ir w h ic h f a l l down o v e r th e b r e a s t, e t c., one m ig h t a s k w it h p e r f e c t r i g h t : l u s t how may I a s c e r t a in th e o r i g i n a l num ber o f f o ld s, and w h a t a s s u ra n c e i s th e r e t h a t th e la r g e r s ta tu e s d id n o t i n some manner r e c e iv e added to u c h e s h e re and th e re? The V a rv a k e io n s t a t u e t t e, b e in g la r g e r th a n th e L e n o rm a n t, g iv e s more f o ld s o f th e s e rp e n ts b o d y, b u t i t is e q u a lly t r u e t h a t th e Lenorm ant copy g iv e s more f ig u r e s on th e s h ie ld and base th a n th e V a rv a k e io n. S c h r e ib e r s m e th o d, on th e o th e r h a n d, i s n o t w it h o u t i t s v a lu e, f o r th e c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f th e m e ta l w o rk w h ic h a p p e a r i n c e r t a in m a rb le s ta tu e s w h ic h he m e n tio n s a re f o r e ig n to t h a t m a t e r ia l, and w h e th e r th e y a re th e r e s u l t c f th e use c f a b ro n z e r e p lic a as a m o del o r a re c o p ie d d i r e c t l y fro m th e o r i g i n a l, o r how ever th e y a re to be e x p la in e d, i t is c o n c e iv a b le t h a t th e y may r e p r e s e n t t o some d e g re e th e p e c u l i a r i t i e s * S c h re ib e r a p p e a rs to make p a in s t a k in g c a re (» p e in lic h e S o r g f a lt d e r A u s fü h r u n g," o a. c i t. p. 1 9,c f , 3 1, and 32) in a sense th e

13 o f s t y le o f th e o ld te c h n iq u e. T h is p o s s i b i l i t y, h o w e v e r, is n o t to be p re s s e d to o f a r. The e v a lu a tio n o f any g iv e n c o p y o f th e A th e n a P a rth e n o s n e c e s s a r ily in v o lv e s ju d g m e n t o f each ite m as to i t s e s s e n t ia l Υ ' harm ony w it h th e o th e r known s o u rc e s o f in f o r m a t io n. One m u st ' answ er in seme way th e f o llo w in '- q u e s tio n : does t h i s r e p r e s e n t a t io n a g re e in t h i s g iv e n p a r t i c u l a r ( l ) w it h th e l i t e r a r y and e p ig r a p h ic a l e v id e n c e so f a r as t h a t e v id e n c e is known, (3 ) w it h th e c o rre s p o n d in g ite m in o th e r c o p ie s and a d a p ta tio n s o f th e P a rth e n o s, and (3 ) w it h th e t r a d i t i o n s o f p a in t in g and s c u lp tu r e w h ic h b e lo n g e d to th e tim e o f P h e id ia s, and p a r t i c u l a r l y w it h w h a t is known o f th e c h r y s e le p h a n tin e te c h n iq u e o f t h i s g r e a t m a s te r and h is c c -w o rk e rs? Many e th e r f a c t o r s e n te r in t o o u r f i n a l ju d g e m e n t, su c h, f o r e xa m p le, as th e s k i l l o f th e c o p y is t, th e m a t e r ia l and s iz e o f th e co p y, th e tim e and p la c e o f i t s m a kin g, to g e th e r w it h any l i g h t w h ic h may be had fro m vase p a in t in g s, c o in s and r e l i e f s o f v a r io u s k in d s. When th e s e t e s t s a re r i g i d l y a p p lie d w it h o u t p r e ju d ic e, i t is d is c o v e re d t h a t one a f t e r a n o th e r o f th e v a r io u s r e p r e s e n ta tio n s a re to be cons id e r e d to some e x te n t in a c c u r a te, and we a re w ith o u t a w h o lly a d e q u a te copy o f th e s ta t u e ; th e v a r io u s a r t i s t s who u n d e rto o k t o r e p r e s e n t th e o r i g i n a l i n c o in ty p e s, r e l i e f s, gems, t e r r a c o t t a s, and s ta tu e s, a l l succe e d e d i n seme r e s p e c ts and f a i l e d i n o th e r s ; and th e o n ly re c o u rc e l e f t f o r th e. s t u d e n t o f to d a y c o n. m easure o f th e d e g re e i n w h ic h 1das g t ile p r & g e d e r Or i - i n a l e 1 is r e t a in e d. * * o p. c i t. p. 43.

14 is to r e f r a i n fro m g iv in g undue w e ig h t to th e p e c u l i a r i t i e s o f any s in g le co p y, b u t r a t h e r, to s e a rc h th ro u g h a l l th e s o u rc e s w h ic h have been m e n tio n e d f o r th e e le m e n ts w h ic h a re c l e a r l y j u s t i f i e d by th e a g re e m e n t and g e n e ra l harm ony o f th e m a te r ia ls a t h a n d, and to com bine th e s e r e s u lt s in t o as a d e q u a te a r e c o n s t r u c t io n as p o s s ib le.

15 . CHAPTER I I. I t i s n o t w i t h i h th e scope o f t h i s s tu d y to d is c u s s in d e t a i l th e e v e n ts in th e l i f e o f R a e id ia s o r even th e r e l a t i v e c h ro n o lo g y o f h is v a r io u s w o rk s. I t w o u ld be in t e r e s t in g to know w hat le n g th o f tim e was r e q u ir e d to c o m p le te th e P a rth e n o s a-tartue, b u t o w in g to th e f a c t t h a t th e d a te o f th e i n s c r ip t io n s * d e a lin g w it h th e a c t u a l expense a c c o u n ts o f th e s ta tu e i t s e l f has n o t been d e te rm in e d, th e tim e c a n n o t w it h a c c u ra c y a t p r e s e n t be d e c id e d. The w o rk seems to have e x te n d e d o v e r a p e r io d o f a t le a s t f i v e y e a rs e n d in g 439 B.C., b u t w h e th e r i t a c t u a lly r e q u ir e d a lo n g e r t i$ e th a n t h i s is n o t know n. I t may be s a id, h o w e ver, t h a t th e t r a d i t i o n a l d a te f o r th e d e d ic a tio n o f th e s ta tu e, t h a t i s, th e tim e o f th e P a n a th e n a ic f e s t i v a l /4 3 8 B.C., i s u n d o u b te d ly c o r r e c t. The a tte m p ts o f N ic o le and P a r e t t i to a s s ig n a l a t e r d a te th a n 438 a re.b a s e d upon h a z a rd o u s and m u tu a lly c o n t r ä d ic t o r y re a d in g s o f th e Geneva P a p y ru s, and t h e i r r e s p e c tiv e t h e o r ie s * * a re o f l i t t l e w e ig h t a g a in s t th e e v id e n c e o f c e r t a in A t t i c b u ild in g a c c o u n ts * * * r e l a t i v e to th e P a rth e n o n in w h ic h i t a p p e a rs and iv o r y w h ic h was t h a t th e s e l l i n g o f la r g e q u a n t it ie s o f g o ld c a r r ie d on in th e c lo s in g y e a rs o f th e w o rk had i t s b e g in n in g i n th e s e l l i n g o f g o ld and s i l v e r in th e n in t h S' y e a r o f th e a c c o u n ts, and i t c o n tin u e d d u r in g th e v e r y p e r io d i n w h ic h P a r e t t i, in p a r t i c u l a r, w o u ld have us b e lie v e t h a t th e s ta tu e i t s e l f was b e in g b u i l t, an id e a w h ic h i s m a n if e s t ly a b s u rd. S in c e th e s ta tu e was f in is h e d, as i t seems, i n /4 3 8, * I. G and s u p p.p 146; a ls o 1,2 9 9 a an$ 556. * * N ic o le, Le P ro c e s de P h id ia s ; P a r e t t i, R o m.m itt, 19CS,p 2 7 i f, * * * C f. D in s m o o r, A m e ric a n J o u r n a l o f A rc h a e o lo g y 1 7, ,p. 70.

16 th e b u ild in g a c c o u n ts w h ic h r e la t e to i t m ust be d a te d p r i o r to t h a t tim e ; some o f them, on th e o th e r hand, s h o u ld be a s s ig n e d to as e a r ly as 443/4-43 f o r th e y in c lu d e r e c e ip t s fro m th e tr e a s u r e r s o f A th e n a who d id n o t c o n t r ib u t e to th e P a rth e n o n a f t e r t h a t d a te. I n g e n e r a l th e expense a c c o u n ts o f th e b u ild in g o f th e 3 ta tu e w ere k e p t i n l i s t s s e p a ra te fro m th e r e g u la r a c c o u n ts o f th e P a rth e n o n, and i t i s n o t im p ro b a b le t h a t th e c o n s t r u c t io n o f th e s ta tu e was a u th o r iz e d by a s e p a ra te d e c re e. I t i s n o t th e p u rp o s e o f th e w r i t e r, h o w e ver, to g iv e an exhaust i v e tr e a tm e n t o f th e s e c h r o n o lo g ic a l m a tte r s, b u t r a t h e r, to in v e s t ig a t e th e v a r io u s d e t a ils o f th e s ta tu e i t s e l f, b e g in n in g w it h a q u e s tio n o f th e co lu m n. The a tte m p te d j u s t i f i c a t i o n o f th e colum n in th e V a rv a k e io n s t a t u e t t e has ta k e n tw o s e p a ra te lin e s o f d e v e lo p m e n t, n e it h e r o f w h ic h 19 r e a l l y c o n c lu s iv e. T h is f a c t w i l l become a p p a re n t in th e f o llo w in g e x a m in a tio n o f th e c h ie f a rg u m e n ts w h ic h have been p re s e n te d b y th e v a r io u s w r i t e r s upon th e s u b je c t. The c la im has been made t h a t th e " p i l l a r was o f c u l t s ig n if ic a n c e and f o r t h a t re a s o n m u st have had a p la c e i n th e o r i g i n a l A th e n a P a rth e n c 3 o f P h id ia s. T h is th e o ry la c k s c le a r and u n m is ta k a b le p r o o f such as w o u ld be r e q u ir e d to o v e rth ro w th e p re s u m p tio n a g a in s t i t w h ic h i s caused n o t o n ly by th e lack o f l i t e r a r y s u p p o rt i n th e case o f th e s ta tu e in q u e s tio n b u t a ls o b y th e f a c t t h a t th e p i l l a r i s la c k in g in a lm o s t a l l th e e x ta n t r e p r e s e n ta tio n s o f th e P a r th e n o s., I t i s c la im e d by M is s B e n n e tt* t h a t th e p i l l a r i n th e c o lu m n a r fo rm i s fo u n d i n f o u r c o p ie e o f th e A th e n a P a rth e n o s, as f o l l o w s : ( a ) th e V a rv a k e io n s t a t u e t t e ; (b ) a n A t t i c f o u r t h c e n tu r y b a s - r e l i e f ; ( c ) an A th e n ia n te s s e r a ; and (d ) a G re e k * A m e ric a n J o u r n a l o f A r c h a e o lo g y,1 3, ,4 3 1 f f,

17 V a rv a k e ion S t a t u e t t e.

18 gem o f i n t a g l i o d e s ig n. She s a y s, f u r t h e r, t h a t i t i s fo u n d in v a r io u s o th e r monuments n o t o f th e P a rth e n o s ty p e : (a ) A th e n a N ik e ; (b ) ru n n in g A th e n a, c o n n e c te d w it h th e p e d im e n t o f th e P a rth e n o n ; (c ) A th e n a N ik e p h o ro s ; (d ) A th e n a P rom achos; (e ) A th e n a H y g ie ia ; and ( f ) "m o u rn in g " A th e n a, The a r t i c l e c lo s e s w it h a d is c u s s io n o f th e c u l t s ig n if ic a n c e o f th e p i l l a r i n the e v o lu t io n o f th e r e lig i o u s th o u g h t and e x p re s s io n among th e G re e ks. The ite m s o f p r o o f p r e s e n te d by M is s B e n n e tt may be c r i t i c i s e d in m in o r d e t a i l as f o llo w s : 1. M e n tio n is made o f a C i l i c i a n c o in o f th e f o u r t h c e n tu r y, w here th e s ta te m e n t i s made t h a t th e colum n i s " r e p la c e d " b y a t r e e t r u n k. The p h ra s e o lo g y seems to be due to C o llig n o n, whom M is s B e n n e tt m e n tio n s i n th e same s e n te n c e, I n a se n se, h o w e v e r, th e s ta te m e n t begs th e q u e s tio n. I t is n o t a b s o lu t e ly c e r t a in t h a t th e c o in g iv e e a r e p r e s e n ta tio n o f th e A th e n a P a rth e n o s. The d e it y re p re s e n te d on th e c o in i s nude fro m t h r o a t t o w a is t, and th e p r o je c t io n s on th e s h o u ld e rs w h ic h have been th o u g h t to re p r e s e n t th e s e r p e n ts o f th e a e g is may w it h e q u a l r i g h t be in t e r p r e t e d as w in g s. The f i g u r e, a t m o s t, i s n o t a copy in a s t r i c t sense o f th e te rm ; i t c o u ld n o t be c o n s id e re d m ore th a n an a d a p t a tio n, made on f o r e ig n s o i l and w it h th e in t r o d u c t io n o f f o r e ig n e le m e n ts. I t i s p r o b a b ly an A th e n a, h u t η ο ΐ n e c e s s a r ily a n A th e n a P a rth e n o s. I t i s s u f f i c i e n t l y o b v io u s t h a t, eve n i f th e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w ere p o s i t i v e l y beyond d o u b t, th e p re s e n c e o f a t r e e t r u n k as a s u p p o r t on a f o r e ig n c o in w o u ld n o t in a n y s e r io u s d e g re e a rg u e f o r a colum n i n th e o r i g i n a l A th e n ia n s ta t u e. I t w o u ld seem m ore l i k e l y in t h a t case t h a t th e C i l i c i a n c o in ty p e was b o rro w e d fro m some f o r e ig n m a rb le s ta tu e o f A th e n a, in s p ir e d in a g e n e r a l way b y th e P a rth e n o s, i n w h ic h an added s u p p o r t i n th e fo rm o f a

19 t r e e tr u n k was u se d. The f a c t t h a t th e co lu m n as a s u p p o rt is n o t fo u n d on any A th e n ia n c o in ty p e w h ic h r e p r e s e n ts th e P a r th e n o s o u g h t to be f i n a l i n t h i s m a tte r. There i s no s u f f i c i e n t e v id e n c e, i n o th e r w o rd s, th a t a t t h is tim e th e r e was a colum n to be " r e p la c e d. " So f a r as we can a s c e r t a in i t was c e n tu r ie s l a t e r th a t a colum n l i k e t h a t o f th e V a rv a k e io n s t a t u e t t e came to be u se d in t h i s c o n n e c tio n, hence th e im p o rta n c e o f t h i s C i l i c i a n c o in has been g r e a t ly e x a g g e ra te d. Von S a lle t * p o in t s o u t t h a t th e le a d e n te s s e r a, above r e f e r r e d t o, i s o f la t e d a te and a c k n o w le d g e d to be o f no g r e a t im p o rta n c e. I t ha3 been d e n ie d a ls o t h a t in th e bas r e l i e f to w h ic h r e fe re n c e has been made th e hand o f A th e n a r e a l l y r e s t s upon th e co lu m n. T h is i s, h o w e v e r, a m a tte r w here in d iv id u a l d if f e r e n c e o f o p in io n i s p o s s ib le, s in c e th e r e l i e f i n q u e s tio n i s n o t w e ll p r e s e r v e d ; b u t a l l im p o r ta n t s o u rc e s w it h th e e x c e p tio n o f th e V a rv a k e io n s t a t u e t t e a re u n a n im o u s ly a g a in s t such an i n t e r p r e t a t i o n. The r e l i e f shows th e in f lu e n c e o f th e A th e n a P a rth e n o s, b u t th e N ik e i s p la c e d d i f f e r e n t l y, h o ld s a d i f f e r e n t a t t r i b u t e and m a n if e s t ly e x p re s s e s a t o t a l l y d i f f e r e n t th o u g h t. The r e l i e f i n q u e s tio n i s o n ly a m o d if ic a t io n o f th e P a rth e n o s ty p e. 3. The i n s c r i p t i o n e * * c i t e d by M is s B e n n e tt do n o t g iv e adeq u a te l i t e r a r y s u p p o rt to th e id e a o f th e p re s e n c e o f a colum n in th e o r i g i n a l s ta t u e. I t i s m e re ly a c o n je c tu r e on h e r p a r t t h a t th e s t e le m e n tio n e d in them i s th e same as th e one spoken o f by P lu t a r c h ( P e r ic le s 1 3 ). P lu ta r c h m e re ly s ta t e s, w it h o u t comment, t h a t in a c e r t a in s t e le P h id ia s i s named as th e δημιουργός o f $he A th e n a P a rth e n o s. I t seems im p ro b a b le t h a t th e s t e le w h ic h i s m e n tio n e d h e re was a colum n such as t h a t o f th e V a rv a k e io n s t a t u e t t e, and i t i s an e q u a lly u n w a rra n te d * Z e i t s c h r i f t f ü r N u m is m a tik. 1 0, , * * I. G and

20 C i l i c i a n C o in c f th e F o u rth C e n tu ry B.C.

21 a s s u m p tio n t h a t i t was made c f b ro n z e. Στήλη is ueed o n ly m e ta p h o r ic a lly in th e sense o f " s u p p o r t" ; i t i s n o t p r o p e r ly a synonym f o r colu m n, n o r f o r p i l l a r ( στύλος ), and i f M iss B e n n e tt chose to use i t in t h a t c a p a c ity i t seems t h a t she s h o u ld have assumed th e b u rd e n o f p r o o f and p o in te d o u t w herei n h e r usage is j u s t i f i e d fro m l i t e r a r y s o u rc e s. Y e t h e r o n ly e x p la n a tio n h e re is t h i s : "O ur colu m n may p r o p e r ly be c a lle d a στήλη * S3 B ut th e w o rd f o r co lu m n i n in s c r ip t io n s, a s e ls e w h e re, i s κίων, and th e re i s, so f a r as th e w r i t e r can le a r n, no c e r t a i n in s ta n c e i n w h ic h στήλη ig c o n fu s e d w it h i t, * * B e s id e s, i t i s n o t a t a l l c e r t a in t h a t th e " m y s te r io u s " b ro n z e s t e le to w h ic h M is s B e n n e tt r e f e r s e x is t e d. The com parat i v e l y c e r t a in r e a d in g, κατά την στήλην * * * y need n o t r e f e r to a n y th in g a t a i l m y s te r io u s. I t is known t h a t th e g o ld o f th e A th e n a P a rth e n o s was c o n s id e re d a p a r t o f th e a v a ila b le t r e a s u r y l i s t s m e n tio n e d i n I. G f f, w here by th e d e c re e o f th e B o u le and th e Demos, th e t r e a s u r e r s w ere to ta k e a c c o u n t, in th e p re s e n c e o f th e B o u le, o f th e tr e a s u r e s in th e v a r io u s s a n c tu a r ie s and w ere to w r it e i t a l l, ite m b y ite m, on one s t e le, k e e p in g th e tr e a s u r e s o f each d e it y s e p a ra te and g iv in g th e sum- t o t a l o f a l l. T h is s t e le was t o be s e t up on th e A c r o p o lis, and f u t u r e a c c o u n ts w ere t o be re n d e re d by th e t r e a s u r e r s a t each P a n a th e n a e a n f e s t i v a l. When c e r t a in ite m s o f th e s ta tu e a re s a id, in th e above i n s c r i p t i o n s, to be εντελ ή κατά τήν στήλην i t seems m o st l i k e l y t h a t th e o b v io u s r e fe r e n c e i s e i t h e r to t h i s o r i g i n a l s t e le o r e ls e t o a s im ila r tr e a s u r y l i s t o f some l a t e r P a n a th a n a e a. * o p. c i t, p * * The n e a re s t a p p ro a c h t q an in te rc h a n g e o f th e s e te rm s is fo u n d in, t h e ite m s,κορη χρυσή επ ί στήλης ( ι. α. l, o. 6 9 f f ) and κόρη έπ\ στηλης καταχρυσος ( i p i d Ρ. 7 3 f f. ), as com pared w ith " χ ρ ίσ ίτ ίς λ ίθ ο ς 'επ\ Ki o v o[sj ( l. G ), b u t th e fo r c e o f th e err) i n th e s e i n s c r i p t i o n s is o b s c u re,a s i t i s a ls o i n D it t e n b e r g e r c. 29: ' i r r a. i A j- r n y l«g e n e r a l, h o w e v e r, th e m e a n in g o f.

22 I t may p o s s ib ly be t h a t xv)v χαλκήν s h o u ld be added I n th e above in s c r ip t io n s to th e w ords κατά την στήλην > f o llo w in g th e c o n je c t u r a l r e s t o r a t io n by K o e h le r o f I. G ; b u t o f t h i s re a d in g one c a n n o t be c e r t a in. B oeckh, f o r in s ta n c e, s u g g e s ts Αθήναν την χαλκην } an<j_ even i f one r e je c t s h is re a d in g as imp r o b a b le, s t i l l i t m ust be a c k n o w le d g e d t h a t th e re may have been o th e r o b je c ts o f b ro n z e έν τφ Παρθένωνi a s id e fro m th e m ore o r le s s h y p o t h e t ic a l b ro n z e s t e le. I t seems r a t h e r h a z a rd o u s to ta k e στήλην fro m one c o n te x t and χαλκήν fro m a n o th e r, in l i s t s w h ic h a re o th e rw is e v a s t ly d i f f e r e n t, and th e n c o n c lu d e t h a t th e o r i g i n a l re a d in g m ust have been i n each caee στήλην χαλκήν I t w o u ld seem t h a t in o r d e r to s u p p ly m is s in g w ords i n a g iv e n l i n e w it h a n y.d e g re e o f c e r t a in t y one o u g h t to s e le c t them, n o t o n ly fro m an i n s c r i p t i o n o f th e same g e n e r a l c la s s, b u t a ls o frtm th e same c o n te x t and even th e same w o rd o r d e r i f p o s s ib le. th e r e s t o r a t io n s made h e re b y K o e h le r th e s e p r e r e q u is it e s In a re n o t a p p a re n t, το βάθρον ^ I. G , i s s u p p lie d fro? i I. G w here th e s e w ord s s ta n d a lo n e and w h e re, so f a r as th e e v id e n c e g o e s, th e y a re n e it h e r p re c e e d e d b y ή άσπίς n o r f o llo w e d by εν τελ ή -^n m anner, a n d w it h th e same b o ld n e s s, th e w o rd άγαλμα j.s s u p p lie d i n I. G : «Υαλμα το εν τφ 'Εκατομπέδφ κ. τ, λ, y e t άγαλμα o c c u rs now here e ls e in t h i s c o n n e c tio n ; on th e c o n t r a r y, th e u s u a l in t r o d u c t io n f o r H ecatom pedon l i s t s is s im p ly έν τ<3 νεω τψ Εκατομπέδφ. * I t is c le a r, a c c o r d in g ly, t h a t i f b o th βάθρον and άγαλμα a r e c o n je c t u r a lly s u p p lie d, th e r e - co n στήλη i n i n s c r i p t i o n s i s p e r f e c t l y c le a r : i t i s n e t an a r c h i t e c t u r a l member b u t a s e p a ra te s to n e, o r p la t e o f b ro n z e, in s c r ib e d in a c c o rd a n c e w it h some p u b lic d e c re e.. * * * con. ] \ G and * c f. I. G f f., a ls o A. 15.

23 fe re n c e o f th e w ords Ιν τε λ ε ς κατα την στήλην may be to o r d in a r y tr e a u r e. I t seems im p o s s ib le t h a t a tr e a s u r e l i s t was in any way /5g< *. a p a r t o f th e o r ig in a l, P a r t h e n o s s-t& tu e. M is s B e n n e tt s a y s * : " C e r t a in ly i t seems re a s o n a b le to suppose t h a t P h e id ia s 'p u t h is s ig n a tu r e on seme p o r t io n o f h is s ta tu e r a t h e r th a n on some b ro n z e p i l l a r o r t a b le t in th e "P a rth e n o n " o r "H e c a tc m p e d o n ". " B u t H vou γέγραπται ( P lu t. P e r. 13) does n o t a s s e r t t h a t P h e id ia s " p u t h i 3 s ig n a tu r e " a n y w h e r e. A c c o rd in g to th e s ta te m e n t o f C ic e ro, m o re o v e r, th e A th e n ia n s d id n o t a llo w P h e id ia s to in s c r ib e h is name upon th e s ta tu e a t a l l, and we may be s u re t h a t th e y d id n o t a llo w anyone e ls e to in s c r ib e i t. B ut i t i s a b s u rd to t h in k t h a t P h e id ia s p u t on some p a r t o f h is s ta tu e a l i s t o f th e v a lu e o f i t s p a r t s. In s c r ib e d s ta tu e s b e a r a t m ost o n ly th e name o f th e a r t i s t and th e d e d ic a to r o r e ls e Some s h o r t p h ra s e l i k e th e παντάρκης καλ.ός o f th e Zeus a t O ly m p ia. An e x te n d e d i n s c r ip t io n on a s ta tu e w o u ld be an a n om a ly i n G reek a r t. The m ost t h a t can be 9 a id o f th e s t e le m e n tio n e d by P lu t a r c h, th e n, is t h a t i t has n o t come down to u s and t h a t th e e v id e n c e w h ic h we have c o n c e rn in g i t i s n o t s u f f i c i e n t to e n a b le us to d e te rm in e i t s n a tu re e it h e r as to m a t e r ia l o r g e n e r a l c o n te n t. A m ore s e r io u s c r i t i c i s m, h o w e v e r, may be lo d g e d a g a in s t M is s B e n n e tt's fu n d a m e n ta l h y p o th e s is. On page 444, i n th e a r t i c l e c it e d a b o ve, th e r e is t h i s s ta t e m e n t:"... t h i s a n c ie n t a n ic o n ic im age, whose o r i g i n a l m e anin g was l o s t i n c l a s s i c a l tim e s, when i t S u rv iv e d as a s y m b o l, a p p e a rs i n s e v e r a l fo r m s,----- * op., o i t.

24 as D o ric colum n, s h o r t o r t a l l, a3 c ip p u s, as u n a d o rn e d p o s t, and as s h o r t p o s t w it h a c a p i t a l. " The v a rio u.3 monuments on w h ic h h e r s ta te m e n t is based g iv e no c o n c lu s iv e e v id e n c e th a t th e p i l l a r was e v e r used as an a n ic o n ie r e p r e s e n ta tio n o f A th e n a, The p i l l a r, when i t is a s s o c ia te d w it h A th e n a, i s used, in a lm o s t a l l case s, as a s u p p o rt f o r s o m e th in g e ls e e.g. o w l, s p h in x, N ik e, e t c. I n a l l monumnets o f A th e n a ( w ith th e e x c e p tio n c f th e "M o u rn in " A th e n a r e l i e f, w h ic h is s t i l l in d is p u te * ) Yihere th e o w l (o r th e N ik e ) f a i l s, o r i s p la c e d somewhere e ls e o th e r th a n on a colum n o r on th e hand o f th e g o d d e s s ** th e colum n i s n o t t e t a in e d i n any fo rm w h a ts o e v e r. A p r o b a b le e x p la n a tio n o f t h i s f a c t w i l l a p p e a r b e lo w as we c o n s id e r th e f u n c t io n o f th e o w l in th e r e p r e s e n ta tio n s c f A th e n a. In some cases th e o w l seems to r e p r e s e n t A th e n a, h e r s e lf. T h is v ie w has l i t e r a r y s u p p o rt fro m a re m a rk a b le p a ssa g e in A r is to p h a n e s ' h a s p s, γλαυξ γαρ ήμων π ρ\ν μάχεσθοα τον στρατόν διεπ τα το, w here th e s c h o lia s t o f f e r s e x p la n a tio n as f o llo w s : γλαύκα δε την Ά θηναν καλετ, ε. μ. D ougla s c it e s a v a s e * * * in th e A rc h a e o lo g o c a l S e m in a r, U psal.a, on w h ic h is d e p ic te d a c o m p le te s a c r i f i c e t o A th e n a. A th e n a, h e r s e lf, is n o t v i s i b l e, b u t an enorm ous o w l is s e a te d upon th e a l t a r w it h body in p r o f i l e, b u t head tu r n e d f u l l fa c e to w a rd th e s p e c ta to r. M r. D ouglas p o in t s o u t c o n c lu s iv e ly th a t th e p ro m in e n t p o s it io n g iv e n h e re to A th e n a 's o w l 13 n o t u n iq u e. He c it e s, f o r in s ta n c e, th e c o u n tle s s s m a ll a r y b a l l o i to be fo u n d in e v e ry museum; th e C o r in th ia n p in a x c f th e E r i t i s h museum w here th e o w l i s seen * See F a irb a n k s, A m e ric a n J o u r n a l c f A r c h a e o lo g y,6, , p. 411 f ; C.F. a ls o A m e ric a n J o u r n a l o f A rc h a e o lo g y, 13, ,p * * e.g.. On A th e n a 's la n c e, o r on th e b ra n c h o f th e o l i v e T re e, o r f l y i n g in m id - a ir.

25 p e rc h e d upon th e to p o f a p o t t e r 's oven; th e so c a lle d "lo o m - w e ig h ts " o f c la y, p l a in on one s id e, b u t s h o w in g, on th e o th e r s id e, th e f ig u r e o f an o w l, th e body in p r o f i l e, b u t th e head 'tu r n e d f u l l y to w a rd th e s p e c t a t o r *, s t i l l m ore in t e r e s t in g a re c e r t a in gems fro m B e r lin and two va se s w h ic h M r, D ougla s m e n tio n s. I n a b la c k - f ig u r e d vase fro m M u n ic h, A thena i s 3een s p r in g in g f u ll- a r m e d fro m th e head o f Zeus, and h e r emblem, th e o w l, i s p e rc h e d upon h is w r i s t ; b u t on th e vase in th e V a tic a n, w h ic h seems to p o r t r a y th e same 3cene, A th e n a is n o t v i s i b l e, y e t th e o w l a p p e a rs s e a te d upon th e w r i s t o f Zeus. The B e r lin gems show a f u r t h e r d e v e lo p m e n t i n t h a t th e y r e p r e s e n t th e h e lm e te d head o f A th e n a u n it e d to th e body o f an o w l. These r e p r e s e n ta t io n s a re m ost e a s ily u n d e rs to o d, i f th e o w l be th o u g h t of- as A th e n a. A d d it io n a l l i g h t is th ro w n upon t h i s q u e s tio n b y a c o m p a rison o f th e o w l w it h th e v a r io u s r e p r e s e n ta tio n s o f N ik e. Vase p a in t in g s and ty p e s on c o in s, gems, e t c. show t h a t th e o w l s ta n d s f o r th e same c o n c e p tio n as th e N ik e. They a r e fo u n d, f o r in s tn a c e, i n a lm o s t i d e n t i c a l p o s it io n s # on a p i l l a r, on A th e n a 's h a n d, in th e to p o f an c l i v e t r e e, o r f l y i n g i n m id a i r. They c a r r y, l i k e w is e, th e same to k e n, a w re a th. B e th th e o w l and th e N ik e seem t o be i n some sense e m a n a tio n s fro m A th e n a. I t is in t e r e s t in g to n o te i n t h i s c o n n e c tio n t h a t b o th N ik e and o w l r a r e l y o c c u r to 'e th e r in th e same scene. o An e x a m in a tio n o f th e monum ents o f A th e n a shows t h a t whene v e r th e o w l and th e N ik e a re r e p re s e n te d a t r e s t, some s o r t o f a s u p p o rt is th o u - h t n e c e s s a ry. T h is s u p p o rt i s f r e q u e n t ly a co lu m n. I f th e c o lu m n, on th e o th e r hand, w ere an a n ic o n ic * " t h i s i3 no common o w l, f o r w it h human arm s she h o ld s th e d i s t a f f and s p in e th e w o o l, w h ic h seems to come fro m a c a la - th o s p la c e d upon th e g r o u n d." D o u g la s, o p. c i t.

26 r e p r e s e n t a t io n o f- A th e n a, i t c o u ld j u s t as w e ll o c c u r when th e o w l,o :r th e N ik e, i s i n raid a i r, o r on A th e n a 's la n c e, o r i n any o th e r p o s it io n th a n on h e r h a n d, h u t t h i s i s fo u n d in no c e r - i g t a i n in s ta n c e. To c o n c lu d e t h a t th e colum n Aa n ic o n ic is to g iv e i t a f u n c t io n w h ic h is n o t in d ic a t e d in th e r e p r e s e n ta tio n s. The second l i n e o f a tte m p te d p r o o f i s t h a t th e p i l l a r was in te n d e d as a s u p p o rt f o r th e hand because o f th e w e ig h t t o be u p h e ld. Lange p o in t s o u t t h a t in th e A s o le p ie u m a t E p id a u ru s th e s ta tu e o f A s c le p iu s i n th e g o ld and iv o r y te c h n iq u e,.h e re th e w e ig h t to be s u p p o rte d ie in c o n s id e r a b le as com pared w it h t h a t o f th e N ik e o f th e A th e n a P a rth e n o s, has a s e rp e n t as a s u p p o rt f o r th e o u ts tr e tc h e d h a n d,* I t i s n o t c e r t a in, h o w e v e r, I t h a t th e s e r p e n t was u se d "a3 a s u p p o r t. " The e x a c t w o rd s o f P a u s a n ia s a re th e s e : τήν δε έτέραν των χειρω ν υπέρ τής κεφαλής έ χ ε ι του δράκοντος. I t 13 n o t c e r t a in h e re t h a t th e υπέρ in d ic a te s a c t u a l c o n ta c t. I n f a c t, one o f th e c o in s c it e d b y Lange a c t u a l l y shows a space b e tw e e n th e e x te n d e d arm and th e s e r p e n t, j u s t a3 in c e r t a in r e l i e f s o f A th e n a and th e s e r p e n t. * * Lange f u r t h e r c la im s t h a t such a s u p p o r t was an a e s t h e t ic n e c e s s ity as a com plem ent to th e tr e a tm e n t o f th e r i g h t s id e of. th e s ta tu e in o r d e r t h a t i t m ig h t n o t a p p e a r em pty in c o m p a ris o n w it h th e r e s t. T h is id e a may be q u e s tio n e d even w it h r e g a r d to th e V a rv a k e io n s t a t u e t t e, and i t c e r t a i n l y does n o t a p p ly t o th e o r i g i n a l s ta tu e o f th e P a rth e n o s. I n th o s e r e p r e s e n ta tio n s w here th e colum n dees n o t a p p e a r th e r i g h t hand o f th e goddess is * C f. P a u s.2 : * * C f. S choene, G rie c h is c h e R e lie f s, T a f X I I. N r. 6 3 : T a f. X X II, N r. 96. See f o r c o in s c it e d b y Lange, Im o o f-b lu m e r and G a rd n e r, Num. Comm, on P aus. p. 4-3.P I. L.N o s. IV.a n d V.