Nontrivial solutions for a Robin problem with a nonlinear term asymptotically linear at and superlinear at +
|
|
- Δωρίς Ευρυβία Αποστόλου
- 6 χρόνια πριν
- Προβολές:
Transcript
1 Revista Colombiana de Matemáticas Volumen 4(008), páginas 0-6 Nontrivial solutions for a Robin problem with a nonlinear term asymptotically linear at and superlinear at Soluciones no triviales para un problema de Robin con un término no lineal asintótico en y superlineal en Rafael A. Castro T.,a Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia Abstract. In this paper we study the existence of solutions for a Robin problem, with a nonlinear term with subcritical growth respect to a variable. Key words and phrases. Robin problems, weak solutions, Sobolev spaces, functional, Palais-Smale condition, critical points. 000 Mathematics Subject Classification. 35J67, 35J5, 35J60. Resumen. En este artículo estudiamos la existencia de soluciones de un problema de Robin, con término no lineal con crecimiento subcrítico respecto a una variable. Palabras y frases clave. Problemas de Robin, soluciones débiles, espacios de Sobolev, funcionales, condición de Palais-Smale, puntos críticos.. Introduction In this paper, we study the existence of nontrivial solutions of the following problem with the real parameter α 0: u H (, ), (P) u = f(x, u(x)), in, γ u αγ 0 u = 0, on. a Supported by CAPES (Brazil) and DIF de Ciencias (UIS) Código CB00. 0
2 0 RAFAEL A. CASTRO T. Here is the Laplace operator, is a bounded domain in R n (n ) simply connected and with smooth boundary. The case α = 0 was studied by Arcoya and Villegas in []. The function f : R R, satisfies the following conditions: f 0 ) The function f is continuous. f ) f(x, s) c ( s σ ), x and s R, where the exponent σ is a constant such that f ) There exists λ > 0 such that < σ < n n if n 3, < σ < if n =. [f(x, s) λs] = 0, uniformly in x. s f 3 ) There exist s 0 > 0 and θ ( 0, ) such that 0 < F (x, s) θsf(x, s), x, s s 0, where F (x, s) = s 0 f(x, t)dt is a primitive of f. The boundary condition γ u αγ 0 u = 0 involves the trace operators: γ 0 : H () H / ( ) and γ : H (, ) H / ( ), where H (, ) = { u H () : u L () } with the norm u H (, ) = ( u H () u L ()) /, for each u H (, ), γ u H / ( ) and γ 0 u H / ( ). Identifying the element γ 0 u with the functional γ0 u H/ ( ) defined by γ0 u, w = (γ 0 u)wds, w H / ( ), the boundary condition makes sense in H / ( ). The mathematical difficulties that arise by involving this type of boundary conditions are in the Condition of Palais -Smale.. Preinary results To get the results of existence Theorems 4. and 4. we will use the following Theorem. Theorem. (Theorem of Silva, E. A.). Let X = X X be a real Banach space, with dim(x ) <. If Φ C (X, R) satisfies the Palais-Smale condition and the following conditions: I) Φ(u) 0, u X. II) There exists ρ 0 > 0 such that Φ(u) 0, u B ρ0 (0) X. Volumen 4, Número, Año 008
3 NONTRIVIAL SOLUTIONS FOR A ROBIN PROBLEM 03 III) There exist e X {0} and a constant M such that Φ(v te) M, v X and t > 0. Then Φ has at least a critical point different from zero. Proof. See [6, Lemma.3, p. 460]. We use the decomposition of H () as orthogonal sum of two subspaces established in [3]. We denote the sequence of eigenvalues of the problem { u = µu, in, (.) γ u αγ 0 u = 0, on, in the case α < 0 with {µ j } j=, where µ = inf u 0 u H () u α (γ 0u) ds u < 0. (.) With X we denote the space associated to the first eigenvalue µ, and with X = X the orthogonal complement of X respect to the inner product defined by (u, v) k = u v α (γ 0 u)(γ 0 v)ds k uv, u, v H (), (.3) where k is a positive constant suitably selected in [3]. Then and H () = X X, (.4) ϕ α (γ 0 ϕ) ds = µ ϕ, ϕ X. (.5) In the case α > 0, the constant k in (.3) is positive and arbitrary. We denote with {β j } j= the eigenvalues of Problem (.), in particular, we have β = u α (γ 0u) ds > 0. (.6) u inf u 0 u H () With Y we denote the space associated to β and Y = Y the orthogonal complement of Y with respect to the inner product defined by the formula (.3). Then and H () = Y Y, (.7) ϕ α (γ 0 ϕ) ds = β ϕ, ϕ Y. (.8) Revista Colombiana de Matemáticas
4 04 RAFAEL A. CASTRO T. 3. Condition of Palais-Smale Following Arcoya - Villegas [], Figueiredo [4], and using theorems 3., 3. and 3.3 of [3] we establish the conditions under which the functional Φ(u) = u α (γ 0 u) ds F (x, u), u H (), satisfies the Palais-Smale condition. We prove the cases α > 0 and α < 0. The condition of Palais-Smale (P.S) affirms: any sequence {u n } n= in H () such that Φ(u n ) c and Φ (u n ) = 0 in H (), contains a convergent subsequence in the norm of H (). In virtue of the density of C ( ) in H () and by the continuity of the operator γ 0 : H () L ( ), we have the following lemma: Lemma 3.. Let us suppose R n bounded with boundary of class C. If u H (), u (x) = max{u(x), 0} and u (x) = max{u(x), 0} then x x γ 0 ( u ) γ 0 ( u ) ds = 0. (3.) Proof. Let {u n } n= be a sequence in C ( ) such that u n u in H () then u n u and u n u in H (), see []. By the continuity of the operator γ 0 : H () L ( ) we have γ 0 (u n ) γ 0 (u ) and γ 0 (u n ) γ 0 (u ) in L ( ) then: ( γ 0 u ) ( γ 0 u ) ( ) ( ) ds = γ 0 u n γ0 u n ds = u n u n ds = 0. From (3.) we have: (γ 0 u) ( γ 0 u ) ( ds = γ0 u ) ds, (3.) (γ 0 u) ( γ 0 u ) ( ds = γ0 u ) ds. (3.3) Lemma 3. (Condition of Palais-Smale). If α < 0 we suppose (f 0 ), (f ), (f ) and (f 3 ). In the case α > 0, moreover, we also suppose the following conditions S ) The number λ of condition (f ) is not an eigenvalue of the operator with boundary condition γ u αγ 0 u = 0. S ) The numbers σ and θ of the conditions (f ) and (f 3 ) are such that σθ if n 3 and n σθ < if n =. Volumen 4, Número, Año 008
5 NONTRIVIAL SOLUTIONS FOR A ROBIN PROBLEM 05 Then u H () the functional Φ(u) = u α (γ 0 u) ds satisfies the condition of Palais-Smale (P.S.). F (x, u), Proof. Let {u n } n= be a sequence in H () such that Φ(u n ) = u n α (γ 0 u n ) ds F (x, u n ) C, (3.4) and v H () Φ (u n ), v = u n v α (γ 0 u n )(γ 0 v)ds f(x, u n )v ε n v, (3.5) for some constant C > 0 and ε n 0. To show that {u n } n= has a convergent subsequence it is enough to prove that {u n } n= is bounded. Case α < 0. We argue by contradiction. Let us consider a subsequence of {u n } n=, which we denote in the same way, such that u n =. Let z n = un u. Then there exists a subsequence of {z n n} which we denote in the same way, such that z n z 0 weakly in H (), z 0 H (), z n z 0 in L (), γ 0 z n γ 0 z 0 in L ( ), z n (x) z 0 (x) a.e. x, z n (x) q(x) a.e. x, q L (). (3.6) Dividing the terms of (3.5) by and taking the it v H () we obtain f(x, u n ) v = z 0 v α (γ 0 z 0 )(γ 0 v)ds. (3.7) From (3.7) with v = in, we get f(x, u n ) We obtain the desired contradiction in three steps. = α γ 0 z 0 ds <. (3.8) Revista Colombiana de Matemáticas
6 06 RAFAEL A. CASTRO T. First step. We shall prove z 0 (x) = 0 a.e. x, and γ 0 z 0 (x) = 0 a.e. x. (3.9) First we prove z 0 (x) 0 a.e. x, and γ 0 z 0 (x) 0 a.e. x. (3.0) Let = {x : z 0 (x) > 0} and be the measure of Lebesgue of. Choosing v = z 0 in (3.7) we obtain f(x, u n ) u n z 0 = z 0 ( α γ0 z ) 0 ds <. (3.) Using conditions (f 3 ) and (f ), for x we obtain f(x, u n (x))z 0 (x) (λq(x) K )z 0 (x). (3.) Indeed, condition (f 3 ) implies the existence of a constant c > 0 such that Then we can choose s > s 0 such that f(x, s) cs θ, s s 0. (3.3) f(x, s) λs, s s. (3.4) On the other hand, by (f ), for ε > 0 there is s < 0 such that f(x, s) λs ε, s s and x, (3.5) by the continuity of the function f there exists a constant K such that f(x, s) λs K, s (, s ] and x. (3.6) From (3.4) and (3.6) we get Now, using (3.7) with x we have f(x, s) λs K s R, x. (3.7) f(x, u n (x))z 0 (x) (λu n(x) K ) z 0 (x) (λz n (x) K )z 0 (x) (λq(x) K )z 0 (x). From (3.6) we have u n (x) = for a.e. x and using (3.3) the superlinearity of f in we have for a. e. x f(x, u n )z 0 (x) f(x, u n ) = u n (x) z n(x)z 0 (x) =. Volumen 4, Número, Año 008
7 NONTRIVIAL SOLUTIONS FOR A ROBIN PROBLEM 07 If > 0, by the Fatou s Lemma, we get f(x, u n (x)) = z 0 (x) u n f(x, u n ) u n z 0(x), then f(x, u n (x)) z 0 (x) =, u n in contradiction with (3.). Hence = 0 and z 0 (x) 0 a.e. x. If y, then γ 0 z 0 (y) = z 0 (x)dx 0. r 0 B(y, r) ) B(y,r) See [5, p. 43]. Below we prove that z 0 (x)dx = 0 = γ 0 z 0 (s)ds. (3.8) Let v = u n in (3.5) and subtracting this identity from (3.4), we obtain { } f(x, un ) u n F (x, u n ) ε n u n C. (3.9) Dividing this inequality by and passing to the it, we get f(x,u n) u n F (x, u n ) dx = 0. (3.0) On the other hand, given ε > 0, conditions (f 0 ) and (f ) imply the existence of a constant k ε > 0 such that f(x, s)s F (x, s) ε s k ε, s s. (3.) Using (3.) we have u n(x) s f(x,u n) u n F (x, u n ) ε u n K ε and, since ε is arbitrary, u n(x) s εc K ε f(x,u n) u n F (x, u n ) = 0. (3.) Revista Colombiana de Matemáticas
8 08 RAFAEL A. CASTRO T. The identities (3.0) and (3.) show that u n(x)>s Using (3.6) and condition (f 3 ), we obtain where u n(x)>s f(x,u n) u n F (x, u n ) ( ) { θ s ( ) { θ s f(x,u n) u n F (x, u n ) = 0. (3.3) ( ) θ s f(x, u n (x)) u n(x)>s u n } f(x, u n ) f(x, u n ) f(x, u n ) u n(x) s u n λ χ n z n K { if un (x) s χ n (x) =, 0 otherwise. Using (3.8), (3.0) and getting the it we have ( ) { 0 θ s f(x, u n ) λ ( ) { } = θ s α γ 0 z 0 ds λ z 0 ( ) { = θ s α γ 0 z 0 ds λ Hence Then }, X n z n dx K } } z 0 0. ( ) { } θ s α γ 0 z 0 ds λ z 0 = 0. (3.4) γ 0 z 0 ds = 0 = z 0. Using (3.0) we have (3.9). Now, the it (3.7) is Second step. We shall prove now that f(x, u n ) v = 0, v H (). (3.5) sup f(x, u n (x)) z n 0. (3.6) Volumen 4, Número, Año 008
9 NONTRIVIAL SOLUTIONS FOR A ROBIN PROBLEM 09 We denote: I = I = I 3 = u n(x)<0 0 u n(x) s 0 f(x, u n (x)) z n, f(x, u n (x)) z n, u n(x)>s 0 f(x, u n ) z n. Let us prove that I = 0. (3.7) sf(x,s)λs From condition (f ), we have s s = 0, so, given ε > 0 by the continuity of f there exists a constant c ε > 0 such that f(x, s)s λs c ε ε s, s 0, (3.8) then u n<0 f(x, u n )u n c ε dx ε u n<0 c (c λ) u n. u n<0 u n λ u n u n<0 Dividing the last inequality by and getting the it yields (3.7), because z n z 0 in L () and z 0 (x) = 0 a.e. x. Let us see that If L = max { f(x, s) : (x, s) [0, s 0 ] } then f(x, u n ) 0 u n(x) s 0 I = 0. (3.9) z n f(x, u n ) 0 u n s 0 u n (x) Ls 0. Therefore, I = 0. To prove that I 3 = 0, first we see that sup I 3 0. (3.30) Revista Colombiana de Matemáticas
10 0 RAFAEL A. CASTRO T. From (3.9) and (3.) we have { F (x, u n ) } u n>s 0 f(x, u n)u n u n s 0 f(x, u n)u n F (x, u n ) c ε n u n (ε u n k ε ) c ε n u n s 0 u n (ε u n k ε ) c ε n u n cε c ε n u n. On the other hand, condition (f 3 ) implies ( ) θ f(x, u n )u n u n>s 0 u n>s 0 { } f(x, u n)u n F (x, u n ). So, ( ) ( θ f(x, u n )u n c u n>s 0 cε ε n ). Dividing by, we obtain then sup I 3 0. Hence u n>s 0 f(x, u n ) z n c ( sup Third step. Finally we prove cε ε n ), f(x, u n ) z n = sup{i I I 3 } 0. sup f(x, u n ) z n =, (3.3) which contradicts (3.6). From (3.5) with v = z n and dividing by, we get ε n zn α (γ 0 z n ) f(x, u n ) ds z n ε n. By taking superior it we obtain (3.3). Volumen 4, Número, Año 008
11 NONTRIVIAL SOLUTIONS FOR A ROBIN PROBLEM Case α > 0. In this case we have that (u, v) = u v α (γ 0 u)(γ 0 v)ds, u, v H (), defines an inner product in H () and the norm u = (u, u) is equivalent to the usual norm of H (). As a matter of fact, from (.6) we get u β u, then u ( β ) u = d u, u H (). On the other hand, the inequality γ 0 u L ( ) c u implies, Then u ( αc ) u = d u, u H (). (d ) / u u d u, u H (). Henceforth, we denote the constants with the same letter c and expressions of the form cε n with ε n. Using the inner product previously defined and its associated norm, the inequalities (3.4) and (3.5) take the form Φ(u n ) = u n F (x, u n ) C, (3.3) Φ (u n ), v = (u n, v) f(x, u n )v ε n v d ε n v = ε n v, (3.33) where, ε n = 0 and v H (). Next we shall prove that the sequence {u n } n= is bounded. With this purpose first we establish the inequality u n c c and second, we prove that u n is bounded. The desired result will follow from the equality u = u u, u H (). First step. We shall prove F (x, u n )dx c ε n c u n L. (3.34) u n s 0 From (f 3 ) we have u n s 0 F (x, u n ) ( ) θ {f(x, u n )u n F (x, u n )} dx. (3.35) u n s 0 From (3.3) and (3.33) we get {f(x, u n )u n F (x, u n )}dx c ε n. (3.36) Revista Colombiana de Matemáticas
12 RAFAEL A. CASTRO T. Hence {f(x, u n )u n F (x, u n )}dx c ε n u n s 0 F (x, u n ) f(x, u n )u n. (3.37) u n<s 0 Conditions (f 0 ) and (f ) imply F (x, s) f(x, s)s c c s, s < 0, x, (3.38) from (3.37) and (3.38) we get {f(x, u n )u n F (x, u n )} dx c u n s 0 Now, from (3.35) and (3.39), we obtain (3.34). ε n c u n L. (3.39) Second step. We shall prove now that u n F (x, u n ) c ε n u n c u n L. (3.40) u n<0 Making v(x) = u n (x) in (3.33) we have u n f(x, u n )u n ε n u n. (3.4) u n<0 From (3.38) and (3.4) we obtain u n F (x, u n ) = u u n<0 n f(x, u n )u n u n<0 f(x, u n )u n F (x, u n ) u n<0 u n<0 u n f(x, u n )u n u n<0 {f(x, u n )u n F (x, u n )} dx u n<0 ε n u n f(x, u n )u n F (x, u n ) dx u n<0 c ε n u n c u n L. Volumen 4, Número, Año 008
13 NONTRIVIAL SOLUTIONS FOR A ROBIN PROBLEM 3 Third step. Next we shall verify the inequality u n c c u n. (3.4) From (3.3) we have u n F (x, u n ) F (x, u n ) u n u n 0 u n<0 u n u n F (x, u n ) = u n F (x, u n ) c, and with (3.40) we get u n u n 0 F (x, u n ) c u n<0 c c u n. F (x, u n ) u n Then the above inequality and (3.34) give u n c c u n F (x, u n ) u n 0 c c u n F (x, u n ) 0 u n(x) s 0 F (x, u n ) u n>s 0 c c u n ε n u n. Therefore u n c c u n ε n u n, since ε n = 0 this inequality yields (3.4). Fourth step. We consider the following exhaustive cases: i) There exists a constant c such that u n c, or ii) u n =, passing to a subsequence if it would be necessary. In case i), using (3.4) we have u n c, n N and, from the equality u = u u u H (), we conclude that (u n ) n= is bounded. Next let us prove that case ii) can not occur. First, from (3.8) and (3.4) we get u n λ ( ) u n c c u n. (3.43) If w n = u n then there exists w u n 0 H () and a subsequence from {w n } n= that we denote in the same way, such that it converges to w o weakly in H () Revista Colombiana de Matemáticas
14 4 RAFAEL A. CASTRO T. and strongly in L (). Let us see that w 0 0. Dividing (3.43) by u n we obtain λ wn c u n c u. n Taking it when n we get w0 = λ, therefore w 0 0. Let us see that λ is an eigenvalue and w 0 its eigenfunction. First we prove ( u, v ) n λ u n v ( c ε n u n c u n σ ) v. (3.44) L pσ From (3.33) we get ( u, v ) n λ u n v ( u n, v ) λ u n v f (x, u n ) v ( u n, v ) λ u n v ( u n, v) λ u n v f (x, u n ) v = (u n, v) f (x, u n ) v ε n v. Then ( u n, v ) λ u n v ε n v (u n, v) λ u n v f(x, u n )v ε n v u n v λ u n v f(x, u n )v. (3.45) Next we estimate λ u n v f(x, u n)v. Conditions (f0 ) and (f ) imply f(x, s) λs c, s 0, x. (3.46) Volumen 4, Número, Año 008
15 NONTRIVIAL SOLUTIONS FOR A ROBIN PROBLEM 5 using (3.46), we obtain λ u n v f(x, u n )v {f(x, u n ) λu n }v u n<0 f(x, u n )v u n 0 ( ) χ un f(x, u n ) λu n v f x, u n v ( ) c χ un v f x, u n v ( ) c v f x, u n v c v c v c u n σ v c v c u σ n v L pσ L q, where the function χ un is defined by { if un (x) < 0, χ un (x) = 0 if u n (x) 0, and p = n n, q = n n for n 3, and we take < p < /σθ as long as σθ < for n =. Then we obtain (3.44). Now, dividing (3.44) by u n, we get (w n, v) λ ( ) w n v c ε n u n u c σ L pσ n u v. (3.47) n It is evident that Let us prove that cε n u n u = 0. From (3.4) we have n = 0. u n u n σ L pσ u n = 0. (3.48) Conditions (f 0 ) and (f 3 ) imply the existence of positive constants K and c such that F (x, s) θks /θ c, for s > 0. (3.49) Then (3.34) and (3.49) give u n /θ c εn u n c u n. (3.50) Dividing (3.50) by u n /σθ we have u n /σθ u n /θ c u n /σθ u n ε n u n /σθ c u n σθ. (3.5) Revista Colombiana de Matemáticas
16 6 RAFAEL A. CASTRO T. From (S ) we have σθ = δ for some δ > 0. Hence /θ u n u n /σ = 0. (3.5) From (S ) and the choice of p in the case n = we have that < pσ θ, then pσ /pσ 0 u n u n /σ /θ θ u n u n /σ = 0. Therefore Then, the it in (3.47) yields (w n, v) λ u n u n /σ pσ /p w n v = (w 0, v) λ = 0. w 0 v = 0. Hence (w 0, v) = λ w 0 v, v H (), so, λ is an eigenvalue of, with boundary condition γ u αγ 0 u = 0. But this contradicts hypothesis (S ). Hence, u n cannot tend to when n. 4. Results of existence In this section, we establish the existence of solutions of Problem (P). Theorem 4.. Suppose n, α < 0, (f 0 ), (f ), (f ), (f 3 ), and let µ, µ be the first and the second eigenvalues of with the boundary condition of the problem (P ) { u = f(x, u(x)), in, γ u αγ 0 u = 0, on, such that f 4 ) f(x,s) s µ, s R {0}, x. f 5 ) There exist ε 0 > 0 and p > 0 such that µ < µ p < µ, and f(x, s) s µ p, s (ε 0, ε 0 ) {0}, x. Volumen 4, Número, Año 008
17 NONTRIVIAL SOLUTIONS FOR A ROBIN PROBLEM 7 Then Problem (P ) has at least one nontrivial solution. Proof. We prove the conditions of Theorem.. The functional Φ associated to the problem (P ) is defined by Φ(u) = u α (γ 0 u) ds which satisfies the Palais-Smale condition by Lemma (3.). Using decomposition (.4), H () = X X, we have F (x, u), I) Φ(u) 0, u X. Indeed, condition (f 4 ) implies that F (x, s) µ s, s R, x. Then for each u X Φ(u) = u α (γ 0 u) ds F (x, u) = µ u F (x, u) (by (.5)) µ u µ u = 0. II) There exists ρ 0 > 0 such that Φ(u) 0, u Bρ 0 (0) X. Condition (f 5 ) implies F (x, s) (µ p) s, for s < ε 0, and x. (4.) On the other hand, for s ε 0, condition (f ) implies the existence of a positive constant m 0 such that f(x, s) m 0 s σ, for s ε 0, and x. (4.) Now, (4.) and (4.) implies F (x, s) { (µ p) s, if s < ε 0, m s σ, if s ε 0, (4.3) for any constant m and x. Using (4.3), the variational characterization of µ, the Sobolev Imbedding Theorem, and the norm u k = (u, u) k, where the inner product (u, v) k is Revista Colombiana de Matemáticas
18 8 RAFAEL A. CASTRO T. defined in (.3), we get for u X, Φ(u) = u k k u F (x, u) u k k u k u u <ε 0 u ε 0 (µ p) u m u σ u <ε 0 u ε 0 = u k (µ k p) u k u m u <ε 0 u ε 0 u k (µ k p) u c u σ m u ε 0 (where c = k/ε σ 0 ) = u k (µ k p) u m (m = c m) u k (µ k p) (µ k) u k m ( ) pδ u m µ k = m 4 u m 3 u σ. u σ u ε 0 u σ u σ u ε 0 u σ u ε 0 u σ So, Φ(u) u (m 4 u m 3 u σ ), u X. (4.4) Recalling that σ > by condition f, the function d : [0, ) R defined by ( ) d(ρ) = m 4 ρ m 3 ρ σ achieves its global maximum in ρ 0 = m4 /(σ). m 3σ Then ( Φ(u) ρ 0 d(ρ 0 ) = ρ 0 ) m 4 > 0, u B ρ0 (0) X. σ III) There exists e X {0} and a constant M such that Φ(v te) M, v X and t > 0. If n the space H () is not contained in L (). Let e X be a function which is unbounded from above, and λ the number given by λ = e α (γ 0e) ds. (4.5) e Then, µ λ and µ < λ. The value of λ does not change by substituting e by te, then we suppose that e satisfies the condition (λ λ) e < δ (µ λ), (4.6) Volumen 4, Número, Año 008
19 NONTRIVIAL SOLUTIONS FOR A ROBIN PROBLEM 9 where λ is the positive constant of condition (f ), δ = δ µ and δ k is a positive constant such that δ v L v k, v X where v L = sup x v(x). Moreover δ satisfies δ v L v, v X. (4.7) If v X we get 0 = (v, e) k = v e k ve, = (µ k) ve α (γ 0 v)(γ 0 e)ds where µ k > 0, then ve = 0 and we obtain v e α (γ 0 v)(γ 0 e)ds = 0. (4.8) From (f 3 ) there exist m 5 > 0 and s s 0 such that F (x, s) λ s m 5 s /θ, s s and x. (4.9) Conditions (f 0 ) and (f ) imply the existence of a positive constant m 6 > 0 such that F (x, s) λ s m 6 s, s s and x. (4.0) Now, if v X and t > 0 then (4.5), (4.8), (4.9) and (4.0) yield Φ(v te) = (v te) α (γ 0 (v te)) F (x, v te) = µ v t λ e F (x, v te) = µ v t λ e F (x, v te) v(x)te(x) s F (x, v te) v(x)te(x)>s µ v t λ e λ (v te) m 6 v te m 5 (v te) v(x)te(x) s /θ v(x)te(x)>s (µ λ) m 6 t v t (λ λ) e m 6 v e m 5 v(x)te(x)>s (v te) /θ. Revista Colombiana de Matemáticas
20 0 RAFAEL A. CASTRO T. From (4.7) we have Φ(v te) δ (µ λ) v L m 6 v L t (λ λ) e m 6 t e m 5 (v te) v(x)te(x)>s /θ. (4.) Observing (4.) we have the following cases: Case. If λ > λ, then Φ(v te) δ (µ λ) v L m 6 v L t (λ λ) e m 6 t e, where the coefficients of v L and t are negative, therefore there exists a constant M > 0 such that Φ(v te) M, v X and t > 0. Case. If 0 < λ λ, and v 0 = min { v(x) : x } then v 0 t s or v 0 t > s. Let t s v 0. If v 0 = 0, from (4.) we have Φ(v te) δ (µ λ) v L m 6 v L s (λ λ) e m 6 s e. Since the coefficient of v L is negative, there is M > 0 such that Φ(vte) M. If v 0 0 then v 0 v L and from (4.) we have, Φ(v te) δ (µ λ) v L m 6 v L (s v 0 ) (λ λ) e (s v 0 )m 6 Using the inequality and calling we obtain e. (s v 0 ) ( s v 0 ), (4.) [ δ Φ(v te) (µ λ) (λ λ) c v L s (λ λ) ) c = m 6 ( e, (4.3) e ] v L e s m 6 e. Volumen 4, Número, Año 008
21 NONTRIVIAL SOLUTIONS FOR A ROBIN PROBLEM The coefficient of v L is negative, therefore there exists M 3 > 0 such that Φ(v te) M 3. In the case t > s v 0, let = {x : e(x) > } then > 0. Since the function e is not bounded from above, and {x : v(x)te(x) > s } then (4.) yields Φ(v te) δ (µ λ) v L m 6 v L t (λ λ) e m 6 t e m 5 (v 0 t) /θ. (4.4) Setting v 0 t = s we have Φ(v te) δ (µ λ) v L m 6 v L (s v 0) (λ λ) e m 6 (s v 0 ) e m 5 s /θ. From (s v 0 ) s v L and (4.3) we obtain ( δ ) Φ(v te) (µ λ) (λ λ) e v L c v L m 6 s e s (λ λ) e m 5 s /θ. Since the coefficients of v L and s/θ are negative, then there exists M 4 > 0 such that Φ(v te) M 4. If M = max{m, M 3, M 4 }, then Φ(v te) M v X, and t > 0. In the following theorem we consider the case α > 0, and we use the following condition (f ): the number λ of condition (f ) is such that λ > β, and λ β j, for j =, 3,, (λ is not an eigenvalue). Theorem 4.. Suppose: n, α > 0, (f 0 ), (f ), (f 3 ), (f ), (S ), and the conditions: (f 4 ) f(x,s) s β, s R {0}, x, (f 5 ) there exist ε 0 > 0 and β (β, β ) such that f(x, s) s Then the problem { (P ) has at least a nontrivial solution. β s (ε 0, ε 0 ) {0} x. u = f(x, u(x)), in, γ u αγ 0 u = 0, on, Revista Colombiana de Matemáticas
22 RAFAEL A. CASTRO T. Proof. To prove the conditions of Theorem. we use the decomposition (.7), H () = Y Y. The functional Φ associated to problem (P ) is Φ(u) = u α (γ 0 u) ds F (x, u), which satisfies the Palais-Smale condition by Lemma (3.). I) Φ(u) 0, u Y. Let u Y, condition (f4 ) and the equality (.8), yields Φ(u) = u α (γ 0 u) ds F (x, u) β u β u = 0. II) There exists ρ 0 > 0 such that Φ(u) 0 u B ρ0 (0) Y. Condition (f 5 ) implies F (x, s) β s, s ε 0, x. (4.5) On the other hand, for s ε 0 and x condition (f ) implies the existence of a positive constant m 0 such that f(x, s) m 0 s σ and its integrals yield F (x, s) m s σ, s ε 0 and x, (4.6) for any constant m > 0. From (4.5) and (4.6), we have F (x, s) β s m s σ, s R, x. (4.7) If u Y then Φ(u) = u α (γ 0 u) ds F (x, u) = u F (x, u) u β u m u σ u β u β mc u σ ) ( ββ d u mc u σ. Since σ >, there exist ρ 0 > 0 and a > 0 such that Φ(u) a > 0, u Bρ 0 (0) Y. III) There exist a function e Y {0} and a constant M > 0 such that Φ(v te) M, v Y and t > 0. Volumen 4, Número, Año 008
23 NONTRIVIAL SOLUTIONS FOR A ROBIN PROBLEM 3 Let e Y be a function which is unbounded from above and λ the number defined by λ = e α (γ 0e) ds, (4.8) e then β λ and λ > λ or λ λ. We suppose that e satisfies the condition ( (λ λ) e < δ λ ), (4.9) β where δ > 0 is such that For v Y and k > 0 we have, (v, u) k = (v, u) k Making u = e we get 0 = (v, e) k = (v, e) k then and We also use δ v L v, v Y. (4.0) vu = (β k) vu, u H (). ve = (β k) ve, ve = 0, (4.) (v, e) = 0. (4.) F (x, s) λ s m 5 s /θ, s s, x and (4.3) F (x, s) λ s m 6 s, s s and x. (4.4) If v Y and t > 0 then using (4.8), (4.), (4.), (4.3) and (4.4), we obtain Φ(v te) = (v te) α (γ 0 (v te)) F (x, v te) = β v t λ e F (x, v te) v(x)te(x) s F (x, v te) v(x)te(x)>s Revista Colombiana de Matemáticas
24 4 RAFAEL A. CASTRO T. β v t λ e λ vte s (v te) m 6 v te vte s λ (v te) m 5 (v te) /θ vte>s vte>s (β λ) v t (λ λ) e m 6 v te m 5 (v te) /θ vte>s (β λ) v m 6 v t (λ λ) e tm 6 e m 5 (v te) vte>s /θ. Using β v = v, v Y and (4.0) we get Φ(v te) δ ( λβ ) v L m 6 v L (4.5) t (λ λ) e tm 6 Observing (4.5) we have the following cases: e m 5 vte>s (v te) /θ. Case λ > λ. In this case, the coefficients of v L and t in (4.5) are negative, therefore, there exists a constant M > 0 such that Φ(v te) M v Y and t > 0. Case 0 < λ λ. If v 0 = min { v(x) : x } then v 0 t s or v 0 t > s. Let t s v 0. If v 0 = 0 then from (4.5) we have, Φ(v te) δ ( λβ ) v L m 6 v L s (λ λ) e s m 6 then there exists M > 0 such that Φ(v te) M. If v 0 0 then v 0 v L v Y. From (4.5) we have ) Φ(v te) ( δ λβ v L m 6 v L (s v 0 ) (λ λ) e (s v 0 )m 6 e, (4.6) e. Volumen 4, Número, Año 008
25 NONTRIVIAL SOLUTIONS FOR A ROBIN PROBLEM 5 Using (4.) and (4.3), we obtain [ ) δ Φ(v te) ( λβ (λ λ) c v L s (λ λ) ] e v L e s m 6 e. From (4.9) there exists M 3 > 0 such that Φ(v te) M 3. In the case v 0 t > s, let = {x : e(x) > }. Clearly, > 0. From (4.5) we have ) Φ(v te) ( δ λβ v L m 6 v L t (λ λ) e tm 6 e m 5 (v 0 t) /θ. (4.7) Making v 0 t = s, using (4.) and (4.3), we obtain [ ) δ ] Φ(v te) ( λβ (λ λ) e v L c v L sm 6 e s (λ λ) e m 5 s /θ. and there exists M 4 > 0 such that Φ(vte) M 4. If M = max {M, M 3, M 4 } then Φ(v te) M, v Y and t > 0. Recalling that for n = the space H () is contained in L (), and the fact that the above proofs require an unbounded function in H (), we conclude that theorems 4. and 4. can not be applied to the case n =. Acknowledgement. The author is deeply thankful to Helena J. Nussenzveig Lopes, and to Djairo G. De Figueiredo for their valuable comments. References [] Arcoya, D., and Villegas, S. Nontrivial solutions for a Neumann problem with a nonlinear term asymptotically linear at and superlinear at. Math.-Z 9, 4 (995), [] Castro, R. A. Convergencia de dos sucesiones. Revista Integración-UIS 3, (005), [3] Castro, R. A. Regularity of the solutions for a Robin problem and some applications. Revista Colombiana de Matemáticas (008). Este volumen. [4] de Figueiredo, D. G. On superlinear elliptic problems with nonlinearities interacting only with higher eigenvalues. Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 8, (988), [5] Evans, L. C., and Gariepy, R. F. Lectures notes on measure theory and fine properties of functions. University of Kentucky, Kentucky, 99. Department of Mathematics. Revista Colombiana de Matemáticas
26 6 RAFAEL A. CASTRO T. [6] Silva, E. A. Linking theorems and applications to semilinear elliptic problems at resonance. Nonlinear Analysis, Theory, Methods & Applications 6, 5 (99), (Recibido en junio de 007. Aceptado en agosto de 008) Escuela de Matemáticas Universidad Industrial de Santander Apartado Aéreo 678 Bucaramanga, Colombia rcastro@uis.edu.co Volumen 4, Número, Año 008
Example Sheet 3 Solutions
Example Sheet 3 Solutions. i Regular Sturm-Liouville. ii Singular Sturm-Liouville mixed boundary conditions. iii Not Sturm-Liouville ODE is not in Sturm-Liouville form. iv Regular Sturm-Liouville note
Διαβάστε περισσότερα2 Composition. Invertible Mappings
Arkansas Tech University MATH 4033: Elementary Modern Algebra Dr. Marcel B. Finan Composition. Invertible Mappings In this section we discuss two procedures for creating new mappings from old ones, namely,
Διαβάστε περισσότεραC.S. 430 Assignment 6, Sample Solutions
C.S. 430 Assignment 6, Sample Solutions Paul Liu November 15, 2007 Note that these are sample solutions only; in many cases there were many acceptable answers. 1 Reynolds Problem 10.1 1.1 Normal-order
Διαβάστε περισσότεραSCITECH Volume 13, Issue 2 RESEARCH ORGANISATION Published online: March 29, 2018
Journal of rogressive Research in Mathematics(JRM) ISSN: 2395-028 SCITECH Volume 3, Issue 2 RESEARCH ORGANISATION ublished online: March 29, 208 Journal of rogressive Research in Mathematics www.scitecresearch.com/journals
Διαβάστε περισσότεραST5224: Advanced Statistical Theory II
ST5224: Advanced Statistical Theory II 2014/2015: Semester II Tutorial 7 1. Let X be a sample from a population P and consider testing hypotheses H 0 : P = P 0 versus H 1 : P = P 1, where P j is a known
Διαβάστε περισσότεραMath221: HW# 1 solutions
Math: HW# solutions Andy Royston October, 5 7.5.7, 3 rd Ed. We have a n = b n = a = fxdx = xdx =, x cos nxdx = x sin nx n sin nxdx n = cos nx n = n n, x sin nxdx = x cos nx n + cos nxdx n cos n = + sin
Διαβάστε περισσότεραMatrices and Determinants
Matrices and Determinants SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS: Q 1. For what value of k do the following system of equations possess a non-trivial (i.e., not all zero) solution over the set of rationals Q? x + ky + 3z
Διαβάστε περισσότεραCongruence Classes of Invertible Matrices of Order 3 over F 2
International Journal of Algebra, Vol. 8, 24, no. 5, 239-246 HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hikari.com http://dx.doi.org/.2988/ija.24.422 Congruence Classes of Invertible Matrices of Order 3 over F 2 Ligong An and
Διαβάστε περισσότεραSection 8.3 Trigonometric Equations
99 Section 8. Trigonometric Equations Objective 1: Solve Equations Involving One Trigonometric Function. In this section and the next, we will exple how to solving equations involving trigonometric functions.
Διαβάστε περισσότεραChapter 6: Systems of Linear Differential. be continuous functions on the interval
Chapter 6: Systems of Linear Differential Equations Let a (t), a 2 (t),..., a nn (t), b (t), b 2 (t),..., b n (t) be continuous functions on the interval I. The system of n first-order differential equations
Διαβάστε περισσότεραEvery set of first-order formulas is equivalent to an independent set
Every set of first-order formulas is equivalent to an independent set May 6, 2008 Abstract A set of first-order formulas, whatever the cardinality of the set of symbols, is equivalent to an independent
Διαβάστε περισσότεραCHAPTER 25 SOLVING EQUATIONS BY ITERATIVE METHODS
CHAPTER 5 SOLVING EQUATIONS BY ITERATIVE METHODS EXERCISE 104 Page 8 1. Find the positive root of the equation x + 3x 5 = 0, correct to 3 significant figures, using the method of bisection. Let f(x) =
Διαβάστε περισσότεραStatistical Inference I Locally most powerful tests
Statistical Inference I Locally most powerful tests Shirsendu Mukherjee Department of Statistics, Asutosh College, Kolkata, India. shirsendu st@yahoo.co.in So far we have treated the testing of one-sided
Διαβάστε περισσότεραUniform Convergence of Fourier Series Michael Taylor
Uniform Convergence of Fourier Series Michael Taylor Given f L 1 T 1 ), we consider the partial sums of the Fourier series of f: N 1) S N fθ) = ˆfk)e ikθ. k= N A calculation gives the Dirichlet formula
Διαβάστε περισσότερα2. Let H 1 and H 2 be Hilbert spaces and let T : H 1 H 2 be a bounded linear operator. Prove that [T (H 1 )] = N (T ). (6p)
Uppsala Universitet Matematiska Institutionen Andreas Strömbergsson Prov i matematik Funktionalanalys Kurs: F3B, F4Sy, NVP 2005-03-08 Skrivtid: 9 14 Tillåtna hjälpmedel: Manuella skrivdon, Kreyszigs bok
Διαβάστε περισσότεραEE512: Error Control Coding
EE512: Error Control Coding Solution for Assignment on Finite Fields February 16, 2007 1. (a) Addition and Multiplication tables for GF (5) and GF (7) are shown in Tables 1 and 2. + 0 1 2 3 4 0 0 1 2 3
Διαβάστε περισσότεραSecond Order Partial Differential Equations
Chapter 7 Second Order Partial Differential Equations 7.1 Introduction A second order linear PDE in two independent variables (x, y Ω can be written as A(x, y u x + B(x, y u xy + C(x, y u u u + D(x, y
Διαβάστε περισσότερα4.6 Autoregressive Moving Average Model ARMA(1,1)
84 CHAPTER 4. STATIONARY TS MODELS 4.6 Autoregressive Moving Average Model ARMA(,) This section is an introduction to a wide class of models ARMA(p,q) which we will consider in more detail later in this
Διαβάστε περισσότεραHomework 3 Solutions
Homework 3 Solutions Igor Yanovsky (Math 151A TA) Problem 1: Compute the absolute error and relative error in approximations of p by p. (Use calculator!) a) p π, p 22/7; b) p π, p 3.141. Solution: For
Διαβάστε περισσότεραOrdinal Arithmetic: Addition, Multiplication, Exponentiation and Limit
Ordinal Arithmetic: Addition, Multiplication, Exponentiation and Limit Ting Zhang Stanford May 11, 2001 Stanford, 5/11/2001 1 Outline Ordinal Classification Ordinal Addition Ordinal Multiplication Ordinal
Διαβάστε περισσότεραProblem Set 9 Solutions. θ + 1. θ 2 + cotθ ( ) sinθ e iφ is an eigenfunction of the ˆ L 2 operator. / θ 2. φ 2. sin 2 θ φ 2. ( ) = e iφ. = e iφ cosθ.
Chemistry 362 Dr Jean M Standard Problem Set 9 Solutions The ˆ L 2 operator is defined as Verify that the angular wavefunction Y θ,φ) Also verify that the eigenvalue is given by 2! 2 & L ˆ 2! 2 2 θ 2 +
Διαβάστε περισσότεραMath 446 Homework 3 Solutions. (1). (i): Reverse triangle inequality for metrics: Let (X, d) be a metric space and let x, y, z X.
Math 446 Homework 3 Solutions. (1). (i): Reverse triangle inequalit for metrics: Let (X, d) be a metric space and let x,, z X. Prove that d(x, z) d(, z) d(x, ). (ii): Reverse triangle inequalit for norms:
Διαβάστε περισσότεραSCHOOL OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES G11LMA Linear Mathematics Examination Solutions
SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES GLMA Linear Mathematics 00- Examination Solutions. (a) i. ( + 5i)( i) = (6 + 5) + (5 )i = + i. Real part is, imaginary part is. (b) ii. + 5i i ( + 5i)( + i) = ( i)( + i)
Διαβάστε περισσότεραCoefficient Inequalities for a New Subclass of K-uniformly Convex Functions
International Journal of Computational Science and Mathematics. ISSN 0974-89 Volume, Number (00), pp. 67--75 International Research Publication House http://www.irphouse.com Coefficient Inequalities for
Διαβάστε περισσότεραOn a p(x)-kirchhoff Equation with Critical Exponent and an Additional Nonlocal Term
On a p(x-kirchhoff Equation with Critical Exponent and an Additional Nonlocal Term Francisco Julio S.A. Corrêa Universidade Federal de Campina Grande Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Unidade Acadêmica de
Διαβάστε περισσότεραChapter 6: Systems of Linear Differential. be continuous functions on the interval
Chapter 6: Systems of Linear Differential Equations Let a (t), a 2 (t),..., a nn (t), b (t), b 2 (t),..., b n (t) be continuous functions on the interval I. The system of n first-order differential equations
Διαβάστε περισσότεραPractice Exam 2. Conceptual Questions. 1. State a Basic identity and then verify it. (a) Identity: Solution: One identity is csc(θ) = 1
Conceptual Questions. State a Basic identity and then verify it. a) Identity: Solution: One identity is cscθ) = sinθ) Practice Exam b) Verification: Solution: Given the point of intersection x, y) of the
Διαβάστε περισσότεραw o = R 1 p. (1) R = p =. = 1
Πανεπιστήµιο Κρήτης - Τµήµα Επιστήµης Υπολογιστών ΗΥ-570: Στατιστική Επεξεργασία Σήµατος 205 ιδάσκων : Α. Μουχτάρης Τριτη Σειρά Ασκήσεων Λύσεις Ασκηση 3. 5.2 (a) From the Wiener-Hopf equation we have:
Διαβάστε περισσότεραHOMEWORK 4 = G. In order to plot the stress versus the stretch we define a normalized stretch:
HOMEWORK 4 Problem a For the fast loading case, we want to derive the relationship between P zz and λ z. We know that the nominal stress is expressed as: P zz = ψ λ z where λ z = λ λ z. Therefore, applying
Διαβάστε περισσότεραApproximation of distance between locations on earth given by latitude and longitude
Approximation of distance between locations on earth given by latitude and longitude Jan Behrens 2012-12-31 In this paper we shall provide a method to approximate distances between two points on earth
Διαβάστε περισσότεραPhys460.nb Solution for the t-dependent Schrodinger s equation How did we find the solution? (not required)
Phys460.nb 81 ψ n (t) is still the (same) eigenstate of H But for tdependent H. The answer is NO. 5.5.5. Solution for the tdependent Schrodinger s equation If we assume that at time t 0, the electron starts
Διαβάστε περισσότεραPartial Differential Equations in Biology The boundary element method. March 26, 2013
The boundary element method March 26, 203 Introduction and notation The problem: u = f in D R d u = ϕ in Γ D u n = g on Γ N, where D = Γ D Γ N, Γ D Γ N = (possibly, Γ D = [Neumann problem] or Γ N = [Dirichlet
Διαβάστε περισσότεραFinite Field Problems: Solutions
Finite Field Problems: Solutions 1. Let f = x 2 +1 Z 11 [x] and let F = Z 11 [x]/(f), a field. Let Solution: F =11 2 = 121, so F = 121 1 = 120. The possible orders are the divisors of 120. Solution: The
Διαβάστε περισσότεραNowhere-zero flows Let be a digraph, Abelian group. A Γ-circulation in is a mapping : such that, where, and : tail in X, head in
Nowhere-zero flows Let be a digraph, Abelian group. A Γ-circulation in is a mapping : such that, where, and : tail in X, head in : tail in X, head in A nowhere-zero Γ-flow is a Γ-circulation such that
Διαβάστε περισσότεραSOLUTIONS TO MATH38181 EXTREME VALUES AND FINANCIAL RISK EXAM
SOLUTIONS TO MATH38181 EXTREME VALUES AND FINANCIAL RISK EXAM Solutions to Question 1 a) The cumulative distribution function of T conditional on N n is Pr T t N n) Pr max X 1,..., X N ) t N n) Pr max
Διαβάστε περισσότεραSolutions to Exercise Sheet 5
Solutions to Eercise Sheet 5 jacques@ucsd.edu. Let X and Y be random variables with joint pdf f(, y) = 3y( + y) where and y. Determine each of the following probabilities. Solutions. a. P (X ). b. P (X
Διαβάστε περισσότεραSOME PROPERTIES OF FUZZY REAL NUMBERS
Sahand Communications in Mathematical Analysis (SCMA) Vol. 3 No. 1 (2016), 21-27 http://scma.maragheh.ac.ir SOME PROPERTIES OF FUZZY REAL NUMBERS BAYAZ DARABY 1 AND JAVAD JAFARI 2 Abstract. In the mathematical
Διαβάστε περισσότεραOnline Appendix I. 1 1+r ]}, Bψ = {ψ : Y E A S S}, B W = +(1 s)[1 m (1,0) (b, e, a, ψ (0,a ) (e, a, s); q, ψ, W )]}, (29) exp( U(d,a ) (i, x; q)
Online Appendix I Appendix D Additional Existence Proofs Denote B q = {q : A E A S [0, +r ]}, Bψ = {ψ : Y E A S S}, B W = {W : I E A S R}. I slightly abuse the notation by defining B q (L q ) the subset
Διαβάστε περισσότεραEcon 2110: Fall 2008 Suggested Solutions to Problem Set 8 questions or comments to Dan Fetter 1
Eon : Fall 8 Suggested Solutions to Problem Set 8 Email questions or omments to Dan Fetter Problem. Let X be a salar with density f(x, θ) (θx + θ) [ x ] with θ. (a) Find the most powerful level α test
Διαβάστε περισσότερα3.4 SUM AND DIFFERENCE FORMULAS. NOTE: cos(α+β) cos α + cos β cos(α-β) cos α -cos β
3.4 SUM AND DIFFERENCE FORMULAS Page Theorem cos(αβ cos α cos β -sin α cos(α-β cos α cos β sin α NOTE: cos(αβ cos α cos β cos(α-β cos α -cos β Proof of cos(α-β cos α cos β sin α Let s use a unit circle
Διαβάστε περισσότεραA General Note on δ-quasi Monotone and Increasing Sequence
International Mathematical Forum, 4, 2009, no. 3, 143-149 A General Note on δ-quasi Monotone and Increasing Sequence Santosh Kr. Saxena H. N. 419, Jawaharpuri, Badaun, U.P., India Presently working in
Διαβάστε περισσότεραProblem Set 3: Solutions
CMPSCI 69GG Applied Information Theory Fall 006 Problem Set 3: Solutions. [Cover and Thomas 7.] a Define the following notation, C I p xx; Y max X; Y C I p xx; Ỹ max I X; Ỹ We would like to show that C
Διαβάστε περισσότερα5. Choice under Uncertainty
5. Choice under Uncertainty Daisuke Oyama Microeconomics I May 23, 2018 Formulations von Neumann-Morgenstern (1944/1947) X: Set of prizes Π: Set of probability distributions on X : Preference relation
Διαβάστε περισσότεραCRASH COURSE IN PRECALCULUS
CRASH COURSE IN PRECALCULUS Shiah-Sen Wang The graphs are prepared by Chien-Lun Lai Based on : Precalculus: Mathematics for Calculus by J. Stuwart, L. Redin & S. Watson, 6th edition, 01, Brooks/Cole Chapter
Διαβάστε περισσότεραExercises 10. Find a fundamental matrix of the given system of equations. Also find the fundamental matrix Φ(t) satisfying Φ(0) = I. 1.
Exercises 0 More exercises are available in Elementary Differential Equations. If you have a problem to solve any of them, feel free to come to office hour. Problem Find a fundamental matrix of the given
Διαβάστε περισσότεραQuadratic Expressions
Quadratic Expressions. The standard form of a quadratic equation is ax + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c R and a 0. The roots of ax + bx + c = 0 are b ± b a 4ac. 3. For the equation ax +bx+c = 0, sum of the roots
Διαβάστε περισσότερα2. THEORY OF EQUATIONS. PREVIOUS EAMCET Bits.
EAMCET-. THEORY OF EQUATIONS PREVIOUS EAMCET Bits. Each of the roots of the equation x 6x + 6x 5= are increased by k so that the new transformed equation does not contain term. Then k =... - 4. - Sol.
Διαβάστε περισσότεραforms This gives Remark 1. How to remember the above formulas: Substituting these into the equation we obtain with
Week 03: C lassification of S econd- Order L inear Equations In last week s lectures we have illustrated how to obtain the general solutions of first order PDEs using the method of characteristics. We
Διαβάστε περισσότεραFourier Series. MATH 211, Calculus II. J. Robert Buchanan. Spring Department of Mathematics
Fourier Series MATH 211, Calculus II J. Robert Buchanan Department of Mathematics Spring 2018 Introduction Not all functions can be represented by Taylor series. f (k) (c) A Taylor series f (x) = (x c)
Διαβάστε περισσότεραThe Negative Neumann Eigenvalues of Second Order Differential Equation with Two Turning Points
Applied Mathematical Sciences, Vol. 3, 009, no., 6-66 The Negative Neumann Eigenvalues of Second Order Differential Equation with Two Turning Points A. Neamaty and E. A. Sazgar Department of Mathematics,
Διαβάστε περισσότεραHomomorphism in Intuitionistic Fuzzy Automata
International Journal of Fuzzy Mathematics Systems. ISSN 2248-9940 Volume 3, Number 1 (2013), pp. 39-45 Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com/ijfms.htm Homomorphism in Intuitionistic
Διαβάστε περισσότεραΑπόκριση σε Μοναδιαία Ωστική Δύναμη (Unit Impulse) Απόκριση σε Δυνάμεις Αυθαίρετα Μεταβαλλόμενες με το Χρόνο. Απόστολος Σ.
Απόκριση σε Δυνάμεις Αυθαίρετα Μεταβαλλόμενες με το Χρόνο The time integral of a force is referred to as impulse, is determined by and is obtained from: Newton s 2 nd Law of motion states that the action
Διαβάστε περισσότεραThe Pohozaev identity for the fractional Laplacian
The Pohozaev identity for the fractional Laplacian Xavier Ros-Oton Departament Matemàtica Aplicada I, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (joint work with Joaquim Serra) Xavier Ros-Oton (UPC) The Pohozaev
Διαβάστε περισσότεραInverse trigonometric functions & General Solution of Trigonometric Equations. ------------------ ----------------------------- -----------------
Inverse trigonometric functions & General Solution of Trigonometric Equations. 1. Sin ( ) = a) b) c) d) Ans b. Solution : Method 1. Ans a: 17 > 1 a) is rejected. w.k.t Sin ( sin ) = d is rejected. If sin
Διαβάστε περισσότεραOther Test Constructions: Likelihood Ratio & Bayes Tests
Other Test Constructions: Likelihood Ratio & Bayes Tests Side-Note: So far we have seen a few approaches for creating tests such as Neyman-Pearson Lemma ( most powerful tests of H 0 : θ = θ 0 vs H 1 :
Διαβάστε περισσότεραSolution Series 9. i=1 x i and i=1 x i.
Lecturer: Prof. Dr. Mete SONER Coordinator: Yilin WANG Solution Series 9 Q1. Let α, β >, the p.d.f. of a beta distribution with parameters α and β is { Γ(α+β) Γ(α)Γ(β) f(x α, β) xα 1 (1 x) β 1 for < x
Διαβάστε περισσότερα1 String with massive end-points
1 String with massive end-points Πρόβλημα 5.11:Θεωρείστε μια χορδή μήκους, τάσης T, με δύο σημειακά σωματίδια στα άκρα της, το ένα μάζας m, και το άλλο μάζας m. α) Μελετώντας την κίνηση των άκρων βρείτε
Διαβάστε περισσότερα6.3 Forecasting ARMA processes
122 CHAPTER 6. ARMA MODELS 6.3 Forecasting ARMA processes The purpose of forecasting is to predict future values of a TS based on the data collected to the present. In this section we will discuss a linear
Διαβάστε περισσότεραPROPERTIES OF CERTAIN INTEGRAL OPERATORS. a n z n (1.1)
GEORGIAN MATHEMATICAL JOURNAL: Vol. 2, No. 5, 995, 535-545 PROPERTIES OF CERTAIN INTEGRAL OPERATORS SHIGEYOSHI OWA Abstract. Two integral operators P α and Q α for analytic functions in the open unit disk
Διαβάστε περισσότεραReminders: linear functions
Reminders: linear functions Let U and V be vector spaces over the same field F. Definition A function f : U V is linear if for every u 1, u 2 U, f (u 1 + u 2 ) = f (u 1 ) + f (u 2 ), and for every u U
Διαβάστε περισσότεραderivation of the Laplacian from rectangular to spherical coordinates
derivation of the Laplacian from rectangular to spherical coordinates swapnizzle 03-03- :5:43 We begin by recognizing the familiar conversion from rectangular to spherical coordinates (note that φ is used
Διαβάστε περισσότεραOn a Subclass of k-uniformly Convex Functions with Negative Coefficients
International Mathematical Forum, 1, 2006, no. 34, 1677-1689 On a Subclass of k-uniformly Convex Functions with Negative Coefficients T. N. SHANMUGAM Department of Mathematics Anna University, Chennai-600
Διαβάστε περισσότεραHomework 8 Model Solution Section
MATH 004 Homework Solution Homework 8 Model Solution Section 14.5 14.6. 14.5. Use the Chain Rule to find dz where z cosx + 4y), x 5t 4, y 1 t. dz dx + dy y sinx + 4y)0t + 4) sinx + 4y) 1t ) 0t + 4t ) sinx
Διαβάστε περισσότεραAreas and Lengths in Polar Coordinates
Kiryl Tsishchanka Areas and Lengths in Polar Coordinates In this section we develop the formula for the area of a region whose boundary is given by a polar equation. We need to use the formula for the
Διαβάστε περισσότεραSecond Order RLC Filters
ECEN 60 Circuits/Electronics Spring 007-0-07 P. Mathys Second Order RLC Filters RLC Lowpass Filter A passive RLC lowpass filter (LPF) circuit is shown in the following schematic. R L C v O (t) Using phasor
Διαβάστε περισσότεραConcrete Mathematics Exercises from 30 September 2016
Concrete Mathematics Exercises from 30 September 2016 Silvio Capobianco Exercise 1.7 Let H(n) = J(n + 1) J(n). Equation (1.8) tells us that H(2n) = 2, and H(2n+1) = J(2n+2) J(2n+1) = (2J(n+1) 1) (2J(n)+1)
Διαβάστε περισσότεραSection 7.6 Double and Half Angle Formulas
09 Section 7. Double and Half Angle Fmulas To derive the double-angles fmulas, we will use the sum of two angles fmulas that we developed in the last section. We will let α θ and β θ: cos(θ) cos(θ + θ)
Διαβάστε περισσότεραLecture 2: Dirac notation and a review of linear algebra Read Sakurai chapter 1, Baym chatper 3
Lecture 2: Dirac notation and a review of linear algebra Read Sakurai chapter 1, Baym chatper 3 1 State vector space and the dual space Space of wavefunctions The space of wavefunctions is the set of all
Διαβάστε περισσότεραA Note on Intuitionistic Fuzzy. Equivalence Relation
International Mathematical Forum, 5, 2010, no. 67, 3301-3307 A Note on Intuitionistic Fuzzy Equivalence Relation D. K. Basnet Dept. of Mathematics, Assam University Silchar-788011, Assam, India dkbasnet@rediffmail.com
Διαβάστε περισσότεραTridiagonal matrices. Gérard MEURANT. October, 2008
Tridiagonal matrices Gérard MEURANT October, 2008 1 Similarity 2 Cholesy factorizations 3 Eigenvalues 4 Inverse Similarity Let α 1 ω 1 β 1 α 2 ω 2 T =......... β 2 α 1 ω 1 β 1 α and β i ω i, i = 1,...,
Διαβάστε περισσότεραAreas and Lengths in Polar Coordinates
Kiryl Tsishchanka Areas and Lengths in Polar Coordinates In this section we develop the formula for the area of a region whose boundary is given by a polar equation. We need to use the formula for the
Διαβάστε περισσότεραSrednicki Chapter 55
Srednicki Chapter 55 QFT Problems & Solutions A. George August 3, 03 Srednicki 55.. Use equations 55.3-55.0 and A i, A j ] = Π i, Π j ] = 0 (at equal times) to verify equations 55.-55.3. This is our third
Διαβάστε περισσότεραCHAPTER 101 FOURIER SERIES FOR PERIODIC FUNCTIONS OF PERIOD
CHAPTER FOURIER SERIES FOR PERIODIC FUNCTIONS OF PERIOD EXERCISE 36 Page 66. Determine the Fourier series for the periodic function: f(x), when x +, when x which is periodic outside this rge of period.
Διαβάστε περισσότερα1. Introduction and Preliminaries.
Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Serbia Available at: http://www.pmf.ni.ac.yu/filomat Filomat 22:1 (2008), 97 106 ON δ SETS IN γ SPACES V. Renuka Devi and D. Sivaraj Abstract We
Διαβάστε περισσότεραGAUGES OF BAIRE CLASS ONE FUNCTIONS
GAUGES OF BAIRE CLASS ONE FUNCTIONS ZULIJANTO ATOK, WEE-KEE TANG, AND DONGSHENG ZHAO Abstract. Let K be a compact metric space and f : K R be a bounded Baire class one function. We proved that for any
Διαβάστε περισσότεραLecture 21: Properties and robustness of LSE
Lecture 21: Properties and robustness of LSE BLUE: Robustness of LSE against normality We now study properties of l τ β and σ 2 under assumption A2, i.e., without the normality assumption on ε. From Theorem
Διαβάστε περισσότεραΚΥΠΡΙΑΚΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΚΗΣ CYPRUS COMPUTER SOCIETY ΠΑΓΚΥΠΡΙΟΣ ΜΑΘΗΤΙΚΟΣ ΔΙΑΓΩΝΙΣΜΟΣ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΚΗΣ 19/5/2007
Οδηγίες: Να απαντηθούν όλες οι ερωτήσεις. Αν κάπου κάνετε κάποιες υποθέσεις να αναφερθούν στη σχετική ερώτηση. Όλα τα αρχεία που αναφέρονται στα προβλήματα βρίσκονται στον ίδιο φάκελο με το εκτελέσιμο
Διαβάστε περισσότεραStrain gauge and rosettes
Strain gauge and rosettes Introduction A strain gauge is a device which is used to measure strain (deformation) on an object subjected to forces. Strain can be measured using various types of devices classified
Διαβάστε περισσότεραMINIMAL CLOSED SETS AND MAXIMAL CLOSED SETS
MINIMAL CLOSED SETS AND MAXIMAL CLOSED SETS FUMIE NAKAOKA AND NOBUYUKI ODA Received 20 December 2005; Revised 28 May 2006; Accepted 6 August 2006 Some properties of minimal closed sets and maximal closed
Διαβάστε περισσότεραIterated trilinear fourier integrals with arbitrary symbols
Cornell University ICM 04, Satellite Conference in Harmonic Analysis, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea August 6, 04 Motivation the Coifman-Meyer theorem with classical paraproduct(979) B(f, f )(x) :=
Διαβάστε περισσότεραANSWERSHEET (TOPIC = DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS) COLLECTION #2. h 0 h h 0 h h 0 ( ) g k = g 0 + g 1 + g g 2009 =?
Teko Classes IITJEE/AIEEE Maths by SUHAAG SIR, Bhopal, Ph (0755) 3 00 000 www.tekoclasses.com ANSWERSHEET (TOPIC DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS) COLLECTION # Question Type A.Single Correct Type Q. (A) Sol least
Διαβάστε περισσότεραResearch Article Existence of Positive Solutions for m-point Boundary Value Problems on Time Scales
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society Volume 29, Article ID 189768, 12 pages doi:1.1155/29/189768 Research Article Existence of Positive Solutions for m-point Boundary
Διαβάστε περισσότεραA Two-Sided Laplace Inversion Algorithm with Computable Error Bounds and Its Applications in Financial Engineering
Electronic Companion A Two-Sie Laplace Inversion Algorithm with Computable Error Bouns an Its Applications in Financial Engineering Ning Cai, S. G. Kou, Zongjian Liu HKUST an Columbia University Appenix
Διαβάστε περισσότεραLecture 13 - Root Space Decomposition II
Lecture 13 - Root Space Decomposition II October 18, 2012 1 Review First let us recall the situation. Let g be a simple algebra, with maximal toral subalgebra h (which we are calling a CSA, or Cartan Subalgebra).
Διαβάστε περισσότεραwith N 4. We are concerned
Houston Journal of Mathematics c 6 University of Houston Volume 3, No. 4, 6 THE EFFECT OF THE OMAIN TOPOLOGY ON THE NUMBER OF POSITIVE SOLUTIONS OF AN ELLIPTIC SYSTEM INVOLVING CRITICAL SOBOLEV EXPONENTS
Διαβάστε περισσότερα= λ 1 1 e. = λ 1 =12. has the properties e 1. e 3,V(Y
Stat 50 Homework Solutions Spring 005. (a λ λ λ 44 (b trace( λ + λ + λ 0 (c V (e x e e λ e e λ e (λ e by definition, the eigenvector e has the properties e λ e and e e. (d λ e e + λ e e + λ e e 8 6 4 4
Διαβάστε περισσότεραTHE SECOND ISOMORPHISM THEOREM ON ORDERED SET UNDER ANTIORDERS. Daniel A. Romano
235 Kragujevac J. Math. 30 (2007) 235 242. THE SECOND ISOMORPHISM THEOREM ON ORDERED SET UNDER ANTIORDERS Daniel A. Romano Department of Mathematics and Informatics, Banja Luka University, Mladena Stojanovića
Διαβάστε περισσότερα12. Radon-Nikodym Theorem
Tutorial 12: Radon-Nikodym Theorem 1 12. Radon-Nikodym Theorem In the following, (Ω, F) is an arbitrary measurable space. Definition 96 Let μ and ν be two (possibly complex) measures on (Ω, F). We say
Διαβάστε περισσότεραThe k-α-exponential Function
Int Journal of Math Analysis, Vol 7, 213, no 11, 535-542 The --Exponential Function Luciano L Luque and Rubén A Cerutti Faculty of Exact Sciences National University of Nordeste Av Libertad 554 34 Corrientes,
Διαβάστε περισσότεραD Alembert s Solution to the Wave Equation
D Alembert s Solution to the Wave Equation MATH 467 Partial Differential Equations J. Robert Buchanan Department of Mathematics Fall 2018 Objectives In this lesson we will learn: a change of variable technique
Διαβάστε περισσότεραJordan Journal of Mathematics and Statistics (JJMS) 4(2), 2011, pp
Jordan Journal of Mathematics and Statistics (JJMS) 4(2), 2011, pp.115-126. α, β, γ ORTHOGONALITY ABDALLA TALLAFHA Abstract. Orthogonality in inner product spaces can be expresed using the notion of norms.
Διαβάστε περισσότεραBoundedness of Some Pseudodifferential Operators on Bessel-Sobolev Space 1
M a t h e m a t i c a B a l k a n i c a New Series Vol. 2, 26, Fasc. 3-4 Boundedness of Some Pseudodifferential Operators on Bessel-Sobolev Space 1 Miloud Assal a, Douadi Drihem b, Madani Moussai b Presented
Διαβάστε περισσότεραMATH423 String Theory Solutions 4. = 0 τ = f(s). (1) dτ ds = dxµ dτ f (s) (2) dτ 2 [f (s)] 2 + dxµ. dτ f (s) (3)
1. MATH43 String Theory Solutions 4 x = 0 τ = fs). 1) = = f s) ) x = x [f s)] + f s) 3) equation of motion is x = 0 if an only if f s) = 0 i.e. fs) = As + B with A, B constants. i.e. allowe reparametrisations
Διαβάστε περισσότεραk A = [k, k]( )[a 1, a 2 ] = [ka 1,ka 2 ] 4For the division of two intervals of confidence in R +
Chapter 3. Fuzzy Arithmetic 3- Fuzzy arithmetic: ~Addition(+) and subtraction (-): Let A = [a and B = [b, b in R If x [a and y [b, b than x+y [a +b +b Symbolically,we write A(+)B = [a (+)[b, b = [a +b
Διαβάστε περισσότεραExistence and Multiplicity of Solutions for Nonlocal Neumann Problem with Non-Standard Growth
Existence and Multiplicity of Solutions for Nonlocal Neumann Problem with Non-Standard Growth Francisco Julio S.A. Corrêa Universidade Federal de Campina Grande Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Unidade
Διαβάστε περισσότεραSection 9.2 Polar Equations and Graphs
180 Section 9. Polar Equations and Graphs In this section, we will be graphing polar equations on a polar grid. In the first few examples, we will write the polar equation in rectangular form to help identify
Διαβάστε περισσότεραPOSITIVE SOLUTIONS FOR A FUNCTIONAL DELAY SECOND-ORDER THREE-POINT BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEM
Electronic Journal of Differential Equations, Vol. 26(26, No. 4, pp.. ISSN: 72-669. URL: http://ejde.math.txstate.edu or http://ejde.math.unt.edu ftp ejde.math.txstate.edu (login: ftp POSITIVE SOLUTIONS
Διαβάστε περισσότεραJesse Maassen and Mark Lundstrom Purdue University November 25, 2013
Notes on Average Scattering imes and Hall Factors Jesse Maassen and Mar Lundstrom Purdue University November 5, 13 I. Introduction 1 II. Solution of the BE 1 III. Exercises: Woring out average scattering
Διαβάστε περισσότερα( y) Partial Differential Equations
Partial Dierential Equations Linear P.D.Es. contains no owers roducts o the deendent variables / an o its derivatives can occasionall be solved. Consider eamle ( ) a (sometimes written as a ) we can integrate
Διαβάστε περισσότεραF19MC2 Solutions 9 Complex Analysis
F9MC Solutions 9 Complex Analysis. (i) Let f(z) = eaz +z. Then f is ifferentiable except at z = ±i an so by Cauchy s Resiue Theorem e az z = πi[res(f,i)+res(f, i)]. +z C(,) Since + has zeros of orer at
Διαβάστε περισσότερα