Higher-Order Compact Schemes for Numerical Simulation of Incompressible Flows

Σχετικά έγγραφα
qy =t$% R$k BP q -sr s VZR$t VZR$t q Md1 =7V w*s IU sk 1E 1((nD

_YkR${R x(eu 7BjZ$BtR B VRR$t8 t '1

!t Y ZR BP RZ} {B8}s{ R{Y 8 PB R}s$sj I$& t{$t $t tz8 ${sj

i RBjZ$Bt {B% k PB j$rt8bi {BtR Z{$Bt $t 7_e]q

Polarization Stability of Amorphous Piezoelectric Polyimides

yt% R$s$Bt BP Y {Yst${sj Ys%$B BP ${ BA s8t sr I e7 * %${ R BYs88sI y OBZt$R wv 7qiV]qD Vt $t% R$s$Bt $tb Y R}BtR R BP 8${ BA s8r B j { ${ s{zs$btr $R

V77V]<=7eqq7 yw7qyq=qe!3 qe]<w!n!po. FZt 1((( sk 11 1(((

yt F VIs}$% ]Bt Bj sti 7$tsj _ B{ RR$t 7} {$sj yrrz Bt ]Bt Bj b$y ]BthI t{ 1((d wb s}} s D ]Bt Bjj zsj$is$bt f

]<V!qy] ]!=Wy]Vqy!W 7O7qe Gyq< e_<v7y7!w ynyqvio V Ny]Vqy!W7

7sA$j$k sti VRk8}B${ _ PB 8st{ VtsjkR$R BP s ]jsrr BP i R ]Bt Bj 7kR 8R

VAR s{ GT< YZ 7 e 7sj{ZI stg 7 s{y8stt _ VABj8s RZ8$ 1nxE s$t sjj zst{bz% ] ]stsis zeq d; wet8s$ju $8Ro { ZA{{sD

_szj F N B ]s j F G$jj$s8R sti _szj 7 FZj$ tt

y s$% ]Ystt j er$8s$bt PB qz AB ]BI R B% 3sI$t ]Ystt jr

ANALYSIS AND MODELING OF SURFACE-ACOUSTIC WAVE RESONATORS

qy$t,$t N s t$t sti q s{y$t

_srsi ts ]V dd1x. FZ$tT Zst ]YBt. A$9{`,otZR IZR. sk d 1((1

Lossless Compression of Digital Audio

Comparison of Response Surface and Kriging Models in the Multidisciplinary Design of an Aerospike Nozzle

s-t_jst{, ytr$z P[Z _jsr8s}ykr$,

A retinomorphic chip with parallel pathways : encoding INCREASING, ON, DECREASING, and OFF visual signals

!AR %s$bt BP ]Bjj {$% Te8$RR$BtTytIZ{ I ]BBj$t $tr$i st!}${sj ]s%$k. VAR s{


Q π (/) ^ ^ ^ Η φ. <f) c>o. ^ ο. ö ê ω Q. Ο. o 'c. _o _) o U 03. ,,, ω ^ ^ -g'^ ο 0) f ο. Ε. ιη ο Φ. ο 0) κ. ο 03.,Ο. g 2< οο"" ο φ.



r r t r r t t r t P s r t r P s r s r r rs tr t r r t s ss r P s s t r t t tr r r t t r t r r t t s r t rr t Ü rs t 3 r r r 3 rträ 3 röÿ r t

Dissertation for the degree philosophiae doctor (PhD) at the University of Bergen

ΓΗ ΚΑΙ ΣΥΜΠΑΝ. Εικόνα 1. Φωτογραφία του γαλαξία μας (από αρχείο της NASA)

())*+,-./0-1+*)*2, *67()(,01-+4(-8 9 0:,*2./0 30 ;+-7 3* *),+*< 7+)0 3* (=24(-) 04(-() 18(4-3-) 3-2(>*+)(3-3*

Ax = b. 7x = 21. x = 21 7 = 3.

ss rt çã r s t Pr r Pós r çã ê t çã st t t ê s 1 t s r s r s r s r q s t r r t çã r str ê t çã r t r r r t r s

P P Ó P. r r t r r r s 1. r r ó t t ó rr r rr r rí st s t s. Pr s t P r s rr. r t r s s s é 3 ñ

Το άτομο του Υδρογόνου

d 2 y dt 2 xdy dt + d2 x

Chapter 5. hence all the terms which are not in the range 0,1, can be accumulated to ψ



C 1 D 1. AB = a, AD = b, AA1 = c. a, b, c : (1) AC 1 ; : (1) AB + BC + CC1, AC 1 = BC = AD, CC1 = AA 1, AC 1 = a + b + c. (2) BD 1 = BD + DD 1,


%78 (!*+$&%,+$&*+$&%,-. /0$12*343556

❷ s é 2s é í t é Pr 3

Estimation of grain boundary segregation enthalpy and its role in stable nanocrystalline alloy design

... 5 A.. RS-232C ( ) RS-232C ( ) RS-232C-LK & RS-232C-MK RS-232C-JK & RS-232C-KK

Mesh Parameterization: Theory and Practice


rs r r â t át r st tíst Ó P ã t r r r â


Κεθάιαην Επηθακπύιηα θαη Επηθαλεηαθά Οινθιεξώκαηα

ts s ts tr s t tr r n s s q t r t rs d n i : X n X n 1 r n 1 0 i n s t s 2 d n i dn+1 j = d n j dn+1 i+1 r 2 s s s s ts

L A TEX 2ε. mathematica 5.2

TALAR ROSA -. / ',)45$%"67789

LEM. Non-linear externalities in firm localization. Giulio Bottazzi Ugo Gragnolati * Fabio Vanni

DC BOOKS. H-ml-c-n-s-b- -p-d-n- -v A-d-n-b-p-w-a-p-¼-v

Assessment of otoacoustic emission probe fit at the workfloor

!!" #7 $39 %" (07) ..,..,.. $ 39. ) :. :, «(», «%», «%», «%» «%». & ,. ). & :..,. '.. ( () #*. );..,..'. + (# ).

Alterazioni del sistema cardiovascolare nel volo spaziale

ITU-R P (2012/02)

Łs t r t rs tø r P r s tø PrØ rø rs tø P r s r t t r s t Ø t q s P r s tr. 2stŁ s q t q s t rt r s t s t ss s Ø r s t r t. Łs t r t t Ø t q s


ο3 3 gs ftffg «5.s LS ό b a. L Μ κ5 =5 5 to w *! .., TJ ο C5 κ .2 '! "c? to C φ io -Ρ (Μ 3 Β Φ Ι <^ ϊ bcp Γί~ eg «to ιο pq ΛΛ g Ό & > I " CD β U3

Νόµοςπεριοδικότητας του Moseley:Η χηµική συµπεριφορά (οι ιδιότητες) των στοιχείων είναι περιοδική συνάρτηση του ατοµικού τους αριθµού.

10. Circuit Diagrams and PWB Layouts

*+,'-'./%#0,1"/#'2"!"./+3(,'4+*5#( *9.!/%#+7(,'#%*!.2 :;!"#/5".+!"#$() $!"#%"&'#$() 50&(#5"./%#0,1"/#'2"+*5#(35&* &*,'2-<:):0&3%!.2=#(,1,.%!.

Radio détection des rayons cosmiques d ultra-haute énergie : mise en oeuvre et analyse des données d un réseau de stations autonomes.

Parts Manual. Trio Mobile Surgery Platform. Model 1033

ΦΥΕ 10, Γ. ΚΟΡ ΟΥΛΗΣ, ιανύσµατα 1/6. = + tβ r. zk και εξισώνουµε τις συνιστώσες των διανυσµάτων x(t) = 1+ 2t, y(t) = 1+ 3t, z(t) = 4 + t

P P Ô. ss rt çã r s t à rs r ç s rt s 1 ê s Pr r Pós r çã ís r t çã tít st r t

Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία Αυτοματισμού


ss rt t r s t t t rs r ç s s rt t r t Pr r r q r ts P 2s s r r t t t t t st r t

ΑΝΑΛΥΤΙΚΟΣ ΤΙΜΟΚΑΤΑΛΟΓΟΣ BMW / MINI (Ισχύει από 15/01/2018) ΚΙΒΩΤΙΟ ΤΑΧΥΤΗΤΩΝ ΚΥΒΙΣΜΟΣ ΙΣΧΥΣ (HP)

SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION. Fully Automated Total Metals and Chromium Speciation Single Platform Introduction System for ICP-MS

Three essays on trade and transfers: country heterogeneity, preferential treatment and habit formation

! " #$% & '()()*+.,/0.

Contribution à l évolution des méthodologies de caractérisation et d amélioration des voies ferrées

A hybrid PSTD/DG method to solve the linearized Euler equations

m i N 1 F i = j i F ij + F x

ss rt çã r s t à rs r ç s rt s 1 ê s Pr r Pós r çã ís r t çã tít st r t

Network Neutrality Debate and ISP Inter-Relations: Traffi c Exchange, Revenue Sharing, and Disconnection Threat

HONDA. Έτος κατασκευής

Jeux d inondation dans les graphes

Coupling strategies for compressible - low Mach number flows

E fficient computational tools for the statistical analysis of shape and asymmetryof 3D point sets

Αλληλεπίδραση ακτίνων-χ με την ύλη

ITU-R P (2009/10)

UNIVtrRSITA DEGLI STUDI DI TRIESTE

!" #$! '() -*,*( *(*)* *. 1#,2 (($3-*-/*/330%#& !" #$ -4*30*/335*

(x y) = (X = x Y = y) = (Y = y) (x y) = f X,Y (x, y) x f X


Forêts aléatoires : aspects théoriques, sélection de variables et applications

ΝΟΜΟΣ ΤΗΣ ΠΕΡΙΟ ΙΚΟΤΗΤΑΣ : Οι ιδιότητες των χηµικών στοιχείων είναι περιοδική συνάρτηση του ατοµικού τους αριθµού.

Couplage dans les applications interactives de grande taille

P r s r r t. tr t. r P

Προβολές και Μετασχηματισμοί Παρατήρησης

ΜΕΤΑΠΤΥΧΙΑΚΗ ΙΠΛΩΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑ. Ελευθερίου Β. Χρυσούλα. Επιβλέπων: Νικόλαος Καραμπετάκης Καθηγητής Α.Π.Θ.

(... )..!, ".. (! ) # - $ % % $ & % 2007

Ι ΙΟΤΗΤΕΣ ΤΩΝ ΑΤΟΜΩΝ. Παππάς Χρήστος Επίκουρος Καθηγητής

X(f) E(ft) df x[i] = 1 F. x(t) E( ft) dt X(f) = x[i] = 1 F

#%" )*& ##+," $ -,!./" %#/%0! %,!

Συστήματα Αυτομάτου Ελέγχου 1 Ενότητα # 6: Έννοια της συνάρτησης μεταφοράς Παραδείγματα εφαρμογής σε φυσικά συστήματα

Transcript:

NASA/CR-1998-206922 ICASE Report No. 98-13 Higher-Order Compact Schemes for Numerical Simulation of Incompressible Flows Robert V. Wilson and Ayodeji O. Demuren Old Dominion University Mark Carpenter NASA Langley Research Center Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, VA Operated by Universities Space Research Association National Aeronautics and Space Administration Langley Research Center Hampton, Virginia 23681-2199 Prepared for Langley Research Center under Contract NAS1-19480 February 1998

<yp<eit!i*ei ]!_V]q 7]<ee7 3!i Weiy]VN 7yNVqy!W!3 yw]!_ie77y Ne 3N!G7 ~ i! eiq z GyN7!W G VO!*eFy! *eiew G VW* Vi ]Vi_eWqei VAR s{ V Y$Y B I s{{z s tz8 ${sj } B{ IZ YsR A t I % jb} I PB RBj%$t $t{b8} RR$Aj Ws%$ T7B, R JZs$BtR PB 1* B n* PjZ$I PjBb } BAj 8R y $R AsR I Bt jbbtrb s izt T Zs R{Y 8 R PB 8}B sj I$R{ $9s$Bt sti PBZ Y sti R$-Y B I {B8}s{ P$t$ TI$PP t{ R{Y 8 R PB R}s$sj I$R{ T $9s$Bt qy }s ${Zjs I$PP${Zjk BP Rs$RPk$t Y I$% t{ TP % jb{$k P$ ji JZ$ I $t $t{b8} RR$Aj PjZ$I PjBb $R RBj% I Ak RBj%$t s _B$RRBt JZs$Bt PB } RRZ y $R I 8BtR s I Ys PB {BtR$R t jbt Asj s{{z s{k $ $R t { RRs k B 8}jBk Y Rs8 B I BP s{{z s{k $t Y I$R{ $9s$Bt BP Y _B$RRBt JZsT $Bt 7} {$sj {s $R sjrb JZ$ I B s{y$ % Y PB 8sj 8}B sj s{{z s{k BP Y izt T Zs R{Y 8 R qy s{{z s{k BP Y } R t } B{ IZ $R I 8BtR s I Ak s}}j${s$bt B R % sj } $t t A t{y8s, } BAj 8R k bb IR {B8}s{ R{Y 8 R $t{b8} RR$Aj PjBb R$8Zjs$Bt 7ZA` { {jsrr$p${s$bt 3jZ$I {Yst${R d yt BIZ{$Bt 3B I$ { tz8 ${sj R$8Zjs$Bt w*w7d BP PjZ$I PjBb } BAj 8R $ $R t sjjk s{{ } I Ys Y$Y TB I s{{z s 8 YBIR 8ZR A ZR I B 8$t$8$9 I$RR$}s$Bt sti I$R} R$Bt B R VR Y PjBb i ktbjir tz8a $t{ sr R RB IB Y st R BP 8}B sj sti R}s$sj R{sj R by${y 8ZR A RBj% I qyzr Y tz8a BP $I }B$tRT} Tbs% j ty w GD JZ$ I Ak Y tz8 ${sj R{Y 8 PB s}} B-$8s$Bt BP Y PjBb JZs$BtR B b$y$t s{{ }saj Bj st{ R BP I$RR$}s$Bt sti I$R} R$Bt B R PP {$% jk j$8$r Y R8sjj R R{sj R Ys {st A {B8}Z I s{{z s jk sti Y Ak sjrb Y 8s-$8Z8 i kt tbjir tz8a 7} { sj 8 YBIR JZ$ Y P b R G ts8 jk bb sti s Y PB $I sj PB {B8}ZsT $BtR BP PjBbR b$y } $BI${ ABZtIs k {BtI$$BtR 3B 8B t sj PjBb } BAj 8R P$t$ TI$PP t{ 8 YBIR s I R$ saj N j >dh YsR stsjk9 I Y RBjZ$Bt JZsj$$ R BP R % sj P$t$ TI$PP t{ R{Y 8 R yt t sj RBjZ$Bt $t{ sr I $ P b G Y js Y {B8}Zs$Btsj $I R t{$j sti $8}j${$ {B8}s{ R{Y 8 R YsI A RBjZ$Bt Yst Zjs -}j${$ R{Y 8 R BP Y Rs8 B I BP s{{z s{k sti {B8}ZsT $Btsj R t{$j 3Z Y Y$Y RBjZ$Bt } B} $ R {BZjI A $8} B% I Ak B}$8$9s$Bt BP {B PP${$ tr AZ s Y -} tr BP Y PB 8sj B I BP s{{z s{k V PBZ YTB I {B8}s{ R{Y 8 bsr I %$R I b$y t s jk Y RBjZ$Bt JZsj$k BP R} { sj 8 YBIR AZ s$t$t Y Pj -$A$j$k BP P$t$ TI$PP t{ 8 YBIR <s sr sti qs srst >1H stsjk9 I Y s{{z s{k BP %s $BZR {B8}s{ R{Y 8 R sti I 8BtR s I Ys RBjZ$Bt PP${$ t{k bsr tb RktBtk8BZR b$y 8$t$8Z8 Zt{s$Bt B B% Y bybj st BP bs% j tyr } R t $t s } BAj 8 qy RZ R I Ys s R{Y 8 RYBZjI A B}$8$9 I PB jbasj s{{z s{k sy Yst RBjZ$Bt PP$T {$ t{k <Z sj >nh Ys% sjrb RYBbt Ys $t s}}j${s$btr BP $t R B {B8}Zs$Btsj s{bzr${r 8}B sj RBjZ$Bt {BZjI A $8} B% I Ak B}$8$9s$Bt BP Y {B PP${$ tr BP stk 8Zj$TRs izt T Zs $8 T si%st{$t s}} B-$8s$Bt R{Y 8 ~ qy szyb R b }s $sjjk RZ}}B I Ak Y Ws$Btsj V BtsZ${R sti 7}s{ VI8$t$R s$bt ZtI WV7V ]Bt s{ WB WV7dTd;M( by$j Y P$ R bb szyb R b $t R$I t{ s Y ytr$z PB ]B8}Z V}}j${s$BtR $t 7{$ t{ sti et$t T $t wy]v7ed WV7V Nstj k i R s {Y ] t <s8}bt zv 1nEMdT1d VII$$Btsj RZ}}B bsr } B%$I I Ak Y WV7V p sizs 7ZI t i R s {Y _ B s8 G * }s 8 t BP {Yst${sj et$t $t!ji *B8$t$Bt t$% R$k WB PBj, z$ $t$s 1nx1 V{BZR${ sti 3jBb YBIR st{y WV7V Nstj k i R s {Y ] t <s8}bt z$ $t$s 1nEMdT1d d

yt js IIk R$8Zjs$Bt wne7d BP Z AZj t PjBbR Y Bsj $R tb B RBj% sjj Y R{sj R $t Y PjBb AZ Btjk Y js R{sj R epp {R BP Y Zt RBj% I R8sjj R{sj R s s}} B-$8s I b$y RZAT $I R{sj w7p7d 8BI jr qy PB R {BtITB I { t sjti$pp t{ R{Y 8 R s BP t ZR I >;xh V PZ Y `ZR$P${sT $Bt $R Ys PP {R BP Zt{s$Bt B R 8sk A {B8}s saj B Zt{ s$t$ R $ty t $t Y 7p7 8BI jr <Bb % JZ R$BtR 8s$t sr B YBb js Y js R{sj R s sti YBb 8stk G s JZ$ I B RBj% Y R8sjj R R{sj $t Y st 3Z Y bys s Y {BtR JZ t{ R BP $tsi JZs RBjZ$Bt BP RZ{Y R {BtITB I R{Y 8 R y $R BA%$BZR Ys $P Ne7 $R B A ZR I $t {B8}Zs$Btsj s{bzr${r I$R} R$Bt B R s Zts{{ }saj >EH <$Y TB I Ts{{Z s w s Yst R {BtITB I D 8 YBIR Zs st 8Z{Y A {Bt% t{ Bbs IR $I $ti } ti t{ sjbt b$y A bs% TtZ8A RBjZ$Bt yt sii$$bt $8}j${$ w{b8}s{d P$t$ TI$PP t{ R{Y 8 R JZ$ ts Bb {B8}Zs$Btsj $I R t{$jr Ys% A P$t TR{sj RT BjZ$Bt sti k$ ji A jbasj s{{z s{k Yst -}j${$ P$t$ TI$PP t{ R{Y 8 R b$y Y Rs8 PB 8sj B I BP s{{z s{k qy PB Y } R t RZIk PB{ZR R Bt Y ZR BP Y$Y TB I wpbz Y sti R$-YD {B8}s{ R{Y 8 R PB Y R$8Zjs$Bt BP $t{b8} RR$Aj PjZ$I PjBb } BAj 8R qy js{, BP st %BjZ$Bt JZs$Bt PB Y } RRZ } R tr }s ${Zjs I$PP${Zjk $t Y {B8}Zs$Bt BP $t{b8} RR$Aj PjBbR by${y $R sar t $t {B8} RR$Aj PjBbR yt Y js Y Ws%$ T7B, R JZs$BtR sjbt b$y Y {Bt$tZ$k JZs$Bt sti Y t k JZs$Bt } R t %BjZ$Bt JZs$BtR PB Y P$% %s $T saj R ts8 jk Y 8B8 tz8 {B8}Bt tr I tr$k sti tysj}k by${y {st A si%st{ I tz8 ${sjjk b$y Y Rs8 8}B sj sti R}s$sj I$R{ $9s$Bt R{Y 8 R qy } RRZ {st Y t A BAs$t I P B8 st JZs$Bt BP Rs >H Z $t Y PB 8 st sz-$j$s k JZs$Bt YsR B A I $% I PB Y } RRZ by${y $R Y t RBj% I B Rs$RPk Y I$% t{ TP % jb{$ktp$ ji {BtI$$Bt JZ$ I PB $t{b8} RR$A$j$k >Md(H jj sj >MH } B}BR I s R {BtITB I } B` {$Bt 8 YBI < trysb >H I $% I s _B$RRBt JZs$Bt PB } RRZ by${y bsr RBj% I Ak s PBZ YTB I -}j${$ P$t$ TI$PP t{ 8 YBI y bsr PBZtI t { RRs k B $t BIZ{ s Is8}$t 8 B IZ{ I$% t{ B R yt Y $ P$t$ TI$PP t{ PB 8Zjs$Bt PB 1* } BAj 8R FBRj$t sj >d(h ZR I st $tpjz t{ 8s $- 8 YBI B RBj% Y _B$RRBt JZs$Bt PB } RRZ Z Y$R 8 YBI $R BP B I W 1 PB 1* } BAj 8R sti B I W n PB n* } BAj 8R RB Ys 8 8B k JZ$ 8 tr sti {B8}Zs$Bt bb, JZ${,jk A {B8 } BY$A$$% PB n* {B8}Zs$BtR yp stk BP Y I$ {$BtR YsR } $BI${ ABZtIs $ R Y t 8$- I P$t$ TI$PP t{ \R} { sj 8 YBIR {BZjI A ZR I >d(ddh RZj$t $t st < j8ybj9 JZs$Bt PB } RRZ by${y {BZjI A RBj% I 8B {Y s}jk yt Y } R t RZIk $t R $R 8s$tjk $t s Pj -$Aj tz8 ${sj R{Y 8 by${y {BZjI A ZR I PB tbtt Zjs {B8}Zs$Btsj IB8s$tR sti tbttzt$pb 8 {B8}Zs$Btsj $IR sti b$y {BtR$R t s8 t BP sjj JZs$BtR qy PB Y _B$RRBt JZs$Bt PB Y } RRZ b$jj A s}} B-$8s I b$y Y Rs8 {B8}s{ P$t$ TI$PP t{ R{Y 8 sr ZR I $t Y Ws%$ T7B, R JZs$BtR e- tr$bt B $ Zjs $IR $t }YkR${sj R}s{ R$8}jk JZ$ R strpb 8s$Bt BP Y JZs$BtR BtB s ZT js $I $t {B8}Zs$Btsj R}s{ qy 8 ${R BP Y strpb 8s$Bt 8ZR A {B8}Z I b$y Y Rs8 {B8T }s{ P$t$ TI$PP t{ R{Y 8 B Zs st s {BtR$R t j % j BP s{{z s{k 1 VtsjkR$R 1d pb% t$t *$PP t$sj ejzs$btr qy }s $sj I$PP t$sj JZs$BtR B% t$t Y $t{b8t } RR$Aj PjZ$I PjBb s Y Ws%$ T7B, R JZs$BtR by${y {st A b $ t $t ]s R$st trb PB 8 PB I$8 tr$btj RR %s $saj R sru 1

wdd `7 0 + `7 ------- ------- `i? i h? 7 + 2`7 1 ----------- -------------- p? U i? i by s Y ]s R$st % jb{$k {B8}Bt tr $t Y ]s R$st {BB I$ts I$ {$BtR? `7 7 h $R Y } RRZ sti p U $R Y i ktbjir tz8a AsR I Bt Y {Ys s{ $R${ j ty U qy R JZs$BtR 8ZR A RBj% I $t {Bt`Zt{$Bt b$y Y {Bt$tZ$k JZs$BtU w1d `7? 7 0 by${y -} RR R Y I$% t{ TP % jb{$k {BtI$$Bt yt 1* 7 B i )d1sti$tn*$b i) d1n e$tt R $t R RZ88s$Bt Zj PB } s I $ti${ R $R } RZ8 I 11 q 8}B sj *$R{ $9s$Bt qy $8 si%st{ 8 t R{Y 8 PB Y 8B8 tz8 JZs$BtR RYBZjI }BRR RR R % sj JZsj$$ R RZ{Y sr jbb I$R} R$Bt sti I$RR$}s$Bt B R B% s b$i st BP R } R$9 R jbb 8 8B k RB s JZ$ 8 tr sti s js$% jk js RsA$j$k t% jb} V Ps8$jk BP jbbtrb s i R{Y 8 R } B}BR I Ak G$jj$s8RBt >d1h }BRR RR R Y R I R$ saj JZsj$$ R qy R{Y 8 R s jbbtrb s $t Y R tr Ys Btjk bb RB s jb{s$btr wbt PB Y $8 I $%s$% sti Bt PB Y %s $saj $R jpd s JZ$ I PB Y $8 si%st{ 8 t yt {B8}s $RBt s Y$ ITB I PZjjk $8}j${$ R{Y 8 bbzji JZ$ PBZ RB s jb{s$btr qy Ws%$ T7B, R JZs$BtR wdd s I$R{ $9 I 8}B sjjk b$y -}j${$ izt T Zs wi D R{Y 8 R sti R}s$sjjk b$y $8}j${$ {B8}s{ P$t$ I$PP t{ R{Y 8 R qy 8B8 tz8 JZs$Bt $R si%st{ I P B8 $8 j % j z B zld $t < RZARs R ZR$t $Y s Y$ IT B PBZ YTB I -}j${$ i R{Y 8 qy si%st{ 8 t P B8 RZARs - B-Ld $R I P$t I AkU wnd - + 1 `7 - - + 1 - - `7 + K 0 I 7 δ?7 h 7 by 0 $R Y $8 R } K Ld $R s {B PP${$ t BP Y i R{Y 8 sti } R tr Y? $ % jb{$k {B8T `7 }Bt t s Y - Y RZARs qy RZARs - ) ( $R JZ$%sj t B Y z Y $8 j % j sti Y RZARs - - - 1 - - - 1 ) <Td $R JZ$%sj t B Y zld Y $8 j % j qy 8 I 7 ` i δ?i`7 + -----------δ p??i`7 + y I7 U $R Y RZ8 BP Y {Bt% {$Bt sti I$PPZR$Bt 8R }jzr s{{z8zjs$bt P B8 Y } %$BZR RZATRs δ sti?i δ s {B8}s{ P$ R sti R {BtI I $%s$% B} sb R R} {$% jk B A sii RR I $t Y t - RZATR {T??i $Bt qy 8R Bt Y $Y YstI R$I wi<7d BP ej wnd s srrz8 I,tBbt P B8 Y } %$BZR RZATRs B P B8 Y $t$$sj {BtI$$BtR s 0 ) ( qy {sj{zjs$bt BP Y } RRZ $R s{{b8}j$ry I Ak RBj%$t s _B$RRBt JZs$Bt s s{y RZATRs RZ{Y Ys Y {Bt$tZ$k $R tpb { I 7$t{ Y } RRZ h - $R {sj{zjs I A PB - + 1 Y si%st{ 8 t BP ej wnd {st A {sj{zjs I -}j${$jk `7 qy jbbtrb s JZ$ 8 t $R s{{b8}j$ry I Ak {Bt$tZBZRjk B% b $$t Y RB s jb{s$bt PB Y $8 I $%s$% R sti Zt,tBbt %s $saj R s s{y RZATRs U - w;d ˆ- I 7 ˆ y - - 1 I 7 n

wxd `7 - + 1 - - + 1 + `7 K ˆ- 0I 7 - - by Î 7 I 7 [ h -? 7 ] sti Y tbs$bt $R ZR I B $ti${s Ys Y RB s jb{s$btr - 1 - - - + 1 Î 7 s B% b $ t Ak Î R} {$% jk qsaj R d sti 1 $% %sjz R BP Y {B PP${$ tr `7 7 `7 s sti A PB RB8 jbbtrb s Y TRs TY$ ITB I sti P$% TRs TPBZ YTB I R{Y 8 R R} {$% jk qsaj d ]B PP${$ tr BP s Y TRs TY$ ITB I izt T Zs R{Y 8 P B8 NBb k sti i ktbjir >dnh s A d ( (x(( 1 T(EMn(d1( (d(emne( n Tdnnnnnnnn (nee(1x;( qsaj 1 ]B PP${$ tr BP s P$% TRs TPBZ YTB I izt T Zs R{Y 8 P B8 ]s } t sti tt Ik >d;h s A d ( (d;ex(1 1 T(;dM(; (n1d(nd n Tdd1dxdE (M11xx(1 ; TdEM;E (E;x(;x x Tdxd;dMn;; (dxn(x1; qy RsA$j$k {Ys s{ $R${R BP i R{Y 8 R {st A stsjk9 I Ak {BtR$I $t Y 8BI j JZs$BtU wed φ 0 Î( φ, 0) by φ $R Y t ${ Zt,tBbt B A si%st{ I $t $8 sti Î $R Y $8 I $%s$% by${y {Bts$tR Y R}s$sj 8R BP Y B% t$t JZs$Bt ejzs$bt wed $R strpb 8 I P B8 }YkR${sj R}s{ B bs% tz8a R}s{ Ak I {B8}BR$t φ $tb 3BZ $ 8BI RU wd φ φ () 0 7>? by φ ( 0) $R Y 3BZ $ {B PP${$ t BP φ 7 1 sti, $R Y bs% tz8a 7ZAR$Z$t ej wd $tb ej wed k$ jiru wmd φ 0 λφ ;

by λ ws {B8}j - tz8a D $R Y 3BZ $ Rk8ABj BP Y R}s$sj B} sb Î qy i R{Y 8 $R ZR I B -}sti Y 8 Bt Y N<7 BP ej wmd qy$r $% R Y s8}j$p${s$bt Ps{B t φ z 1 φ z PB Y Y$ IT B I R{Y 8 sru wd 1 t 1 + ( λ 0) + -- ( λ 0) 2 + 1 2 6 -- ( λ 0) 3 y {st A RYBbt Ys sjj Y TRs Y$ ITB I i R{Y 8 R Ys% Y Rs8 s8}j$p${s$bt Ps{B $% t $t ej wd Vtsjk${sj RBjZ$Bt BP ej wmd $% R Y -s{ s8}j$p${s$bt Ps{B p U wd(d t λ 0 ]B8}s $t ejr wd sti wd(d Bt R R Ys Y Y TRs Y$ ITB I i R{Y 8 $R s }BjktB8$sj s}} B-T $8s$Bt B Y -s{ RBjZ$Bt B Y$ ITB I 7$8$js jk Y P$% TRs PBZ YTB I i R{Y 8 YsR s8}j$p$t {s$bt Ps{B U wddd 1 t 1 + ( λ 0) + -- ( λ 0) 2 + 1 2 6 -- ( λ 0 ) 3 + ----- 1 ( λ 0) 4 + -------- 1 ( λ 0) 5 24 200 qy RsA$j$k BP Y i R{Y 8 R $R RYBbt s}y${sjjk $t 3$ d Ak }jb$t Y t 1 {BtBZ BP ej wd PB Y Y TRs Y$ ITB I R{Y 8 sti ej wddd PB Y P$% TRs PBZ YTB I R{Y 8 V R j {$Bt BP λ 0 by${y j$ R $t Y $t $B BP Y {jbr I {Z % k$ jir t < 1 $ Y R{Y 8 $R RsAj!ZR$I Y {jbr I {Z % t > 1 sti Y R{Y 8 $R ZtRsAj yp Y 3BZ $ Rk8ABj BP Y R}s$sj B} sb λ $R }Z jk $8s$ts k wpb -s8}j Y dt* {Bt% {$Bt JZs$BtD st $tr} {$Bt BP 3$ d % sjr Ys Y $Bt U { < λ 0 < U { $R RsAj yp λ $R }Z jk sj wpb -s8}j Y dt* I$PPZR$Bt JZs$BtD Y $Bt U p < λ 0 < 0 $R RsAj qy RsA$j$k j$8$r PB Y R bb - 8 {sr R s $% t $t qsaj n PB Y Y$ IT sti PBZ YTB I i R{Y 8 R < t{ Y PBZ YTB I R{Y 8 bbzji sjjbb $8 R }R BZYjk b${ Ys BP Y Y$ ITB I R{Y 8 q 8}B sj RsA$j$k stsjkr$r BP Y Ws%$ T7B, R JZs$BtR $R 8BI j I sp Y RsA$j$k BP Y {Bt% {T $BtTI$PPZR$Bt JZs$Bt PB by${y λ $R $t t sj {B8}j - qsaj n 7sA$j$k j$8$r BP izt T Zs R{Y 8 R PB }Z jk $8s$ts k wu { D B sj wu p D R}s$sj B} sb R 7}s$sj!} sb Y$ ITB I Y Rs PBZ YTB I P$% Rs y8s N y dn nn; i sj N i 1xd ;Ex 1n 7}s$sj *$R{ $9s$Bt qy tz8 ${sj s}} B-$8s$BtR B Y R}s$sj I $%s$% R s}} s $t $t Y 8B8 tz8 JZs$BtR ej wnd s $% t $t Y$R R {$Bt 7stIs I R {BtITB I P$t$ I$PP t{ s}} B-T $8s$BtR B P$ R I $%s$% 8R RZPP P B8 js I$R} R$Bt B R 7} { sj 8 YBIR BPP -s{ I$PP tt $s$bt PB RBj% I 8BI R AZ RZPP P B8 Y$Y {BR sti jbb Pj -$A$j$k $t Ys R$8}j IB8s$tR sti ABZtIs k {BtI$$BtR s JZ$ I PB Y $ $8}j 8 ts$bt yt Y$R RZIk Y$YTB I {B8}s{ P$t$ I$PP T t{ R s } P I IZ B Y {B8A$ts$Bt BP Y$YTs{{Z s{k Pj -$A$j$k sti js$% B} s$bt {BZt x

1nd 3$ R * $%s$% q 8R qy P$ R I $%s$% 8R s}} s $t $t Y B% t$t JZs$BtR s s}} B-$8s I ZR$t PBZ YT sti R$-YTB I {B8}s{ P$t$ I$PP t{ R{Y 8 R I R{ $A I Ak N j >dh <$Y s{{z s{k I $% R P B8 Y $8}j${$ s8 t BP I $%s$% R %$su wd1d αφ 7 1 + φ 7 + αφ 7 + 1 y --------- ( φ 2? 7 + 1 φ 7 1) + --------- ( φ 4? 7 + 2 φ 7 2) K 1 wb $t 8s $- PB 8U \? φ 4? φ B φ \ 4?? φ D by? U? (]? 1) ]? $R Y tz8a BP $I }B$tR φ 7 } R tr Y P$ R I $%s$% BP Y t ${ %s $saj φ 7 b$y R} { B? stiα y K s Y {B PP${$ tr BP Y {B8}s{ R{Y 8 by${y I 8$t Y s{{z s{k 7$8$js -} RR$BtR s ZR I PB I $%s$% R b$y R} { B Y k sti 9 I$ {$BtR 3B Y PBZ YTB I R{Y 8 U α 1 4 y 3 2 sti K 0 sti PB Y R$-YTB I R{Y 8 U α 1 3 y 14 9 sti K 1 9 qy N<7 BP ej wd1d {Bts$tR Y Zt,tBbt I $%s$% R s $I }B$tR $ sti 7 ± 1 by$j Y i<7 {Bts$tR Y,tBbt PZt{T $Btsj %sjz R φ 7 s Y $I }B$tR 7 ± 1 sti 7 ± 2 \? $R s $I$sBtsj ]? ]? 8s $- sti 4? $R s $IT $sbtsj 8s $- PB Y PBZ YTB I R{Y 8 sti } tsi$sbtsj 8s $- PB Y R$-YTB I R{Y 8 yt {Bt sr \? b$jj A I$sBtsj $t st -}j${$ P$t$ TI$PP t{ R{Y 8 V {B8}s $RBt BP -}j${$ { t sj I$PP t{ sti $8}j${$ {B8}s{ s}} B-$8s$BtR B Y P$ R I $%s$% $R $% t $t qsaj ; y $R R t Ys Y $8}j${$ s8 t BP Y I $%s$% sjjbbr PB 8B {B8}s{ R tt {$jr PB $% t B I VjRB Y {B PP${$ t BP Y j si$t Zt{s$BtT B 8 $R IZ{ I Ak s Ps{B BP ; PB Y PBZ YTB I R{Y 8 sti PB Y R$-YTB I R{Y 8 $t {B8}s $RBt B -}j${$ { t sj I$PP t{ R{Y 8 R BP Y Rs8 B I qsaj ; ]B8}s $RBt BP -}j${$ { t sj I$PP t{ sti $8}j${$ {B8}s{ s}} B-$8s$BtR B Y P$ R I $%s$% 7{Y 8 q Zt{s$Bt B 7 t{$j 7$9 PBZ YTB I { t sj PBZ YTB I {B8}s{ R$-YTB I { t sj R$-YTB I {B8}s{ ( ) ( 4 5! )(? ) 4 φ 5 ( ) ( 1 5! )(? ) 4 φ 5 ( ) ( 36 7! )(? ) 6 φ 7 ( ) ( 4 7! )(? ) 6 φ 7 x n x qy R BP ej wdnd s sjj $I }B$tR RZjR $t s $I$sBtsj RkR 8 BP sj A s${ JZs$BtR sti Ys $R RBj% I PP${$ tjk Ak Ps{B $t Y N<7 $tb s jbb \Z}} wnd RkR 8 Bt{ s Y A $tt$t BP Y R$8ZT js$bt qy N Ps{B R s RB I sti Y t ZR I B RBj% ej wd1d PB Y Zt,tBbt I $%s$% R qy RBjZ$Bt } B} $ R BP Y tz8 ${sj s}} B-$8s$Bt B Y P$ R I $%s$% {st A stsjk9 I Ak strpb 8$t Y dt* {Bt% {$Bt JZs$Bt P B8 }YkR${sj B bs% tz8a R}s{ >dh 3B -}j${$ P$t$ TI$PP T t{ R{Y 8 R α ) ( Y tz8 ${sj bs% tz8a $R $% t AkU wdnd ] > * 7? q ] ------ y q 7q>? E

by$j PB Y $I$sBtsj {B8}s{ R{Y 8 Y tz8 ${sj bs% tz8a $R $% t AkU wd;d > * 1 ------? K -- 2>? y sin( >? ) + cos( ) 2 --------------------------------------------------------------- 1+ 2α cos( >? ) WB Ys $t t sj Y tz8 ${sj bs% tz8a,~ $R {B8}j - by$j Y -s{ bs% tz8a, $R sj 3B Y tz8 ${sj s}} B-$8s$Bt B k$ ji st -s{ RBjZ$Bt Y PBjjBb$t bb {BtI$$BtR 8ZR A 8 U wdxd * Real ( > ) > wded * Imag ( > ) 0 * %$s$btr P B8 ej wdxd $ti${s I$R} R$Bt B R IZ B BII I $%s$% 8R s}} s $t $t Y Zt{s$Bt B sti I %$s$btr P B8 ej wded $ti${s I$RR$}s$Bt B R IZ B % t I $%s$% 8R s}} s $t $t Y Zt{s$Bt B qy sj sti $8s$ts k }s R BP ejr wdnd sti wd;d s }jb I R }s s jk $t 3$ 1 PB R % sj I$PP t{$t R{Y 8 R Vjj PBZ s}} B-$8s$BtR IB s srbtsaj `BA BP s}} B-$8s$t Y -s{ bs% T tz8a w$ % k jbb I$R} R$Bt B RD s % k jbb bs% tz8a R w >? 0 D AZ Y k sjj IB s }BB `BA s % k Y$Y bs% tz8a R w >? π D 3B $t 8 I$s bs% tz8a R Y PBZ YT sti R$-YTB I {B8T }s{ R{Y 8 R } B%$I s 8Z{Y A s}} B-$8s$Bt B Y -s{ bs% tz8a B% s s st BP bs% T tz8a R Yst Y -}j${$ R{Y 8 R qy R {BtITB I { t sj I$PP t{ R{Y 8 k$ jir s }BB s}} B-$8s$Bt B Y -s{ bs% tz8a PB sjj AZ Y % k jbb R bs% tz8a R w >? < 0.5 D *Z B Rk88 k { t sj I$PP t{ R{Y 8 R sjbskr Ys% sj bs% tz8a R Y t{ Y k {Bts$t tb I$RR$}s$Bt B R!tjk Y Y$ IT B I Z}b$tI R{Y 8 YsR tz8 ${sj I$RR$}s$Bt B R 7} { sj 8 YBIR k$ ji -s{ I$PP t$s$bt PB sjj 8BI R by${y {st A RBj% I Bt Y R} {$P$ I $I sti YZR {B R}BtI B Y -s{ js$btry$} PB >? $t 3$ 1 * qsaj x j$rr RB8 JZst$s$% 8 srz R BP RBjZ$Bt PB Y P$% R{Y 8 R qy bs% tz8a > * I P$t R Y $Bt BP s{{ }saj s{{z s{k $ PB ( <, < > > * *? >? < 0.01 BI R b$y, > > s * tb s{{z s jk RBj% I qy JZst$k > Ey? I P$t R Y 8s-$8Z8 %sjz PB Y 8BI$P$ I bs% tz8a $ * PB > < > Ey? Y RjB} BP Y {Z % $R 9 B VjRB j$r I $R Y tz8a BP R}s$sj $IR }B$tR } bs% T * j ty hhp 2π ( >? ) B s{{z s jk RBj% s $% t 8BI 3 B8 Y R$8s BP G BZYjk P$% $8 R sr 8stk }B$tR s JZ$ I PB Y R {BtITB I { t sj I$PP t{ R{Y 8 B s{y$ % Y Rs8 s{{z s{k sr Y {B8}s{ R{Y 8 R

qsaj x i RBjZ$Bt 8 srz R BP %s $BZR tz8 ${sj s}} B-$8s$BtR B Y P$ R I $%s$% 7}s$sj 7{Y 8 * >? * > Ey?? _B$tR } bs% j ty R {BtITB I { t sj (11 d(( 1ME Y$ ITB I Z}b$tI (;; d1 d;n PBZ YTB I {B8}s{ ddd dn xe R$-YTB I {B8}s{ dxx 1(( ;d R} { sj π π 1 3B tbtt} $BI${ ABZtIs $ R Bt TR$I I P$t$ I$PP t{ -} RR$BtR s JZ$ I B {jbr Y RkR 8 BP JZs$BtR s Y ABZtIs k }B$tR 7 ) d sti 7 ) ] PB Y PBZ YTB I R{Y 8 sti 7 ) d 1 sti 7 ) ]Td ] PB Y R$-YTB I R{Y 8 V Y$ ITB I {B8}s{ ABZtIs k R{Y 8 $R ZR I s 7 )dsti$)] b$y Y PBZ YTB I $t $B R{Y 8 U wdd φ 1 + α KX φ 2 1 ------ y KX7 φ 7? 3 7 1 by α KX ) 1 sti y KX1 ) Tx\1 y KX2 ) 1 y KX3 ) d\1 s Y {B PP${$ tr BP Y Y$ ITB I ABZtIs k R{Y 8 V R$8$js JZs$Bt $R ZR I s 7 ) ] 3B Y R$-YTB I R{Y 8 s ABZtIs k sti t s TABZtIs k R{Y 8 s JZ$ I PB {jbrz R$t{ Y $t $B R t{$j $R } tsi$sbtsj V P$PYTB I -}j${$ ABZtIs k R{Y 8 $R ZR I s }B$tR 7 )d sti 7 ) ]U wdmd 1 φ 1 ------ y KX7 φ 7? 8 7 1 b$y {B PP${$ tru y KX1 296 105 y KX5 215 12 y KX2 415 48 y KX6 791 80 8 y KX7 25 8 y KX3 125 y KX4 985 48 y KX8 145 336 V I$PP t P$PYTB I -}j${$ t s ABZtIs k R{Y 8 $R ZR I s }B$tR 7 ) 1 sti 7 ) ]TdU M

wdd 1 φ 2 ------ y zk7 φ 7? 8 7 1 b$y {B PP${$ tru y zk 1 3 16 y zk 5 115 144 y zk 2 211 180 y zk 6 1 3 y zk 3 109 48 y zk 7 23 240 y zk 4 35 24 y zk 8 1 72 qy ABZtIs k R{Y 8 R $% t Ak ejr wdmd sti wdd b RYBbt B A srk8}b${sjjk RsAj Ak ]s } t >dxh 7$8$js JZs$BtR PB Y ABZtIs k sti t s ABZtIs k R{Y 8 R s ZR I s }B$tR 7 ) ] sti 7 ) ]Td 1n1 7 {BtI * $%s$% q 8R qy R {BtI I $%s$% 8R } R t $t Y %$R{BZR 8R BP Y 8B8 tz8 JZs$Bt sti Y Ns}js{$st B} sb BP Y _B$RRBt JZs$Bt PB } RRZ s s}} B-$8s I ZR$t PBZ YT sti R$-YTB I {B8}s{ P$t$ I$PP t{ R Vs$t Y$Y s{{z s{k $R s{y$ % I Ak s$t Y I $%s$% $8}j${$jkU αφ 7 1 + φ 7 + αφ 7 + 1 y -------------- ( φ 7 + 1 2φ 7 + φ 7 1) (? ) 2 w1(d K + ----------------- 4(? ) 2 ( φ 7 + 2 2φ 7 + φ 7 2) 1 wb $t 8s $- PB 8U \?? φ 4?? φ B φ \ 4???? φ D by φ 7 } R tr Y R {BtI I $%s$% BP Y t ${ %s $saj φ b$y R} { B? sti y K 7 α s Y {B PP${$ tr BP Y {B8}s{ R{Y 8 3B Y PBZ YTB I R{Y 8 U α 1 10 y 6 5 sti K 0 sti PB Y R$-YTB I R{Y 8 U α 2 11 y 12 11 sti K 3 11 qy $I$sBtsj RkR 8 BP sj A s${ JZs$BtR PB Y R {BtI I $%s$% R $R RBj% I PB $t Y Rs8 8stt sr Y P$ R I $%s$% R V {B8}s $RBt BP -}j${$ { t sj I$PP t{ sti $8}j${$ {B8}s{ s}} B-$8s$BtR B Y R {BtI I $%s$% $R $% t $t qsaj E VR b$y Y P$ R I $%s$% Y $8}j${$ s8 t BP Y R {BtI I $%s$% RZjR $t s R8sjj R t{$j R$9 PB s $% t B I qy j sit

$t Zt{s$Bt B 8 PB Y {B8}s{ PB 8Zjs$Bt $R IZ{ I Ak Ps{B R BP 1 PB Y PBZ YTB I R{Y 8 sti ; PB Y R$-YTB I R{Y 8 $t {B8}s $RBt B -}j${$ { t sj I$PP t{ R{Y 8 R BP Y Rs8 B I qsaj E ]B8}s $RBt BP -}j${$ { t sj I$PP t{ sti $8}j${$ {B8}s{ s}} B-$8s$BtR BP Y R {BtI I $%s$% 7{Y 8 q Zt{s$Bt B 7 t{$j 7$9 PBZ YTB I { t sj PBZ YTB I {B8}s{ R$-YTB I { t sj R$-YTB I {B8}s{ ( ) ( 8 6! )(? ) 4 φ 6 ( ) ( 3.6 6! )(? ) 4 φ 6 ( ) ( 72 8! )(? ) 6 φ 8 ( ) ( 16.7 8! )(? ) 6 φ 8 x n x 3B tbtt} $BI${ ABZtIs $ R Bt TR$I I P$t$ I$PP t{ R s JZ$ I B {jbr Y RkR 8 BP JZs$BtR V $) dsti $) WsY$ ITB I {B8}s{ ABZtIs k R{Y 8 $R ZR IU w1dd φ 1 + α KX φ 2 4 1 ------------- (? ) 2 y KX7 φ 7 7 1 by ) dd sti ) dn ) T1 ) dx sti ) Td s Y {B PP${$ tr BP Y Y$ IT α KX y KX1 y KX2 y KX3 y KX4 B I ABZtIs k R{Y 8 3B Y R$-YTB I R{Y 8 s t s ABZtIs k R{Y 8 $R JZ$ I s $ ) 1 sti $ ) WTd qy PBZ YTB I $t $B R{Y 8 $R ZR I s Y R }B$tR R$t{ Btjk s Y T}B$t R t{$j $R t I I V R$8$js stsjkr$r BP Y dt* I$PPZR$Bt JZs$Bt $R ZR I B $t% R$s Y RBjZ$Bt JZsj$$ R BP Y } BT }BR I {B8}s{ s}} B-$8s$Bt B Y R {BtI I $%s$% qy $I$sBtsj {B8}s{ R{Y 8 } R t I Ak ej w1(d k$ jir s tz8 ${sj bs% tz8a U w11d * ( > ) 2 1 ------------- (? ) 2 2y[ 1 cos( >? )] + -- [ 1 cos( 2>? )] 2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1+ 2α cos( >? ) K qy I$RR$}s$Bt B R PB Y -}j${$ R {BtITB I { t sj I$PP t{ sti PBZ YT sti R$-YTB I {B8T }s{ R{Y 8 R s RYBbt $t 3$ n G R Ys Y tz8 ${sj bs% tz8a PB Y {B8}s{ R{Y 8 8B {jbr jk s}} B-$8s R Y -s{ bs% tz8a B% s b$i st BP bs% tz8a R +Zst$s$% 8 srz R BP RBjZ$Bt }Bb PB Y %s $BZR R{Y 8 R s $% t $t qsaj er$8s R BP Y G RYBb Ys BZYjk b${ sr 8stk }B$tR s JZ$ I PB Y -}j${$ R {BtITB I { t sj I$PP t{ B } BIZ{ Y Rs8 s{{zt s{k sr Y {B8}s{ R{Y 8 d(

qsaj i RBjZ$Bt 8 srz R BP %s $BZR tz8 ${sj s}} B-$8s$BtR B Y R {BtI I $%s$% 7}s$sj 7{Y 8 * * ( >? ) > Ey?? ( ) 2 _B$tR } bs% j ty R {BtITB I { t sj (x ;(( dd( PBZ YTB I {B8}s{ dd; E(( xx R$-YTB I {B8}s{ dx1 EME ;d R} { sj π π 2 1 1; etpb { 8 t BP Y ]Bt$tZ$k ejzs$bt sti _B$RRBt ejzs$bt PB _ RRZ Vt -s8$ts$bt BP Y B% t$t JZs$BtR % sjr PBZ R{sjs JZs$BtR w{bt$tz$k sti Y R{sjs {B8}BT t tr BP Y 8B8 tz8 JZs$BtD $t 8R BP PBZ Zt,tBbtR wy % jb{$k {B8}Bt tr sti } RRZ D q$8 I $%s$% R PB Y % jb{$k {B8}Bt tr $t Y 8B8 tz8 JZs$Bt s ZR I B 8s {Y YBR JZsT $BtR $t $8 <Bb % $t st $t{b8} RR$Aj PjBb tb RZ{Y $8 I $%s$% -$RR PB } RRZ AZ Y {BtT $tz$k JZs$Bt $% R st sii$$btsj {BtR s$t Bt Y % jb{$k P$ ji $t B I B tpb { Y I$% t{ TP {BtI$$Bt qy {Z t s}} Bs{Y B% {B8 R Y$R } BAj 8 Ak s,$t Y tz8 ${sj I$% t{ BP Y I$RT { $9 I 8B8 tz8 JZs$Bt sti RZAR$Z$t $t Y I$R{ $9 I {Bt$tZ$k JZs$Bt qy$r RZjR $t s _B$RT RBt JZs$Bt PB } RRZ by${y $R RBj% I B trz Ys Y % jb{$k P$ ji $R I$% t{ P s Y Ld Y RZARs qy } BAj 8 IB R tb s $R $t s {B8} RR$Aj PjBb R$t{ Y I tr$k s}} s R sr s tsz sj {YB${ PB Y PBZ Y %s $saj sti Y {Bt$tZ$k JZs$Bt {Bts$tR $R $8 I $%s$% B A ZR I PB $8 T si%st{ 8 t qy } RRZ $R Y t BAs$t I P B8 st JZs$Bt BP Rs V}}jk$t Y I$% t{ B} sb δ?7 B Y I$R{ $9 I 8B8 tz8 ej wnd $% RU w1nd -------------------- 1 K - + 1 δ - + 1 - ( `7 ) `7 0?7 δ?7 I 7 - δ?7 δ?7 h - + qy 8 δ } R tr Y I$R{ $9 I {Bt$tZ$k JZs$Bt s Y -?7`7 L d RZATRs sti $R R B - 9 B B tpb { Y I$% t{ TP {BtI$$Bt qy 8 δ?7`7 } R tr Y I$% t{ BP Y % jb{$k P$ ji s Y } %$BZR RZARs - qy$r 8 RYBZjI sjrb A 9 B AZ $t } s{${ $ $R s$t I B,$jj BPP - stk s{{z8zjs$bt P B8 } %$BZR RZARs R IZ B js{, BP {Bt% t{ { qy 8 δ?7 I 7 $R Y RBZ { 8 BP Y _B$RRBt JZs$Bt sti } R tr si$ tr BP Y {Bt% {$Bt sti I$PPZR$Bt 8R by${y s,tbbt P B8 Y } %$BZR RZATRs qy 8 δ?7 δ?7 h - } R tr Y I$R{ $9 I Ns}js{$st B} sb Bt Y } RRZ < t{ Y _B$RRBt JZs$Bt B A RBj% I PB Y } RRZ $RU - 1 w1;d - `7 2 h - - δ?7 I + -------------------- 7 K - + 1 0 qy RBjZ$Bt I s$jr PBjjBb dd

n 7BjZ$Bt BP Y _B$RRBt JZs$Bt PB } RRZ V R$t$P${st s8bzt BP Y Bsj {B8}ZsT $Btsj $8 JZ$ I PB Y RBjZ$Bt BP Y $t{b8} RR$Aj Ws%$ T7B, R JZs$BtR wsr 8Z{Y sr YsjPD $R I %B I B Y tpb { 8 t BP Y {Bt$tZ$k JZs$Bt\RBjZ$Bt BP } RRZ qy$r R 8R P B8 Y Ps{ Ys %BjZ$Bt JZs$BtR -$R PB Y % jb{$k {B8}Bt tr w$ Y 8B8 tz8 JZs$BtRD by$j tbt -$R PB Y } RRZ ytr si st jj$}${ JZs$Bt 8ZR A RBj% I PB Y } RRZ by${y $t%bj% R Y RBjZ$Bt BP s RkR 8 BP JZs$BtR sti $R -} tr$% 7BjZ$BtR 8 YBIR PB jj$}${ JZs$BtR t sjjk Psjj $tb bb {s BT $ R T I$ { B $ s$% *$ { 8 YBIR ZRZsjjk $t%bj% RB8 PB 8 BP pszrr$st j$8$ts$bt by Y {B PT P${$ t 8s $- $R P$ R Ps{B I $tb st Z}} sti jbb 8s $- sti Y t Y RBjZ$Bt $R {B8}Z I ZR$t As{, RZAR$Z$Bt qy B} s$bt {BZt sti 8 8B k JZ$ 8 tr PB Y$R } B{ IZ {st A } BY$A$$% jk js PB Y RBjZ$Bt BP RkR 8R $t%bj%$t s js tz8a BP Zt,tBbtR w 10 6 $t k}${sj nt* } BAj 8RD qy sj ts$% B s I$ { RBjZ$Bt $R st $ s$% } B{ IZ by st $t$$sj s}} B-$8s$Bt B Y RBjZ$Bt $R ZR I B k$ ji st $8} B% I RBjZ$Bt qy$r } B{ RR $R } s I Zt$j Y RBjZ$Bt $R {Bt% I B b$y$t s I R$ I Bj st{ qy B} s$bt {BZt sti 8 8B k JZ$ 8 tr BP 8BR $ s$% 8 YBIR s j RR Yst Ys BP pszrr$st j$8$ts$bt qy PB Y $ s$% RBjZ$Bt } B{ IZ $R ZR I $t Y$R RZIk B RBj% Y _B$RRBt JZs$Bt PB } RRZ qy I s$jr BP Y$R } B{ IZ s BZj$t I $t Y$R {Ys} nd *$R{ $9 I Ns}js{$st!} sb qy I$R{ _B$RRBt JZs$Bt PB } RRZ by${y bsr I $% I $t 7 { 1; $R $% t AkU w1xd - `7 δ?7 δ?7 h - - δ?7 I + -------------------- 7 K - + 1 0 qy N<7 BP ej w1xd } R tr s I$R{ $9 I Ns}js{$st B} sb {B8}BR I BP bb s}}j${s$btr BP Y P$ R I $%s$% B} sb δ?7 y $R b jj,tbbt Ys ZR$t bb P$ R I $%s$% B} sb R B } R t Y Ns}js{$st B} sb Bt tbttrs I $IR {st j si B st BIIT % t I {BZ}j$t BP Y RBjZ$Bt yti I b$y RstIs I R {BtITB I { t sj I$PP t{$t PB Y P$ R I $%s$% B} sb Y RBjZ$Bt s % t $I }B$tR {B8}j jk I {BZ}j R P B8 Y BII $I }B$tR j si$t B tbtt}ykr${sj RZjR!t 8 Ik $R B $t BIZ{ 8R BP Y Rs8 B I sr Y Zt{s$Bt B by${y $t PP { }js{ R Y bb P$ R I $%s$% B} sb R b$y s R$tj R {BtI I $%s$% B} sb qy$r {BZ}j R Y RBjZ$Bt s BII sti % t $I }B$tR by$j 8s$ts$t$t Y Rs8 PB 8sj B I BP s{{z s{k qy Ns}js{$st B} sb $R I$R{ $9 I ZR$t s R$tj R {BtI I $%s$% B} sb B } % t }BRR$Aj I {BZ}j$t sti ej w1xd A {B8 RU w1ed - `7 δ??7 h - - δ?7 I + -------------------- 7 K - + 1 0 by δ??7 h - } R tr Y I$R{ Ns}js{$st BP } RRZ sti $R I$R{ $9 I ZR$t Y {B8}s{ R {BtI I $%s$% B} sb $% t Ak ej w1(d qy PP { BP }js{$t Y bb P$ R I $%s$% B} sb R b$y Y R$tj R {BtI I $%s$% Ns}js{$st B} sb $R RYBbt Ak b $$t ej w1ed sr d1

w1d δ??7 h - - by st $ s$% RBjZ$Bt $R srrz8 I sti h $R Y {Z t $ s BP } RRZ sti p $R Y R$IZsj $8Asjst{ IZ B $t{b8}j {Bt% t{ qs,$t Y I$% t{ BP Y 8B8 tz8 JZs$Bt ej wnd sp Y $ s$% RBjZ$Bt BP Y } RRZ sti $8 si%st{ 8 t $% RU - `7 - δ?7 I 7 + -------------------- K - + 1 p 0 w1md 2 - δ?7h - `7 - δ?7 I 7 + -------------------- K - + 1 0 δ?7 - + 1 `7 -------------------- K - + 1 0 7ZA s{$t ejr w1d P B8 w1md sti s st$t $% R Y -} RR$Bt PB Y I$% t{ U w1d - + 1 δ?7`7 K - + 1 2-0 δ? δ??7 h + p 7 ejzs$bt w1d RYBbR Ys Y $8Asjst{ BP Y {Bt$tZ$k JZs$Bt $R IZ B bb {Bt $AZ$BtR w$d Y I$PP t{ A b t Y bb I$PP t Ns}js{$st B} sb R by${y $R 5(? E ) by 8 $R s Yst Y B I BP s{{z s{k BP Y Ns}js{$st B} sb R w$ $R srk B RYBb Ys $ $R PBZ YTB I PB -}j${$ R {BtIT B I B} sb RD sti w$$d Y R$IZsj $8Asjst{ IZ B $t{b8}j $ s$% {Bt% t{ ejzs$bt w1d sjrb RYBbR Ys Y R$IZsj $8Asjst{ p IB R tb t I B A I $% t B 8s{Y$t 9 B Btjk A jbb Y j % j BP Y I$PP t{ $t Y bb Ns}js{$st B} sb R <Bb % Y {Bt% t{ Bj st{ PB 8$ts$t Y $ s$% RBjZ$Bt BP Y _B$RRBt JZs$Bt 8ZR A RZPP${$ tjk R8sjj PB Y RBjZ$Bt B A $tr tr$$% B Y RB}}$t { $ $Bt VR Y $I $R P$t I Y Bj st{ 8ZR A IZ{ I $t s{{b Ist{ b$y Y B I BP s{{z s{k BP Y R{Y 8 3B -s8}j by t ZR$t Y R$-YTB I R{Y 8 Bt js$% jk P$t $IR wr qsaj dmd $ $R t { RRs k B {Bt% Y RBjZ$Bt B 8s{Y$t 9 B wd( Td; D $t B I PB Y RBjZ$Bt B R B IZ{ s s R$-YTB I s ejzs$bt w1ed s sjj $t $B $I }B$tR RZjR $t s RkR 8 BP JZs$BtR Ys $R RBj% I s s{y RZATRs BP Y $8 si%st{ 8 t R{Y 8 3B R$8}j${$k Y RkR 8 BP JZs$BtR $R I R{ $A I PB Y 1T* _B$RRBt JZs$Bt b$y } $BI${ ABZtIs $ R Bt s Zt$PB 8 $I PB Y PBZ YTB I $I$sBtsj R{Y 8 I P$t I $t 7 { 1n qy RBjZ$Bt } B{ IZ $R sr$jk - ti I B Y nt* _B$RRBt JZs$Bt sr } R t I $t V}} ti$- V e- tr$bt B t sj {Z %$j$t s $IR $R } R t I $t V}} ti$- qy R BP ej w1ed {st A b $ t $t Y PB 8 BP s RkR 8 BP JZs$BtR sru wn(d 1 1 \h [\ 4???? + \ 4rr rr ]h B dn

U U (nj x nj block matrix), where \?? U U U U U 1 α α α 1 α α 1 α α α 1 (ni x ni scalar matrix) { α{ α{ \ rr α{ { α{ { α{ { α{, where is the ni x ni identity matrix α{ α{ { (nj x nj block matrix) p p p y 4?? -----, where 2 p _? p p p (nj x nj block matrix) (ni x ni scalar matrix) 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 y 4 rr ----- 2 _ r 2{ { 2{ { 2{ { 2{ { 2{ (nj x nj block matrix) { 2{ { x h h 1 h 2 h zi, where h i h 1, i h 2, i h z7 i (nj x 1 block vector) (ni x 1 scalar vector) x x B B 1 B 2 B zi, where B i B 1, i B 2, i B z7, i (nj x 1 block vector) (ni x 1 scalar vector) by h sti B s Y } RRZ sti RBZ { 8 s Y 7i $I }B$t $` 7, δ i?7 [ I 7 + ( K `7 - + 1 0) ] 7, i R} {$% jk qy Rk8ABjR z7 ) ]? Ld zi ) ] r Ld I tb Y tz8a BP $I }B$tR $t Y? r I$ {$BtR R} {$% jk zsjz R s 7 ) ]? Ld sti i ) ] r Ld jb{s$btr s }js{ I Ak %sjz R s 7 ) d sti i ) d R$t{, x d;

Y ABZtIs $ R s } $BI${ qy$r {Yst RZjR $t s tbtt9 B j 8 t $t Y Z}} $Y sti jbb j P {B T t R BP Y {B PP${$ t 8s ${ R qy R$-YTB I {B8}s{ R{Y 8 wb$y } tsi$sbtsj i<7d {st A b $ t 7± 2 i± 2 $t Y Rs8 8stt Ak $t{jzi$t Y sti 8R $t Y 4?? sti 4 rr 8s ${ R 3B tbtt} $BI${ ABZtIs $ R Y R {BtI I $%s$% ABZtIs k R{Y 8 $% t Ak ej w1dd $R ZR I s Y ABZtIs k }B$tR yt sii$$bt Y Zt,tBbt } RRZ R s Y ABZtIs $ R s }js{ I b$y Y $ ABZtIs k %sjz R sti YBR 8R s 8B% I sti sii I B Y i<7 BP ej w1ed 3B *$ ${Yj ABZtIs k {BtI$$BtR RZ{Y sr P R s8 {BtI$$BtR Y$R } B{ IZ $R R s$ypb bs I W Z8stt ABZtIs k {BtI$$BtR RZ{Y sr YBR s}}j$ I s $tpjbb sti BZPjBb }jst R JZ$ Ys Y } RRZ si$ t s Y ABZtIs k A I$RT { $9 I ZR$t s P$ R I $%s$% R{Y 8 wej ddu wndd h? 1 1, i 3 1? ------ y h KX7 7, i 7 1 by Y RZAR{ $}R 1,j s ZR I B I tb Y $tpjbb }jst PB -s8}j qy ABZtIs k } RRZ _ d` $R Y t RBj% I PB U wn1d h 1, i 1 h ---------??1 y KX 1 1, i 3 7 2 y KX7 h 7, i ejzs$bt wn1d $R Y t ZR I B RZAR$Z PB Y ABZtIs k } RRZ R $t ej wn(d qy P$ R 8 Bt Y i<7 BP ej wn1d $R,tBbt P B8 Y ABZtIs k {BtI$$Bt sti $R 8B% I sti sii I B Y i<7 BP ej wn(d qy R {BtI 8 Bt Y i<7 BP ej wn1d {Bts$tR Y Zt,tBbt } RRZ R h 1i sti h ni RB Y k s, } Bt Y N<7 BP ej wn(d sti {B R}BtI$t 8R BP Y {B PP${$ t 8s $- V s 8BI$P$ I s{{b I$tjk qy RZjT $t RkR 8 BP JZs$BtR {Bts$tR Btjk Y $t $B } RRZ R sr Zt,tBbtR h 7i 2 7 ] sti? 1 2 i ] r 1 ejzs$bt wn(d RZjR $t s { BRR k} R t{$j s Y 7 i tbi $t by${y sjj }B$tR sjbt j$t R }srr$t Y BZY Y { t sj tbi {Bt $AZ B Y R t{$j qy {B PP${$ tr BP Y$R R t{$j s $8}j${$jk I P$t I $t 1 1 Y R tr Ys Y 8s $- B} s$btr [\ 4???? + \ 4rr rr ] $t ej wn(d 8ZR A } PB 8 I B I 8$t Y $ %sjz R Zj$}jk$t ej wn(d Ak \ rr \?? $% RU wnnd 1 [\ rr 4?? + \ rr \?? \ 4rr ]h \ rr \?? B rr y $R srk B RYBb Ak $tr} {$Bt Ys 8s ${ R V -- sti V kk {B88Z $ wnnd R$8}j$P$ R BU \ rr \?? \?? \ r r RB Ys ej wn;d [\ rr 4?? + \?? 4 rr ]h \ rr \?? B G$Y Y {B PP${$ tr BP Y PBZ YTB I {B8}s{ s}} B-$8s$Bt Y R {BtI I $%s$% RZjR $t st -}j${$ t$t T}B$t $I k} R t{$j PB Y N<7 sti i<7 BP ej wn;du dx

wnxd 1 ----- + ----- 1 2y 2 2 h 7, i _? _ r α 1 2y ----- -------- _? 2 2_ r 2 yα 1 1 ----- + ----- 2 _? _ r 2 + α 1 [ h 7, i + 1 + h 7, i 1] + 2y ----- -------- [ h 7 + 1, + h i 7 1, ] + i h 7 + 1, i + 1 h 7 + 1, i 1 _ r 2 2_? 2 [ + + + ] h 7 1, i + 1 h 7 1, i 1 B 7 i, + + + + α [ B 7, i + 1 B 7, i 1 B 7 + 1, B i 7 1, ] α 2 B i 7 + 1, i + 1 + [ + + + ] B 7 + 1, i 1 B 7 1, i + 1 B 7 1, i 1 G$Y Y {B PP${$ tr BP Y R$-YTB I {B8}s{ s}} B-$8s$Bt Y R {BtI I $%s$% RZjR $t Y Rs8 t$t T}B$t R t{$j PB Y i<7 sti st -}j${$ b tktbt }B$t R t{$j Bt Y N<7U wned 1 1 K 2 y + -- 4 ----- + ----- 2 2 h 7, i _? _ r 2α --------- K y + -- y ----- 2 4 _? [ + ] + + 2 h 7, i + _ 1 r + h 7, i 1 2α --------- K y + -- y ----- 2 4 _ r [ + ] + h 2 7 + 1, i _? h 7, 1 i K -------- [ h 7, i + 2 + h 7, i 2] + -------- [ h 7 + 2, + h i 7 2, ] + i 4_ r 2 K 4_? 2 -------- Kα [ h 7 + 2, i + 1 + h 7 + 2, i 1 + h 7 2, i + 1 + h 7 2, i 1] + 4_? 2 -------- Kα [ h 7 + 1, i + 2 + h 7 + 1, i 2 + h 7 1, i + 2 + h 7 1, i 2] + 4_ r 2 yα 1 1 ----- + ----- 2 _? _ r 2 [ + + + ] h 7 + 1, i + 1 + + + h 7 + 1, i 1 h 7 1, i + 1 α [ B 7, i + 1 B 7, i 1 B 7 + 1, B i 7 1, ] α 2 B i 7 + 1, i + 1 + h 7 1, i 1 B 7 + 1, i 1 B 7 i [ + + + ], + B 7 1, i + 1 B 7 1, i 1 qyzr PB Zt$PB 8 {s R$st $IR Y R t{$jr BP ejr wnxd sti wned s } P I A {szr Y k JZ$ P b B} s$btr sti Y $ {B PP${$ tr s -}j${$ $t {Bt sr B Y R t{$j BP ej wn(d qy {B88Zs$% } B} k BP Y \?? sti \ rr 8s ${ R $R %sj$i % t b$y tbtt} $BI${ ABZtIs $ R WZ8 ${sj -} $8 tr {BtP$ 8 Ys Y { BRRTk} R t{$j } R t I Ak ej wn(d sti Y $ITk} R t{$j BP ej wn;d $% $I t$t {sj RZjR de

n1 y s$bt s $- qy RkR 8 BP JZs$BtR } R t I Ak ej wn(d B ej wn;d 8ZR A RBj% I B {Bt% t{ B trz s I$% t{ TP % jb{$k P$ ji s % k RZATRs BP % k $8 R } VjYBZY Y 8s $- $R R}s R I$ { R}s R T8s $- 8 YBIR b PBZtI B A {B8} $$% Btjk PB Ps$ jk {Bs R T $I 1T* } BAj 8R qy PB $ s$% R{Y 8 R s JZ$ I sti }B$tT js-s$bt 8 YBIR s Z$j$9 I yt Y$R s}} Bs{Y Btjk Y %sjz s Y { t sj tbi BP Y R t{$j h 7i $R s I sr st Zt,tBbt RB Ys Y 8Zj$T I$sBtsj RkR 8 BP JZs$BtR I t s R B s I$sBtsj RkR 8 PB Bt js-s$bt Rb } by${y $R $%$sj B RBj% qy$r } B{ RR {st A b $ t $t 8s $- tbs$bt Ak I {B8}BR$t Y 8s $- V $tb Y RZ8 BP Y I$sBtsj jbb sti Z}} 8s ${ R BP \U wnd \h [; U J]h B by Y 8s $- ; $R Y I$sBtsj 8s $- BP \ sti Y 8s ${ R U J s Y jbb sti Z}} 8s ${ R BP \ R} {$% jk qy RBjZ$Bt s Y {Z t $ s$bt j % j h~ $R {B { I b$y Y $t{ 8 t h B k$ ji Y RBjZ$Bt s Y t - $ s$bt j % j h h * + h 3B b $Y I Fs{BA$ $ s$bt Y } RRZ $R {sj{zjs I P B8U wnmd h h * ω; 1 p * + by 0 < ω < 1 I tb R ZtI T js-s$bt qyzr Fs{BA$ $ s$bt $R JZ$%sj t B {B8}Z$t Y R$IZsj wp~ ) B T \ h~d BP Y {Z t $ s h~ s sjj $I }B$tR PBjjBb I Ak st Z}Is B} s$bt yt Y$R s I $tpb 8s$Bt $R Y ji sti Y RBjZ$Bt $R Z}Is I s sjj $I }B$tR R$8Zjst BZRjk 7$t{ Y {B8}ZT s$bt BP Y R$IZsj % {B sti Y Z}Is BP Y RBjZ$Bt % {B s {B8}j jk R }s s B} s$btr s{y B} s$bt $R PZjjk % {B $9sAj qy$r RZjR $t st $8} B% I {B8}Zs$Btsj s by t YBR B} s$btr s } PB 8 I Bt % {B {B8}Z R!t Y BY TYstI b $Y I pszrrt7 $I j {sj{zjs R Y } RRZ P B8U wnd h h * ω ; U p * + [ ] 1 by${y JZ$ R Ys Y RBjZ$Bt % {B A Z}Is I $t sr{ ti$t B I wh dd h 1d h z7zid 7$t{ Y$R IB R tb % {B $9 % k b jj ITAjs{, B I $t $R s }BRR$A$j$k VjYBZY Y Fs{BA$ 8 YBI {Bt% I 8B RjBbjk Yst Y pszrrt7 $I j 8 YBI Y {B8}Zs$Btsj R} I $t{ sr IZ B % {B $9s$Bt j I ZR B } T P $ $t Y } R t RZIk nn Zj$ $I 7BjZ$Bt i js-s$bt R{Y 8 R RZ{Y sr Fs{BA$ sti pszrrt7 $I j s}}j$ I Bt s R$tj $I j % j RZPP P B8 }BB {Bt% t{ s R sr Y tz8a BP $I }B$tR $t{ sr Zj$ $I 8 YBIR B% T {B8 Y R I P${$ t{$ R Ak Z$j$9$t s Y$ s {Yk BP $IR 78BBY B {B8}Bt tr s strp I B {Bs R $IR by Y k s}} s sr Y$Y P JZ t{k B {B8}Bt tr sti s JZ${,jk 8B% I Ak js-s$bt Rb }R V {Bs R $I {B {$Bt R{Y 8 $R Z$j$9 I $t Y {Z t RZIk B $8} B% Y {Bt% t{ s BP Y }B$tb$R js-s$bt R{Y 8 Bt s R$tj $I 7ZAR{ $}R s ZR I B I tb $I j % j $ h_ sti h 9_ 2_ I tb R Y RBjZ$Bt Bt Y P$t sti {Bs R $IR R} {$% jk qy Rk8ABj { _ $R ZR I B I tb strp _ P B8 Y P$t B Y {Bs R $I by$j { 2_ $R ZR I B I tb strp $t Y B}}BR$ I$ {$Bt qy sjbt $Y8 PB Bt {Bs R $I {B {$Bt $R $% t A jbb sti sii$$btsj I s$jr {st A PBZtI $t $R >deh * wdd 78BBY Y {Z t $ s h _ Bt Y P$t $I ν 1 $8 RU d

( 1) \ _ h _ B _ w1d ]sj{zjs Y R$IZsj Bt Y P$t $IU ( 1) p _ B _ \ _ h _ wnd q strp w R ${D Y R$IZsj B Y {Bs R $I by $ $R ZR I sr Y RBZ { 8 PB Y B JZs$BtU B 2_ { _ 2_ p_ w;d 7Bj% PB Y B Bt Y {Bs R $IU 1 o 2_ \ 2_ B2_ wxd q strp w} BjBts D Y B B Y P$t $I sti {B { Y RBjZ$BtU ( 2) h _ ( 1) _ h _ + { 2_ o2_ wed _ PB 8 ν 2 }BRT js-s$bt Rb }RU \ _ h _ B _ 7stIs I R {BtITB I $t }Bjs$Bt $R ZR I B strp %s $saj R P B8 Y {Bs R B Y P$t $I by$j Y PZjj b $Y$t B} sb >deh $R ZR I B strp %s $saj R $t Y B}}BR$ I$ {$Bt VjYBZY Y sab% sjb $Y8 Z$j$9 R Btjk bb $I j % jr $8} B% I PP${$ t{k RZjR P B8 $t{b }B s$t sr 8stk $I j % jr sr }BRR$Aj yt Y$R R} { Y I$ { RBjZ$Bt BP Y B JZs$Bt $t R } wxd $R } PB 8 I Bt s % k {Bs R $I JZ$ $t s R8sjj tz8a BP B} s$btr 7$t{ Y R$8Zjs$BtR s } PB 8 I Bt % {B {B8}Z R Fs{BA$ $ s$bt bsr Z$j$9 I PB js-s$bt Rb }R A {szr $ $R PZjjk % {B $9sAj qbb } T sti bb }BRT js-s$bt Rb }R b } PB 8 I Bt s{y $I qy BZY tz8 ${sj -} $8 tr Y B}$8Z8 js-s$bt Ps{B PB Y Zt$PB 8 $I PB 8Zjs$Bt bsr PBZtI B A ω 0.9 ]Bt% t{ s R w]id PB Y 1* bs% I {sk } BAj 8 wi$r{zrr I $t 7 { ;D ZR$t Y ;YT sti EYT B I R{Y 8 R s $% t $t qsaj M sjbt b$y Y tz8a BP 8Zj$ $I j % jr ZR I qy RZjR I 8BtR s Ys Y {Bt% t{ s BP Y 8Zj$ $I RBjZ$Bt {Yt$JZ $R $ti } ti t BP $I R}s{$t Ztj$, k}${sj R$tj $I $ s$% RBjZ$Bt {Yt$JZ R by Y {Bt% t{ s s}} Bs{Y R Zt$k sr Y $I $R P$t I epp {R BP $I sr} { s$br Bt 8Zj$ $I {Bt% t{ s R s RYBbt $t qsaj PB Y RBjZ$Bt BP Y 1* 7Zs R } BAj 8 ZR$t Y PBZ YTB I {B8}s{ R{Y 8 qy 1* 7Zs R } BAj 8 by${y $R I P$t I $t 7 { ; $R s 8}B sjjk I % jb}$t 8$-$t jsk b$y t Z sj BbY by${y $R B% t I Ak Y 1* ezj JZs$BtR sti PB by${y st -s{ RBjZ$Bt -$RR t$pb 8 $I R}s{$t $R ZR I $t Y? {BB I$ts I$ {T $Bt by$j s jbs $Y8${ PZt{$Bt $R ZR I B {jzr $I }B$tR $t Y k {BB I$ts I$ {$Bt by js si$ tr -$R IZ B Y 8$-$t BP Y Y$Y sti jbb R} I P R s8r wr 3$Z d(du dm

w;(d r 1 + η ln ------------ 2 1 η by $R s {jzr $t }s s8 sti η $R Y Zt$PB 8jk I$R $AZ I {B8}Zs$Btsj {BB I$ts qy RZjR $t qsaj RYBb Ys Y 8Zj$ $I {Bt% t{ s I $B s R RB8 bys b$y $t{ sr I $I sr} { s$b VR 8B $I }B$tR s 8B% I B Y 8$-$t $Bt Y BZY {jzr $t RBjZ$Bt B R $t Y k {BB I$T ts I$ {$Bt I { sr by$j YBR $t - I$ {$Bt 8s$t {BtRst qyzr Y B% sjj RBjZ$Bt B % tzt sjjk RsZ s R b$y $t{ sr I RBjZ$Bt $t Y k I$ {$Bt qsaj MU Zj$ $I {Bt% t{ s R ]i PB RBjZ$Bt BP 1* bs% I {sk t$ - t` tz8a BP p j % jr ]i T ;Y B I R{Y 8 ]i T EY B I R{Y 8 de - de 1 (;d (n( n1 - n1 n (;( (n( E; - E; ; (;d (n( d1m - d1m x (;1 (n( qsaj Zj$ $I {Bt% t{ s R ]i PB RBjZ$Bt BP 1* 7Zs R } BAj 8 Bt tbttzt$pb 8 $IR wt$ - t` ) ; - dedd s )(1 ]jzr $t }s s8 { r Ey? ---------------- ]i ` 2 r E7z Zt$PB 8 $I d (d (dnd - d( Tx (d1 n1 (1d (ME( - d( TE (de E1 (1M (E;(1 - d( TE (1( d11 (nm (x1x - d( TE (1; 1;1 (;M (xex - d( TE ; i RZjR sti I$R{ZRR$Bt qy } PB 8st{ BP Y tz8 ${sj PB 8Zjs$Bt $R R I Ak s}}j${s$bt B s %s $ k BP A t{y8s, } BAj 8R e8}ysr$r $R }js{ I Bt Y tz8 ${sj s}} B-$8s$Bt BP R}s$sj I $%st $% R yt }s ${Zjs Y {Bt% {$Bt 8R w{bts$t$t P$ R I $%s$% RD } R t Y 8BR I$PP${Zjk $t tz8 T ${sj s}} B-$8s$Bt R$t{ js I$R} R$Bt B R -$R s Y$Y bs% tz8a R w >? π D y $R RR t$sj Ys Y tz8 ${sj s}} B-$8s$Bt B Y P$ R I $%s$% } B%$I jbb I$R} R$Bt B R B% s js st BP bs% tz8a R qy$r $R R} {$sjjk Z $t nt* R$8Zjs$BtR by IZ{$t Y JZ$ I tz8a BP $I }B$tR Ak YsjP $t s{y {BB I$ts I$ {$Bt j sir B $Y $8 R P b Bsj $I }B$tR sti {BtR$I saj Rs%$tR $t {B8}Z $8 d

yt 7 {$Bt n Y B k RYBb I Ys {B8}s{ R{Y 8 R JZ$ BZYjk P$% $8 R P b }B$tR B s{{z s jk RBj% s $% t 8BI $t {B8}s $RBt B Y RstIs I R {BtITB I { t sj I$PP t{ s}} B-$8s$Bt B Y P$ R I $%s$% qy$r Y B k $R R I Ak RBj%$t RB8 } s{${sj } BAj 8R st$t P B8 Y dt* {Bt% {$Bt JZs$Bt B Y 1T* Ws%$ T7B, R JZs$BtR ;d dt* ]Bt% {$Bt ejzs$bt qy P$ R } BAj 8 B A RBj% I $R Y dt* {Bt% {$Bt BP s pszrr$st } BP$j U w;dd ` ` ----- + ----- 0 0?? RZA` { BU ` (?0, ) 0.5exp -- 2 ln( 2) 20? 450? 1 {)d 3 qy$r {BZjI R Y $8 si%st{ 8 t R{Y 8 sti Y tz8 ${sj s}} B-$8s$Bt B Y P$ R I $%s$% qy -s{ RBjZ$Bt {B R}BtIR B Y {Bt% {$Bt BP Y $t$$sj } BP$j s Y {BtRst bs% R} I { qy Y$ ITB I i R{Y 8 bsr ZR I B si%st{ Y JZs$Bt $t $8 PB sjj R}s$sj R{Y 8 R yt sii$$bt Y ]3N tz8a bsr, } R8sjj RB Ys RZj$t B R s IZ RBj jk B Y R}s$sj PB 8Zjs$Bt *$RB $Bt $t Y RYs} BP Y } BP$j $ti${s R I$RR$}s$Bt sti\b I$R} R$Bt B R $t Y RBjZ$Bt qy {Bt% {$Bt JZsT $Bt bsr RBj% I ZR$t Y s}} B-$8s$BtR B Y P$ R I $%s$% w$d s R {BtITB I { t sj I$PP t{ w$$d s Y$ ITB I Z}b$tI sti w$$$d Y PBZ YTB I {B8}s{ s}} B-$8s$Bt BZj$t I $t 7 {$Bt 1n qy }s s8 R sti $t$$sj {BtI$$BtR s YBR } B}BR I s Y y]v7e\nvi] GB,RYB} Bt t{y8s, _ BAT j 8R $t ]B8}Zs$Btsj V Bs{BZR${R <s I$t sj >dh 7$t{ Y R} {$P$ I $I $R js$% jk {Bs R Y$R } BAj 8 } B%$I R st -{ jj t R BP Y RBjZ$Bt }Bb BP Y tz8 ${sj s}} B-$8s$Bt 3$Z ; RYBbR Y {B8}Z I RBjZ$BtR s ) ;(( sp Y } BP$j YsR {Bt% { I B - ) ;(( qy $R j$j I$R{ t$aj I$PT P t{ A b t Y -s{ RBjZ$Bt sti Y RBjZ$Bt b$y Y PBZ YTB I {B8}s{ R{Y 8 <Bb % Y RBjZ$BtR b$y Y R {BtITB I { t sj I$PP t{ sti Y Y$ ITB I Z}b$tI s}} B-$8s$BtR RYBb sjk IZ{ I } s, %sjz R sti js I$R} R$% bs% R s$j$t Y pszrr$st } BP$j qy B R P B8 Y R {BtIT B I { t sj I$PP t{ R{Y 8 s Y 8BR R % y $R I$PP${Zj B I 8$t Ak $tr} {$Bt bys }B $Bt BP Y B $R I$R} R$% sti bys }B $Bt $R I$RT R$}s$% qy RBjZ$BtR s strpb 8 I $tb bs% tz8a R}s{ ZR$t s 3BZ $ strpb 8 8 YBI sti {B8T }s I b$y Y -s{ RBjZ$Bt $t 3$ x B sii RR Y$R $RRZ qy s}y I$R}jskR Y RZj$t {B8}j - 3BZ $ {B PP${$ t $t }Bjs PB 8 b$y Y s8}j$zi I$R}jsk I $t 3$ xs sti Y }YsR stj $t 3$ xa y {st A R t P B8 3$ xs Ys Y RBjZ$BtR {B8}Z I b$y Y R {BtITB I { t sj I$PP t{ sti PBZ YT B I {B8}s{ R{Y 8 R } I${ Y {B { s8}j$zi PB sjj 8BI R qy s8}j$zi BP Y RBjZ$Bt {B8T }Z I b$y Y Y$ ITB I Z}b$tI R{Y 8 $R IZ{ I B I$RR$}s I R} {$sjjk s Y$Y bs% tz8a R 3$T Z xa RYBbR Ys Y PBZ YTB I {B8}s{ R{Y 8 } I${R Y {B { }YsR stj % t PB Y Y$Y R bs% tz8a R qy }YsR stj P B8 Y R {BtIT sti Y$ ITB I RBjZ$BtR s Btjk {B {jk } I${ I PB Y % k jbb R bs% tz8a R w > < 0.2 PB Y R {BtITB I RBjZ$Bt sti > < 0.3 PB Y Y$ ITB I RBjZ$BtD Ns I$R} R$Bt B R s %$I t s Y$Y bs% tz8a R qy sab% tir $t Y tz8 ${sj RBjZ$BtR s {BtR$R t b$y Y I$RR$}s$Bt\I$R} R$Bt B Y B k PB Y dt* {Bt% {$Bt JZs$Bt sti RYBb Y RBT jz$bt }Bb BP Y {B8}s{ R{Y 8 R 1(

qy R {BtI } BAj 8 sjrb } B}BR I s Y y]v7e\nvi] GB,RYB} Bt t{y8s, _ BAj 8R $R Y RBjZ$Bt BP Y dt* {Bt% {$Bt JZs$Bt $t s R}Y ${sj {BB I$ts RkR 8 yt ]s R$st {BB I$ts R Y B%T t$t JZs$Bt s, R Y PB 8U w;1d ` 0 ` + -- + 0? `? π0 RZA` { BU ` (?0, ) 0 `( 5, 0) sin ---- 4 5? 450? 1 3$Z E RYBbR Y -s{ RBjZ$Bt s ) ;(( by${y {B R}BtIR B s Is8} I R$t bs% IZ B Y sii$$bt BP Y Z\- 8 $t Y B% t$t JZs$Bt 3$ RYBbR {B8}Zs$Btsj RZjR PB Y $Bt 1(( < - < 11( ZR$t Y Y$ ITB I Z}b$tI s}} B-$8s$Bt B Y P$ R I $%s$% Bt Y I$PP t $IR sti Y PBZ YT B I {B8}s{ R{Y 8 Bt Y R} {$P$ I $I Btjk by${y {B R}BtIR B M G qy Z}b$tI RBjZ$Bt b$y M G RYBbR R % jk IZ{ I s8}j$zi sti s }YsR RY$P js$% B Y -s{ RBjZ$Bt e% t YBR b$y de G sti n1 G s tb % k s{{z s y s, R BZYjk E; G wtb RYBbtD B } BIZ{ Y -s{ RBjZ$Bt b$y Y Y$ ITB I Z}b$tI s}} B-$8s$Bt!t Y BY YstI Y PBZ YTB I {B8}s{ s}} B-T $8s$Bt $R saj B } BIZ{ Y -s{ RBjZ$Bt b$y M G ;1 1T* ]Bt% {$Bt ejzs$bt Zj$I$8 tr$btsj PP {R BP Y tz8 ${sj PB 8Zjs$Bt s -}jb I Ak RBj%$t PB Y {Bt% {$Bt BP st $t% I {Bt s BZtI s {$ {j qy$r } BAj 8 $R B% t I 1T* {Bt% {$Bt JZs$BtU w;nd ` 0 ` ` +? +? r 0 r by? )TrstI r )? s Y {Bt% {$Bt R} IR $t Y? sti r I$ {$BtR R} {$% jk qy $t$$sj {BtT I$$BtR s Ys BP st $t% I RYs } {Bt { t I s? r ) T(x ( qy -s{ RBjZ$Bt {B R}BtIR B Y {Bt A $t {Bt% { I {BZt {jb{,b$r $t s {$ {Zjs }sy BP si$zr B ) (x b$y s } $BI BP 2π *$RB $Bt BP Y RYs} BP Y {Bt $R st $ti${s$bt BP I$R} R$Bt sti\b I$RR$}s$Bt B R 3$Z M RYBbR {B8}Z I RZjR sp Bt %BjZ$Bt BP Y {Bt ZR$t wsd s Y$ ITB I Z}b$tI s}} B-$8s$Bt sti wad s PBZ YTB I {B8}s{ s}} B-$8s$Bt B Y P$ R I $%s$% R Bt s n1 - n1 $I b$y Zt$PB 8 R}s{$t qy$r $I I P$t R Y RYs} BP Y {Bt b$y s 8s-$8Z8 BP M }B$tR $t s{y {BB I$ts I$ {$Bt qy -s{ RYs} BP Y {Bt $R $t{jzi I B Y $Y BP Y {B8}Z I RBjZ$Bt s - k ) (x ( PB {B8}s $RBt }Z }BR R qy Y$ ITB I RBjZ$Bt w3$ MsD RYBbR Ys Y RYs } }B$t BP Y {Bt $R sjk I$PPZR I sti Ys I$R} R$Bt B R s %$I t s$j$t Y {Bt V $I BP d1m - d1m wb n1 }B$tR I P$t$t Y RYs} BP Y {Bt D 8ZR A ZR I b$y Y Y$ ITB I Z}b$tI s}} B-$8s$Bt A PB Y RYs} BP Y {Bt $R Ps$YPZjjk } BIZ{ I qy PBZ YTB I {B8}s{ RBjZ$Bt w3$ MAD RYBbR Ys Y RYs} BP Y {Bt $R tb I$RB I sr $ $R {Bt% { I s BZtI Y {$ {j Bt Y n1 - n1 $I yti I Y Btjk tb${ saj B $R s % k R8sjj $I B $I BR{$jjs$Bt IZ B Y sar t{ BP }YkR${sj %$R{BR$k $t Y$R } BAj 8 sti tz8 ${sj %$R{BR$k $t Y {B8}s{ R{Y 8 3$Z RYBbR RZjR PB Y Rs8 } BAj 8 sp Bt %BjZ$Bt BAs$t I Ak! R9s >dmh ZR$t wsd R {T BtITB I V s,sbs P$t$ TI$PP t{ wad PBZ YTB I V s,sbs P$t$ TI$PP t{ sti w{d s R} { sj s}} B-$T 8s$Bt B Y P$ R I $%s$% R Bt s n1 - n1 $I qy P$t$ I$PP t{ RBjZ$BtR RYBb B R R$8$js B Y 1d

Y$ ITB I RBjZ$BtR $t 3$ M qy R} { sj 8 YBI by${y } B%$I R -s{ I$PP t$s$bt PB sjj bs% tz8t A R } R tsaj Bt Y n1 - n1 $I {Bt% {R Y {Bt b$ybz I$RB $t $R RYs} qyzr Y RBjZ$Bt ZR$t Y {B8}s{ R{Y 8 $R {jbr B Y R} { sj RBjZ$Bt Yst Y RBjZ$BtR BAs$t I b$y {Bt% t$btsj P$t$ I$PP t{ R{Y 8 R qy Y$Y s{{z s{k sti RBjZ$Bt {Ys s{ $R${R s s{y$ % I Ak Y $8}j${$ s8 t BP Y I $%s$% e% t YBZY Y R t{$j R$9 BP Y {B8}s{ R{Y 8 $R P$t$ Y $8}j${$ st 8 t BP Y I $%s$% R 8s, R Y R{Y 8 jbasj 8Z{Y j$, Ys BP R} { sj 8 YBIR ;n ezj \Ws%$ T7B, R ejzs$btr yt Y } %$BZR R {$BtR Y PP { BP tz8 ${sj s}} B-$8sT $Bt Bt Y s{{z s{k BP Y {Bt% {$Bt 8R bsr IB{Z8 t I yt Y$R R {$Bt Y s{{z s{k BP Y tpb { T 8 t BP Y {Bt$tZ$k JZs$Bt Y BZY Y RBjZ$Bt BP Y _B$RRBt JZs$Bt PB } RRZ $R IB{Z8 t I Ak RBj%$t Y 1T* ezj \Ws%$ T7B, R JZs$BtR 7$t{ Y Ws%$ T7B, R JZs$BtR {Bts$t %$R{BZR 8R Y tz8 ${sj s}} B-$8s$Bt B Y R {BtI I $%s$% $R sjrb R I qy R } BAj 8R {YBR t PB %sj$ist $Bt {Bts$t 8stk P sz R BP Y nt* ` R by${y s R$8Zjs I $t Y {Z t RZIk yt Y$R R} { Y R } BAj 8R s tb 8 jk s{si 8${ - {$R R qy A t{y8s, } BAj 8R s RBj% I w$d s 8}B sjjkt I % jb}$t }jst 8$-$t jsk w1t* 7Zs R } BAj 8D sti w$$d 1T* %$R{BZR bs% I {sk _ BAj 8R w$d sti w$$d Ys% -s{ RBjZ$BtR ;nd q 8}B sjjkt* % jb}$t _jst $-$t Nsk e-s{ RBjZ$BtR B Y ezj B Ws%$ T 7B, R JZs$BtR PB t sj PjBbR IB tb -$R IZ B Y tbttj$t s $k BP Y {Bt% {$Bt 8R <Bb % ZtI R} {$sj {BtI$$BtR -s{ RBjZ$BtR 8sk A PBZtI Vt -s{ RBjZ$Bt PB Y 8}B sjjkti % jb}$t 8$-$t jsk bsr P$ R }ZAj$RY I Ak 7Zs >dh qy $t$$sj {BtI$$BtR PB Y 1T* 7Zs R } BAj 8 {B T R}BtI B s R sik Yk} ABj${ st t PZt{$Bt PB Y R s8b$r % jb{$k {B8}Bt t b$y s } $BI${ s sk BP %B - {B R $t Y 8$-$t $Bt by${y {szr Y RBjZ$Bt B %s k $t $8 qy bs% j ty BP Y I$RZ T Ast{ {B R}BtIR B Y t Z sj 8BI RZ{Y Ys Y I$RZ Ast{ $R {Bt% { I $t Y R s8b$r I$ {$Bt b$y tb {Yst $t s8}j$zi qy -s{ RBjZ$Bt PB Y R s8b$r % jb{$k {B8}Bt t Z sti Y strt % R % jb{$k {B8}Bt t % $R $% t AkU ` (?, r, 0) + --------------------------------------------------------------- gsinh( r) gcosh ( r) + \ cos(? 0) w;;d 8 (?, r, 0) sin( ) --------------------------------------------------------------- cos( ) \? 0 gcosh ( r) + \? 0 by \ g 2 1 $R s }s s8 by${y {Bt BjR Y R ty BP Y } Z As$Bt sti { $R Y {Bt% {T $% R} I BP Y 8$-$t jsk qy PjBb $R } $BI${ $t Y R s8b$r I$ {$Bt b$y j ty U? ) 2π 0? 2π qy PjBb $R $tp$t$ $t Y str% R I$ {$Bt AZ $t Y$R RZIk $R Zt{s I s s P$t$ I$RT st{ U r r U r RZ{Y Ys s 9 BT s{$bt P R s8 ABZtIs k {BtI$$Bt $R b jj s}} B-$8s I q RR by${y %s k Y str% R IB8s$t Y $Y 1U r RYBb Ys U r ) d( $R RZPP${$ tjk js B $8}j 8 t Y$R ABZtIs k {BtI$$Bt qy -s{ RBjZ$Bt $R RYBbt $t 3$ d(s b$y }s s8 R )d\ ) d\1 V Zt$PB 8 {s R$st $I $R ZR I PB Y R$8Zjs$BtR $t Y$R R {$Bt tj RR BY b$r R} {$P$ I Y Y$ ITB I i R{Y 8 $R ZR I PB $8 si%st{ 8 t sti $8 R }R s RZPP${$ tjk R8sjj RB Ys R}s$sj B R s IB8$T tst 11

3$Z d(a RYBbR Y tz8 ${sj RBjZ$Bt s 0 20π w t PjBb Y BZY $8 RD Bt s js$% jk {Bs R $I BP dn wr s8b$r D - ;d w str% R D ZR$t Y PBZ YTB I {B8}s{ s}} B-$8s$Bt BP {Bt% {$Bt 8R sti } RRZ qy RBjZ$Bt BP } RRZ $t%bj% R Y {B8}Zs$Bt BP Y RBZ { 8 sti Y I$R{ $T 9s$Bt BP Y Ns}js{$st B} sb $t ej wnnd yt sii$$bt Bt{ Y _B$RRBt JZs$Bt $R RBj% I PB } RRZ Y si$ t BP } RRZ $R {B8}Z I by${y $R JZ$ I B si%st{ Y 8B8 tz8 JZs$Bt $t $8 qy T PB Y }Y sr PBZ YTB I RBjZ$Bt BP } RRZ {B R}BtIR B Y RBZ { sti } RRZ si$ t 8R {B8}Z I b$y Y {B8}s{ P$ R I $%s$% R{Y 8 BZj$t I $t 7 {$Bt 1nd by$j Y Ns}js{$st B} sb $R I$R{ $9 I ZR$t Y {B8}s{ R {BtI I $%s$% R{Y 8 BZj$t I $t 7 {$Bt 1n1 e% t YBZY Y $I $R js$% jk {Bs R wdn R s8b$r }B$tR } bs% j ty sti BZYjk M }B$tR $t Y 8$-$t $Bt s r 0 D Y $R j$j I$R{ t$aj I$PP t{ A b t Y -s{ sti tz8 ${sj RBjZ$BtR sp t PjBb Y BZY $8 R y $R $8}B st B {Y {, Y {Bt% t{ BP Y B sr Y $I $R P$t I B -}BR stk {BI$t B R B I 8BtR s Ys Y B I BP B {Bt% t{ R t $t } s{${sj {B8}ZsT $BtR $R Ys } I${ I Ak s qskjb R $ R stsjkr$r sti B s$t {BtP$I t{ $t Y tz8 ${sj PB 8Zjs$Bt qsaj R d( sti dd $% s JZst$s$% 8 srz BP Y N1 sti 8s-$8Z8 B R $t Y % jb{$k {B8}Bt tr s ) (d ZR$t Y PBZ YT sti R$-YTB I {B8}s{ s}} B-$8s$BtR B Y {Bt% {$Bt 8R sti RBjZ$Bt BP } RRZ R} {$% jk 7BjZ$Bt B R P B8 Y $IR s RYBbt by Y $I R}s{$t $t Y - sti k I$ {$BtR $R Ysj% I P B8 {Bs R R B P$t R $I qy RZjR RYBb Ys Y N1 sti 8s-$8Z8 B R {BtT % s BZYjk Y s } I${ I Ak s qskjb R $ R stsjkr$r sr Y $I $R P$t I qy B I W $R {B8T }Z I ZR$t Y RBjZ$Bt B P B8 Y $IR BP R}s{$t Y 1Y sti ;YU w;xd ] φ _ φ 2_ ln ---------------------- φ 2_ φ ---------------------------------- 4_ ln2 by φ _, φ 2_, φ 4_ s Y B R Bt Y _ 1_stI ;_ $IR R} {$% jk yt ZR$t ej w;xd $ $R srrz8 I Ys Y RBjZ$Bt $R PZjjk RBj% I Bt sjj Y $IR sti Ys Y j si$t Zt{s$Bt B 8 $R IB8$tst w* 8Z t sti G$jRBt >1(HD qsaj d( 7BjZ$Bt B R PB 1T* 7Zs R _ BAj 8 s )(d ZR$t PBZ YTB I {B8}s{ s}} B-$8s$Bt PB {Bt% {$Bt 8R sti RBjZ$Bt BP } RRZ p $I wt$ - t`d s- e B s- z e B N1 WB 8 N1 WB 8 z dn - ;d (dm - d( T1 (1d - d( T1 (dm - d( Tn (1; - d( Tn 1x - Md (ME - d( T; (d1 - d( Tn (M( - d( Tx (dd - d( T; ; - ded (; - d( Tx (EM - d( Tx (x - d( TE (; - d( TE! I W ;1 ;d ;x ;x qb sii RR Y PP { BP {B8}Z$t Y } RRZ b$y s jbb TB I PB 8Zjs$Bt Y 1T* 7Zs R } BAT j 8 bsr RBj% I ZR$t R {BtITB I { t sj PBZ YTB I {B8}s{ sti R$-YTB I {B8}s{ s}} B-$8s$Bt BP Y {Bt% {$Bt 8R AZ s R {BtITB I { t sj I$PP t{ RBjZ$Bt BP Y } RRZ qy RZjR BP Y Y {B8}Zs$BtR s RYBbt $t qsaj d1 qy R RZjR RYBb Ys Y jbb TB I RBjZ$Bt BP } RRZ RZjR $t Y B% sjj {Bt% t{ BP Y B A $t R {BtITB I % t $P Y {Bt% {$Bt 8R { $% s Y$Y TB I s8 t Vjj 8R 8ZR A I$R{ $9 I ZR$t Y$Y TB I s}} B-$8s$BtR B s{y$ % Y$Y TB I B 1n

qsaj dd 7BjZ$Bt B R PB 1T* 7Zs R _ BAj 8 s ) (d ZR$t R$-YTB I {B8}s{ s}} B-$8s$Bt PB {Bt% {$Bt 8R sti RBjZ$Bt BP } RRZ p $Iwt$ - t`d s- e B s- z e B N1 WB 8 N1 WB 8 z dn - ;d (n - d( Tn (d( - d( T1 ( - d( T; (dd - d( Tn 1x - Md (d - d( T; (1( - d( T; (d1 - d( Tx (d; - d( Tx ; - ded (dx - d( Tx (dm - d( Tx (1x - d( TE (;x - d( TE! I W x; x En E1 {Bt% t{ s R qyzr PB 8Zjs$BtR } R t I $t Y j$ sz RZ{Y sr Ak Ws``s sti qsp$ >1dH by${y ZR Y$Y TB I I$PP t{ R PB Y {Bt% {$Bt sti I$PPZR$Bt 8R AZ R {BtITB I I$PP t{ R PB Y _B$RT RBt JZs$Bt PB } RRZ bbzji Btjk A jbasjjk R {BtITB I s{{z s qsaj d1 e B R b$y I$PP t I$R{ $9s$Bt s}} B-$8s$BtR PB {Bt% {$Bt AZ R {BtITB I I$R{ $9s$Bt PB } RRZ 7 {BtITB I { t sj 3BZ YTB I {B8}s{ 7$-YTB I {B8}s{ p $I wt$ - t$d N1 WB 8 N1 WB 8 z N1 WB 8 N1 WB 8 z N1 WB 8 N1 WB 8 z dn - ;d (1d - d( T1 (1( - d( T1 (1( - d( T1 (1( - d( T1 (1( - d( T1 (1( - d( T1 1x - Md (;x - d( Tn (xn - d( Tn (;1 - d( Tn (;; - d( Tn (;1 - d( Tn (;; - d( Tn ; - ded (dd - d( Tn (dn - d( Tn (dd - d( Tn (dd - d( Tn (d( - d( Tn (dd - d( Tn! I wwd 1n 1d 1; 11 1n 11 qy RBjZ$Bt BP Y 1T* 7Zs R } BAj 8 %sj$is R Y tz8 ${sj PB 8Zjs$Bt PB Y tpb { 8 t BP Y {Bt$tZ$k JZs$Bt sti Y RBjZ$Bt BP Y _B$RRBt JZs$Bt PB } RRZ yt sii$$bt $ YsR A t RYBbt Ys Y 9 BT s{$bt P R s8 ABZtIs k {BtI$$Bt PB RY s PjBbR $R s %sj$i s}} B-$8s$Bt } BT %$I I Ys Y P R s8 ABZtIs k $R jb{s I s RZPP${$ tjk Ps I$Rst{ P B8 Y 8$-$t $Bt q 8}B sj s{{z s{k BP Y B% sjj i R{Y 8 R bsr {BtP$ 8 I Ak } PB 8$t {B8}Zs$BtR PB Y 1T* 7Zs R } BAj 8 Bt Y ; Ak ded $I sti st % t P$t Ak ded $I b$y R % sj I$PP t $8 R }R qy js R $8 R } $t s{y {sr bsr {YBR t P B8 RsA$j$k {BtR$I s$btr qy RZjR s RYBbt $t qsaj R dn T dx yt qsaj R dn sti d; Y % jb{$k P$ ji $R R} {$P$ I P B8 Y -s{ RBjZ$Bt sti Y %B ${$k $R {B8}Z I sr s }srr$% R{sjs ZR$t Y R$-YTB I {B8}s{ R{Y 8 yt s{y {sr Y B RYBbt {BtT s$tr ABY 8}B sj sti R}s$sj I$R{ $9s$Bt B R VR Y $8 R } $R IZ{ I B % k R8sjj %sjz R Y js A {B8 IB8$tst sti B IZ{$Bt Rsts sr R t $t {BjZ8t x BP qsaj dn!t Y$R $I Y R}s$sj I$R{ $9s$Bt B {st A R$8s I B A sabz (E - d( TE!t Y Ak ded $I Y R}s$sj I$RT { $9s$Bt B RYBZjI IZ{ Ak sabz 1 E B E; B BZYjk ( - d( T ]BjZ8t x BP qsaj d; IB R RYBb Rsts$Bt s sabz Y$R %sjz by${y {BtP$ 8R Y stsjkr$r ejzs$bt w;xd tsaj R R }s s$bt BP 8}B sj sti R}s$sj I$R{ $9s$Bt B R Ak {B8}s $RBt BP {B8}Z I RZjR P B8 Y $8 R }R Bt Y Rs8 $I B Y $IR b$y Y Rs8 $8 R } qy$r } B{ IZ RYBbR w{bjz8t ;D Ys Y ntn i R{Y 8 $R $ti I Y$ ITB I s{{z s sti Y xt; i R{Y 8 w{bjz8t D $R RB8 bys A Yst PBZ YTB I s{{z s qy ZR BP {B8}Z I RZjR P B8 Btjk bb $8 R }R w{bjz8tr n sti ED $R {j s jk Bt BZR sti } BIZ{ R Zt j$saj {Bt{jZR$BtR 1;

qsaj dn 7BjZ$Bt B R PB 1T* 7Zs R _ BAj 8 s ) d( b$y I$PP t i R{Y 8 R Bt s ; Ak ded $I ntn i R{Y 8 xt; i R{Y 8 q$8 7 } N1 WB 8 BP zb ${$k e B W P B8 1 $IR W P B8 n $IR N1 WB 8 BP zb ${$k e B WP B81 $IR WP B8n $IR (d( (n1m( - d( Tx ((x (d1m(n - d( T; (Ed( - d( TE 11; ((1x (ddx - d( Tx 1 (Enxx - d( TE (d; x; ((d1x (EE1M( - d( TE d; n; (Enn1M - d( TE ((d ; qsaj d; 7BjZ$Bt B R PB 1T* 7Zs R _ BAj 8 s ) d( b$y I$PP t i R{Y 8 R Bt s Ak ded $I ntn i R{Y 8 xt; i R{Y 8 q$8 7 } N1 WB 8 BP zb ${$k e B W P B8 1 $IR W P B8 n $IR N1 WB 8 BP zb ${$k e B 0.05 0.1965 x 10-6 WP B81 $IR WP B8n $IR 0.025 0.1613 x 10-5 0.1683 x 10-7 3.5 0.0125 0.2019 x 10-6 3.0 0.9496 x 10-8 0.83 4.6 0.00625 0.2685 x 10-7 2.9 3.0 0.9310 x 10-8 0.02 5.3 yt qsaj dx Y PZjj R BP ezj JZs$BtR $R RBj% I b$y Y PBZ YTB I {B8}s{ R{Y 8 sti Y ntn i R{Y 8 qy$ ITB I 8}B sj s{{z s{k $R {BtP$ 8 I yt B I B s{y$ % Y$R $ bsr t { RRs k B BAs$t s I$% t{ TP % jb{$k P$ ji s % k RZATRs BP Y $8 TR }}$t } B{ RR qsaj dx 7BjZ$Bt B R PB 1T* 7Zs R _ BAj 8 s ) d( ZR$t Y$ ITB I i sti PBZ YTB I {B8}s{ s}} B-$8s$Bt PB ezj ejzs$btr p $I wt$ - t`d q$8 7 } N1 WB 8 N1 WB 8 z ; - ded ((x (xden( - d( Tn (1xM1d - d( Tn ; - ded ((1x (1Exd - d( Tx (dmm - d( T; ; - ded ((d1x (1;EEE- d( TE (dm1n - d( TE! I W n( 1 ;n1 z$r{bzr Gs% * {sk qy tz8 ${sj s8 t BP %$R{BZR 8R $R %sj$is I Ak RBj%$t Y 1T* %$R{BZR bs% I {sk } BAj 8 by${y $R B% t I Ak Y Ws%$ T7B, R JZs$BtR qy IB8s$t PB Y$R 1x

} BAj 8 $R } $BI${ $t ABY Y - sti k I$ {$BtR by } $BI${ ABZtIs k {BtI$$BtR s s}}j$ I qy -s{ RBjZ$Bt $R $% t AkU w;ed ` (?, r, 0) cos(?) sin r ( 20 ------- p ) by p ) 1( U? ) U r 8 (?, r, 0) sin(?) cos r ( 20 ------- p ) ) d sti 0 ) ( $% R Y $t$$sj {BtI$$BtR qy -s{ RBjZ$Bt {BtR$RR BP R$tZRB$T Isj bs% R $t Y? sti r I$ {$BtR by${y I {sk $t $8 qsaj de RYBbR Y N1 tb 8 BP Y B s 0 ) ((1x ZR$t Y PBZ YT sti R$-YTB I {B8}s{ s}} B-$8s$BtR PB {Bt% {$Bt sti I$PPZR$Bt 8R sti Y RBjZ$Bt BP } RRZ qy RZjR s {B8}s I B Y PBZ YTB I err t$sjjk WBtT!R{$jjsB k wew!d R{Y 8 P B8 G $tst sti 7YZ>11H qy B {Bt% R s PBZ YT sti R$-YTB I s R YZR %sj$is$t Y tz8 ${sj s8 t BP Y %$R{BZR 8R sti ss$t %sj$is$t Y {Bt% {$Bt 8R sti Y RBjZ$Bt BP } RRZ qy B BP Y ew! R{Y 8 {Bt% R s s PBZ YTB I s AZ $R 8B Yst bb B I R BP 8st$ZI s Yst Y PBZ YTB I {B8}s{ RZjR qy B 8st$ZI BP Y R$-YTB I {B8}s{ PB 8Zjs$Bt Bt Y d1m - d1m $I YsR s{y I Y BZtITBPP B j % j w 10 13 D BP Y ] sk RZ} {B8T }Z $ti${s$t Ys - 8 jk s{{z s RZjR s BAs$t I Bt s% s TR$9 I $IR qsaj de 7BjZ$Bt B R PB 1T* %$R{BZR bs% I {sk p $I wt$ - t`d ;Y Bs {B8}s{ EY Bs {B8}s{ n Iw;YD Bs ew! de - de (d; - d( TE (d( - d( T T n1 - n1 ( - d( TM (dx - d( T (xn - d( Tx E; - E; (; - d( T (1 - d( Tdd (n1 - d( TE d1m - d1m (d - d( Td( (dd - d( Td1 (1( - d( T! I W ;( E( ;( ie3eiew]e7 >dh 7 NeNe ]B8}s{ 3$t$ *$PP t{ 7{Y 8 R b$y 7} { sj N$, i RBjZ$Bt FBZ tsj BP ]B8}ZsT $Btsj _YkR${R zbj d(n }} det;1 d1 >1H <ViV7 VW* 7 qvv7vw 3$t$ T*$PP t{ 7{Y 8 R PB NBtTq$8 yt s$bt FBZ tsj BP ]B8}ZsT $Btsj _YkR${R zbj dd; }} 1ExT1 d; >nh3 + < O <77VyWy VW* F VWq<eO NBbT*$RR$}s$Bt sti T*$R} R$Bt izt T Zs 7{Y 8 R PB ]B8}Zs$Btsj V{BZR${R y]v7e i }B ;Td(1 sti FBZ tsj BP ]B8}Zs$Btsj _YkR${R zbj d1; d }}dtdd de >;H V 7eNz!NN VW* _!yw Ns eiik 7$8Zjs$Bt BP qz AZj t ]BtP$t I ]BsttZjs F R sti qz AZT j t 3jBb B% s s{,bs I 3s{$t 7 } i }B q3ten * }s 8 t BP {Yst${sj et$t $t 7stT PB I t$% R$k dx >xh G i!*y F<3eiypei ieei VW* _!i+ye CsZR BP Ns eiik 7$8Zjs$BtU i RZjR BP 1E

s GB,RYB} V7e FBZ tsj BP 3jZ$IR et$t $t zbj dd 1 }} 1;MT1E1 d >EH] G qv VW* F ] Ge *$R} R$BtTi js$btt_ R %$t 7{Y 8 R PB ]B8}Zs$Btsj V{BZR${R FBZ tsj BP ]B8}Zs$Btsj _YkR${R zbj d(n }} 1E1T1Md dn >HpeiNe V]<ei O <77VyWy VW* ]TG 7< yt s{$bt BP s 7YB{, b$y s NBt$ZI$tsj zb - FBZ tsj BP 3jZ$I {Yst${R zbj nn 1x }} d1tdx; d >MH F enn _ ]!NeNNV VW* < pnv V 7 {BtIT! I _ B` {$Bt YBI PB yt{b8} RR$Aj Ws%$ T7B, R ejzs$btr FBZ tsj BP ]B8}Zs$Btsj _YkR${R Mx }} 1xT1Mn dm >HG* <ew7<vg V 3BZ YT! I V{{Z s YBI PB Y yt{b8} RR$Aj Ws%$ T7B, R ejzs$btr Bt!% js}}$t p $IR FBZ tsj BP ]B8}Zs$Btsj _YkR${R zbj ddn }} dnt1x d; >d(h i * F!7NyW ]N7qieeqq VW* ]TN ]<VWp zsj$is$bt BP qy T*$8 tr$btsj yt{b8} RR$Aj 7}sT $sj *$ { WZ8 ${sj 7$8Zjs$Bt ]BI WV7V q {Yt${sj _s} n1(x d1 >ddh i V*V <7<y 7 VNV]<VW*iV VW* 7 _ zvw V V *$% t{ T3 ]Y AkRY % ]BjjB{s$Bt _ B{ IZ PB yt{b8} RR$Aj 3jBbR b$y qbb WBtT_ $BI${ *$ {$BtR FBZ tsj BP ]B8}Zs$Btsj _YkR${R zbj d(x 1 }} dt1(e d; >d1h F GyNNyV7!W NBb 7B s izt T Zs 7{Y 8 R FBZ tsj BP ]B8}Zs$Btsj _YkR${R zbj nx }} ;MTxE dm( >dnh 7N N!GeiO VW* G ] ieow!n*7 WZ8 ${sj 7$8Zjs$Bt BP s 7}s$sjjkT* % jb}$t $-$t Nsk i }B q3t1e * }s 8 t BP {Yst${sj et$t $t 7stPB I t$% R$k dme >d;h < ]Vi_eWqei VW* ]V ewwe*o 3BZ YT! I 1WT7B s izt T Zs 7{Y 8 R WV7V q d(dd1 d; >dxh < ]Vi_eWqei *p!qqnye VW* 7 V Vi VWeN qy 7sA$j$k BP WZ8 ${sj BZtIs k q st 8 tr PB ]B8}s{ <$YT! I 3$t$ *$PP t{ 7{Y 8 R FBZ tsj BP ]B8}Zs$Btsj _YkR${R zbj dm( 1 dd >deh G N iypp7 V Zj$ $I qzb $sj 7B{$ k PB ytizr $sj sti V}}j$ I sy 8s${R _Y$jsI j}y$s _ ttrkj%st$s dm >dh F ] <Vi*yW F i iy7q!i]enny VW* ] G qv y]v7e\nvi] GB,RYB} Bt t{y8s, _ BAT j 8R $t ]B8}Zs$Btsj V Bs{BZR${R ]VV dx >dmh 7V!i7Vp WZ8 ${sj 7$8Zjs$Bt BP yt{b8} RR$Aj 3jBbR b$y$t 7$8}j BZtIs $ RU V{{Z s{k FBZ tsj BP 3jZ$I {Yst${R zbj ; _s d }} xtdd1 dd >dh Fq 7qViq!t 3$t$ V8}j$ZI!R{$jjs$BtR $t Ns8$ts $-$t Nsk R FBZ tsj BP 3jZ$I {YstT ${R zbj 1 _s n }} ;dt;;( de >1(H V! *eiew VW* iz GyN7!W er$8s$t t{ s$tk $t ]B8}Zs$BtR BP qbbt*$8 tr$btsj 7 }s s I 3jBbR FBZ tsj BP 3jZ$IR et$t $t zbj dde }} 1dET11( d; >1dH 3 WVFFVi VW* * qv3qy 7ZIk BP *$R{ q R 3$j R sti 3$t$ *$PP t{ V}} B-$8s$BtR PB Y *kts8${ 7ZA $IT7{sj 7 RR BI j _YkR${R BP 3jZ$IR zbj M WB ; }} d(etd(mm de >11H e GeyWVW VW* ]G 7< V WZ8 ${sj i RBjZ$Bt 7ZIk BP <$Y! I err t$sjjk WBtT!R{$jjsB k 7{Y 8 R V}}j$ I B yt{b8} RR$Aj 3jBb y]v7e i }B 1Tn d1 1

V ew*y VT*$R{ $9s$BtBPn*_B$RRBt JZs$Bt yt 7 { n Y RBjZ$Bt BP Y 1* _B$RRBt JZs$Bt PB } RRZ ZR$t PBZ YTB I {B8}s{ P$t$ I$PP t{$t bsr I % jb} I sti s IZ{ I t$t T}B$t $ITk} R t{$j bsr } R t I yt Y$R s}} ti$- Y I s$jr BP Y RBjZ$Bt } B{ IZ PB Y n* _B$RRBt JZs$Bt Bt Zt$PB 8 $IR s } R t I qy _B$RRBt JZs$Bt PB } RRZ bsr $% t Ak ej w1edu wvdd - `7 δ h - -??7 δ?7 I + -------------------- 7 K - + 1 0 ]B8}s{ P$t$ I$PP t{$t $R ZR I PB Y I$R{ I $%s$% B} sb R $t ej wvdd 3B Y n* _B$RT RBt JZs$Bt Bt Zt$PB 8 $IR ej wvdd {st A b $ t $t Y PB 8 BP s RkR 8 BP JZs$BtR sru wv1d 1 1 1 \ h [\?? 4?? + \ rr 4 rr + \ FF 4 FF ]h B by Y $ji $R ZR I B I tb n* AjB{, 8s ${ R by${y s I P$t I ZR$t Y 1* AjB{, 8s ${ R $% t $t 7 { n \?? \?? \?? \ rr \ rr \ rr \?? \ rr \?? \ rr \?? \?? \ rr \ rr { α{ α{ \ FF α{ { α{ α{ { α{ α{ α{ { 4?? 4?? 4?? 4 rr 4 rr 4 rr 4?? 4 rr 4?? 4 rr 4?? 4?? 4 rr 4 rr 1M

4 FF y ----- 2 _ F 2{ { 2{ { 2{ { { 2{ { 2{ { 2{ by Y sab% s z> - z> AjB{, 8s ${ R z> $R JZsj B Y tz8a BP $I }B$tR $t Y F I$ {$Bt sti { $R Y wz7 - zid -wz7 - zid $I t$k 8s $- qy 1* AjB{, 8s ${ R \ -- \ kk 4 -- sti 4 kk b I P$t I $t 7 { n qy AjB{, % {B R h sti B s srr 8Aj I P B8 Y 1* % {B R h sti B I P$t I $t 7 { n x x h h 1 h 2 h z> B B 1 B 2 B z> qy R$-YTB I {B8}s{ R{Y 8 wb$y } tsi$sbtsj i<7d {st A b $ t $t Y Rs8 8stt Ak $t{jzi$t Y 7± 2 i± 2 sti > ± 2 8R $t Y sab% 8s ${ R qy {B PP${$ tr BP Y$R R t{$j s $8}j${$jk I P$t I $t Y R tr Ys Y 8s $- B} s$bt 1 1 1 [\?? 4?? + \ rr 4 rr + \ FF 4 FF] 8ZR A } PB 8 I B I 8$t Y $ %sjz R V 8B {B8}s{ $I k} R t{$j $R I P$t I Ak 8Zj$}jk$t ej wv1d Ak \ \ \ FF rr?? U wvnd [\ \ 4 FF rr?? + \ \ 4 FF?? rr + \ \ 4 rr?? FF]h \ \ \ B FF rr?? by Y {B88Zs$Bt } B} $ R \ rr \?? \?? \ rr \ FF \?? \?? \ FF sti \ FF \ rr \ rr \ FF Ys% A t ZR I R$t $I$sBtsj {B8}s{ P$t$ I$PP t{$t PB Y 8s ${ R $t ej wvnd RZjR $t st -}j${$ 1T}B$t R t{$j PB Y N<7 sti i<7 BP ej wvnd {szr BP Y Rk88 k BP Y R {BtI I $%st $% Y s Btjk M Zt$JZ {B PP${$ tr $t Y i<7 sti N<7 BP 1T}B$t R t{$j by${y s $% t $t qsaj Vd qy R t{$j } R t I Ak ej wvnd IB R tb JZ$ s R }s s t s ABZtIs k R{Y 8 PB *$ ${Yj ABZtIs k {BtI$$BtR R$t{ Y R t{$j $R Y }B$tR b$i 1

qsaj Vd ]B PP${$ tr BP Y N<7 1T}B$t -}j${$ R t{$j PB n* _B$RRBt JZs$Bt ZR$t PBZ YTB I {B8}s{ R{Y 8 NB{s$Bt ]B PPR BP N<7 ]B PPR BP i<7 $`, 2 2 2 2y( 1 _? + 1 _ r + 1 _ F ) 1 2 2 2 7 ± 1, i, > y( 1 _? 2α _ r 2α _ F ) α 2 2 2 7, i± 1, > y( 2α _? + 1 _ r 2α _ F ) α 2 2 2 7, i, > ± 1 y( 2α _? 2α _ r + 1 _ F ) α 2 2 2 ±, i ± 1, > yα( 1 _? + 1 _ r 2α _ F ) α 2 7 1 2 2 2 ±, i, > ± 1 yα( 1 _? 2α _ r + 1 _ F ) α 2 7 1 2 2 2, ±, > ± 1 yα( 2α _? + 1 _ r + 1 _ F ) α 2 7 i 1 ±, i ± 1, > ± 1 yα 2 2 2 2 ( 1 _? + 1 _ r + 1 _ F ) α 3 7 1 V ew*y T 7BjZ$Bt } B{ IZ PB {Z %$j$t s $IR qy } B{ IZ PB RBjZ$Bt BP Y B% t$t JZs$BtR Bt t sj $IR ZR$t {B8}s{ P$t$ I$PP t{$t $R BZj$t I $t Y Y$R s}} ti$- qy s}} Bs{Y s, t $R B strpb 8 Y R}s$sj si$ tr P B8 }YkR${sj R}s{ B s {B8}Zs$Btsj R}s{ b$y Zt$PB 8 $I R}s{$t by Y$Y TB I {B8}s{ P$t$ I$PP t{$t $R ZR I qy % jb{$k {B8}Bt tr s tb strpb 8 I sti s I P$t I $t Y ]s R$st {BB I$ts RkR 8 3$ R I $%s$% R $t Y ]s R$st {BB I$ts RkR 8 s -} RR I $t 8R BP I $%s$% R $t Y {B8}ZT s$btsj {BB I$ts RkR 8 ZR$t Y {Ys$t Zj U w dd φ? i ε E φ? i ε E qy Ns}js{$st B} sb $t Y ]s R$st {BB I$ts RkR 8 $R -} RR I $t 8R BP si$ tr $t Y {B8}Zs$Btsj R}s{ U w 1D φ ε E ----------------? i? i? i E 11 ε E ε z φ? i ε z 2 φ 2 φ 2 φ φ φ ---------------- + E ε 1 ε 22 ---------------- + E 1 ε 2 ε 12 ---------------- + E 2 ε 1 ε 1 + E 2 ε 2 1 ε2 by U E 11 O 2 2 2 (? η + r η ) E 22 O 2 2 2 (? ε + r ε ) E 12 2O 2 1 [? ε? η + r ε r η ] O ---------------------------------- (? ε r η r ε? η ) E 1 O r η E 11? εε + E 22? ηη + E 12? εη [ ( ) +? η ( E 11 r εε + E 22 r ηη + E 12 r εη )] [ ( + + )? ε ( E 11 r εε + E 22 r ηη + E 12 r εη )] E 2 O r ε E 11? εε E 22? ηη E 12? εη n(

7}s$sj si$ tr BP Y {B8}Zs$Btsj {BB I$ts R s}} s $t $t ejzs$btr w 1D s Y 8 ${R P B8 s I$ { strpb 8s$Bt sti s I P$t I $t 8R BP Y $ti$ { 8 ${RU ε? ε r ε F? ε? η? ξ 1 w nd η? η r η F r ε r η r ξ ξ? ξ r ξ F F ε F η F ξ ]B8}s{ P$t$ I$PP t{$t $R ZR I B %sjzs Y si$ tr BP Y ]s R$st {BB I$ts R $t {B8}ZsT $Btsj R}s{ Ys s}} s Bt Y i<7 BP ej w ;D ejzs$btr w 1D sti w nd s ZR I B -} RR R}s$sj si$ tr s}} s $t $t Y {Bt$tZ$k sti 8B8 tz8 JZs$BtR qy {Bt$tZ$k JZs$Bt w1d $t Y {B8}Zs$Btsj {BB I$ts RkR 8 $R $% t AkU w ;D ε E `i? i ε E 0 by$j Y 8B8 tz8 JZs$Bt wdd $R $% t Ak w xd `7 0 + ε E `i?i `7 ε E ε E 1 ε E ε z + -----------? 7 ε E p ;?i ε E? i `7 ε z *$R{ $9$t ej w ED 8}B sjjk b$y Y i R{Y 8 sti R}s$sjjk b$y {B8}s{ P$t$ I$PP t{$t $% RU w ED by I 7 - - `i δ?i ε E - + 1 `7 - - - + K 0 I7 δ? ε `7 E 7 δεe h - - 1 ( )( δ εe`7 ) + ----------- E11 δ εε + E 22 δ ηη + E 12 δ εη + E 1 δ ε + E 2 δ η - ( p )`7 ; qs,$t Y I$% t{ BP ej w ED $% R Y _B$RRBt JZs$Bt PB } RRZ U w D ( )h - E 11 δ εε + E 22 δ ηη + E 12 δ εη + E 1 δ ε + E 2 δ η - ( δ?7 ε E )δ εe I 7 - `7 K - + 1 0 + -------------------- e-}j${$ R t{$jr PB ej w D s I$PP${Zj B P$tI IZ B Y } R t{ BP Y 8 ${ 8R by${y } % t {B88Zs$Bt BP Y I $%s$% B} sb R 7BjZ$Bt {Yt$JZ R PB ej w D s AsR I Bt s$t Y } RT RZ h - sr b jj sr $ R {BtI I $%s$% R δ εε h - sti δ ηη h - sr Zt,tBbtR B A RBj% I R$8Zjst BZRjkU w MD \ εε ( δ εε h - ) 4 εε h - nd

w D \ ηη ( δ ηη h - ) 4 ηη h - w d(d ( E 11 δ εε + E 22 δ ηη )h - ( δ?7 ε E )δ ε E I 7 - `7 - + ------------ ( E K - 12 δ εη + E 1 δ ε + E 2 δ η )h - 0 by \ εε 4 εε \ ηη sti 4 ηη s Y {B8}s{ 8s ${ R PB Y R {BtI I $%s$% R{Y 8 I P$t I $t 7 {$Bt 1n1 qy P$ R sti 8$- I I $%s$% 8R Ys% A t }js{ I Bt Y i<7 BP ej w d(d sti s js I s Y } %$BZR $ s$bt y s$% {Yt$JZ R BZj$t I $t 7 { n s Y t ZR I B RBj% Y RkR 8 BP JZs$BtR w MD T w d(d PB Y } RRZ sti $R R {BtI I $%s$% R n1

3yp d 7sA$j$k I$s s8 PB izt Zs R{Y 8 R wib I j$t Y$ ITB I IsRY I j$t PBZ YTB I D nn

(a) (b) 3yp 1 3$t$ I$PP t{$t B PB tz8 ${sj s}} B-$8s$BtR BP Y P$ R I $%s$% wsd I$R} R$Bt B R wad I$RR$}s$Bt B R w9 B -{ } PB n ITB I Z}b$tID n;

3yp n 3$t$ I$PP t{$t B PB tz8 ${sj s}} B-$8s$BtR BP Y R {BtI I $%s$% nx

3yp ; 7BjZ$Bt B Y dt* {Bt% {$Bt JZs$Bt s ) ;(( $t }YkR${sj R}s{ PB %s $BZR P$t$ I$PP t{ s}} B-$8s$BtR BP Y P$ R I $%s$% 8 ne

(a) (b) 3yp x 7BjZ$Bt B Y dt* {Bt% {$Bt JZs$Bt s );(( $tbs% tz8a R}s{ PB %s $BZR P$t$ I$PP t{ s}} B-$8s$BtR BP Y P$ R I $%s$% 8 wsd s8}j$zi sti wad }YsR stj n

3yp E e-s{ RBjZ$Bt B Y R}Y ${sj bs% } BAj 8 s ) ;(( 3yp WZ8 ${sj RBjZ$Bt BP Y dt* R}Y ${sj bs% } BAj 8 s ) ;(( PB Y $Bt 1(( < - < 11( nm

(a) (b) 3yp M WZ8 ${sj RBjZ$Bt BP Y Bs$t {Bt } BAj 8 sp Bt %BjZ$Bt Bt s n1 - n1 $I wsd Y$ IT B I Z}b$tI R{Y 8 wad PBZ YTB I {B8}s{ R{Y 8 WZ8 ${sj RBjZ$Bt $R RYBbt B Y j P -s{ RBjZ$Bt B Y $Y n

(a) (b) (c) 3yp WZ8 ${sj RBjZ$Bt BP Y Bs$t {Bt } BAj 8 sp Bt %BjZ$Bt Bt s n1 - n1 $I P B8! R9s wddd wsd R {BtITB I V s,sbs R{Y 8 wad PBZ YTB I V s,sbs R{Y 8 sti w{d R} { sj 8 YT BIR ;(