Mushroom Body Center of Insect Olfactory Learning and Memory

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1 13 2 Vol13 No Life Science Research Apr , 2 1, : ( ),,,,, ( ), (γ ) ( ) (Ach) γ- (GABA) (NO) camp-pka NO-cGMP : ; ; ; : Q965 : A : (2009) Mushroom Body Center of Insect Olfactory Learning and Memory WANG Jian-Li 1 BU Yun 2 REN Yu-feng 1 1 College of Life Science & Engineering The North University for Ethnics Yinchuan Ningxia China 2 Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China Abstract Mushroom body MB is one of the important structures in insect brain Although MB is conserved the structure calyx and lobes of MB are highly differentiated among the different order of insects Morphological differences of MB embody insect evolution status to the extent Calyx is one of the main regions that MB receives input from antenna olfactory projection neurons whereas lobes link MB to other brain regions through efferent extrinsic neurons Both calyx and lobes are indispensable for olfactory learning and memory Different subsets of lobes play different functional roles Vertical lobe alpha lobe supports long-term memory while median lobe gamma lobe supports short-term memory MB is required for olfactory memory formation especially for memory retrieval The acetylcholine Ach γ-aminobutyric acid GABA and nitric oxide NO are major neurotransmitters for olfaction synaptic transmission in MB The second messenger systems camp-pka pathway and NO-cGMP pathway which exist in MB play an essential role for insect learning and memory Key words mushroom body structure olfactory memory neurotransmitter Life Science Research ~181 : : : 2006JY Tel wang_jianli@163com 1981-

2 mushroom body 3 [6] 2 β [1] 19 Vespidae Formicidae Tabanus β γ 1 β γ [1,5] β γ Spodoptera littoralis [7] β γ Kenyon Drosophila Kenyon Acheta Apis Periplaneta [2] KCB [3] cx [4] s calyx pedunculus in lobes Kenyon Kenyon AL 1 in β [8] Thysanura Ephemeroptera 1 Odonata : ; MB: ; AL: ; KCB: Kenyon ; cx: ; s: ; : ; β: β ; in: ; out: Fig1 Organization structure of mushroom body Diagram in the lower left Insect brain MB Mushroom body AL Antennal lobe KCB Kenyon cell body cx Calyx s Stalk lobe β β lobe Orthoptera Blattariae Hymenoptera Coleoptera Diptera Lepidoptera 2 [1] Hemiptera antennal [5] lobe glomeruli MB out in

3 2 : alpha-bungarotoxin D- [18] D-tubocurarine Kenyon Kenyon Ach nachrs mecamylamin Ach M machrs sopolamine nachrs Pe1 [9] [10] [19] Kenyon nachrs Heb Kenyon [20] 22 GABA(γ- ) Kenyon GABA A R [21] G [11] GABA B R GABA Rdl GABA B R / β / Rdl RdlR β γ β GABA B R [22] Rdl γ Rdl [12] Rdl [23] Rdl γ Rdl / [13,14] / β Kenyon [15] Kenyon γ EPSC excitatory postsynaptic potential [16] nachrs IPSC inhibitory postsynaptic potential GABAR [20,24] GABA GABA A R GABA B R GABA Rd1 21 Ach ( ) [22] Kenyon Kenyon GABA [17] [25] Ach N nachrs GABA

4 [31] Periplaneta americana Glu [26] [17] GABA Octopam GABA 3 23 NO( ) [29] PKA camp-pka NO-cGMP NO NADPH NO [27] NO NADPH Kenyon NO Kenyon Ach NO Kenyon GABA NO Octopam NO camp-pka NO-cGMP sgc Kenyon - NO volume signal γ NO 3 NO [8] sgc Kenyon NO camp A PKA camp C PKC Ca 2+ / [28] Gryllus bimaculatus camp NOcGMP (References): camp NO-cGMP [1] STRAUSFELD N J HANSEN L LI Y S et al Evolution discovery and interpretations of arthropod mushroom bodies NO-cGMP camp [J] Learn Mem NO-cGMP [2] SCHURMANN F W The architecture of the mushroom bodies CNG Ca 2+ / CaM camp- and elated neuropils in the insect brain [C]//GUPTA A G experience[j] J Neurogenet LTP longterm potentiation NO NO-cGMP NMDA 2 Ca 2+ NMDA [30] NMDA NO-cGMP NO-cGMP NO Arthropod brain Its evolution development structure and functions New York John Wiley & Sons [3] TECHNAU G M Fiber number in the mushroom bodies of adult Drosophila melanogaster depends on age sex and [4] MOLINA Y O'DONNELL S Mushroom body volume is related to social aggression and ovary development in the paperwasp Polistes instabilis[j] Brain Behav Evol [5] FAHRBACH S E Structure of the mushroom bodies of the insect brain[j] Annu Rev Entomol [6] GRONENBERG W Subdivisions of hymenopteran mushroom body calyces by their afferent supply[j] J Comp Neurol [7] SJOHOLM M SINAKEVITCH I IGNELL R et al Organization of Kenyon cells in subdivisions of the mushroom

5 2 : 181 bodies of a lepidopteran insect[j] J Comp Neurol [9] RYBAK J MENZEL R Integrative properties of the Pe1 neuron a unique mushroom body output neuron[j] Learn Mem [10] DUBNAU J GRADY L KITAMOTO T et al Disruption of neurotransmission in Drosophila mushroom body blocks retrieval but not acquisition of memory[j] Nature [11] MCBRIDE S M GIULIANI G CHOI C et al Mushroom body ablation impairs short-term memory and long-term memory of courtship conditioning in Drosophila melanogaster [J] Neuron [12] ARMSTRONG J D BELLE J S WANG Z et al Metamorphosis of the mushroom bodies large-scale rearrangements of the neural substrates for associative learning and memory in Drosophila[J] Learn Mem [13] PASCUAL A PREAT T Localization of long-term memory with Drosophila mushroom body[j] Science [14] ISABEL G PASCUAL A PREAT T Exclusive consolidated memory phases in Drosophila[J] Science [15] MCGUIRE S E LE P T DAVIS R L The role of Drosophila mushroom body signaling in olfactory memory[j] Science [16] KOMISCHKE B SANDOZ J C MALUN D et al Partial unilateral lesions of the mushroom bodies affect olfactory learning in honeybees Apis mellifera L[J] Eur J Neurosci [17] MENZEL R DURST C ERBER J The mushroom bodies in the honeybee from molecules to behaviour[j] Fortschr Zool of nitric oxide-cgmp cascade in the formation of campdependent long-term memory[j] Learn Mem [30] LIN W Y NMDA receptors are required in memory formation [18] OLESKEVICH S Cholinergic synaptic transmission in insect in Drosophila mushroom body[j] Biochem Biophys Res mushroom bodies in vitro[j] J Neurophysiol Commun, 2005, [31] LOCATELLI F, BUNDROCK G, MULLER U Focal and [19] LOZANO V C ARMENGAUD C GAUTHIER M Memory temporal release of glutamate in the mushroom bodies impairment induced by cholinergic antagonists injected into the mushroom bodies of the honeybee[j] J Comp Physiol improves olfactory memory in Apis mellifera[j] 2005, J Neurosci, [20] CAMPUSANO J M SU H JIANG S A et al nachr mediated calcium responses and plasticity in Drosophila [8] OTT S R PHILIPPIDES A ELPHICK M R et al Enhanced fidelity of diffusive nitric oxide signaling by the spatial segregation of source and target neurones in the memory Kenyon cells[j] Dev Neurobiol [21] GRUNEWALD B WERSING A An ionotropic GABA receptor in cultured mushroom body Kenyon cells of the honeybee and centre of an insect brain[j] Eur J Neurosci its modulation by intracellular calcium[j] J Comp Physiol A [22] ENELL L HAMASAKA Y KOLODZIEJCZYK A et al gamma-aminobutyric acid GABA signaling components in Drosophila immunocytochemical localization of GABA B receptors in relation to the GABA A receptor subunit RDL and a vesicular GABA transporter[j] J Comp Neurol [23] LIU X KRAUSE W C DAVIS R L GABA A Receptor RDL inhibits Drosophila olfactory associative learning [J] Neuron [24] SU H O'DOWD D K Fast synaptic currents in Drosophila mushroom body Kenyon cells are mediated by alphabungarotoxin-sensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and picrotoxin -sensitive GABA receptors[j] J Neurosci [25] STRAUSFELD N J Organization of the homey bee mushroom body representation of the calyx within the vertical and gamma lobes[j] J Comp Neurol [26] YAMAZAKI Y NISHIKAWA M MIZUNAMI M Three classes of GABA-like immunoreactive neurons in the mushroom body of the cockroach[j] Brain Res ~ [27] BICKER G HAHNLEIN I NADPH-diaphorase expression in neurones and glial cells of the locust brain[j] Neuroreport [28] MULLER U Second messenger pathways in the honeybee brain immunohistochemistry of protein kinase A and protein kinase C[J] Microsc Res Tech [29] MATSUMOTO Y UNOKI S AONUMA H et al Critical role