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* 8$ts$Bt BP ]RT]R yt s{$bt _s s8 R =R$t 3 RYAs{Y 7} { BR{B}k VtI b F 8st ]Y t ]Y$t zjsist zzj $?{sti7 % t]yz * }s 8 t BP _YkR${R 7stPB I =t$% R$k 7stPB I ]V ;n(et;(e( =7V et8s$ju `, 8stoj jstirstpb I IZ _szj F N B ]s j F G$jj$s8R sti _szj 7 FZj$ tt VB8${ _YkR${R *$%$R$Bt Ws$Btsj ytr$z BP 7stIs IR sti q {YtBjBk ps$y RAZ * 1(M =7V VAR s{ G 8 srz Y$YT RBjZ$Bt 3 RYAs{Y RBtst{ R} { s PB Zj s{bji { T R$Z8 sb8r {Bjj$I$t $t I$& t Yk} ht sti 8st ${ RZAj % jr B Yst 1x 3 RYAs{Y RBtst{ R s BAR % I PB 8st ${ h jir A jbb 1n( p $t Y jsr${ sti $t jsr${ BZtI Rs {Bjj$R$Bt { BRR R {$BtR sr b jj sr $t Y { BRRTR {$Bt PB j$yt srr$r I {Bjj$R$BtR 3 B8 Y R R} { s s {BtR$R t R BP BZtI Rs 8Bj {Zjs $tt s{$bt }s s8 R PB { R$Z8 $R - s{ I $t{jzi$t R$tj sti $}j R{s $t j tyr BP \ X )w1m(d(dy ( sti \ 0 ) w1;((d((dy ( s %st I GssjR {B ^{$ t g E ) wem(nxdsz sr b jj sr Y R ty BP Y $ti$ { R}$tTR}$t {BZ}j$t qy$r R BP }s s8 R sjjbbr PB Y h R $8 s {B8}j {Ys s{ $9s$Bt BP { R$Z8:R Zj s{bji {Bjj$R$Bt } B} $ R =j s{bji { R$Z8 {Bjj$R$BtR Ys% A t Y RZA` { BP s js tz8a BP -} $T 8 tsj >dumh sti Y B ${sj >ud1h RZI$ R $t { t k s R VR$I P B8 $R BA%$BZR $8}B st{ sr Y RBZ { BP BZ } $8s k $8 sti P JZ t{k RstIs I { t -T } $8 tr Ys% RYBbt Ys BZtI Rs { R$Z8 -Y$A$R stb8sjbzr {Bjj$R$Bt } B}T $ R RZ{Y sr s 9 BT t k RBtst{ >1H sti - 8 jk js I$}Bjs js-s$bt s R >n;h qy R & {R Ys% $8}B st $8}j${s$BtR PB Y RsA$j$k BP jsr T{BBj I { R$Z8 sb8${ {jb{,r >xh } {$R$Bt 8 srz 8 tr RZ{Y sr R s {Y R PB qt%$bjs$t & {R A kbti Y RstIs I 8BI j $t sb8r >dnh sr b jj sr s 8}R B } BIZ{ s { R$Z8 BR Te$tR $t {BtI trs >;H yt Y$R }s} b } R t Y$YT RBjZ$Bt RZI$ R BP Y R {BjI {Bjj$R$Bt $t s{$btr ZR$t s {Yt$JZ b jsa j 3 RYAs{Y R} { BR{B}k qy$r 8 YBI -}jb$r Y Ps{ Ys Y Y RYBjI {Bjj$R$Bt } B} $ R BP s A$ts k RkR 8 s sj8br {B8}j jk I 8$t I Ak Y } R t{ BP 8Bj {Zjs ABZtI B %$ Zsj Rs R t s Y Y RYBjI PB I$RRB{$s$Bt G } BA Y R % k b s,jk ABZtI j % jr Ak Zt$t Y 8 $tb I T

t s{k b$y Y R{s $t {Bt$tZZ8 BP s jbb jk$t $t tsj Rs BP Y sb8 }s$ ZR$t Y js$% 8st RY$P $tiz{ I Ak st - tsj 8st ${ h ji GY t s ABZtI j % j $R RBtst b$y {Bjj$I$t sb8 }s$ R Y jsr${ sti $t jsr${ {Bjj$R$Bt { BRRTR {$BtR -Y$A$ s RBtst{ A Ys%$B h R } I${ I Ak < 3 RYAs{Y $t Y {Bt - BP tz{j s R{s $t >d;h sti 8B { tjk Ak z Yss sti {BTbB, R PB {BjI sb8${ {Bjj$R$BtR >d(h qy R RBT{sjj I 3 RYAs{Y RBtst{ R s ZA$JZ$BZR sti Ys% A t $Y } I${ I >d(dddxh B BAR % I >EuMdEdH B B{{Z $t %$ Zsjjk sjj BP Y sj,sj$ sb8${ R} {$ R 7$t{ 3 RYAs{Y RBtst{ R} { BR{B}k $t%bj% R Btjk sb8r $t RsAj BZtI Rs R $ YsR $ty tjk Y$Y RBjZ$Bt sjjbb$t ZR B } {$R jk {Ys Y }BR$$BtR BP b s,jk ABZtI 8Bj {Zjs Rs R sti P B8 Y R 8 srz 8 tr - s{ PB Y h R $8 s R jpt{btr$r t R BP BZtI Rs 8Bj {ZT js $t s{$bt }s s8 R PB { R$Z8 >Md1H _BRR$Aj $8}j${s$BtR PB PZZ sb8${ {jb{,r sti { R$Z8 BR Te$tR $t {BtI trs$bt s I$R{ZRR I qy s}}s szr ZR I PB Y R 8 srz 8 tr YsR A t I R{ $A I } %$BZRjk >EuMH 7s8}j R BP Z} B 1 d( M { R$Z8 sb8r s jbsi I $tb s Ps TI Zt I I$}Bj s} P B8 s %s}b T{ jj!q ZR$t n* I t s is8st R$I AstI {BBj$t $t s n* B}$T {sj js${ >dmh by${y $R RZ} $8}BR I Bt Y B% js}}$t!q sti I$}Bj s}}$t %BjZ8 q 8} sz R $t Y st BP s P b sti I tr$$ R sab% d( dn {8 n s } BIZ{ I $t Y I$}Bj s} by${y $R PB 8 I Ak s 1(G R$tj P JZ t{k WIUOVp jsr B 4 { I Z}Bt $R jp B PB 8 s d* B}${sj js${ by${y $R RZ^{$ tjk Ps I Zt I P B8 RBtst{ B 8s, Y R}Btst BZR R{s $t s BP s} }YBBtR t j$$aj qy j$p $8 BP Y sb8r $t Y$R s} $R As{, BZtITsR } RRZ j$8$ I B sabz 1 R {BtIR } B%$I$t s8}j $8 PB R tr$$% {Bjj$R$Btsj 8 srz 8 tr qy tz8a BP sb8r $t Y s} $R 8 srz I Ak {Bjj {$t RBtst{ 4ZB R{ t{ BtB s {sj$a s I }YBBI$BI Y 8} sz BP Y Rs8}j $R 8 srz I ZR$t s $8 TBPT4$Y {Yt$JZ sti Y s} %$A s$bt P JZ t{$ R ZR$t }s s8 ${ -{$T s$bt >EuMH G BAR % {Bjj$R$Btsj } B{ RR R $t sb8${ Rs8}j R }Bjs $9 I $tb R % sj I$& t 8st ${ RZAj % jr BP Y { R$Z8 BZtI Rs yt sjj {sr R Y sb8${ }Bjs $9s$Bt $R B}$8$9 I b$y {s sti }Bjs $9s$Bt }Z $$ R sr Y$Y sr 0 s s{y$ % I 3$ R b {BtR$I /3)n8)nX $tb by${y Y sb8r s sj sik }Bjs $9 I sp is8stt R$I AstI {BBj$t qy$r $R Y jbb R t k Rs $t s 8st ${ h ji sti Y PB $ $R RsAj ss$tr A$ts k $t jsr${ } B{ RR R G BAR % 3 RYAs{Y RBtst{ R $t Y jsr${ {Bjj$R$BtR A b t Y R sb8r Ak jbsi$t Y 8 $tb s RYsjjBb s} bybr I }Y $R {B8}s saj B Y $ 8} sz sti 8Bt$B $t Y RZAR JZ t %s}b s$% jbrr P B8 Y s} sr s PZt{$Bt BP 8st ${ h ji V js jsr${ { BRRTR {$Bt RZjR $t s PsR jbrr BP sb8r P B8 Y s} by$j s R8sjj jsr${ { BRRTR {$Bt } BIZ{ R s RjBb jbrr 3$ dwsd RYBbR Y$R %s}b s$% jbrr B% s h- I $8 $t %sj sr s PZt{$Bt BP 8st ${ h ji VjYBZY Y$R JZst$k $R tb s j$t s PZt{$Bt BP Y jsr${ { BRRTR {$Bt $ $R R$jj s 8BtBBt${ PZt{$Bt sti } B%$I R Y$Y R$tsjTBTtB$R PB Y jb{s$bt BP RBtst{ P sz R $t Y { BRRT R {$Bt Yst } %$BZR 8 YBIR ZR$t 8} sz 8 srz 8 tr >EH qb } }s sb8r $t Y /ntnx Rs by${y $R BP 8BR $t R PB 8st ${ s}}$t sti %s}b s$% {BBj$t >n;h b JZ${,jk % R Y 8st ${ A$sR h ji

thermalization loss [a.u.] σ el [10-10 cm 2 ] 2 1 0 (a) (b) 110 120 130 140 0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 magnetic field [G] 3yp=ie d qwsd ejsr${ {Bjj$R$BtT$tIZ{ I jbrr s P B8 s RYsjjBb s} %R 8st ${ h ji PB Y /nnx Rs by${y $R RsAj ss$tr $t jsr${ A$ts k {Bjj$R$BtR wad qy B ${sj {Z % BAs$t I Ak h$t B Y RBtst{ }BR$$BtR RYBbt $t 3$R dwsd 1 sti n qy }BR$$BtR BP Y 8$t$8s -s{jk 8s{Y YBR $t 3$ dwsd sjbt by${y Y sb8r s }Bjs $9 I IZ $t R$I AstI {BBj$t } B` {$t s js P s{$bt BP Y sb8r $88 I$s jk $tb Y I R$ I Rs qy$r $R PBjjBb I Ak s RYB B}${sj }Z8}$t }ZjR VR bsr sj sik BAR % I $t i P >nh Y$R Rs I {skr JZ${,jk %$s I$}Bjs js-s$bt ws $R$t P B8 Y 8st ${ I$}Bj TI$}Bj $t s{$bt A b t Y R}$tR BP Y %sj t{ j { BtRD B BY RZAj % jr b$y$t Y 3)n 8st$PBjI WB Ys Y$R Rs $R RsAj ss$tr $t jsr${ R}$tT -{Yst {Bjj$R$BtR R$t{ $t B I B I {sk $ 8ZR {Yst $R Bsj stzjs 8B8 tz8 sjbt Y 8st ${ h ji by${y {sttb Ys}} t %$s Y R}Y ${sjjk Rk88 ${ BZtITRs -{Yst $t s{$bt qy 8st ${ }B t$sj t k j sr I $t Y I {sk $R k}${sjjk 8Z{Y js Yst Y I }Y BP BZ I$}Bj s} RB Ys Y $t jsr${ {Bjj$R$Bt s {B ^{$ t {st A sr$jk - s{ I P B8 Y BAR % I $8 TI } ti t s} jbrr s qy$r JZst$k $R RYBbt$t3$1%R8st ${h ji WB Y js tz8a BP 3 RYAs{Y RBtst{ R $t {B8}s $RBt B Y BY sj,sj$r by s 8BR Bt B bb Ys% A t } I${ I B BAR % I $t s 8st ${ h ji st BP Y$R R$9 >dxudh qy$r $R IZ B Y 8Z{Y R Bt $t4z t{ BP Y RBT{sjj I $ti$ { R}$tTR}$t {BZ}j$t by Y BZtI Rs %sj t{ j { Bt R}$tR s 8sT t ${sjjk {BZ}j I %$s Y R}$tTB A$ $t s{$bt B I$Rst -{$ I j { Bt${ Rs R BP Y I$8 Ys%$t B A$sj stzjs 8B8 tz8 >dh qy RZj $R s {BZ}j$t BP Y Bsj j { Bt R}$t B Y 8Bj {Zjs s-$r by${y A s,r Y R}Y ${sj Rk88 T

K 3,-3 [cm 3 s -1 ] 10-10 10-11 10-12 0 50 100 magnetic field [G] 3yp=ie 1 *$}Bjs jbrr s {B ^{$ t %R 8st ${ h ji PB sb8r $t Y /ntnx Rs qy RBj$I j$t $R Y Y B ${sj {Z % BAs$t I Ak h$t B Y RBtst{ }BR$$BtR RYBbt $t 3$R dwsd 1 sti n k BP Y BZtI Rs 8Bj {Zjs $t s{$bt $t Y Rs8 bsk sr Y b jjt,tbbt w"i$ {"D 8st ${ I$}Bj TI$}Bj $t s{$bt >dh sti Y PB {Bt $AZ R B Y { BRRTR {$Bt PB I$}Bjs js-s$bt 3B Y j$y sj,sj$r Y$R $R st - 8 jk R8sjj & { sti Y sj sik % k b s, I$ { {Bt $AZ$Bt IB8$ts R Y R } B{ RR R YBb % PB ]R 1 Y $ti$ { {Bt $AZ$Bt $R stb8sjbzrjk js sti B% by j8r Y I$ { {BZ}j$t >dddd1h qy$r YsR bb $8}B st {BtR JZ t{ R h R Y I$}Bjs js-s$bt { BRRTR {$BtR s B I R BP 8st$ZI js Yst PB Y j$y sj,sj$r >n;h 7 {BtI P ]R sb8 }s$ R $t 7Tbs% R{s $t Rs R {st {BZ}j 8Z{Y 8B R Btjk B Bs$t 8Bj {Zjs Rs R BP Y I$8 sti Y$R } BIZ{ R Y 8stk ts T Bb 3 RYAs{Y RBtst{ R BAR % I $t Y R js-s$bt s R qy }BR$$BtR BP Y R RBtst{ R } B%$I s I$ { 8 srz 8 t BP Y R ty BP Y $ti$ { R}$tTR}$t {BZ}j$t by${y YsR A t st $8}B st RBZ { BP Zt{ s$tk $t Y ]RT]R $t s{t $Bt sti YsR Zt$j tbb Y j} I B } % t s {BtR$R t }${Z BP Y R $t s{$btr P B8 8 $t P B8 Y s%s$jsaj -} $8 tsj sti Y B ${sj $tpb 8s$Bt 3$tsjjk b BAR % {Bjj$R$BtR A b t sb8r }Bjs $9 I $t Y /;T;X Rs qy BAR % I s {B ^{$ t %R 8st ${ h ji $R RYBbt $t 3$ n qy R Rs8}j R s } }s I ZR$t s PsR h ji % Rsj sr I R{ $A I sab% ss$t PBjjBb I Ak B}${sj }Z8}$t NBRR P B8 Y$R Rs B{{Z R 8s$tjk %$s Yk} ht T{Yst$t {Bjj$R$BtR by Bt B ABY BP Y sb8r I {skr Y BZY I$}Bjs js-s$bt B Y jbb 3)n 8st$PBjI i RBtst{ R $t Y$R Rs } B%$I st $8}B st {BtR s$t Bt Y $t s{$bt }s s8 R by${y $R {B8}j 8 ts k B YBR sj sik I R{ $A I R$t{ {Bjj$R$BtR $t Y$R Rs $t%bj% Btjk Y $}j }B t$sj by sr sb8r $t Y

10-10 K 4,-4 [cm 3 s -1 ] 10-12 0 50 100 150 200 magnetic field [G] 3yp=ie n yt jsr${ jbrr s {B ^{$ t %R 8st ${ h ji PB sb8r $t Y /;T;X Rs qy RBj$I j$t $R Y Y B ${sj {Z % BAs$t I Ak h$t B Y RBtst{ }BR$$BtR RYBbt $t 3$R dwsd 1 sti n jbb 3)n 8st$PBjI -} $ t{ s 8$-Z BP Y R$tj sti $}j }B t$sjr yt sii$$bt Y ABZtI Rs R R}BtR$Aj PB 3 RYAs{Y RBtst{ R $t {Bjj$R$BtR BP /;T;X sb8r 8ZR Ys% A$tI$t t $ R j RR Yst Y 8st t k BP Y sb8 }s$ sy Yst Y Yk} ht t k sr $R Y {sr PB sb8r {Bjj$I$t $t Y jbb 3)n 8st$PBjI qy R - 8 jk b s,jk ABZtI Rs R s Y PB 8B R tr$$% B Y jbtt st }s BP Y }B t$sj >dh G ZR s {BZ}j IT{Ystt j {Bjj$R$Bt 8BI j R$8$js B Ys I R{ $A I $t i PR >dddh B h Y BAR % I RBtst{ }BR$$BtR RYBbt $t 3$R dwsd 1 n >d1h qy $t}z B Y$R 8BI j s Y PBjjBb$t PBZ h$t }s s8 RU Y R$tj sti $}j R{sT $t j tyr \ X sti \ 0 Y %st I GssjR {B ^{$ t g E sti s I$8 tr$btj RR R{sj$t Ps{B C g by${y {Bt BjR Y R ty BP Y $ti$ { R}$tTR}$t $t s{$bt >ddd1h qy hr s RYBbt sr s RBj$I j$t $t 3$Z dwad sti $t 3$R 1Tn RZ} $8T }BR I Bt Y Iss sti Y k } BIZ{ Y }BR$$BtR BP sjj Y BAR % I RBtst{ R qy RZj$t }s s8 %sjz R s \ X ) w1m( LTd(Dy ( \ 0 ) w1;((ltd((dy ( g E ) wem(ltnxdsz sti C g ) n1lt(x WB${ Ys ABY Y R$tj sti $}j R{s $t j tyr s }BR$$% sti % k js Y R s $R P B8-8 jk b s,jk ABZtI Rs R $t Y R$tj sti $}j }B t$sjr Y js BP by${y $R Y RBZ { BP Y 9 B t k RBtst{ BAR % I $t Y }Z $}j Rs >1H yt sii$$bt B Y Y R} { s RYBbt $t 3$R dwsd 1 sti n by${y b s, t b$y R}$tT}Bjs $9 I Rs8}j R sti b ZR I B - s{ %sjz R PB Y $t s{$bt }st s8 R b Ys% sjrb BAR % I 8stk sii$$btsj 3 RYAs{Y RBtst{ R $t {Bjj$R$BtR A b t sb8r $t I$& t 8st ${ RZAj % jr by _Tbs% {Bjj$R$BtR s }BRR$T

10-10 K mixed [cm -3 s -1 ] 10-11 10-12 10-13 0 50 100 150 200 magnetic field (G) 3yp=ie ; yt jsr${ jbrr s {B ^{$ t %R 8st ${ h ji PB s 8$- I Rs8}j b$y (0 /ntnx 1x0 /nt1x sti x0 /ntdx WB Ys 8stk BP Y sii$$btsj P sz R s IZ B _Tbs% {Bjj$R$BtR A b t sb8r $t I$& t RZAj % jr qy RBj$I j$t $R Y Y B ${sj {Z % BAs$t I Ak h$t B Y RBtst{ }BR$$BtR RYBbt $t 3$R dwsd 1 sti n Aj V I s$j I } R ts$bt BP Y R R} { s sti RBtst{ }BR$$BtR $R A kbti Y R{B} BP Y$R }s} sti b$jj A } R t I jr by <Bb % b $% st -s8t }j $t 3$ ; qy$r hz RYBbR Y BAR % I $t jsr${ jbrr PB s Rs8}j BP sb8r $t s 8$-Z BP Y /ntnx /nt1x sti/ntdx Rs R by${y bsr BAs$t I R$8}jk Ak $8} P {jk }Bjs $9$t Y sr Vjj sii$$btsj RBtst{ R s {B {jk } BIZ{ I Ak Y {sj{zjs$btr bybr Btjk $t}z $R Y PBZ }s s8 R - s{ I P B8 3$R dwsd 1 sti n G tbb {sjj Y si :R s t$bt B Y R8sjj RBtst{ R } I${ I $t Y jsr${ { BRR R {$Bt PB /nnx sb8 {Bjj$R$BtR by${y s 8st$h I $t Y $tr BP 3$ d sti s {j s jk BB b s, B A R t $t Y %s}b s$% jbrr yt B I B BAR % Y R P sz R b ZR B}${sj -{$s$bt B } BA Y RYB T st 8Bj {Zjs PB 8sT $Bt {Ys s{ $R${ BP 3 RYAs{Y RBtst{ >dh V P sb8 }s$ b$y$t st B}${sj bs% j ty BP s{y BY -} $ t{ R s % k R Bt R}s$sjjk I } ti t RY$P BP Y j { Bt${ str$$bt P JZ t{k IZ B Y RBtstTI$}Bj $t s{$bt $t Y -{$ I Rs V j$y h ji s s { s$t I Zt$t b$jj YZR A RBtst Btjk s s }s ${Zjs $t sb8${ I$Rst{ {sjj I Y ]BtIBt }B$t i{ sti Y -{$s$bt } BAsA$j$k $R } B}B $Btsj B Y } BAsA$j$k I tr$k b$y by${y sb8r s PBZtI s Ys }s ${Zjs R }s s$bt >1(H e-{$ I }s$ R {st ZtI B s RBT{sjj I si$s$% {Bjj$R$Bt by Y 8 tibzrjk R Bt I$}Bj PB { R $t Y -{$ I Rs s{{ j T s Y sb8r B s RZ^{$ tjk Y$Y,$t ${ t k A PB Y k I {sk Ys Y k s -} jj I P B8 Y s} >1(H k 8Bt$B $t Y j$yt$tiz{ I jbrr P B8 BZ s} s s RZ$sAj I Zt$t w$t Y$R {sr E t8 sab% RBtst{ D b {st I$ {jk } BA

loss rate [a.u.] A 3,3 [1000a 0 ] (a) 2 0 (b) -2 0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 magnetic field [G] 3yp=ie x wsd isi$s$% {Bjj$R$Bt jbrr s %R 8st ${ h ji PB sb8r $t Y /nnx Rs wad ]sj{zjs I R{s $t j ty V n,n RYBb$t Y } I${ I 3 RYAs{Y RBtst{ R WB Ys % t Y % k b s, P sz R s {j s jk R t $t Y jbrr s 7 % sj BP Y BAR % I RBtst{ R s tb } I${ I sti 8sk A IZ B Y$Y TBI R{s $t } B{ RR R sb8${ }s$ {B js$bt PZt{$Bt s s R8sjj $t sb8${ I$Rst{ {Ys s{ $R${ BP 8Bj {Zjs PB 8s$Bt sti YZR R tr$$% jk I { Y RBtst tyst{ 8 t BP Y$R JZst$k by${y B{{Z R s s 3 RYAs{Y RBtst{ 3$Z xwsd RYBbR Y BAR % I si$s$% {Bjj$R$Bt jbrr PB sb8r $t Y /nnx Rs sr s PZt{$Bt BP 8st ${ h ji sti 3$Z xwad RYBbR Y } I${ I R{s $t j ty BP Y$R Rs PB {B8}s $RBt BP Y RBtst{ }BR$$BtR BY BP Y b s, P sz R } I${ I Ak Y {sj{zjs$btr s}} s {j s jk $t Y si$s$% jbrr s sr b jj sr Y js RBtst{ s ;M p sj sik BAR % I $t Y %s}b s$% jbrr WB sjrb Ys R % sj sii$$btsj P sz R s sjrb } R t by${y b tb } I${ I Ak Y Y B k G s {Z tjk $t% R$T s$t Y }BRR$A$j$k Ys Y R RBtst{ R RZj P B8 Y$Y B I } B{ RR R by Y $t{b8$t 7Tbs% {BZ}j R B Bs$t 8Bj {Zjs Rs R BP % t Y$Y stzjs 8B8 tz8 w j);e {D sti Y s 8 t s}} s R B A } B8$R$t qy$r b$jj A Y RZA` { BP s PZZ }ZAj${s$Bt G$Y s {BtR$R t R BP Zj s{bji 8Bj {Zjs $t s{$bt }s s8 R b {st tbb {sj{zjs Y s R PB s A$ s k {BjI {Bjj$R$Bt } B{ RR R!P }s ${Zjs $t R $R Y {BjIT{Bjj$R$Bt $tiz{ I P JZ t{k RY$P BP Y RBT{sjj I "{jb{, str$$bt" A b t /n(x sti /;(X by${y $R j$, jk B A Y 8BR $8}B st j$8$s$bt Bt Y RYB T 8 RsA$j$k BP Y t - t s$bt BP jsr T{BBj I { R$Z8 sb8${ PBZts$t {jb{,r >x1dh

4 shift [mhz cm 3 ] 1 0 2 0 1 nk 0.1 mk -1 0.1 µk 1 µk 10 µk collision energy E / k B 3yp=ie E wsd ]BjIT{Bjj$R$Bt $tiz{ I P JZ t{k RY$P BP Y /n(x B /;(X str$$bt {sj{zjs I PB st JZsj 8$-Z BP Y R bb Rs R sr s PZt{$Bt BP {Bjj$R$Bt t k qy -$R$t -} $8 tsj }B$tR s RYBbt sti s b$y Y {sj{zjs$bt WB Ys Y RY$P B R Y BZY 9 B s sabz ( z 7YBbt $t 3$ E $R Y {sj{zjs I P JZ t{k RY$P } Zt$ I tr$k sr s PZt{$Bt BP Y sb8${,$t ${ t k $t 8} sz Zt$R VjRB RYBbt s R % sj -} $8 tsj }B$tR P B8 i P >xh by${y s $t BBI s 8 t b$y Y {sj{zjs$bt WB${ Ys Y {Z % }srr R Y BZY 9 B sti {Yst R R$t s s 8} sz BP sabz ( z yp s js tbzy Rs8}j BP sb8r {BZjI A } BIZ{ I $t s ts Bb t k st s BZtI Y$R }B$t $ 8$Y A }BRR$Aj B I s8s${sjjk IZ{ Y & { BP Y$R I tr$kt$tiz{ I RY$P >1dH n* is8sttr$i AstI {BBj$t >dmh YsR sj sik A t ZR I B } BIZ{ st sb8${ PBZts$t b$y d( M sb8r s 8} sz R sr jbb sr dx( z >11H sti bbzji Y PB A s % k } B8$R$t {Yt$JZ PB Y$R }Z }BR VR s R {BtI sti htsj -s8}j BP bys {st A {sj{zjs I ZR$t Y $t s{$bt }s s8 R b tbb {BtR$I Y $8}s{ Y$R t b $tpb 8s$Bt YsR Bt s 8}R B } BIZ{ s { R$Z8 BR Te$tR $t {BtI trs 7YBbt $t 3$ s Y {sj{zjs I jsr${ sti $t jsr${ {Bjj$R$Bt s {B ^{$ tr PB sb8r $t Y /ntnx Rs by -} $8 tsj &B R s e] $t s 8st ${ s} Ys% A t PB{ZR I >n;h qy s$b BP Y R bb JZst$$ R i $R s hz BP 8 $ PB PB { I %s}b s$% {BBj$t >1nH VjYBZY i s, R Bt %sjz R BP d(( B js sbsk P B8 Y RBtst{ R Y s sii$$btsj {BtR$I s$btr Ys s $8}B st 3$ R Y R$t BP Y R{s $t j ty 8ZR A }BR$$% s j sr IZ $t Y htsj %s}b s$bt Rs R by qq BYs%

a [1000 a 0 ] K inel [cm 3 s -1 ] K el [cm 3 s -1 ] 10-8 10-9 10-1 0 10-1 2 5 0-5 50 nk 5 µk 50 nk 5 µk (a) (b) (c) 0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 magnetic field [G] 3yp=ie 3B sb8r $t Y /ntnx Rs Y {sj{zjs I jsr${ {Bjj$R$Bt s {B ^{$ t $R RYBbt $t wsd Y $t jsr${ {Bjj$R$Bt s {B ^{$ t $t wad sti Y R{s $t j ty $t w{d qy {Bjj$R$Bt s {B ^{$ tr s B I R BP 8st$ZI js Yst k}${sjjk R t $t Y j$y sj,sj$r sjrb Y R{s $t j ty PB /ntnx $R js sti t s$% $t Y jbbth ji $Bt by %s}b s$bt bsr } PB 8 I $t i P >;H s js RsAj {BtI trs qy$r j$8$ts R Y $Bt A jbb sabz d(p by Y } %$BZR -} $8 tr b } PB 8 I >n;h 7 {BtI Y sarbjz 8st$ZI R BP Y R s {B ^{$ tr s tb 8BZR qy$r $R $8}B st A {szr Y s} %$A s$bt } $BI sti s} j$p $8 s h- I $8 R{sj R ss$tr by${y jsr${ sti $t jsr${ s R 8ZR A {B8}s I sarbjz jk sy Yst `ZR B s{y BY yt jsr${ jbrr s R 8ZR A, } R8sjj tbzy RB Ys Bt YsR RZ^{$ t $8 B BAR % Y {BtI trs sti jsr${ {Bjj$R$Bt s R js Yst Y s} %$A s$bt P JZ t{k {szr s { BRRB% $tb YkI BIkts8${ A Ys%$B qy js 8sk A s R $BZR } BAj 8 PB %s}b s$bt $Y Ak j$8$$t Y Y 8sj$9s$Bt s >EH B Ak IZ{$t Y %s}b s$bt ^{$ t{k B I$8 tr$btsj$k qy R & {R 8ZR A {Ys s{ $9 I A PB st $t jj$ t {YB${ BP }s s8 R {st A 8sI AsR I Z}Bt BZ 8 srz 8 tr yt {Bt{jZR$Bt b Ys% } R t I Y$YT RBjZ$Bt R} { s BP jsr${ sti $t jsr${

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d1 _F N B ]F G$jj$s8R sti _7 FZj$ tt _YkR i % N Mx 11d w1(((d dn $`jr8s F z Yss sti *F < $t9 t _YkR i % V ; i;1mx wd;d ] ]Y$t z zzj $?{ z N $A VF 8st sti 7 ]YZ V{{ } I B _YkR i % V d; < 3 RYAs{Y $ Vtt _YkR wwod d 1M wde1d dx F BYt F_ Z, ]< p t < Gst _N pbzji sti G] 7bsjj k _YkR i % V x nee( wdd F zb jr ]] qrs$ i7 3 jsti 7FF3 B,, jt 8stR F z Yss sti *F < $t9 t _YkR i % V xe id(e wdd <F B R t F zb jr Fp] q 8} jss R sti F z Yss _YkR i % V x; in1e wded <BZA$ R <q] 7BBP Gy {Vj -sti sti ip <Zj _YkR i % V x id; wdmd de 7 ytbzk i VtI br F 7 t <TF $ Rt * 7s8} T Z t sti G j WsZ wnbtibtd n1 dxd wdmd FN iba R Wi ]jszrr t F_ Z, ]< p t ev ]B t jj sti ]e G$ 8st _YkR i % N Md xd( wdmd d _Y ]BZ $jj i7 3 jsti *F < $t9 t 3V %st VA j t sti F z Yss _YkR i % N Md E wdmd dm VF 8st z zzj $?{ ] ]Y$t sti 7 ]YZ _YkR i % N M; ;n w1(((d d 3< $ R ]F G$jj$s8R _7 FZj$ tt sti szrr F i R Wsj ytr 7stI q {YtBj d(d x1d wded 1( Z t _7 FZj$ tt sti TV 7ZB8$t t _YkR i % N d;de wded 1d _F N B _7 FZj$ tt 3< $ R sti ]F G$jj$s8R 7ZA8$ I B _YkR i % N 11 _ q Zj $t O ]YZt sti 7 ]YZ RZA8$ I B _YkR i % N 1n G j sti WF %st * Z t VI% V Bj!} _YkR n dmd wded sti P t{ R Y $t