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R 1 ρ n = ke b, (1.1) / ρ - "&!&! &4#., k - &.!, "&!!" n $# #!1 &! 1. /& 1.8 $ $&! &! #!#&,!&&& &# "&&4 &"#/1 R. &.! k!7 $! &! #!#&!&&& &#.!&!, /1 #1 "# #!% "& 9! $3#7 R =.171( Eb ) 1.75, / #1 "!#&&$ $3#7 $. 3 "&&43 &"#/1 #/ /!$1 R,! #/ #/ R m,!#"&#&$3 #/ R x, 3 #/ R max,!&#! $3$/3 #/ 5&#-5! R BB "#! & $$/3 #/ #9 R G, #&!#3 $ #4&!% [4, 6, 7]. &#!3 $/. #. /1 /&&!# &7! 43! "& $ #!! &/#&$1!&/& &!-#& (., "##, $ [8]), 7 ""#&#&$! $3#7 $/ [9] g x, y, z) = g F( x, y, z, E ) h( z, E ), (1.) ( b b / g E I (1 k) E b b = (1.3) i - &48 #&$ #., I b -!& "!#&&$, k -! #, &1 &!#73 &! &4#.!#&, - #1/!#&. /! &!!!,!& $ 4# # = &!! &4& "&$#%&! &4#. $ k & $! &! E b, &&4& /1 $3&% #!#&&& " 4& 6%!&8!&& &1 [1-1]..1 F ( x, y, z) $ (1.) &"3$! #/ & #"#/ ##3% -h "#. 1 #1 & 43 $3$/ &&!& (Donolato) [13]: 17
1.76 x y F( x, y, z, Eb ) = xp πσ R, (1.4) σ 3 / σ =.36d.11z / R, d - "&6# "!#&&$. 1 GaAs "#47 /1. F x, y, z, E ) 43& "&& &&$3 [14]. ( b.1 h z, E ) $ (1.) &"3$! #"#/ ##3% ( b &! "& 4 &7! 43! ""#&#&$ &##&$3 "&&&, "#/&73 ;$#%#!& (Evrhart) *&& (Hoff) [15]: h ( z / R) R 3 =.6 6.1( z / R) 1.4( z / R) 5.69( z / ). (1.5) #1 ""#&.1 #"#/1 ##3% &! "& 4 /1 #1 43 "#/&7!!& (Fitting) [16]: [ 7.5( z /.3) ] h ( z / R) = (1.76 / R)xp R, (1.6)!7 $ #4&!!# [5] (Wu and Wittry) "#$/& "#47!&. /1 #/ 1: h( z / R) = xp { [( z / R.15) /.35] }.4xp[ 4z /(.15R)]. (1.7).& 7.1 #.! #&!& "#/!$ /1 7/&&!" "&"#&$&/&$&&!#, &!&#& &43& "&9! "! "&/&!&& $3#71 "&/ #!!3 # /3 &/#&$1 "& &!-#&.,#!. ##3!#&3 "& &! #1/ $!#!# & &4#. %&/1!1 $!#& #$&$ #!& #6!& /$9!1 & &#&!1 v, &"#/13!"#!#& T: mv 3 = kt. (1.8)!& $3#7 m -!#&, k - "&!&11 5&.. ;!#&3 /3# "3!3$9! 3!&&$1 #6!&, $ #!! & 1!1 "#$ % /$71. #!!&& /$71!& &!$& "&$/ &! &7! 43! 18
&"& /1 &.! D /1!#&&$ D h /1 /3#&. &!# "&"#&$&/ n-!",!&! &4#., $ &!&#& "&/$198 4& 6!$& $&4&/3% &!!#&3.,#!&, &.!#.1 #$&$3%!#&&$ n && 6 &.!#. $&4&/3%!#&&$ n, #$&$3 &&$3 &! "#&!& /9! /&3 /$7 ##&$3% &&$3% &!,!&43 &4"! #$&#& #"#/ #1/. $7 #$&$3% &! &4&%!"&$,! &4#&, &"#/1!1 "&$/ &&$3% #$&$3% &! (/3#&) &.!#. p. % «/&$1» &&$3% #$&$3% &! #$&$3 3$!1 «/#». 941!.1 #"#/1 #1/ /1 &&$3% &&$3% &! "#$&/! $&&$9!#&& "&1 E, &!&#& $3&$! "#8 &&$3% &!, &"#98 /4. #&$& /$7 "#&%&/! & &#&!1 v = µe, / µ "&/$7&! &! #1/. &#&! /# /1 Si, G GaAs "# "& E "/ 1 4 / &!$19! &&& 1 7 /c., "&"#&$&/ &4!$3,!&! n p, "&!&! #$&$3% &! && 4& 6 "&!&! #$&$3%, #1/&$1!# &! $3#$$!1 /#& &4&%!"&$ &!!$3 &.! / "#!& #$ D D h /(D D h ). "#&. / #&4.1 "#&!$&"&&7& #173% &! "#&%&/! $ &&$& "&#/!$& "#&7!&&!/, $ &!&#&!&! & &! «%$!3$!1» ".&!&& #! (!& &$6& 1$1!1!#!$3 /!). )!&!, &!&#&!& "#&%&/!, $! &! "&"#&& 1 &$6 "&!&! &$6 N T.!&1, &!&#& $ #/ "#&%&/!!#& /& %$! &$6&, &"#/1!1 /( σ N ). & %$!!#& $&4&/& /$7!1 $! $# 1 T 19
1 τ =. (1.9) σn T v T 1 /3#& $#3 &3 &&!&61. 43& 3$9! $# 7. &/ &.!#.1 &&$3% &!! & "#$36! &.!#.9 &&$3%, $#1 7 "#3 &! &"#/1!1 $# 7 &&$3% &!, "&!&!&!1 /&!!&& &!$& &&$3% &!, /&!"3% /1 #&4. %$3 &$6& &&$3 &!. &! /1 3% p!" #&4. 4/! "#&!& p / τ, / - $#1 7 /3#&. '1 $# 7 /1 4& 6!$ "&"#&$&/&$ 7! $ /"& &! 1-3 /& 1-9, 4& 6 $# 7 49/!& & $ &!3% &4#.% G Si. &4#.%, 98% #$&#& #"#/ &$6, #$&$3 &! "&!&1& #&4#9! & &#&! 9, "#&"&#.& & % & & "&!&!. #&!&&, &! "&/9! #!#$9 &4!! /&&& /#&$&& /$71, $ "&1$19!1 $&$ ##&$3 "& &!. &4#&, $ &!&1 #$&$1 $3"&1!1 #$ J h d p g p / τ = =, (1.1) dt / g - &#&! #., J h "&!&,!" #&4. "&&! 9 &!#&#!1 «%$!&» &$6 &&$3% &!. ;!& &&$& #$ & & /1 &&$3% &! $!3 #$1 "##3$&!. 1%, &/ "&!& J h &"#/1!1 /, J h = D ( p). (1.11) h &1 / &&$3% &! #1/ L = L h = D h τ h /! #/ "#8 &!1 &!!& #&7/1 /&!& 1. 1$1!1 &/ $76% %#!#! "&"#&$&/&$3% "#4&#&$. 1 $3&&&83% &4#.&$ Si G /&1 / &7!
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"#! 3% #!!&$,!#498, "#&#& &#. &4 S (! &#.1 &7! 43! "& #!/#!3!&/& ).. $ [64, 74] "&3$9!,!& 1 $ L, &! &7! 43! #, &!$1! ~1d /1 3% S $#1/ "#$3! 1d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(##698 /&$1 "#&$/!$). &4&!&!!&/ "# &.!&$, &/#78%1 $ &4#. $ $#%3% &.!#.1% (! 3$3, trac lmnts).!&18 $#1 %#&!#&% "#&$&/1!1 "#!3 "& 3D $. #"#/1 trac lmnts (Cu, Zn, S /#.) $ 4&&% &4#.% ##6 ~5 /1 &4#.&$ ## ~1, /7 9!!#& &!/ 3%!& [83]. 7 &"3 &&$3 #!&"!# &&,!7 #!#$9!1 #3 "&/%&/3, "&$&198 "&! /$#3 (#&&"1)!#%#3 (!&) #"#/1!&$ $ /& &4#.. 1.3.1..,# $&/!$!&&$ &#&!&$&&$3 (#!&$ -) #& "#&% "#&.&$!!& &!&!,!&! $3#3$ &/&&!#&&$!& "# "&&8 # $! 1. ;#1 #!&$&& 1 /&!!& /1!&&,!&43 $3#3$!!#&3 $!#% (47% 1/#) &4&&!&. &!&1!& $ &/& 7% &4&&!4 &,!&!#&, $34!&& $ #!! &!&!, "#%&/! &/!#&&$ $6 &4&&!&, "1 "#!& #!&$ $! (#. 1.7). ;!&,! 3$3, %#!#! $!, & #1 #$ #&! #!$98% $ "#&. &4&&!&, /&$! &, &/&& $1!"& (!&3 &#&) &4&&!&. &!, #1 #9 &#.!3% $!&$, &7& &"#/1!, %!3 &/#7!1 $ /& &4#., "& "83% $!&$ ("& "&8/ "&/ "& /& # $ #& "!#) - &.!#.9!%!&$.,#!& "!# 3, &&!$!!$98 "#%&/ L-&4&& K- 35
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1.3... 3D - #!& (&! /$% #% &$ - - "6) &4:/1! &$&"&!!&/&$, "&/#$98% "& &#. & $!#!#& &1 &4#. "& 4&#!# 3% %#!#!, #3% "# #3% 1% &&-4& "#!# ("##, "&$&#&! &4:!)., $ #!&&#.!&!&&#!#%#& #"#/!&& &!$ "&!1 $ #!!!!& &4#4&! $ /$#3% #! #.!3% /3%, #3% "# #3% % "&$&#&! &4#.. #.9 4&# /3% $!&/ #!&&#.!&!&&# &7! "&1! #. 1.8, $ /&"& "#/!$&! % "#! &#&$& $#8 &4#.. 1 " #$1 &#.!&& /&4& $$! /$!3 &&#/! (#. 1.9): "&/$79! (, ), $#89891 $! &4#.&! (s, t), &! & & &!&! & (, ). &&!$!!$&,! &&#/!3!3 $13 &&!&61 s = x cosθ ysinθ. (1.14) t = xsinθ y cosθ #98 &4#. #!&$ "&!$&! 9 I "#&%&/! $ &4#. &!!& P (#. 1.9) /& #!#$&!& Q = Q(s, t), / "&/ & /!$ &!#&"& "9!1 &#.!3 $!3.,# $!, "83 $ &!&#& "#$ b, "#&/! $ &4#. "! &!!& Q /&!& R. &/!$ #!&$&& &/ &4#.& &7& &"! $ 3!". 1.!&$ "&, "#&%&/1 "! PQ, "&&8!1 $ &4#., &!$&! $!& Q t 1( I s, t, Θ) = I xp( µ ( s, t') dt'), (1.15) I 38
/ µ ( s, t' ) - &.! && "&&81 /1 # &/#98& I "... 1.9. &##&$ $!&/ #!&&#.!&!&&# [9]..!&3 &4#. $!& Q "9! &#.!3 $!3, "#!$&! &#.. I # E "#&"&#.& &.!#. c(s, t)!&&$, /1 &!%! #1 1$1!1 %#!#!& (E = E Kα ). &! I t µ = µ phω Kα Ω( s, t) c( s, t) I xp( I ( s, t' ) dt' ) t, (1.16) / µ ph - 3 &.! &!&!#&&& "&&81, ω K α - &#.!3 $3%&/, Ω ( s, t) - &, "&/ &! $/ /!!&#!& Q(s,t). 3. &#.!3 $!3 "& "! /!!&#!& "&&89!1 $ &4#., "&!&!$&! $!&$, "#6/6% $ /!!&#!& Q(s,t) "& "#$9 b, &7& &"! $3#7 39
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)!&43 &.! &##!#&$!!3 &"&&81 /1 #3% &#.!3%, $ #4&!% [94-96] "& &$ &#.1 & &.! "&&81 "#$&& ". ;!&! "&/%&/ 43 #$! $ [97], / "& &$!7 /3 "#&& ($&&) "#&& (&"!&&$&&) #11, /&"&! 3 /3 "# $&!&$-. #&!&&,! 3 "&&43 /$! &#.9 & #"#/ %!&$ $ &4#., &!	 &7& "&! /#!&/. # "&/%&/3 $&!&$9 /3% &#-.!&!&&# &##. &"&&81 #$!3 #& (Vargas) [98],##& (D Pirro) [99]. "&/ $#1 # -!&/3 &4#4&!!&&#- % /3%, $!&!&/ $#! &4#!&& "#&.#&$1,!!"! "&. 4& 4 4#!&/ [1]. '3 $/ $ #$! 4#%!&/&$, "#13% /1 $&!&$1 &#.!3% /3%, $ ) [11], (Miquls) [1] La Rivir [13, 14]. #4&! &$3% 4#% &#!&$ #&!#. "&$&1! "& &$!!&/3 /"!$& &4#4&! &4#7,!3$! &#&&9 "#	 &#.9 &4 &4:!. #&!&&, 4#!&/3!#49! /1 #&!#. 6 & "#&.,!&/ $#! &4#!&& "#&.#&$1, $!$! 3 6&! "#! 3% /3%. 1.3.3. &!!#!$& "#&.&& #!&&#.!&!&&#, "&$&198 47!!" #&!#. &4#71 "#$ &73% &#!&$ 4& 6% $3! 3% &8&!, 1$1!1 && 3 (""#!3) "&/%&/. ;!&! &."! & "#&!& "&/%&/ "&11! #. 1.1. &- #&$3 #!&$ "& $33$! &#..9!&&$ &4#. $ 41
& "#&!17& &4: $/& "#$1 $&& #"#&!#1. &!&# &#$! "& #1 #&/"#&&& /!!&#,!!& $ /!!&# "&"/!!& & 1! &#.!&& 1, &!!,!& "8!&, %&/181 $ "# & 3% &4:&$ &!&# b "#$3 "& 3 (! 3$& «&/#& &4:»). /3 &4#. #!1! «&/#3 &4:&» $!#% #1%, $ #!! &4#4&! #!##&$3% "!#&$ "&9!!#%#3 #"#/1 &.!#.!&$ $ &4#.... 1.1. && 1 % #!&&#.!&!&&# [15]. && 1 &!#1 #!&&#.!&!&&# /! "#1& /&!" & &4: $!# /&& &4#.. /& $& &% "#!% 43$! 7& &"#/! &4!!# $!# /&& &4:! 7 /&$! $3& ##6.!% /% #""& $!&#&$ () /#.) 43& "#/&7& "& &$! 69 % [16]: "& &$! "#&.&9!&	 /1 $31$1 &4!!# /! & #&$! & 3 "1!& &!&#. 4
!&18 $#1 "&"#3 ## & &!&# &#$!!# & ##6!&/ && &!&&# $& "/ 5. '$&! %#!#! "&"1#3% &! /3 $&3 "#$&/! 8 4& 6 "/9 ##61 /1 %!&$ [15, 17]. /& 8!$98 3, "&&43 /$! 6 ##6,!& "&%&/1! /1 "& &$1 $!$ &!&#&$ - "#&!#!$3%!#4&$ &#. "#-!, %#&!% $&!$ &#&!$&!. &4#&, /1 / 6& #$!1 && &!&/ $& &#.!&!&&# "&$! /1!&! ##4&! &$&&!" &!&#, 98& 6 & 3 &4:,!#/.&& "& 3 "&"1#. #4&! [16] 43 "#/&7 /1 "& &$1 &!&#, &!&18&!3 "#$3% $ &/!& &$ $ "&&898!#.. 3 #&&& /!# /& $ & &!#&$ &7& "&! "&&8 9 %&#&6& #$!3%!&/&$, "& 3% /1 &/1 &4:!&$ #&!#&,!#&&-$&!&#!#$1. #&3!# "#/!$1!!%1 #.1 &/#&$ %#!#! &$&&!" &!&#. &! "#&4 1$1!1 &/& /, /& $!&18 #4&!. 43
1.4. I 1.!!3$98 $&9!	 #/3 "#&6&&!&!1!&/ $/&&!#&3 "&!& 1$1!1 &83 #/!$& & & /&! "&"#&$&/&$!#!# % &&$.  &##&$1!&/3 #61 &4#!3% / /! & ##4&!3 /1!&&!&/.. &&7&! /$& "&1$$6&1!&/ $/&& #!&$ "&!& /1 $31$1 /!&$ $ "&"#&$&/&$3%!#!#% 6#&, EBIC!&/. /& & "# /1 &!$& %#!#. &!/ 3% /!&$ #1!#&% %#!#! "&"#&$&/&$ $!&18 $#1 &#$!!&,!& &/ &##&$1 8 ##4&!3 /1!&&!&/. 3. #!&&#.!&!&&#!$& #$$9!1 &#!3 #&!#. "#&.&3% /3%,! && 3 63 "&/%&/3. 1 "&$361 ##61 /3% && &!&&# /! "& &$3% #!&&"!%!&$, "&/%&/18% $!$ &!&#.,&!& 4& 6&!# "#/!$1! &. $&!$!&#!& &$&&!" &!&#,!.. &!&#, &/&&!&/ #&!#&. 44
II.,,! &#!$&!!&/ $/&& #!&$ "&!&! & $&#!!, &4#&$!!&!!&/ #!&$ &#.!3 &.!$! &, $!&, #& $31$1!#!$3% /!&$, &7& "&! &#.9!7 & #"#/ %& &!$ "#, &/#78%1 $ &4#. "$98%1 "#&!173% /!%.! $ &#!1 #!&$&! "#!. #$$9!1 %#!#! /$%!"&$ &!&#&$, "& 3% /1 & && 4&# &#.!3% $!&$ $ && & % #!&&#.!&!&&#. "#$& #/ &"3 "#."3 /!$1 #!#$3% &!&#&$ "&"1#&& &!&#, &/&&!&/ #&!#&, &"#/.1 4&# &!&#, &! 1$1!1 4& & %#!#!& "& && $ ""#!&!&&# &!&#, &4&&$ "#&! "#471 &!#& &"! /1 &"1 "#&%&7/1 1 # &!&#. & $!&#& #/ &"!&/ #!. 4&#.!#! #/ "#/!$3 #!!3 #! (. 4&# 4&# &!/ && ), "#&$/ "&3% #!!&$ &##&$3 $3$&/3, &! "&/#$9! "#8!$ &!&#, &/&&!&/ #&!#&. 7 $!& #/ / &. /& 1, "#&%&/18& # #&!#&3 &!&#! 1$1 "&&& $6& &!#71. 45
.1. $ (,, # (!&/ #!&$& &#.!&!&&# "# /1 /&$1 6#&&& &4:!&$ 94&!" "/&&!,!& 1$1!1 &/& "# & #!8 "&"1#&!.!$! &,!&!!#! "&&4 /$! &#.9 & #"#/!&& &!$ &4:!&$ "#&!#!$3 ##6 "/ #&!#&$, "&$&1! #!##&$! ("/ &!3% /& "#&.!) &.!#.!&$ [17-19]. "#! & && #!&&#.!&& $ && & % &4#. &$8!1 &#&$3 #!&$ "& (#..1).,&/ & /!$!&3 &4#. "9! &#.!3 $!3. & #!&$&& " &$8 && &!&#, "#!% &&$ &4#!! 3$3 & 3 &4:, &!&#&& &4#!1. 4#. "#8!1. % "#81 &"#/1! % #&$1....1. % "#! "& ""#!& #!&&#.!&!&&#. &#.!& & && &4: &4#!1 46
&!&#& "&"/! $ #&/"#&3 /!!&#. #!! &4#4&! #!##&$&& $ /!!&# "!# &7& "&! &.!#.!&$ $ /& &4: &4#..,#$/ $3#7, &!&#& $13$! #!##&$9 /!!&#&!$&! #!&$&& 1!$&! 9 "83% &#.!3% $!&$. &!# &#&$3 &&%#&!3 #!&$ "&, &! "#$ $!& &4#. &&#/! (,, z ) (. #..1).,! &!$&! &"3$!1. J x x, y y, z ), E #1!&& ". ( z!$&! &#.!3% $!&$ # E, "83% "&/ /!$ #!&$&& " $!& &&#/! (,, z), &4& J x, y, z, E, ). 1( E "#/.9 4&# F = F( x, y, z, E) &!&#& &!&6!$&! &#.!3% $!&$, "&"$6% $ /!!&#!& (,, z),!$&! "83% $!& 7!& &#.!3% $!&$. &!,!$&! #!##&$&& $ /!!&# 1 &"3$!1 $3#7 I ( x, y, z, E) = J1( x, y, z, E, E ) F( x, y, z, E) dxdydz. (.1).1 4&# F 1$1!1 %#!#!& &!&#, "&&! 9 &"3$98 & $&!$. $! &! $&!$!& #!- &$&& 1 /&& &4#... 4&# #$$9!1 &!&#&$ /$%!"&$ "&"1#&& &!&# &!&#, &/&&!&/ #&!#&.,&"1#3 &!&# ("&"1#1 "&) 1$1!1 &/ &4:!&$ &"! %&$. & #4&! &&$! "&&& $6& &!#71 (,) #!&$%. & &!&# "& 9! $ "#!% "& && &!&&# %#&!#&% (BESSY, DESY, ESRF) 7 &&& /1!! (., "##, [17, 11]). 47
... ( ).,& " "# $ &!&#... ( ). $ $#.. '. $3 1! &!&# $.. 3, 1# 3 1 3% " "& & $!$ &!&#&$ ( &!&). 1#&$ [111].!&#, & / 1 & 3 &&!&/ &$. &4# 7 1 $3. 48 & #&!&# & /.!#& $, $ #%
&!&#, &/3!&/ #&!#&, "#/!$1! &4&! &$ $ "&&898!#., "#$3% $ &/!& & &!&#. /1 &/1 #.1!&& &!&# "&1$ #$! & /$& [16]. "&!& $7& #$! & $&&7&! 6#&& "& 3 "&"1#&. $# ( #"&#!#&$ 1 $ "#13% &!3%!&&4#3% $&&$&/% 43 /&$ $ [11-117].!&!, $ [117] #&!#!&1!#!# #!&$% "&$ $3%&/!&&4#&& $&&$&/.!& #4&! "&&,!&, &/ & $&47/3% $&&$&/3% &/ 4& 6& ( N 3 5), /#.&3! &7& "#4# "#! #&!#9!#"&#!#&$ 1 $ #% &!#& &"!.,# & & $&&$&/3% &/ &.$!1 Θc N =, (.) λ / d / Θ c #! & "&&& $6& &!#71, λ / $&3, d 6# $&&$&/. λ / d "&6# /#.&& #%&/&!, &4&$1  ##& $&&$&/.!13 "1#3, $%&/18 $ &!$ &$#3% "&"- 1#3% #!&&"!%!&$ ("##, [111]), 9! /!# "/ /. ( /7 /1!3% /&) #&.,#!& /3 $& #!&$&& &#.!&& "!#, &4#&& &!&#&, 7! &43& $ "#/% &! /1!3% /& /& /.!#, #! &, /1! &!$1! & & #/.!&!, /1 λ = 1.9 Å (/ $&3 7, &&!$!!$98 #! &, /1! Θ c = 4.6 #/) d = 1 &7& &.! & $&&$&/3% &/ $ "1# : Θc N = λ / d *4.6mrad = 1.9A /1µ m 48. (.3) 49
&!, "# #&!# "&"1#&& &!&# /&"!& "& &$! "#47 &!#& &"!. 1 #&!#&&& &!&#, 98& 3 /!#& "/ & % #&, "#$/$3 &3 #7/1, "&3$98 /&"!&! #&!#1 $ #% &!#& &"!... " ( ),, #&!#&3 &!&# #&!#!./#- % &$ $!#. "&&898& (!17&&)!#. 3 "#$3 $ &/!& & &!&#.,# #!% "&&,!& $/ $ & 4&# /!!& &, "#&%&/18 # 3 "#&$!., "&"/98 4&&$9 "&$#%&!! &$ &!&#, "&&8!1. &1 1, "#&%&/18& # 3 &!&# $ #!!,, "& #$9 &!$& $!&$, "#&%&/18% "#&$!, 9 &7& "#4#....3. %!& "#/!$ #&!#&&& &!&#, "&1198 #! 4&# ($), "&1 $$/3% &4& ("#$). 5
.1 4&# F( x, y) #&!#&&& &!&# #!3$ #& #"#/ &$ 4&# $% &$.,&/ & 4&# α ( x, y) &/&& "&!1 &, &#.!& &!&#&& &7! "#&! #!&!. $/3 /98 &4&1: d - /!#, L - / &!&#, F - && #!&1, d 1 - $%&/& /!#, Ω - & #!$&# &!&#. #..3 $/&,!& & 4&# &"#/1!1 "&8/ 9 "#1 &! S, &,.!#.! S α =. (.4) y &!# /$ # #/ R 1 R #!&1 δ 7/...4. %, "&11981 #! &48 "&8/ "#98%1 #&$. 4&3 #..4 3 α1 α &! 43! /3 "&!&# &&$: R R 1 R1 δ R = R1 δ R1δ cosα1 cosα1 =, (.5) Rδ R δ R1 = R δ Rδ cosα cosα = (.6) R δ &9 &489 "&8/ S /$% #&$ ( #..4 #6 &$3.$!&) "#11, "#&%&/181 #!& "#1 51 1
&!, /! S1 S.,&8/ S1 S &! 43! /3 #&! "&8/!&#!#& : 1 ( α 1 sin(α 1)) S 1 = R, (.7) ( α sin(α )) S = R. (.8) $/&,!& "#!& &1 &481 "&8/ #!#$3% #&$ S = S 1 S. (.9) &!# #&!#&&& &!&#, 98 & & Θ &. (& &&#/! /# &4&1 $ &&!$!!$ #..5)....5.,&1 #! 4&# &!/ && #&-!#&&& &!&#.!!$1 &! $$/& #..5!3 &&#/!, &7& $3$! #$1 &!3%!& # "#13%: x D I: y =, (.1) tgθ d / L II: III: x D y =, (.11) tg Θ x D d y =, (.1) tgθ 5
IV: x D d y =, (.13) tgθ d / L : : y = y = L( x x ) y( x D LtgΘ), (.14) x D L( x x ) y( x D d LtgΘ). (.15) x D d,#13 "#9!1 & 9 x $!&% x 1 x : x Lx y ( D LtgΘ) 1 =, (.16) L y x Lx y ( D d LtgΘ) L y =. (.17) S & 4&# #!#$&& α = &"#/1!1 "&8/ 9 S "#1 #&$ 1. #!.!# $!& ( D ), & #/ -!# # 1: & #/ y d R =. (.18) x x1 Lx y( D d / LtgΘ) x c = =, (.19) L y x1 x dy r = =. (.) ( L y )!&1 7/.!# #&$ 1 : d L( x D d / ytgθ) δ = x c D =. (.1) L y &4#&, /1 $31 4&# (.4) 7&! &489 "&8/ #&$ #/ R (.18) r (.) #!&1 7/.!# δ (.1). '!,!& &/!& x, ) %&/!1 7/ "#13 I II ( y 7/ III IV,!& #!1 &"3 $36.# #!&$ 4&#. 7!& x, ) %&/!1 7/ "#13 II III,!& # 1 ( y d 53
.& %&/!1 $!#,, /&$! &, & 4&# S = πd y π r =, (.) 4( y L) S πd α = =. (.3) y 4( y L) &/!& x, ) 7! 7 "#1& I IV, # 1 ( y "#9!1 & 4&# #$ 9. &4#&, & 4&# #!3$1 && "#$/3 $36 $3#71 "&&8 9 &/, #&$&& $ "#&# Matlab..1 4&# F #!3$ #!! &71 &$ 4&# &$, 98% 3 & Ω / /& / Ω, #!&1 Dn F tgθn Θ n, #$&#& #"#/3 $!#$ &! = *. ),,&"1#3 &!&# #!#$1! "&!& "&$3%!13% &!3% "1#&$.,#." /!$1!&& &!&# &&$! "&&& $6& &!#71 (,)., "/98! "1#&$ "&/ &, 6 #!&&, Θ c, $ #!! &&#!3% &!#7 "#&%&/! &!&# "&"/! $ /!!&#. "1#3 &!3!,!& % "#/ &.3 "#$3 $ &/!& (& &!&#), / - "# 3 /# /#..1 4&# F ( x, y) "&"1#&& &!&# #!3$ #& #"#/ &$ 4&# &!/ 3% "1#&$.,&/ & 4&# α ( x, y) &/&& "1# "&/#$1 &, &#.!& &!&#&& &7! "#&! #!&!. 4!$&! "# &&#!3% &!#71% $ "1#!3$&. $/ &4&1 (. #..6 ()): d /!# "1#, 54 Θ
#! &,, F && #!&1, Ω & #!$&# &!&#, d = F * tg( / ) $%&/& /!#. 1 Ω...6 (). %!& "#/!$ "&"1#&& &!&#....6 (). %, "&11981 #! 4&# "&"1#&& &!&#.,# &$!$&& %$! 1 (&/ #/ #$3 d "1#&$ 4& 6 #!&& R cr = ), &7&!!,!& 4&# Θ 1 &!3 "1#& & 9 &!&& &&& "1#.,#!& & & &!&& "1# 55 c
4#!1 & & "#/& #1 &!&& "1#. 1!& 49/1 x, ), /1 &!% &7! 43! $3"&& ( y &$,!% "1#, &#/&!&3 $!# & (&4#7 #3 #..6 ()). #6 & %&/!1 $!& ( x, y), & & & & "&/! 7 &,!& "1#, & #!$&# & Θ. & 4&# &"#/1!1 "&8/ 9 "#1 #&$ S (. #..6 ()), &: S α =. (.4) y &!# "1#, 98 & & Θ (#..7)....7.,&1 #! 4&# &!/ && "1# "&- "1#&& &!&#. $/1! &&#/!, "&& #..7,!#/& $3$! #$1 &!3%!& # "#13%: x D I: y = tg( Θ Θ ), (.5) II: x D d y = tg( Θ Θ ), (.6) 56
III: IV: x D y = tg( Θ Θ ), (.7) x D d y = tg( Θ Θ ), (.8) x x : y = y, (.9) tg( Θ Θ ) c x x : y = y. (.3) tg( Θ Θ ),#13 "#9!1 & 9 x $!&% x 1 x : c x = x y tg( Θ Θ x y Θ y tgθ, (.31) 1 c) c x = x y tg( Θ Θ x y Θ y tgθ. (.3) c) c S & 4&# α = &"#/1!1 "&8/ 9 S"#1 #&$ 1. # y, $ #&!#& $36,!.!# $!& ( D ), & #/ d R =. -!# # 1: #/!&& # x x1 = = x y tgθ, (.33) x c r x1 x =!&1 7/.!# &! 1 : = y Θ. (.34) c δ = D d / = x D d / y tgθ. (.35) x c &4#&, /1 $31 4&# (.4) 7&! &489 "&8/ #&$ R (.18) r (.34) #!&1 7/.!# δ (.35). &/!& x, ) %&/!1 7/ "#13 I II, & $36 "#1& ( y III, 7/ III IV, & $36 "#1& II,!& #!1 &"3 $36.# #!&$ 4&#.!& x, ) %&/!1 7/ "#13 57 ( y d dtgθ d II III 7!& % "#1 D,,!& # 1.& Θ c Θ c d
%&/!1 $!#,, /&$! &, &481 "&8/ #&$ 1 S = r = πy π Θ, (.36) c & 4&# S α = = πθc. (.37) y 7!& x, ) %&/!1 7/ "#13 II III $36!& % ( y "#1,!& #.& %&/!1 $!# 1,, /&$! &, & 4&# S πd = π R =, (.38) 4 S πd α = =. (.39) y 4y &/!& x, ) 7! 7 "#1& I 7 IV, &! 1 ( y "#9!1 & 4&# #$ 9. &4#&, & 4&# #!3$1 && &"& $36 &#! "&&8 9 #&$&& $ "#&# Matlab &/..1 4&# F #!3$ #!! &71 &$ 4&# "1#&$, 98% 3 & Ω / /& / Θ n, #$&#& #"#/3% $!#$ &! Ω, /1 &!% #!&1 Dn F tgθn = *..3.. (! -!!3 "#&$&/ /1 &!&#&$ &/&$3 & #!$&# Ω.4#/, $%&/3 /!#& d 1 = 1.17, &3 #!&1 F = 4.8 & &$ ("1#&$) N = 1.,# #!% /1 /!# #&!#&&& &!&#, /1 6#3 "1# "&"1#&&, "& &$& d = 1. 1 $% "#/!$3% #!!&$ / #&!#&&& &!&# L = 1.4. 58
!!3 #! 4&# #&!#&&& &!&# "&"1#&& &!&# #! &, Θ c = 3.7 #/,!& &&!$!!$! # K - / 8, "#/!$3 #.8.,#&!% #"#/ "# = 4.8 "&3 #..9. 7 "#$/3 $3#71, &"3$98 6# $3&!!% #$3%. /! &!!!,!& "#$/3 /1 "#&1 "&"1# $3#71 $#3!& & "# d y. Θ c 7, &/ y d Θ (!& &$9 /&$!$! &4!, c 781 $36 "#1& = 1.4 #..8.), $3&! "#&1 4/! π Θ c, 6# «"&& $#%6» d yθ c, 6# &!& &! 1! &!!1 d yθ.!1 6# "#&1 "&&$ $3&!3, c &, "# y d Θ, 4/! #$ yθc. c. 4&# #&!#&&& &!&# "&"- 1#&& &!&# /1 Θ c = 3.7 #/ "&3 #..1. #..11 "&3 #3 $/& &!%. 4&# ("# 1%!&& #$& 4% 9 &&& #!&11 4.8 ). #..1 "&3 "#&/& 3 ($/& & ) "#&. 4&#. 59
...8. & 4&# &/&& #&!#&&& &!&# ($$#%) &!/ - && "1# "&"1#&& &!&# ($); Θ =.1 #/. 6
...9.,#& "# y = 4.8 4&# &/&& #&!#&&& &!&# ($$#%) &!/ && "1# "&"1#&& ($). 61
...1..1 4&# #&!#&&& &!&# ($$#%) "&- "1#&& &!&# ($). 6
...11.,#& (#3 $/& & ). 4&# #&!#&&& &!&# ($$#%) "&"1#&& ($) &!&#. 63
...1.,#& (#3 $/& & ) "# =.5. 4&# #&-!#&&& (11 #$1) "&"1#&& (#1 #$1) &!&#&$. /&!!,!& "#&. 4&# "# y = F (11 #1 #$3 #..11) 9!!&! 7 $/,!& #3 4&#, % 6# &"3$!1! 7 $3#71,!& "#$/3 #..9 (/1 $3&!3 "#& $#&!& 7, &!&&! 9 /& &7!1 N, #$&& &$). #..1-.1 $/&,!& "# #!#$3% 1% %#!- #! &!&#&$ &4! 4&# (!.. &4!, /.1 4&# &! &! 1) "&"1#&& &!&# 4& 6, #&!#&&&. & 7 & $#& /1 && 1. 4&#..4. $ 3#71, &"3$98 &&$3 %#!#! & && "1! &!&#&$ ( "&!, & & "1!& 1$1!1 &4! 9 4&# ), "#$/3 $!4..1. 64
,&"#3 ## && $11,&"#3 ##.1. #$ &&$3% "#!#&$. 4&# &!&#&$. &3 &3 "&&& $11,#&/& 3 ## && $11 &3,&"1#3 &!&# #&!#&3 &!&# FΘ c d 5.5 d 1 FΘ c d 45.5 FΘ c d 1 Ω d ( F L) L d Ω 18 8 & πd N 1.1 #/ πd N.87 #/ 4F 4( F L) 7 "#$/3 3 1!% %#!#! /1!% 7 "#!#&$ &!&#&$,!& #!!3 #..8 -.1.!4..1 "&/ "&"#3 ##& &3 && ( "&&&) $11 "&!1 6# "&& (, &&!$!!$&, $&)! "#&1. 4&# "# = F= 4.8.,&/ "#&/& 3 ##& &3 && $11 "&!1 6# "&&&! "#&1 "# = d/ =.5. "&"#3 ## & &.$! 6# "&$3&! "#&1. 4&# "# = F,!& /1 #&!#&&& &!&# d "&!1 ( F L), /1 "&"1#&& FΘ c,!& &$"/!!& L $!#981 $!! 1% ("##, $ [118, 119]) &.& ## & 65
"&"1#3%. /3%!4..1 /!,!& "# &/&$3% d, F, Ω N #&!#&3 &!&#! "&"#3 ## &, "&"1#, $3"&1!1 &$ d L ( F L) < FΘ, (.4) "#&/& 3 ## &3 && $11 6 "# c d < F Θ d. (.41) c &$1 (.4) (.41) /&4 "#$! $/ d L F < Θ c, (.4) ( F L) d < FΘ. (.43) c $3#7 (.4) &7! F ( F L) 6 /.3 "# F < L.,&!& /&4& &$ (.4)! 4&!#& (& #&&/) &$ /&"&$ & &$ d L < Θ, (.44) c F < L. (.45),# $3"& /$% #$!$ (.44) (.45) &$ (.43) $/&& $3"&!1. &4#&, &7& /!!& $73 $3$&/,!& #&!#&3 &!&#! 6 ## &, "&"1#, d / L < Θ F < L.!& 7 $#1, "# #$3% d, F N, c &. 4&# & 6, "&"1#, "# 94& L, &/&!& & $$!1 6 L, & &7& /&4! 1, "& 1 & "&&898!#3 /1!#.3. 7!&! /&!!& &7! 43! &"#&$! $1 &$. 66
.4.1. *! 8 &/ "#8!$& #&!#&&& &!&# "& #$9 "&"1#3 1$1!1!&,!& &.1 4&# $! &! /3 $&3 1..1 4&# "&"1#&& &!&# $! &! #!&&,,!, &! # &#.!3% $!&$ (/1! Θ c 3 /E, / E #1 1). '$&!. 4&# "&"1# &! # 9!##! #..13, &!&#& "&3 "#& 4&# /1 &!&# /&&!" "# = 4.8 (y #!&1 &! #1 &!&#) /1 #, &&!$!!$98% K -1 7, /,!7 "#$/ #!! /1 &!&#, &/&&!&/ #&!#&....13.,#& (#3 $/& & ) 4&# "&"1#&& &!&#, #!3 /1 #3% # &#.!3% $!&$. 11 #$1 "#& 4&# #&!#&&& &!&#. 67
'1 #!&&,, &&!$!!$98 #1 K -!%!&$, "#$/3 $!4..... '1 #!&&, /1 &!% # &#.!3% $!&$., Θ c, #/ FK@ 6.46 4.6 Cu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σ 1-5. 68
1 6#&%&$!&!1% &"3$!!&# 41-# (#..14).,#!& &.! &!#71 $3#7!1 /98 &4#&: 4πσθ R = R F xp. (.46) λ '/ R F - #$ &.! &!#71, &! &"3$! &!#7 &! /& (& "&&898) "&$#%&!....14.,&1 $ $!&# 41-#. &/ "&&8 &, &7& "#47&!!,!& R = 1, & "/1 &7! θ Θc ( Θ c #! &,) R F = "#θ > Θc. 4πσθ xp λ!!&# 41-#, / λ / $&3 1, θ & "/1 "& &!&69 "&$#%&!, σ #/$/#!1 $3&! 6#&%&$!&!. 4& # Θ m &, "# &!&#& &.! &!#71 R (.46) 6!1 $ 1 #! $11!&# 41-#: xp 4πσ Θ m ln 1 λ =.1 Θ =. (.47) m λ 4πσ,&& & Θ m $! &! λ, #3 /3 $& "#&!17&& (λ = 4.1.5 Å) &#.!&& "!# 4/! "&-#& #$! 1 6#&%&$!&!1%. '1 Θ m /1 #3% / $& "#$/3 $!4..3.!& 7!4. "#$/3 1 #!&&, /1!, $/&,!& & Θ m 6 #!&&, C c /1 $& 69 F
#!#$&& /"& / $&.!# "&&898!#.3 &!&# /&7 43! 4&!173 (!.. 4& 6 &#& Z $!4. /$),!#3, &/#781 $ /& &4#.. #! &, #!! $ &# Z, "&!& &7& &7/!,!& #! &, /1!# &!&# 4/! 4& 6 "#$/3% $!4..3 C c "#$3! 1 Θ m /1 $& #!#$&& /"& / $&..3. '1 Θ m #!&&, /1 &!% / $&; σ = 5.,, Å C m, #/ C c /1!-, #/ 3 4.1.99 1 6.46 1.9.46 4.68 8 1.54.37 3.7 11. 1.1.6.6 3.5.1 1.3 &4#&, "#! /& $!&$, "#&6/6% # &!&# $ #!!,, &&$9 #& #! & Θ m, #! &,.,# &.% 4/!!,!&, "&"$6! &!&# "&/ & θ Θm, &!#7!1 ( &.!& &!#71 1) "&"/! $ /!!&#,, "/98 "&/ & θ > Θm, #$!1 $ /!!&# "&"/!. 1 1, &/ 6# &$ d / &!&# L /&$!$! &&!&69 d L < Θ, #! 4&#!&, m "&&! 9 & #! 4&# /1.!# && "&"1#&& &!&# (!&&! 9 /& 3 7 Θ c Θ m ).,&/#&4& &4!& "& $ "!..!&18 $3. 7
&/#7!1 &" #!&$ /1 #&!#&&& &!&# 4!,. 1 1 d L < Θ #..15 "& "#& 4&# m.!# && #&!#&&& &!&#.,#& #! /1 /98% "#!#&$: d = 1, L = 1.4 (d/l =.8 #/) Θ m =.99 #/....15.,#& 4&#.!# && #&!#&&& &!&#. d/l < Θ m. 5/ &4&! # α ( x, y) & 4&#.!# && tr!&,, α ( x, y) & 4&# 4!,,!7!# 3 "& &&#/! & 4&#: a ( y) = α ( x, y) dx, (.48) &!&! 3!# 3 "& & 4&#: a tr ( y) a( y) A =. (.49) a ( y) tr,& & $3#71 #..8, "#& 4&#!& πd, (1 #$1 #..15)! $3&!, 6# "&& 4y 71
$#%6 ( yθ m d) "&9 6# ( yθ m d). "# y d Θ < & $3&! m π, 6# "&& $#%6 d yθ ) Θ m ( m.,#& 4&# 4!, (11 #$1 #..15)! πd 4( y L) $3&! d, 6# "&& $#%6 d "&9 6# ( y d ). L,&!& &!&! 3!# 3 "& $/, $ & 4&# &7& &.! /98 &4#& (!1 &4 "#&1 #..15.!#".1): A = yθ m πd d πd * ( y d) 4y L 4( y L) πd yθm * 4y d / L = 1 Θ m y y L, "# d y, (.5) Θ m d A = Θ d πd ( y d) L 4( y L) d * πθ * π m m d / L = 1 Θm L ( y L), "# d y <. (.51) Θ A %! "& #..16. $&#!! $ "# y d Θ < 43$! "# m d y. Θ m m...16.!&! 3!# 3 "& $/, $ & 4&# $ $&! &!. d/l < Θ m.,#&# $3#71 (.5)-(.51).,# y = $ &!&! && 7
d / L Θm!# && "& 4&# A = 1 75%, "&& < 1. "# d / L y $ A!#!1 A = 1 5%. Θm!9/ /!,!& $ d L m d / L Θ m < Θ &!&! 3!# 3 "& $/, $ & 4&# 6 5% "&3 $6 &!#7 "#4#! 1. /& /1 &!&# 6#3 d = 1 /3 L = 1.4 (d/l=.8#/) /1 4& 6! "#$/3% $!4..3 Θ m #!1 d/l > Θ m. ;!&!!#4! /&"&! 3% ("& #$9 "#$/3 $ "..!& $3) #!&$. 1!% #!&$ &$ "&!#4!1 &"##&$! #, "&/&43!,!& 43 &"3 $ "... & 4&# /1!& x, ) &"#/1!1 ( y $3 #"&&7 #&$ 1, 3. ( #..17). &, & S 4&# α =, / S - "&8/ &4:/1 #&$ 3, 781 $!# # 1. y # 1!.!# $!& ( D ), & #/ d d R =. # 1$1!1!& "#1 "&&! 9 xoz, %&/18%!& (x, y ), &! &! "#&! # «"#&$!». # 3 1$1!1!& "#1 "&&! 9 xoz, %&/18%!& 49/1 (x, y ), &! &! "3!!,!%. -!# # Lx x c L y.!# $!& x, & #/ y( D d / ) =, & #/ r 1 = y Θm. r dy ( L y) =. #! 73
...17.,&11 #! 4&#.!# && /1 1 d L > Θ. m,#13 I - VIII #..17 /1! &4! 4&# "&/&4! A, A 1, A, A 3, B, B 1, B, B 3, /1 7/& &!% #! 4&# 4/! #! 1. 5/ #!#$! #!3!& & /1 "&"&&! x D d /,! 1&,!& /1 x > D d / #6!#&. #$1 "#13% I VIII: I: II: D x y =, (.5) d / L D d x y = L, (.53) Θ m III: D d x y =, (.54) Θ m IV: x = D, (.55) V: x = D d, (.56) x D VI: y =, (.57) Θ VII: m x D y = L, (.58) Θ m 74
VIII: x D d y =. (.59) d / L #..18 "&& $& #"&&7 #&$ 1, 3 /1 7/& &4! A - B 3....18. & #"&&7 #&$ 1, 3 /1 #3% &4!.,! S 13 - &481 "&8/ #&$ 1 3, S 1 - &481 "&8/ #&$ 1, S 3 - &481 "&8/ #&$ 3, S 13 - &481 "&8/ $%!#% #&$. &/ "&1198& #..18 1&, &"#/1!1 S & 4&# α = S/y /1 7/& "&/&4!: πd π, (.6) A : S = r α = 4( y L) A 1: S = r πr1 S3 π, (.61) A : S r S13 S3 A 3: 1 = π, (.6) S = S, (.63) 75
B : S = π α = πθ, (.64) r 1 c B 1 : S S1 S13 S13 B : S13 =, S = S π r ), (.65) 13 3 ( S1 S =, (.66) πd =. (.67) B 3: S π R α = 4y, &., &!!,!& #$1 I ' &&!$!!$! 9, &/ $!# # 1, 3 "#9!1 $ &/&!&. #$!& #$& %&/!1!3 #$:!/ "&!1,!& ( x x1) z = r1 ( x x) z = r ( x D d / ) z = R. (.68) ( x D d / ) Θ m ( y L / ) = L d / L 4 Θm!&! #$1 I ' "#/!$1! &4& "#4&, "!&!3 m 1, (.69) x D d / y1, = L / ±. (.7) Θ!!3 #! "#/!$3 #..19 /1 4&# #&!#&&& &!&#!& ( α ) 4!, (α ). = # d = 1, / &!&# L = 1.4 & Θ m =.6 #/,!& &&!$!!$! / $&3 λ = 1.1 Å σ = 5. tr #.. "& #&! α tr α,!7 &!&! 3 $/, $ & 4&# α ( x, y) α( x, y). /&,!& /1 1 Θ m =.6 #/ α ( x, y) tr tr &!&! 3 $/, $ & 4&# "#$36! 6%. / 1$1, /1 #3% / $& /&4 %#!#&$!, #!#$1!# 3 "& & 4&# a ( y) = α ( x, y) dx (#..1). tr tr!&! 3 $/, $!# 3 "& & 4&# ( a tr a) / a tr "& #.. /1 Θ m, #$3%.46,.37,.6.1 #/, 76
!& &&!$!!$! #1 6.4, 8, 11. 3 $3&! 6#&%&$!&! σ = 5....19. & 4&# α ( x, y).!# && #&!#&&& &!&# tr!& 1$1, ($$#%) & α ( x, y) 4!, ($). 77
.... &! &$ 4&# α tr ( x, y) α( x, y)!&, 4! ($$#%) α tr ( x, y) α( x, y) &!&! 3 $/ 1$1, $ & 4&# #&!#&&& α tr ( x, y) &!&# ($). 78
...1.!# 3 "& &&#/! & 4&# a (y)!& 1$1, 4!,; Θ m =.6 #/.....!&! 3 $/, $!# 3 "& & 4&# /1 #3% Θ m. 79 A = a ( y) a( y) a ( y) tr tr
&/ && "1!& &!&# & $3!1!& $/& &, &7&!!,!& $ A y) = ( a tr a) / a tr ( %#!#! $/, $.9 4&# &!&# "# && #!&1 F = y. &! /1 # $36 8 $/ $ #& & & "&&! (4.8 ) "#$36! 5% /1 &!&# d = 1, L = 1.4 σ = 5. )!&43 "&1! &489!/.9 1 $/, $ & 4&#, &4#!1 #..-.1.,&3 #.. #"#/1 /&!9! $&& && 1, &/ 7! $ &4! &! d /( Θ ) m ( = 6.8 ) /& d /( Θ m ) ( = 19. ). 4&#!&, L "#!& /&!! && 1 π Θ c.,# / 6 $ $/, /& 43$! (#.. ($) #..), "&-$/&, $3%&/! "&!&1&. 9 7!/.9 "&3$! #..1. &4& %&#&6& $/&, "# $ 1!1 $/, $ & 4&# #..3, / "#$/3 #3 ("#&) "&&& #..19 4&# /1 y < d /( Θ ) m L (1), d /( Θ m) L < y < d /(Θ m) (3) > d /( Θm ) (5).,!#3 1 (), (4) (6) "&3 &&!$!!$98 "#& 4&# 4! 1$1,. 8
...3.,#& 4&#!&, "# y = 4.8 (1), 9.8 (3) 4.8 (5); "!#3 (), (4) (6) "#& 4&# 4! 1$1, "# &&!$!!$98% 1% &&#/!3. &4#&, &7& /! $3$&/,!& $/& 1$1, $.9 4&# #&!#&&& &!&# &7& "#4#, d / L > Θ && #!&1 F < d /( Θ ) m L.,&/ &$ m &!,!& && "1!& 7! $ &4! y < d /( Θ ) m L, &/ "#& /&4$ 4&# $!,! %#!#3 $/ «&6 % 6»,!" #$& (1) #..3. /!!7 &!!!,!& $/ 1$1, $.9 4&#! 6, 6 && #!&1 &!&#. 81
.5. II & $!&#& $ /#!. "&3 /98 &&$3 : 1.!3. 4&# /1 /$%!"&$ &!&#&$: "&"1#&& &!&# &!&#, &/&&!&/ #&!#&, "& 3% $ && & % #!&- &#.!&!&&#.. /&$ $&! ##&$ &4! 4&# && 1. 4&# &! $, %#!#98% &!&# (/!#, & /, & #!$&#!./.). 3. "#/3 "#&#&$3 &$1, "# &!% 1 %#!#& 6#3. 4&# /1 &!&#, &/&&!&/ #&!#&, 6, /1 "&"1#&& &!&#. 4.,& $&! ##&$ & && 1. 4&# "&"1#&& &!&# &! #!&&,, /&$! &, &! # &#.!3% $!&$. 5. 1 &!&#, &/&&!&/ #&!#&, "#&$/3 &.&3 #!3 /& $!&$, "#&%&/18% # &!&#! "&&& $6& &!#71.,&!#&3 &&!&61, $13$98 %#!#! &!&# (/!#, / &!&#, && #!&1) 3 &,, "# &!% &7& "#4# $/& 1$1,,.1 4&# &!&#, &/&&!&/ #&!#&, $! &! # &4#3% &#.!3% $!&$. 8
&&$ "&3% #!!&$ &7& /! /98 : 1. # &4! 4&#, &"#/198 "#&!#!$& ##6 "# && & "&/%&/ $ #!&&#.!&!&&#, &!&#, &/&&!&/ #&!#&, &7! 43! 6, "&"1#&& &!&#.!&!, #$! &!, 98 &/&$9 6# d, & #!$&# Ω && #!&1 F,!& 6 ## & && "1! 4/! #&!#&&& &!&#, & / L $34#! &4#&,!& d/l < Θ c F < L.. &. 4&# #&!#&&& &!&# 6, "&"1#&& &!&#, "# #$3% 1% d, F &$ N. /&!& &7& "&$3!! 61 /3 &!&# L, "& 1 "#!&!173!3 /1 "&&898!#.3, $1 &$. 3. "&"1#&& &!&# ## &4! 4&# &4#!& "#&"&#.& # &#.!3% $!&$,!& /!!3$! /1 &##!&& $&!&$1 #"#/1!&& &!$ $ /3% &4:!%. 4.,# "& &$ &!&#, &/&&!&/ #&-!#&, "#&!#!$& ##6, &"#/1& ##& & && "1!, &/&$& /1 $% # #1&& "!#, "&& &&$1! 1 "#&%&/! # #&!#&3 &!&# «"#&$!».!& 9!1 &&$& "#8!$ #&!#&&& &!&# "& #$9 "&"1#3.,# &"#/& $34&# "#!#&$ #&!#&&& &!&# $/& &#.!3% $!&$, "#&%&/18% # &!&#! 1$1,, &7& "#4#. 83
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p-n-"#%&/&) #!1 &#&$3 #!&$ "& (#. 3.1).!&$ $!3 $34$9! &!&!#&3, &!, $ $&9 &#/, 1$19!1!&& #$&$3%!#&-/3#&3% (-h) "#. '!! #$&$3 &! #1/ //#9! $!# &4#.,! % /&!! #.3 &4! "#&!#!$&& #1/ (,') &!&# (4# # = &!! p-n-"#%&/). ;!#& "& $!#,' #/1! -h "#3,!& "#$&/! "&1$9!& $& $6.". &, &4#3 &!&#& "# #&$ /&!#!#3, 85
1$1!1 /!!#3 & $!&/ $/&&!&. 1 &"#/&! "#/"&,!& &!&# #"&&7 "#"/1#& ",!& &&!$!!$! &!# "#!&$, "#&$&/3% 4&#!&#&!& #!&$&& 1... 3.1. % # $!&/ $/&& #!&$ "&!&,! "& $!! $!& &&#/! x, ). &, &4#3 ( y &!&#&, &7! 43! "#/!$ $ $/ [1, 15] I c ( x, y ) = dz dxdyg ( x x, y y, z) ψ ( x, y, z), (3.1) / g(x,y,z) -.1, &"3$981 #.9 -h "#, ψ(x,y,z) - $#&1!&! &4#1 #$&$3% &! #1/, &! "#/!$1! &4&!&, &4#3 &!&#& &! /&& #1/, "&8&& $!& (x,y,z)..1 ψ(x,y,z) &7! 43! "& #61 /&&& #$1 86
ψ ( x, y, z) ψ ( x, y, z) / L ( x, y, z) = (3.) #3 &$1 ψ(x,y,z=w) = 1 ψ "# z. '/ W 6#,' &!&#&& "#%&/, L /&1 / #$&$3% &! #1/. 1 &/&#&/3% 4/!3% (&/ L 1!1 &!!&!&) "#3%!#!#!# 3 ## ("& "& ), 8!$& "#$3698!&8!#!#3 /&9 / L, (3.) & "&!,!& $ &4! z W ψ(x,y,z) = xp[-(z-w)/l]. (3.3),# z < W &43& "#/"&!1,!& ψ(x,y,z) = 1. &4#&, $ "#3%!#!#% ψ(x,y,z) &"#/1!1 #!&1 &!!& #&7/1 #$&$&& &!1 #1/ /& #1,' /&& /&. &!#! $/&&!& &! /! #!3$!1 C = 1 I / c I, (3.4) / I $ $/&&!& $ 4/!& &4#.. 3..1.! ), 3$&/. $#&1!&! &4#1 /1 "#"/1#& "&$#%&! &4#. #.3 # #&!# $ [57]. #. # #!#$!1 "&&!, %#!#1 &#&! 9 #&4. - h "# v s, $/#1 $ "&"#&$&/ "&!&1& /&& /& #$&$3% &! #1/ L.. 3. /&!##! %, $34#9 /1 &"1 49/1 $/&&!& &! #.3 # $ "&#!& #.!& "&!&$ / &&$& "#/"&&7,!7 "& & "# #! $/&&!& &! 3% /!&$ [16], &!&! $!&,!& &&$& $/ $ ##3 "&!& /9! &!!# &! 87
&4#.,,'. ;!& "#47 %&#&6& #4&!!, #$&$3 &! #1/ ##9!1 /&!!&& 4&& $ "&"#&$&/. 7 $3"&!&& &$1 &4%&/&,!&43 $ $/&&!& #. # 43 8!$& [17]... 3.. % $/&&!& &! #.3 # $ #. "#"/1# "&&! #. &4#&, 7& &"! "#&. / ##&$3% #$&$3% &! #1/ (/1 &"#/&! 4/!!,!&!& /3# $ "&"#&$&/ n-!") "! #$ / /1 % "&!&! p(r ) : D 1 p( r) p( r) = g( r). (3.5) τ '/ D &.! / /3#&, τ $#1 % 7 g(r ) & /3#&, ##3%!#&3 #!&$ "& $ /. $# $ /. &4: &4#.. ;! &4#1 #$&$3% &!, /&!6% &4! "#&!#!$&& #1/, &"3$!1 4&1 &#&! #&4. #9,', &! &!&7/!$1!1 "&&! 9 z = && /3 $36 /&"81. &&!$!-!$98 #& &$! $/ 88
p( r ) =. (3.6) z= &4.1 &! #. # &"3$!1!& & &#&! 9 "&$#%&!& #&4. v s,!&! #. # $! "#98 &4/3 & #!#$!1 /&.& [17-19] &!&7/!$1!1 "&&! 9 x =. & "#47 "#&, "&& ## &4! #. $ &433% "#! 3% &$1% (& & #&) 8!$& 4& 6,!&8 &4/& &4! $4 #.3 ( 5 /1 &433% #&$ #&$1 "&"#&$&/ [13]). &&!$!!$98 #& &$ "#/&7& #!& (Martinz) $ [19]; && &!#7! "##3$&! p(r ) #. #: p( r) x x = p( r) = =. (3.7)!&#& #& &$ $13$! "&!& #$&$3% &!, "/98 #., % & & "&!&! 9: p p D D = vs p. (3.8) x= x x x= x=! #6 #$1 (3.5) #3 &$1 (3.6)-(3.8),!&!& ( & #$&$3% &!), &4#3 4# #& =&!!, $31!1!##&$ &# && #/! p(r ) "& "&&! z = : I p = D dxdy. (3.9) z z= /& /1 $31 $/&&!& &41! & #6!!#%#& #$ (3.5), &7&, $/!$!# /, &#! 1 & /$#3 $$!&.!$! &, "! G( r, r ').1 # #$1 (3.5), /&$!$޽ #3 &$1 (3.6)-(3.8);!&/ #6 #$1 &7! 43! "#/!$& [131] p( r) = V ' g( r') G( r, r') dv ', (3.1) 89
/ V ' "&"#&!#!$& z '.,# "&/!&$!&& $3#71 $ (3.9) "&!1,!& I = D dxdy V ' G g( r ) z z= dv ', (3.11), 11 "/&!##&$1 "& "&$#%&! "& &4:, / I = V ' g( r ') ψ ( r, r') dv ', (3.1) G ψ ( r ') = D dxdy. (3.13) z z=.1 ψ (r ') "#/!$1! &4&!&, &4#3 &!!&&& /&&!&, %&/18&1 $!& r ',, 3 &$, $#&1!&! &4#1 &!, ##&$3% $!&!&. &&!$!!$&, $3#7 (3.1) "&3$!,!&!&, ##3!&3!&&, "&!1 #&$. #. g(r' ) $& ψ (r '). "#!,!& % #. 3. &4/!!#1.&& $#!&! 9 &!&! & &,!, #"#/!& &!!&&&!&, %&/18&1 $!& r ' = ( x', y', z' ), 4/! $! &! y '. # &$,.1 # G( r, r ') &7! $!!& & &! #&! y y '.!&!&&! &&!&6 (3.13) "#! $/ ψ ( r ') = D = D z G( x, x', y y', z, z' ) z z= G( x, x', y y', z, z' ) dy z= dx dxdy =. (3.14)!& $3#7! $&&7&! 1 "/!##&$1 "& /#.#&$1 "& z.!!&!#- #&$1. # "& 1$1!1.1 G ( x, x', z, '). $! z &! y ',!&!&$!1 1&, $ (3.14) /! "#3% η = y y'. & 4/! 1,!&.1 G "#/!$1! &4& #"#/ 9
#$&$3% &! &! &&!&, "# && &, %&/18&1 $!& ( x ', z' ). &!, G.1 # /$#&& & /&&& #$1 (3.5) #3 &$1 (3.6)-(3.8). &4#&, &7& "!,!& G ψ = ψ ( x', z' ) = D dx z. (3.15) z=,&&.1 ψ $! &! $/&&!& &7! 43! "#&8&: y ', $3#7 (3.1) /1 I = dx' ψ ( x', z') h( x', z') dz', (3.16) / h( x', z' ) = g( x', y', z') dy'. /&$! &, &4#3!& $!!& & &! h ( x', z' ) "#&.. #. "&&! ' z' $ "&&! $1! #!#98!& I. 91 x ; #"#/ (r ) 1 $31 $#&1!&! &4#1 ψ ( x', z' ), && $3#79 (3.15), 7&! /$#9.9 # / (3.5)-(3.8) $ "&"#&!#!$ z. /&4& #&!#! /&9 / &!/ & $ 7/& "&/"#&!#!$, &! /! "&"#&$&/ #. #, $$! «71» G G. G $ &4!1% g x x, &&!$!!$&. $#3 & #$1 (3.5) /1!&&&!& $!& ( x ', z' ) "#$&/!! #$1 /1 &"#/&! "#/"&,!& x ' ) G x G z ± ± ± G G (/1 1 δ ( x x' ) δ ( z z' ) ( x ) λ G = D, (3.17) ( x ) / / () &!&!1 "&/"#&!#!$ x, / ( ) - x. #&!&&, $ #$ (3.7) λ = 1/ L, Dτ L = /&1 / #$&$3% &! #1/, δ /!-.1 #. #3 &$1 (3.6)-(3.8) &&!$!!$& "#&4#9!1 $ ± G, (3.18) = z=
G = G (3.19) x= G x x= x= G x x= = sg 9 x=, (3.) / s = v / s D. 6 #$1 (3.17) #3 &$1 (3.18)-(3.) &7& "#/!$! $ $/ -"#&4#&$1 # [13]: ± ± x, z) = b ( k, x)sin( kz) G ( dk. (3.1) ±!& $3#7 $&! G &! x ', z' /1 "#&!&!3 &"8.,#&$&/1!# 3 "#&4#&$1 (3.17)!& $3#71 (3.1) $&!$ /!-. $ "#$&! (&& [131]) δ ( z z' ) = sin( kz)sin( kz') dk, (3.) π ± "& &43&$& /#. & #$ /1 b : x sin( kz' ) δ ( x x' ) ( x ) ( λ k ) b = πd. (3.3) ( x ) ± b ±,&/&43 &4#& #3 &$1 (3.19) (3.) "#&4#9!1 $/ b = b, (3.4) x= x= b x x= b x x= = sb x=. (3.5)!& (3.1).1 $#&1!&! &4#1 (3.15) &7! 43! $3#7 ± # b /98 &4#&: ψ = ψ ( x', z' ) = D = D b ( k, x) dx G z z= dx G z z= b ( k, x) dxkdk dx =. (3.6) 6 /#. && #$1 (3.3) #3 &$1 (3.4)-(3.5) &7! 43! /&!/#!3!&/& $ $/ "&. &. &!.,&!&!.1 &!##!1 "# "&/!&$ $ (3.6),!& $ #!! /! #6 /1 94&& x ' :
s k ψ = ψ ( x ', z' ) = 1 xp( µ x' ) sin( kz' ) dk π µ s, (3.7) µ / µ = k λ. & $3#7!&&! 9 /& "&!&1&& &7!1 3 s s 43& "&& $ [13] #6 && /#&, & %&7 #$& /. 6 (3.7) &7& "#$! 4& /&4& $/, "& 1 &&!&6 [133] π #!! "&!1,!& / k sin( kz' ) dk = xp( λz' ). (3.8) k λ ψ ( x', z' ) = xp( λz' ) u( x', z' ), (3.9) s k u ( x', z' ) = xp( µ x' )sin( kz' ) dk π. (3.3) µ (µ s) 1 /&& 1 z ' $3#7 (3.9) &"3$! $/3!& &!!&&&!& $!& z = z'.,&& "# x '.1 u ( x', z' ), 1&,!& xp( λz' ) "#/!$1! &4& &&$& $/&&!& (!& $ &4#. 4 /!,!& &!1 (3.3), &/, && /3 "#/"&&71, W = ).,#!&.1 u ( x', z' ) &"3$! 6!& - "#!!$1 #.3,, 3 &$,, &! «&4#7!» #. #. / 1 /&4!$ "#&$/1 #!&$ $/&&!& $3#7 (3.3) /! "#/!$! $ $/ u ( x', z' ) = v( k, x' )sin( kz' ) dk, (3.31) π ks v ( x', z' ) = xp( µ x' ). (3.3) µ (µ s) #. 3.3 "&.1 u ( x', z' ), &"3$981 $/ $ $#&1!&! &4#1 &! #.3 #, #!1 && (3.3). $1!!&. (!&!, &4! $11 #.3 #) 93
&#/&!& $!#$ &! 3L /& 3L "& & &! /& 5L "& z... 3.3. / $.9 $#&1!&! &4#1 &! #.3 # /1 &4#. D = 36 /c, L = 4 &#&! #&4. /! v s = 1 5 /. ), #&1!&! &4#1 #$&$3% &! #1/ /1 /& "#"/1#& "&$#%&! &4#. /&., #-!3$!1 "& & &/ 9, "#/!$& $ #4&! [56].!& #4&! #&!# /1 #$&$3% &! #1/ /1 &4#., &/#78& "#&/ $ "#13% /&., "#"/1#3% "&$#%&!.!# "&/ & 3 1, $.!# 7/& &!% %&/!1 /&.1.,&11981 % "#$/ #. 3.4, / d #!&1 7/ /&.1,ε #/ /&..,#/"&!1,!& "&"#&$&/ "&1! "&"#&!#!$& z, # &4! "#&!#!$&& #1/ &$"/! & "&$#%&! 9. )!&43 "#! /, &!	 &7&!#!&$! $./#% 94
&&#/!%, 1-6!& ""#&#!1 #& "&8/ 9 1 π a =, / ρ d & /&. /. "&8/ "&$#%&! ρ &4#.. d &.1 &"3$!1 1, %#!#1 &#&! 9 & #&4. γ d. ;! $ &"#/1!1 &!&6 "&"/98& /. /3 /&. "&!& #$&$3% -h "# % "&!&!. 7 8 $ γ d3$9! #&4.&& & /!.,#/"&!1,!& & $! &! "&!&! #$&$3% &! #1/,!& &&!$!!$! "#479 4& #. [56]... 3.4. %!& "#/!$ #"&&71 /&. $ "&4&& &4#.. $ $ & 3% 1 ""#&.1 &!/ & 1./#&. "#$./#1 1 #/, &/#781 /&.9, &! #!#$!1./# #/. 43& "&& $ #4&! [15], &&$! $&! (Rciprocity Thorm).1 $#&1!&! &4#1 ψ ( r ) "&/1!1 #$9 /. &/ /&.1 "#$ $/& & z, $./#% &&#/!% #$ /! $/: 1 ψ r r r r ψ 1 ψ =, (3.33) z L / L = Dτ /&1 /, D &.! /, τ $#1 7 #$&$3% &! #1/. #3 &$1: #$ (3.33) /&"&19! 95
ψ ( r, z ), (3.34) #. &4! "#&!#!$&& #1/ ψ ( r, z = ) = 1. (3.35) 4&&$3% #1% #!#$& & & 1 &# 3 #/! ψ /&7 43! #$ 9, "&& ψ!# &!&! &!% # /#.#. &&!$!!$98 &$ #../#& 1!&: ψ r r=a =. (3.36) '"& #& &$ (3.35) &&!$!!$! $& 6# &4! "#&!#!$&& #1/ W. /& #6, "&&! #3 &$, &7& 4/! &4&48! $& 6#3 W, /$ z z W. /&. #&4.&& & γ d &"3$! #& &$ ψ limπ rd = γ dψ ( r =, z). (3.37) r r &4#&, /1 %&7/1. $#&1!&! &4#1 ψ ( r )!#4!1 #6! #$ (3.33) #3 &$1 (3.34)-(3.37).,&&.1 #& &$9 (3.35),!&, /$ z xp /&$!$! #$9 (3.33) L z ψ = xp u, (3.38) L "& &"#179 (3.35)-(3.37) / &/&#&/3 #3 &$1. (3.38) "&. 3 &&!$!!$! $#&1!&! &4#1 $ 4/!& "&"#&$&/,.1 u &"3$! 6!& $#&1!&! $/!$ #&4. /&.. /&4&.9 u ( r, z) "#/!$! $ $/!# # : 96
u( r, z) = v( r, k) sin( kz) dk, (3.39) π v ( r, k) = u( r, z)sin( kz) dz. (3.4) #!! (3.33) "&!1 &43&$& /#. & #$ /1. v ( r, k) : / µ = k, #3 &$1 L 1 1 v r µ v =, (3.41) r r r v r r=a =, (3.4) v γ d k lim π r = v(, k). (3.43) r r D µ 48 #6 #$1 (3.41) 1$1!1 1 &4.1 &/.#&$3%. 51 ($!#!# %!7 3$9!.1 / /& /,.1 51 && #!) $&& "/ [134,135]: v r, k) = AI ( µ r) BK ( µ ). (3.44) ( r &.!3 A B, $18 &! k, &"#/19!1 #3% &$ (3.4) (3.43). &7&! $&! #3 &$ (3.43), "&&.1 K ( µ )! 1#&! "# r. ;!& "#$&/! #%&/&! v (, k), r $!& $#1, $1! #$1 (3.43) &, "&& K ' 1 ( x) x "# 3% 1% x [134]. /&,! "#&$/ rk ( µ )!##& $ &#!&!!& r =, &7&! v (, k) #/ $ # && #/ ε : ε r 1 v (, k ) v( r, k ) πrdr. (3.45) πε 97
&!! %&/ &&!$!!$!!&,!& /&. "#"3$!1 "&"#& &&& ##. )!&43 $3!!# $ (3.45), / v ( r, k) "&/!$& (3.44), 7& $&"& &$! 1 &&!&61 xi ( x))' = xi ( ) xk ( x))' = xk ( ) ( 1 x ( 1 x [136, 137],! "!&! &/.#&$3%. 51 "# 1 3% x: K1( x) x ( x I1 x) [137]. #!! "&!1: ε ( 1 1 1 v, k) (, ) = [ 1( ) ( ( ) 1)] v r k πrdr Aεµ I εµ B εµ K εµ. (3.46) πε ε µ,# "#&4#&$ $&! (3.43) /& $&"& &$! 1 &&!&61 I ( x) = I ( ) K ( x) = K ( ),!& "#$/! ' 1 x ' 1 x v πb lim πr = lim πr ( AI( µ r) BK( µ r) =. (3.47) r r r r µ &4#&, "&/!$! (3.46) (3.47) $ (3.45),!&!& #& &$ "#! $/ πb µ, "& "#&4#&$, γ d k 1 = [ Aεµ I1( εµ ) B( εµ K1( εµ ) 1)], (3.48) D µ ε µ πd B γ d 1 εµ K ( εµ ) ε µ I ( εµ ) εµ k µ 1 1 A =. (3.49)!& 7 $#1 #& &$ (3.4) "# "&/!&$ $ & v ( r, k) (3.44) /! /98 #$: AI aµ ) BK ( aµ ). (3.5) 1 ( 1 = 3#71 &.!3 A B (3.49) (3.5), "&/!$11!& $ (3.44), "&: K1( µ a) K( µ r) I ( µ r) k I1( µ a) v( r, k) =. (3.51) µ πd 1 εµ K1( εµ ) I1( εµ ) K1( µ a) γ d ε µ εµ I1( µ a) 98
&4#&,.1 $#&1!&! &4#1 /1 &!/ &./#& 1 #/, $.!# &!&#& %&/!1 /&.1 #/& & #&4. &&!&61 (3.51), (3.38) (3.39). d, &7! 43! $3 && /. $#&1!&! &4#1 /1 1 /!$& /&. &7& "&!,!#$ $ (3.51) #/ /& 1 a 4&&!,! "!&!. / /& / "# xp( x) 1 4& 6% : I n ( x) [1 O( x )] πx /& /&.: xp( x) 1 K n ( x) [1 O( x )]. &!, /1 πx k K ( µ r) v( r, k) =. (3.5) µ πd 1 εµ K 1( εµ ) γ d ε µ 3#7 (3.5) &"3$!.9 v ( r, k) "# r > ε. 7 43& &!&, "# r ε.9 ( r, k) # #/ ε, &!&#& #$&: v( k) = v /&! #/ $ k 1. (3.53) µ πd ε µ 1 γ d 1 εµ K1( εµ ) / &! /&. $ $#&1!&! &4#1 u ( r, z), #!3 && (3.39) (3.5)-(3.53), /&!##! #. 3.5. $1!!&. (!&!, &4! $11 /&.) &#/&!& $!#$ &! /& 3L "& r &! /& 5L "& & z.!&, #9#1 "#&/3 $3/, "#$/ /98 &&! 3 $3#71 /1 #!&$. $#&1!&! &4#1 /1 /&., "#"/1#& "&$#%&!: 99
1 = > = = = 1 1 ) ( 1 ) ( ), ( ) ( 1 1 1 ), ( ) )sin(, ( ), ( ), ( xp µ ε εµ εµ γ π µ µ ε εµ εµ µ ε γ π µ ε π ψ K D r K k k r v K D k k r v dk kz k r v z r u z r u L z d d. (3.54).. 3.5. / $.9 $#&1!&! &4#1 &! /&. /1 &4#. D = 36 /, L = 4 &#&! #&4. /! v s = 1 5 /.
3... / -(! ) / EBIC 1 &/#&$1 $/&&!#&3 "&!& 43 $34#.1 #., "& &$1 &&!& $ [13], &!	 /1 #1 &7& "#/!$! $ $/ g( x, y, z) ( x y ) 1.76 E bib(1- χ) z xp 7.5.3 xp σ ER Ει R σ E =, (3.55) / I b E b &&!$!!$&,!& #1 "!#&&$, χ -! #, && &4#!& #13!#&, E i - #/11 #1, &4%&/1 /1 #. &/& -h "#3 (/1 #1 "##& 3.6 ), R 4 "#&&$1 "#$3%!#&&$, d 6# ", /1 #1 3 z σ E =.36d.11. (3.56) R!1 && &# (3.55).1 #. $!&/ EBIC /1!#&&& " 6#& d = 1 # E = 35 (/1!& # 4 "#&&$1 R = 8.6 ) "#$/ #. 3.6 (!&&! 9 /& $18& &! &&#/! &7!1). ) / XBIC.1 #.!#&-/3#&3% "# #!&$ "& "#/"& "#&"&#.& &!$&! &#&$&& #!&$&& ".,#!&!!1,!& "& $ "&&! 9 (& &&#/! $34#3 $ &&!$!!$ & %& #. 3.1) "#/!$1! &4&.9 "&. &!%! "& 4 ( x y ) g ( x, y, z) = I xp( µ z)xp. (3.57) σ '/ σ 6# #!&$&& ", µ - &.! &41 11
#!&$%, I &##&$&3 &7!, $18 &! "&!& $!&$ $18 &! &&#/!. && &.! I /1 "#&$&/3% #!&$ $7&, "&& "# $3 &!#!!&! &.! !1. 34#& "#47. #. #4&!!, &/ ## #!&$&& &/ && "#$36! / $&4&/&& "#&4 &!&!#&&$.!&!#&-/3#&3 "#3 ##9!1 $ &&$& $!# #!&$&& ". 1 # &!&!#&&$ $ /"& 1- (, /&$! &,!& 7 # &/) % / $&4&/&& "#&4 $ # &!$1! &! 1 /& 3. &!, &/ 6# #!&$&& " 4& 6 ~1, &47/1.1 #. "#, "& # #, $!$ "#$&& "#471... 3.6..1 #. $!&/ EBIC. 4 "#&&$1 R = 8.6, 6# " d = 1.!1 && (3.57).1 #. $!&/ XBIC /1 #!&$&& " 6#& σ = 5 # E MoKα = 17.4, 1
"& #. 3.7. 1 #1 1 K α - &4/ &.! &41 µ = 15.6-1 = 15.6 1-4 -1... 3.7..1 #. $!&/ XBIC (!&&! 9 /& &.! I ). = # " σ = 5, &.! "&&81 µ = 15.6. -1. 3.3.. ( #! #4&! "#$/3 $3#71 /1 #! &!#! (3.4) $3 $/&&!& (3.1), /.1 #. $ EBIC /!1 &&!&6 (3.55), $ XBIC - (3.57); $#&1!&! &4#1 /1 /&. &"3$!1 &#& (3.54), /1 #. # - (3.9)-(3.3). /& /1 /.#&$&& #!&$ "&!& /! #&!#! 4& "#&!&.# #!. 1!&& /& $3#7 /1 &"#/1 &!#! "#/!$! $ $/ C = I / c I, (3.58) / Ic - 6!& $/!$ #&4. /!: 13
( x, y ) = dz dxdyg ( x x, y y, z) u( x, y, ). (3.59) I c z / &! /! $ $#&1!&! &4#1 u ( x, y, z), /1 /&.,! /1 #. #, 1$1!1 -# "#&4#&$ &!. v ( x, y, k) (3.31), (3.4).,&!& $/ $!& &! /! &7& "#/!$!, = I c ( x, y) = dz g( x dk dxdyv( x, y, k) π x, y g( x y, z) dxdy π x, y y, z)sin( kz) dz v( x, y, k)sin( kz) dk =. (3.6) # "#&4#&$. #. &4&!!& "&!1,!& I G k ( x, y, k) = g( x, y, z)sin( kz) dz, (3.61) π x, y) = dk dxdygk ( x x, y y, k) v( x, y, k). (3.6) c ( /. #. (3.57) "&$&1! $3!! "#&4#&$ # &!, $ #!! & "&!1: k x y G k ( x, y, k) = xp. (3.63) π k µ σ 3 XBIC &!#! "& &# (3.6)-(3.63) "&$&1! 47! && #! /#!&& -# "#&4#&$1,!&! & ! $#1 #!&$. 1!&&!&43! $9 6# &4! "#&!#!$&& #1/ W, /& $ (3.59) /! 4/! $31! 1 && (3.6),.1 z z W. #!!!&& Ic G k (3.63) "#! $/ k xp( µ W ) x y G k ( x, y, k) = xp. (3.64) π k µ σ & &! &4#. 4 /!, && (3.1) (3.3), "#/!$1! &4& 14
W = W z I dzg( x, y, z) dxdy xp dzg( x, y, z) dxdy. (3.65) L 1 $34#&. #. #!&$ "& (3.57)!&!!# 4#!1!,!& "#$&/! 1 xp( µ W ) L xp( W ( Lµ 1) / L) I = πσ. (3.66) µ Lµ 1!&/ EBIC, &/.1 #. /!1 &&!&61 (3.55)-(3.56),!& &! 4/!&& &4#. W 3 z z I = π.36d.11 xp 7.5.3 dz R R. (3.67) z z 3 z π xp xp 7.5.3 d dz L R.36.11 R W,&/!# #!3$1 &!&/& "#1&& - &$. 1 3% #!&$ $/&&!& &!#! &/ 43 #&$ "&&8 9 "#!. 3.3.1. & EBIC &/ 3 #!3 $/&&!& &!#! "#&$&/ /1 &4#. &4! 9 "#&!#!$&& #1/ W =.3, &.!& / D = 36 /, /&1 / L $# #&$ &! 5 /& 1.,#!#3 /&. "# 1: D =.1, E d = "v s =6.8 1 8 /,!& &&!$!!$! v s = 1 5 /. &!#! $!&/ EBIC 43 #! /1!#&&& " # 5 35,!& &&!$!!$! 4 "#&&$1!#&&$ 4.78 8.6, 6#& d = 1.! XBIC &!#! "#&$&/1 /1 #!&$&& " # 17.4 ( Mo, &.! "&&81 $ # = 15.6-1 ), Kα 6# " $# #&$ $ "#/% 1 3.,# #! &!#! #.3 # "#/"&&,!& v s = 1 4 /. 1 /&& /3 &&$3% &! #1/ L = 1 15
XBIC &!#! /&. "& #. 3.8 (a), /1 #.3 # - #. 3.8 (b). #. 3.8(c, d) "#$/3 "#& &!#!!% /!&$, #!3 /1 /&3% /, 4 1. /&,!& XBIC &!#! /1 &4&%!"&$ /!&$ $$!1 #&!& /&& /3, $$!1!7 6# "#&1 &!#!... 3.8. &!#! &! (a) /&. (b) #.3 # /1 L = 1.!7 "#& &!#! $/& & = &! (c) /&. (d) #.3 # /1 L = 1 (1), 4 () (3) "# /98% "#!#%: v s = 1 4 / /1 #.3, d = 6.8 1 8 / /1 /&., σ = 1, W =.3.,&$/ &!#! $/&&!& $ $&! &! %#!#! /! /&!##! #. 3.9. /&,!& /1 &4&%!"&$ /!&$ 16
&!#! #!! $ &#&! #&4. v s, & 6# "#&1 "#! 1!1. 1 /&. "# $ #/ &!#! #!! (#$3 4 1 #. 3.9)... 3.9.,#& &!#! $/& & = &! (a) /&. (b) #.3 # /1 v s = 1 5 (1), 1 4 () 1 6 / (3). #. 3.9() #$3 (1) (3) #!3 /1 =.1, #$1 (4) /1 =.5 v s = 1 5 /.!3 "#&$&/ /1 L =, σ = 1, W =.3. #. 3.1 "#$/3 "#& &!#! /&., "#"/- 1#& "&$#%&! &4#., $!&/% XBIC EBIC /1 /&& /3 6. /&,!& $ XBIC!&/ "#&1 &!#! 6!1 "# $ 6#3 ", & 6#, &4&#&!, $$!1. /&,!& /1!& /&& /3 XBIC &!#! "#$36! &!#! $ #7 EBIC 7 "# F < 1. #. 3.11 "&!#& $&! &!#! /&. &! /&& /3 $!&/% XBIC EBIC. &!#! $!&/ EBIC #!! "# /&3% /% 6%, 4 "#&&$1 17
!#&&$, "#! 1!1 "# 4& 6% /&3% /%. XBIC &!#! #!! $ /&& /3 $3%&/! 38, "&& /&1 / 6 43 "#&&$1 #!&$&& &/ #!#$& #... 3.1.,#& &!#! &! /&., "#"/1#& "&$#%&!, $!&/% XBIC (#$3 1-5) EBIC (#$3 6-7) /1 L = 6. #$3 1-5 &&!$!!$9! #& 6# #!&$&& &/: F = 1 (1), 5 (), 1 (3), (4) 3 (5). #$3 6 7 &&!$!!$9! #3 #1 "!#&&$: E = 5 (6) 35 (7). #. 3.11 $/&,!& /1!&&& (F = 1 ) #!&$&& " XBIC &!#! "#$36! EBIC &!#! /1 $% /&& /3 $ /"& 5 1. ' /&& /3, "# &!&#& XBIC &!#!!&$!1 4& 6 EBIC &!#!, $! &! 6#3 #!&$&& ".!&!, /1 F = 5!& &!$1! 18
"##&, /1 F = &&& 1. #&$ 3.1 3.11 $/&,!& XBIC &!#! /&. &7! "#$36! &!#! $ #7 EBIC $ 3-4 #... 3.11. '$&! &!#! &! /&& /3 $!&/% XBIC (#$3 1 5) EBIC (#$3 6 7) /1 /&.. #$3 1-5 &&!$!!$9! #& 6# #!&$&& &/: = 1 (1), 5 (), 1 (3), (4) 3 (5). #$3 6 7 &&!$!!$9! #3 #1 "!#&&$: E = 5 (6) 35 (7). 1 #.3 # # 7/ XBIC &!#!& &!#!& $ #7 EBIC &7! 43!! 7 4& 6, /1 /&... 3.1 "&3$! 43$ C max "#&1 &!#! #.3 # (#$3 1-3) /&. (#$3 4-6) $ 6#3 #!&$&& &/ σ. 7 7& &!!!,!& /1 /&. #. # (! 7 1 v s, d ε,!& #. 3.8, 3.1) EBIC &!#! /1 /&3% / L -1 &!$1! ~ 4% ~ 5-1% &&!$!!$&. &!, /1 #. # $!$! &!!&/ XBIC $36,!&/ EBIC /1 L > σ < 3. 1 /&. XBIC- 19
&!#!!7 "#$36! &!#! EBIC "# /&!!&& 4& 6& /&& / ("##, L = 1 /1 σ = 5 ) /&!!&& & 6# #!&$&& &/ (σ = 5 /1 L = )... 3.1. '$&! XBIC &!#! #.3 # &! 6#3 #!&$&& " σ, #!1 /1 /&3% / L = 1 (1), 4 () (3). &1 $&! /1 /&. "& #$3 4 6 /1!% 7 /&3% /. 1 #. # "# /&!!&& 4& 6& /&& / (L > ) XBIC &!#! $/ 4& 6 &!#! $ #7 EBIC,!& # $$!1 "# $ /&& /3 6 6#3 #!&$&& ". &!, "# /&$ &/% /$#3% /!&$ "& &$ #!&$&& ", "#"/1#&& "&$#%&!,!&/ XBIC &4/! &"#/3 "#8!$ "& #$9!&/& EBIC.,# "& &$ &&& ", $ #4&! [75], XBIC &!#! 11
/&. 4/! 8!$& 6! 1. 1 #.3 #, "# & ", & 4/! "##&! 7, #!3 $ /& #4&!, "# & " "&&! #.3 &!#! 4/! 6! 1. &4#&, &!#! $!&/ XBIC, /1 #. #,! /1 /&. &7! $ & & # "#$36! &!#! $!&/ EBIC "# /&!!&& & 6# #!&$&& ". "&"#&$&/% 4& 6& /&& /& XBIC &!#! "#$36! EBIC &!#! /7 "# /&!!&& 4& 6& 6# #!&$&& &/. &4#&, /! "&/#!,!& "# /&$ "#&!173% /!&$ $!$! &!!&/ XBIC &7! 43! $ & & # $36,!&/ EBIC. 3.3.. XBIC!&/ 43 #&$ $, 4&#!&#& #!&$&!& $#8981 &4/&$3 &/& [1, 11].!&$ "& &#&$1 "&&8 9 "&"1#3% "& && ~1 ~3. /3 &4#. #"&1 $ & & "&&! "&"1#& "&3 "!&#, $!&-! "#8& $ "&&! X-Y (. #. 3.13).,&/&$! 3 3 "&#/!$& &#&! 3% $#! 3% "#8 $ "&&!, "#"/1#& "#$9 &#&$&& #!&$- && ", "&$&1 "&! D #!!&. /.#&$&&!& #1 "&"#!#& Kithly6485. 1!#1 $11 $/&& $! #!!3 #!!&$ /3 &4#.& 43 "&8 $!3 &7%.,! &4#&, &4#. &41!& & #!&$. "#$ #&$ "#&$&/& "&#/!$& ". & ##4&!& $ #/ LABVIEW "#, &! "&$&1 ##&$! "#!#3 #&$1,! 111
"#$ 6,!7 ## &4! #&$1... 3.13. % "#! "& #9 $/&& #!&$ "&!& 4&#!&#&!& [11]. /3 &4:!& 43 &4#.!#!&& #1 (mc-si), /&"#&$&& 7&. $!& [138, 139],!& /&"#&$ 7& $$! &!#! $/&&!& &! "#&!173% /!&$. 1 XBIC EBIC /&$ &4#. 43!# &7/ & 91, &! 7 4# #& = &!!. #1 "&"1#& && ~1 /$#1 XBIC #! "#$/ #. 3.14.!# &!!&, &/#78 /$ 4&#"&&73 #.3 #. 11
.. 3.14. $#% XBIC-&4#7 /&/ = &!!!#!& # (6 "& &1 #$ 3.3 ); $ EBIC-#!!&& 7 &4#. [11]. 113
1 #$1 EBIC /&$!&& &4#. "#&$&/ "# &!&!"#!# $ #98!#&& #&&" Jol JSM 84 "# # " 35. "& &$1!& " 1-1,!& /! "&9!$&! #.!#&-/3#&3% "# 5.5 1 13-1. &&! Kithly 48 "& &$1 /1 #!#. $ EBIC #1%. / #&$ "#$/& #. 3.14 ($$#%) #!3 $/&&!&, &/#78 "#& /$% #. #, 43 $34# /1 #$1 #!!&$ #1 #!. #3 "#& "& #. 3.15(a). '1 #$1!& # & $/&&!&.,&1$ & $1&!,!& "&"1# &#! $ "1!& 6#& ~ 1 &&& 5% "#&%&/18& # & 1, &!$611! 1 #"#/ $ &4! ## "/ 1. & &!!% "&"$6% $ &&$& & $!&$ 1$1!1 &&. ""#&- #&$1. ( x 135) I bg = 55xp. (15),#&, $3!&!&& «&$» &, /&!##! #. 3.15(b), /!# &!!&, &/#78 /$ 4& #"&&73 #.3 #. ;!&!!& 4& "&/#&4& "& #. 3.15(), / & &4#7 #$1, &!&#& ""#&#!1!& 4/!&& &4#. I. #. 3.14 $/&,!&!&, &4#3 $ &4!1%, &/#78% "#&!173% /!&$ (#. #), $! & #!1 $ #3%!&% &4#., "&!& 1 4/!3!& &"! &/ $18 &! &&#/!. #. 3.15() #$1, &"3$981 4/!3!&, /!1 "&&& $!&#&!". &!#! C 1 I / I = /1 #!#$&&! "#&1 "& #. 3.15(d).!/ & "#& &!#! $& "#$& #. # "#$/3 #. 3.16(a, b).!& 7 # "&3 &/ 3 "#& &!#!, 6 &4#& &&!$!!$98 "#! 3. #$3 #- 114
!3 /1 /98% "#!#&$: D = 36 /, L = 5, v s = 1 5 /, µ = 15.6-1 σ = 1... 3.15. (a, b) #3 # XBIC #!3; (c)!& #, &!&18 "#& /$% #. #; (d) &!#!!&&!; σ = 1. 115
.. 3.16.,#& &!#! (a) $& (b) "#$& #. #, "&3% #. 3.15. '1 #$1 #$3 #!3 1 &!#!; σ = 1. 116
,& #1 &4#. $!#&& #&&" 43& $!&,!& /&1 / L &!$1! ~ 5.,&/&1 1 6#3 " F &#&! #&4. v s. #$3 #. 3.16 "&$&19! $ & &.! & #!!&$ &/#&$1 "#! 3% /3%. /&, #&!&&, 7& 8 &!$& &.! % &&!$!!$..$! #3 &/ #&! "#! && &/ && "#& &!#! & &#!$&,! $/ &! "#&1!, / 4&9!& &!#! &, &64 4/! & 4& 6&.!&!&& /&4& #$$! 1 "#$&& &! (.!# #$&): i "&6#3 "#&1, /"#: Cixi M =, (3.68) C i Ci ( xi M ) i D = C '/ { C i } 1 &!#! $!&% &&#/! { i } i i i. (3.69) 1 "&3% #. 3.16 "#& %#!#98 % $3 ( &,.!#, /"#1) "#$/3 $!4. 3.1. x. 3.1. #$ "#! && &/ && "#& &!#! &! #. #; σ = 1. $1 #.,#$1 #. ;"#!! ;"#!! & 4% 4% 36.4% 4% -!# 414 41 556.8 559,&6# 3.7 3.3 8.6 3.3 117
1 $& #.3 # "#$/3 $!4. 3.1. %#!#! "#! && &/ && "#& #9!1 6, ~1%.!&!, # "#$&& &! &!$1!.5%.,&6# &/ && "#&1 &!$1! 3.3, "#! & #&& "#&1 3.7,!&! % # &&& 1.3%. 1 "#$& #.3 &&!$!!$ %#!#! &/ && "#! && "#& & & %7: #. 3% 9%,.!#&$.4%, "&6#3 5.6%. /& #!#$3 %#!#! #9!1 4& 1%,!& "#$36!!.!& #!&$&!#4. #&!&&, /1 "#$& #.3 4& 6 #%&7/ &/ && "#! && "#& &7! 43! $1&!,!& &#&! #&4. & & #!1 /1 7/& #. &3 &4#& "#&$&/& #$ #!!&$ #, "&3% /1 " 6#& ~3!& 7 &4#., &/ 3% "#&.!#$3 "#& $/&&!& /&!##! #. 3.17(), #. 3.17(b)!&! 7 "#& $3!& «&$» & ( x 1133) 45xp (165) = I bg (1 #$1 #. 3.17()). & 1$1!1 /!$!&&,!& &&& 4% #!&$&& 1 &#&$& $ "1!& ~ 3, &!$611! 1 #"#/ $ &4! ## "/ 1.5.!# &!!&, &/#78 "#& #. #. 5& "&/#&4&!&!!& "& #. 3.17(c), / 1 #$1 "#47!&, &4#&& $ &!!!$ /!. $ #&!#& $36,!& 4/!&& &4#. ""#&#!1 "&&& $!&#&!". &!#! C 1 I / c I = &/#78& /$ #.3 #! "#&1 (#. 3.17()) /&!##! #. 3.17(d).,#& &!#! &!/ & $& (a) "#$& (b) #. /&!##! #. 3.18, &!&#&!7 "&3 &/ 3 "#& &!#!, 6 &4#& &&!$!!$98 "#! 3. #$3 #!3 /1 118
"#!#&$ D = 36 /, L = 5, v s = 1 5 /, µ = 15.6-1 σ = 5... 3.17. (a, b) #3 # XBIC #!3; (c)!& #, &!&18 "#& /$% #. #; (d) &!#!!&&!; σ = 3. 119
.. 3.18.,#& &!#! (a) $& (b) "#$& #.3 #. '1 #$1 #$3 #!3 1 &!#!; σ = 3. 1
/&"& $ & #$9 "#! 3% &/ 3% "#& #. #, &!&#& /! #. 3.18, 3 %#!#! "&3%!& # "#& "#$/3 $!4. 3.. 3.. #$ "#! && &/ && "#& &!#! &! #. #; σ = 3. $1 #.,#$1 #. ;"#!! ;"#!! & 3% 5.6% 5% 5.6% -!# 398.5 39 64 68,&6# 55.6 38 5.1 38,& /3!4.3 3. $/& & %&#&6 &&!$!!$ /1 $& #.3,!7 "&6# /1 &4% #. &$1 "# &$"/1 "#! && &/ && "#& 9!1 $ 6&! #3% /3%,!& 1$1!1 /!$!. &/&&!& #!&$&!#4. 8 &/& "#& &7! 43! &$ &##!3!!& $ &!!!$ /!,!&, $#&1!&, 1$1!1 "#& «$34#&&$» "#$3% &% "#! 3% "#&. & /, "#& #. 3.18 #$! "&6# "&$3&! ("##& 4 /1 &4&% "#! 3% &/ 3% "#&),!& &&!$!!$ "&3% 4/! && 6. &4#&, /1!&/ $/&& #!&$ "&!& "#/&7 #&$ &/ #! &!#! &! /&. #. #. /&$!$&#! & &&!$!!$ &/ 3% "#& &!#! "#! 3% /3%, "&& /1 #3% 6#3 11
#!&$&& ", &$&#! & /&"!&! "& &$1 "#/&7& &/. #., "& # #, "# 6# #!&$&& " 4& 6, ~1. 1 4& % #!&$% "&$ 7& #!#$!.9 #.,!3$989 "#&. &##&$1!#&-/3#&3% "#! #!&$ "&. 3.4. / # -(!, #!.1 #.!#&-/3#&3% "# #!#$!1 $ #% /98 &/ $&/!$1 #!&$&& "!#& &4#..!!1,!& #!&$ $!3 $34$9! &!&!#&3!&&$ "&"#&$&/&$&& #!-&4#.. ;#1 &!&!#&&$!&& 7 "/,!& #1 #!&$% $!&$ (~1- ) && "#$36! #9, &4%&/9 /1 #. &/& -h "#3 (/1 #1 3.6 ). &!&!#& "# &&#!3%!&&$1% #!& #6!&!#1! #9 ##!!#&- /3#&3 "#3.!!1,!&!& "&$&#&! &!&!#& (!&!!, / &!$!1 #6!& $34$! -h "#3) "&/19!1 #"#/9.!#& #!&1 l, #$&!#"&#!& / &!&!#& &!!& & $3!, 6#& σ. 1 &/ $&/!$1!#& #6!& 43 "#/&7 $ #4&! [14], /!&/& &!-#& &/#&$1 &4#!& #13%!#&&$, & "&&8 9 #6 / #&!#. # "&$#%&! &4#..!& #4&! /1!#& # ~1 $ # 43 "&3 &.!#"&#!& /3 l.38r σ.3r, / R =.17E 1.75-4 "#&&$1!#&. 3$&/. #. #!#$!1 /1 4&& 1
!&&& #!&$&& &/. '! "&3 #!! &4&48!1 #!&$&& " && 6#3.,&11! "& 9 &/ /&!##!! &&#/! #. 3.19.,! #!&$ "& $!! $!& &&#/! (x 1, y 1 ).!$&!!&& 4&&!&&& " "&. & 43$! 4& &"3$!1 $3#7 I X ray ( x,y z) = I xp( µ z) δ ( x x ) δ ( y ), (3.7), 1 y1 / I $!$&!, µ &.! "&&81 #!&$- %, δ /!-.1 #.!$&! &!&!#&&$, $34$3% #!&$ $! $!& (x, y, z), "#&"&#.&!$&! #!&$&& " I photo ( x, y, z, Θ) = I X ray ( x, y, z) sin Θ. (3.71).. 3.19.,&11981 % $3$&/. #.. && #!#$& &/, /1 &!&!#&, $34!&& $!& (x, y, z),!18 $ "#$, %#!#& (, C), #"#/ ##&$3%!#&-/3#&3% "# & $!& &&#/! ( x l cosϕ sin Θ, y l sinϕ sin Θ, z l cosθ) (. #. 3.19). 13
,# / &!!& #"#/ "/! "& &$& &. &!, /1!&& &!&!#& &!$& ##&$3% $!& (x, y, z )!#&-/3#&3% "# ρ = ρ( x, y, z, x, y, z, Θ, ϕ) = ( x l cosϕ sin Θ x) = c xp / &##&$&1 "&!&11. ( y l sinϕ sin Θ y) σ ( z l cosθ z ), (3.7) )!&43 "&! $. #. $!& (x, y, z ), 7& "#&!##&$! #"#/1 -h "# "& $ &!&!#&, $3!98!& &&#/! ( x, y,z), "& $!!&& dω = sin ΘdΘdϕ, / &7! $3!! &!&!#&: z G( x, y, z) = dxdydz dωi photo( x, y, z, Θ) ρ( x, y, z, x, y,, Θ, ϕ). (3.73),# "&/!&$ $ (3.73) $3#7 /1!$&! &!&!#&&$ (3.71), #!&$&& " (3.7), #"#/1 -h "# (3.7),!7 $3#7 /1!!&& d Ω, "&!1: G( x * I, y, z ) = dx dy dz xp( µ z) δ ( x x ) δ ( y y )sin 1 π dϕ sin ΘdΘ * ( x l cosϕ sin Θ x) * c xp 1 π Θ* ( y l sinϕ sin Θ y) σ ( z l cos Θ z ). (3.74),&/#&4& &" "#&4#&$1!&& $3#71 $3& $,#&7 I, / "&&,!&.9 #. (3.74) &7& "#&!! /98 $/: G( r, z ) = ci * π µ σ ππσ xp r xp( µ z )xp σ 3 lcosθ z Θ Θ Φ µσ sin xp( µ lcos ) c I σ * rlsinθ l xp σ, (3.9) sin Θ dθ σ / #/ 1 "#1 r = ( x1 x ) ( y1 y ).!# "& "#& Θ $1!! "#/!$1!1 $&&73, "&!& & $311 &. 14
"# &7& &4&48!.9 #. #!&$&& " && 6#3.!$&!!&& ", &! "#$ $!& &&#/! ( x, y 1 1 ): ( x x1) ( y y1) I X ray ( x, y, z) = I xp( µ z) xp σ. (3.93) 3#7 /1. #. (3.73), / "&/!$& #"#/ -h "# (3.7),!$&! &!&!#&&$ (3.71) #!&$&& " (3.93), "#! $/ G( x * I, y, z ) = dx dy dz dϕ sin ΘdΘ * ( x x1) ( y y1) xp( µ z)xp σ π ( x l cosϕ sin Θ x) * c xp π sin Θ* ( y l sinϕ sin Θ y) σ ( z l cosθ z ). (3.94) "#&7 II "&&,!&!& $3#7 "& $1!1!#&$ "&,, z, "#! /98 $/: " r 3 G(r,z )= Axp ( z ) xp d# sin# xp( µ lcos#) ( ), (3.95) l # z cos rlsin# l sin # $ c I xp ( ) / $$/3 &4&1 /1 &!!3 3/ 5/ 3 " A = ci xp #/- & "#& r = ( x1 x ) ( y1 y ). #$$1 $3#71 (3.9) (3.95), &7& &!!!,!& "&3. #. 9! &/&$9 $&! &! "#& z..1 #. "& && 6#3 (3.95) "&$!! #/ 9 $&! G(r, z ) /1 4&&!&&& " (3.9)!&&! /& 3 σ σ σ. #. 3. "#/!$ #!! #! && (3.9). #.!#&-/3#&3% "# 4&&!& #!&$ "&.,# #!% "& &$ 1, &&!$!!$98 # 15
&/ E = 17.4. &!, 4 "#&&$1 R =.5, "#&.&1 / l.38r =.96, σ.3r =.76,!7 µ = 15.6 1-4 = 1. ' I 43& $34#&! &4#&,!&43 µ σ $3"&1& xp ci π πσ = 1... 3...1 #.!#&-/3#&3% "# 4&&!& #!&$ "& # 17.4. 4. #. "& 4 z &7& /! "& #. 3.1(), &!&#& "& #. #. (3.9) "# =. #$3%!& # &7& /! $3$&/,!&.1 #. "&. & (.1 xp(-z)) 43$! "# 4& 6% z, $&#! "# % z &"3$!1. &64& l z $.,#!&, &!&#& G( =, z) $&#!!, "##& #$ 16 σ.,&$/. #. "# "&!&1& z /&!##! #. 3.1(), / "&3 "#& "# z = 1. #. /1