TESTOSTERONE DIRECT RADIOIMMUNOASSAY KIT

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1 TestoCE.fm Page 1 Friday, November 7, :02 PM TESTOSTERONE DIRECT RADIOIMMUNOASSAY KIT Procedure for quantitative determination of testosterone in human serum or plasma samples For in vitro use only 1. INTRODUCTION Testosterone, the main androgen produced by the Leydig cells of the testes, is a steroid hormone of molecular weight daltons, having the following chemical formula: OH O Though mainly synthesized in the testes, testosterone is also produced in much smaller amounts in the adrenal cortex and in the ovaries. This is because a common metabolic pathway is followed when a steroid hormone is synthesized. Testosterone is transported in the plasma by a beta-globulin, called testosterone-binding globulin. It is estimated that about 97-99% of the circulating testosterone is bound. The remainder, present as free component, is assumed to be the metabolically active portion of the total testosterone level. To perform its biological activities, testosterone appears to require conversion into an active and more potent metabolite, dihydrotestosterone, and this can occur both in the circulation and in target tissues. At the time of puberty, pituitary gonadotrophins increase, stimulating testicular maturation: LH acts directly on the interstitial mesenchimal elements, causing them to secrete testosterone and estrogens, as they develop into mature Leydig cells. FSH acts on the seminiferous tubules to induce and maintain normal spermatogenesis. At the onset of puberty, testosterone stimulates the development of male sex characteristics (such as external genitalia, accessory sex organs, hair growth, linear growth, voice timbre, psyche, muscle and bone tissue mass) which it will maintain throughout life. The age at which maximum testosterone levels are observed varies from to 25 years according to the theories. Testosterone is secreted episodically throughout the day, so that multiple peaks can be observed. 2. PRINCIPLE OF THE ASSAY The principle of the assay is based on the competition between labelled testosterone and testosterone contained in calibrators or samples to be assayed for a fixed and limited number of antibody binding sites. After the incubation, the amount of labelled testosterone bound to the antibody on the tube walls is inversely related to the concentration of unlabelled testosterone present in calibrators or samples. The method adopted for B/F separation is based on the use of antibody-coated tubes, where the antibody is coated on the tube walls. 1

2 TestoCE.fm Page 2 Friday, November 7, :02 PM 3. REAGENTS PROVIDED IN THE KIT Coated tubes I-labelled testosterone 1 bottle Testosterone calibrators 7 vials Control serum 1 vial Number of tubes 100 STORAGE: Upon receipt, the kit should be stored at 2-8 C. Do not freeze. Once opened, the reagents of this kit are stable until the kit expiry date when properly stored. The kit has been designed to perform 4 assay runs when used throughout the day at room temperature and stored overnight at 2-8 C. Reagents should not be used past the expiry date. The expiry date of the kit is reported on the external label and corresponds to the expiry date of the tracer. The expiry date of each component is reported on the respective vial label. When reconstituting the contents of the vials, mix gently to avoid foaming. Reagents from different batches must not be mixed Coated tubes The inner surface of each tube is coated with testosterone antiserum raised in rabbits. Before use, bring the coated tubes to room temperature prior to opening the box, to avoid condensation of humidity. Securely reseal the box containing unused tubes. Do not mix different batches of coated tubes I-labelled testosterone (red): ready-to-use reagent The bottle contains 52 ml testosterone labelled with 125 I, BSA, phosphate-citrate buffer, preservatives and an inert red dye. Radioactivity is 59 kbq (1.6 µci) or less on the calibration date Testosterone calibrators: ready-to-use reagent Each vial contains steroid-free serum, preservatives and testosterone at the following concentrations: ( nmol/l). The zero calibrator vial contains 1 ml in human serum; the 1-6 calibrator vials contain 0.5 ml in newborn calf serum. As no international standard preparation is currently available, the kit calibrators are referenced to an internal reference preparation (99% purity by HPLC). The kit calibrators demonstrate commutability with patient samples when used with reagents and operating procedure of this in vitro diagnostic test as the manufacturer recommends Control serum: lyophilized reagent The vial contains testosterone, human serum and preservatives. The reference range is reported on the vial label. Reconstitute the vial contents with 1 ml distilled water. The resulting solution is stable for one week at 2-8 C. Store in deep-frozen aliquots ( 20 C or below) for extended storage. 4. EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS REQUIRED, BUT NOT SUPPLIED Distilled and deionized water. Micropipettes with disposable tips (50, 500 µl) (50 µl: trueness ± 3%, precision 2%; 500 µl: trueness ± 2%, precision 1%). Test tube rack. 2

3 TestoCE.fm Page 3 Friday, November 7, :02 PM Vortex mixer. Thermostatically-controlled heating block or water bath capable of maintaining 37 ± 1 C. Device for aspiration of incubation mixture. Gamma counter suitable for counting 125 I (counter window setting: kev - counter efficiency: 70% - counting time: 1 min). If counter efficiency is below 60%, counting time should be prolonged to 2 min. 5. SPECIMEN COLLECTION AND PREPARATION Either human serum or plasma may be used. The anticoagulants EDTA and heparin have been tested and may be used with this assay. Blood should be collected aseptically by venipuncture, allowed to clot, and the serum separated from the clot as soon as possible. Samples having particulate matter, turbidity, lipaemia, or erythrocyte debris may require clarification by filtration or centrifugation before testing. Grossly haemolyzed or lipaemic samples as well as samples containing particulate matter or exhibiting obvious microbial contamination should not be tested. If the assay is performed within 24 hours of sample collection, the samples should be kept at 2-8 C; otherwise they should be aliquoted and stored deep-frozen ( 20 C or below). If samples are stored frozen, mix thawed samples well before testing. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. If testosterone levels greater than 10 are expected, the samples should be diluted with the zero calibrator. 6. ASSAY PROCEDURE Bring all reagents to room temperature (20-25 C) before assaying. Perform the assay at least in duplicate. Calibrators must be run with each series of patient specimens. Calibrators and samples should be subjected to the same process and incubation time. Perform all assay steps in the order given and without any appreciable delays between the steps. A clean, disposable tip should be used for dispensing each calibrator and sample. Dispense reagents in the bottom of coated tubes. Operate according to the following scheme: reagents tubes Calibrators 0-6 Samples Calibrators 50 µl Samples 50 µl Tracer 500 µl 500 µl Mix the contents of tubes with a Vortex and incubate for 3 hours at 37 C. Carefully aspirate the incubation mixture. Be sure that the aspirator tip touches the bottom of the coated tube so that all the liquid is removed. Failure to remove adhering solution adequately may result in poor reproducibility and spurious results. No trace of dye should still be visible. Measure the radioactivity of tubes. 3

4 TestoCE.fm Page 4 Friday, November 7, :02 PM 7. CALCULATION OF RESULTS Compute the mean net counts for each group of tubes. Compute the B/Bo ratio for each calibrator and unknown sample as follows: B/Bo% = calibrator or sample mean counts x 100 zero calibrator mean counts Plot in semilog or linear-linear coordinates the mean percent value for each calibrator on the ordinate (y axis) as a function of testosterone concentration expressed as or nmol/l on the abscissa (x axis). A calibration curve is thus obtained (Fig. 1). Directly from the calibration curve, read the testosterone concentration of each sample expressed as or nmol/l. If the sample was diluted, the testosterone concentration value derived from the diluted specimen must be multiplied by the dilution factor. Calculation example The following data must only be considered an example and should not be employed instead of the data obtained by the user. Description cpm B/Bo x 100 Zero calibrator 10, nmol/l 7, nmol/l 6, nmol/l 5, nmol/l 4, nmol/l 3, nmol/l 2, Sample 5, By interpolation from the calibration curve, the sample is found to contain 1.2 (4.3 nmol/l) testosterone. 4

5 TestoCE.fm Page 5 Friday, November 7, :02 PM B/Bo x 100 nmol/l TESTOSTERONE Fig EXPECTED VALUES The ranges given below are merely indicative: each laboratory should establish its own reference ranges. Normal males nmol/l Normal females nmol/l Conversion to nmol testosterone/l is possible using the following formula: nmol testosterone/l = ng testosterone/ml x SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 9.1. Analytical specificity Analytical specificity may be defined as the ability of the assay to accurately detect specific analyte in the presence of potentially interfering factors in the sample matrix (e.g., anticoagulants, haemolysis, effects of sample treatment), or cross-reactive analytes. Interference. Controlled studies of potentially interfering substances or conditions showed that the assay performance was not affected by anticoagulants (EDTA, heparin), haemolysis (up to 200 mg/dl haemoglobin), lipaemia (up to 500 mg/dl triglycerides), bilirubinaemia (up to 20 mg/dl bilirubin) or one freeze-thaw cycle of samples. Testosterone 5

6 TestoCE.fm Page 6 Friday, November 7, :02 PM values determined in plasma samples obtained with citrate are about 30% lower than those determined in serum samples. Cross-reactions. The percentage of cross-reactions, calculated according to Abraham, shows the specificity of the antiserum used. Testosterone 100% 5-dihydrotestosterone 6.9% Androstenedione 1.1% 19-norethisterone 0.33% Danazol 0.15% Dehydroepiandrosterone 4.5 x 10-2 % 5 alpha-androstan, 3 alpha, 17 beta diol 2.5 x 10-2 % Testosterone glucuronide 2.0 x 10-2 % Cortisol Corticosterone Cholesterol Deoxycorticosterone 17-epitestosterone Testosterone sulphate Androsterone 3 beta-oxyandrostan, 5 beta, 17 one Progesterone Estrone Estradiol, Ethynylestradiol Estriol Dexamethasone 9.2. Analytical sensitivity Analytical sensitivity may also be expressed as the limit of detection, which is the minimal amount of specific analyte detectable by the assay. The limit of detection is 0.02 (0.07 nmol/l) at 95% confidence limit. This was calculated as the apparent concentration of analyte which was distinguishable from the zero calibrator, that is, two standard deviations below zero Precision Different sample pools, containing different concentrations of analyte, were assayed to determine repeatability and reproducibility of the assay (i.e., within- and between-assay variability) Trueness The assay trueness has been checked by the dilution and recovery tests. Dilution test. Two sera with high testosterone concentration were tested after serially diluting with the zero calibrator. 6 < 1.0 x 10-2 % Repeatability A B C Number of determinations Mean () Standard deviation Coefficient of variation (%) Reproducibility D E F G Number of determinations Mean () Standard deviation Coefficient of variation (%)

7 TestoCE.fm Page 7 Friday, November 7, :02 PM Dilution Expected concentration, Measured concentration, % Recovery neat : : : : : neat : : : : : Recovery test. Two sera with low testosterone concentration were tested as such and after mixing with increasing amounts of testosterone. Added concentration, Expected concentration, Measured concentration, % Recovery LIMITATIONS OF THE PROCEDURE Diagnosis should not be established on the basis of a single test result, but should be determined in conjunction with clinical findings and other diagnostic procedures as well as in association with medical judgement. Bacterial contamination or repeated freeze-thaw cycles of the specimens may affect the assay results. A skillful technique and strict adherence to the instructions are necessary to obtain reliable results. In particular, precise pipetting and accurate aspiration are essential. Non-reproducible results may arise from methodological factors, such as: cross-exchange of vial caps use of the same tip when withdrawing from different vials or dispensing different samples leaving the vials open for long exposure of reagents or samples to intense heat or heavy sources of bacterial contamination inadequate aspiration of incubation mixture contamination of tube rims by tracer or samples 7

8 TestoCE.fm Page 8 Friday, November 7, :02 PM casual oscillations or inadequate handling of the gamma counter use of reagents from different master batches. 11. WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Test components contain sodium azide as a preservative. Because sodium azide may form explosive lead or copper azide in plumbing, it is recommended that drains be thoroughly flushed with water after disposal of solutions containing sodium azide (Council Directive 99/45/EC). R 20/21/22 Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. R 32 Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas. S 28 After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of water. All serum and plasma units used to produce the components provided in this kit have been tested for the presence of HBsAg, anti-hcv, and anti-hiv-1/2 and found to be nonreactive. As, however, no test method can offer absolute assurance that pathogens are absent, all specimens of human origin should be considered potentially infectious and handled with care. 12. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Do not eat, drink, smoke or apply cosmetics in the assay laboratory. Do not pipette solutions by mouth. Avoid direct contact with all potentially infectious materials by using protective clothing such as lab coats, protective glasses and disposable gloves. Wash hands thoroughly at the end of each assay. Avoid splashing or forming an aerosol. Any reagent spills should be washed with a 5% sodium hypochlorite solution and disposed of as though potentially infectious. All samples, biological reagents and materials used in the assay must be considered potentially able to transmit infectious agents. They should therefore be disposed of in accordance with the prevailing regulations and guidelines of the agencies holding jurisdiction over the laboratory, and the regulations of each Country. Disposable materials must be incinerated; liquid waste must be decontaminated with sodium hypochlorite at a final concentration of 5% for at least half an hour. Any materials to be reused must be autoclaved using an overkill approach (USP 24, 2000, p. 2143). A minimum of one hour at 121 C is usually considered adequate, though the users must check the effectiveness of their decontamination cycle by initially validating it and routinely using biological indicators. 13. BASIC RULES OF RADIATION SAFETY This radioactive material may be received, acquired, possessed and used only by physicians, clinical laboratories or hospitals for in vitro clinical or laboratory tests not involving internal or external administration of the material, or the radiation therefrom, to human beings or animals. Its receipt, acquisition, possession, use and transfer are subject to the regulations of each Country. Adherence to the basic rules of radiation safety should provide adequate protection. Do not eat, drink, smoke or apply cosmetics where radioactive materials are used. Do not pipette radioactive solutions by mouth. Avoid direct contact with all radioactive materials by using protective articles such as lab coats and disposable gloves. All radiological work should be done in a designated area away from traffic. Radioactive materials should be stored in their original containers in a designated area. A record book for logging receipt and disposal of all radioactive materials should be kept. 8

9 TestoCE.fm Page 9 Friday, November 7, :02 PM Laboratory equipment and glassware which are subject to contamination should be segregated to prevent cross-contamination of different radioisotopes. Any radioactive spills should be taken care of immediately in accordance with established procedures. All radioactive materials must be disposed of in accordance with the prevailing regulations and guidelines of the agencies holding jurisdiction over the laboratory. 9

10 TestoCE.fm Page 10 Friday, November 7, :02 PM SCHEME OF THE ASSAY 1 - RECONSTlTUTE THE CONTROL SERUM. 2 - IDENTIFY COATED TUBES IN DUPLICATE. 3 - DISPENSE REAGENTS ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING SCHEME AND MIX THE INCUBATION MIXTURE: TUBES CAL 0-6 SAMPLES REAGENTS CALIBRATORS 50 µl SAMPLES 50 µl TRACER 500 µl 500 µl 4 - INCUBATE FOR 3 HOURS AT 37 C. 5 - ASPIRATE THE INCUBATION MIXTURE. 6 - MEASURE THE RADIOACTIVITY OF TUBES. 10

11 TestoCE.fm Page 11 Friday, November 7, :02 PM KlT PER IL DOSAGGIO RADIOIMMUNOLOGlCO DIRETTO DEL TESTOSTERONE Procedimento per l analisi quantitativa del testosterone in campioni di siero o plasma umano Solo per uso in vitro 1. INTRODUZIONE Il testosterone, l androgeno principale prodotto dalle cellule di Leydig dei testicoli, è un ormone steroideo di peso molecolare 288,4 dalton, con la seguente formula chimica: OH O Sebbene sintetizzato principalmente nei testicoli, il testosterone è prodotto in quantità molto basse anche nella corteccia surrenale e nelle ovaie. Questo fatto si verifica perché la via metabolica seguita per sintetizzare un qualsivoglia ormone steroideo è almeno in parte comune a quella degli altri steroidi. Il testosterone è trasportato nel plasma da una beta-globulina, designata col nome di testosterone-binding globulin (globulina testosterone-legante). Si crede che circa il 97-99% del testosterone circolante sia legato. Il rimanente, presente come componente libera, è considerato la porzione metabolicamente attiva del testosterone totale. Per estrinsecare la sua attività biologica, il testosterone sembra dover essere convertito in un metabolita attivo e molto più potente, il diidrotestosterone. Questa conversione si attua sia nella circolazione che nei tessuti bersaglio. Alla pubertà, le gonadotropine ipofisarie aumentano, stimolando la maturazione testicolare: l LH agisce direttamente sugli elementi mesenchimali interstiziali che si sviluppano in cellule di Leydig mature e secernono testosterone ed estrogeni. L FSH agisce sui tubuii seminiferi inducendo e mantenendo la spermatogenesi normale. All inizio della pubertà, il testosterone stimola lo sviluppo dei caratteri sessuali maschili (come genitali esterni, organi sessuali accessori, crescita lineare, crescita dei peli, timbro della voce, psiche e massa dei tessuti muscolare e osseo) che verranno mantenuti per tutta la vita. L età in cui si osservano i livelli massimi di testosterone varia da a 25 anni secondo le teorie. Il testosterone è secreto episodicamente durante il giorno di modo che si possono osservare picchi multipli. 2. PRINCIPIO DEL DOSAGGIO Il principio del dosaggio consiste nella competizione tra testosterone marcato e testosterone contenuto nei calibratori o nei campioni per il numero fisso e limitato di siti anticorpali. Dopo l incubazione, la quantità di testosterone marcato legata all anticorpo fissato alle provette sensibilizzate è inversamente proporzionale alla concentrazione di testosterone non marcato presente nei calibratori o nei campioni. Il metodo adottato per la separazione libero/legato è basato sull impiego delle provette sensibilizzate, dove l anticorpo è fissato alle pareti delle provette. 11

12 TestoCE.fm Page 12 Friday, November 7, :02 PM 3. REATTIVI FORNITI NEL KlT Provette sensibilizzate 100 Testosterone marcato con 125 I 1 flacone Calibratori di testosterone 7 flaconi Siero di controllo 1 flacone Numero di dosaggi 100 MODALITÀ DI CONSERVAZIONE: Al momento dell'arrivo, conservare il kit a 2-8 C. Non congelare. Dopo l apertura, i reattivi di questo kit sono stabili fino alla data di scadenza del kit se conservati in modo adeguato. Il kit è garantito per 4 serie analitiche se utilizzato durante il giorno a temperatura ambiente e conservato durante la notte a 2-8 C. Non usare i reattivi oltre la data di scadenza. La data di scadenza del kit è indicata sull'etichetta esterna e corrisponde alla data di scadenza del tracciante. La data di scadenza di ciascun componente è riportata sulle etichette dei rispettivi flaconi. Nel ricostituire il contenuto dei flaconi, agitare delicatamente per evitare la formazione di schiuma. Non mescolare reattivi provenienti da lotti differenti Provette sensibilizzate La superficie interna di ciascuna provetta è rivestita con antisiero da coniglio anti-testosterone. Al momento dell uso, portare le provette sensibilizzate a temperatura ambiente prima di aprire il contenitore, per evitare condensazione di umidità. Le provette non utilizzate vanno conservate nel contenitore ben chiuso. Non mescolare lotti differenti di provette sensibilizzate Testosterone marcato con 125 I (rosso): reattivo pronto per l uso Il flacone contiene 52 ml di testosterone marcato con 125 I, sieroalbumina bovina, tampone fosfato-citrato, conservanti e un colorante rosso inerte. La radioattività massima è 59 kbq (1,6 µci) alla data di taratura Calibratori di testosterone: reattivo pronto per l uso Ogni flacone contiene testosterone, siero deprivato di steroidi e conservanti. Le concentrazioni sono le seguenti: 0-0,25-0,5-1,0-2,5-5,0-10,0 (0-0,87-1,73-3,47-8,7-17,3-34,7 nmol/l). Il volume del calibratore zero è 1 ml in siero umano; il volume dei calibratori 1-6 è 0,5 ml in siero bovino neonatale. Poiché non è attualmente disponibile uno standard internazionale, i calibratori del kit sono tarati contro una preparazione di riferimento interna (pura al 99% in HPLC). I calibratori del kit sono commutabili con i campioni in esame quando sono utilizzati con i reattivi e la procedura operativa di questo test diagnostico in vitro, secondo quanto raccomandato dal fabbricante Siero di controllo: reattivo liofilo Il flacone contiene testosterone, siero umano e conservanti. L intervallo dei valori attesi è indicato sull etichetta del flacone. Ricostituire il contenuto del flacone con 1 ml di acqua distillata. La soluzione risultante è stabile per una settimana a 2-8 C. Conservare in aliquote congelate a 20 C o a temperature inferiori per una più lunga conservazione. 12

13 TestoCE.fm Page 13 Friday, November 7, :02 PM 4. ATTREZZATURE E REATTIVI AUSILIARI Acqua distillata e deionizzata. Micropipette con puntali monouso da 50 µl (esattezza ± 3%, precisione 2%) e 500 µl (esattezza ± 2%, precisione 1%). Portaprovette. Agitatore Vortex. Sistema termostatico in grado di mantenere 37 ± 1 C. Sistema per aspirare la miscela di incubazione. Contatore gamma per contare lo iodio 125 I (impostazione della finestra del contatore: kev - efficienza del contatore: 70% - tempo di conteggio: 1 min). Se l efficienza del contatore è inferiore al 60%, si deve prolungare il tempo di conteggio a 2 min. 5. PRELIEVO E PREPARAZIONE DEI CAMPIONI Il dosaggio può essere effettuato in campioni di siero o plasma umano. Possono essere utilizzati anticoagulanti come EDTA e eparina. Prelevare il sangue per puntura venosa, lasciarlo coagulare e separare il siero dal coagulo al più presto. Chiarificare per filtrazione o centrifugazione prima del test i campioni che presentano materiale in sospensione, opalescenza, lipemia o residui eritrocitari. Non usare campioni fortemente emolizzati o lipemici, né campioni che presentano materiale in sospensione o evidente contaminazione microbica. Se il dosaggio è eseguito nelle 24 ore successive al prelievo, i campioni possono essere conservati a 2-8 C. In caso contrario, devono essere suddivisi in aliquote congelate a 20 C o a temperature inferiori. Se i campioni sono stati scongelati, agitare con cura prima di dosarli. Evitare cicli ripetuti di congelamento e scongelamento. Se si prevedono livelli di testosterone maggiori di 10, diluire con il calibratore zero. 6. PROCEDIMENTO OPERATlVO Portare i reattivi a temperatura ambiente (20-25 C) prima del dosaggio. Prevedere determinazioni almeno in duplicato. Eseguire la determinazione dei calibratori per ogni serie di campioni analizzati. Il procedimento operativo deve essere rigorosamente identico per calibratori e campioni in esame. Eseguire le fasi del dosaggio nell'ordine previsto, senza interruzioni. Utilizzare un puntale monouso nuovo per dispensare calibratori e campioni. Distribuire i reattivi sul fondo delle provette sensibilizzate. Operare secondo lo schema seguente: reattivi provette Calibratori 0-6 Campioni Calibratori 50 µl Campioni 50 µl Tracciante 500 µl 500 µl Agitare il contenuto delle provette su Vortex ed incubare per 3 ore a 37 C. Aspirare accuratamente la miscela di incubazione. Verificare che l'eliminazione del liquido sia completa, assicurandosi che il puntale della pipetta di aspirazione tocchi il fondo delle provette sensibilizzate. La presenza di gocce aderenti alle pareti delle provette sensibilizzate può provocare scarsa riproducibilità o risultati non affidabili. Non deve restare traccia del colorante. Misurare la radioattività delle provette. 13

14 TestoCE.fm Page 14 Friday, November 7, :02 PM 7. CALCOLO DEI RISULTATI Calcolare la media dei conteggi per ogni gruppo di provette dopo aver sottratto il valore del fondo. Esprimere la media dei conteggi di calibratori e campioni come percentuale rispetto al calibratore zero: B/Bo% = conteggio medio calibratori o campioni conteggio medio calibratore zero x 100 Riportare su grafico semilog o lineare-lineare la percentuale media calcolata per ciascun calibratore sulle ordinate (asse delle y) in funzione della concentrazione di testosterone espressa in o nmol/l sulle ascisse (asse delle x). Si ottiene così una curva di taratura (Fig. 1). Direttamente dalla curva di taratura leggere la concentrazione di testosterone di ciascun campione espressa in o nmol/l. Se il campione è stato diluito, la concentrazione di testosterone trovata deve essere moltiplicata per il fattore di diluizione. Esempio di calcolo I dati seguenti devono essere considerati solo un esempio e non devono essere usati in luogo dei dati ottenuti dall utilizzatore. Descrizione cpm B/Bo x 100 Calibratore zero ,25-0,87 nmol/l ,0 0,5-1,73 nmol/l ,3 1,0-3,47 nmol/l ,4 2,5-8,7 nmol/l ,6 5,0-17,3 nmol/l ,7 10,0-34,7 nmol/l ,3 Campione ,9 Interpolando dalla curva di taratura, il campione risulta contenere 1,2 (4,3 nmol/l) di testosterone. 14

15 TestoCE.fm Page 15 Friday, November 7, :02 PM B/Bo x 100 Fig. 1 nmol/l TESTOSTERONE 8. DATI CLlNICl I valori riportati nella tabella seguente sono solamente indicativi. Si raccomanda a ciascun laboratorio di stabilire i propri intervalli di riferimento. Uomini normali 2,8-9, nmol/l Donne normali 0,1-1,0 0,3-3,5 nmol/l La conversione in nmol testosterone/l si esegue con la formula seguente: nmol testosterone/l = ng testosterone/ml x 3, PRESTAZIONI METODOLOGICHE DEL KIT 9.1. Specificità analitica La specificità analitica è definita come la capacità del test di rilevare esattamente l'analita in presenza di fattori potenzialmente interferenti nella matrice del campione (per esempio, anticoagulanti, emolisi, effetti di trattamenti del campione) o di reazioni crociate con analiti potenzialmente interferenti. Interferenze. Studi controllati su fattori potenzialmente interferenti hanno dimostrato che le prestazioni del test non sono influenzate da anticoagulanti (EDTA, eparina), emolisi (fino a 200 mg/dl di emoglobina), lipemia (fino a 500 mg/dl di trigliceridi), bilirubinemia 15

16 TestoCE.fm Page 16 Friday, November 7, :02 PM (fino a 20 mg/dl di bilirubina) o un congelamento dei campioni. I valori di testosterone ottenuti con i campioni di plasma contenenti citrato risultano inferiori di circa il 30% a quelli ottenuti con i campioni di siero. Reazioni crociate. Le percentuali di reazioni crociate, calcolate secondo Abraham, mostrano la specificità dell antisiero usato. Testosterone 100% 5-diidrotestosterone 6,9% Androstendione 1,1% 19-noretisterone 0,33% Danazolo 0,15% Deidroepiandrosterone 4,5 x 10-2 % 5 alfa-androstan, 3 alfa, 17 beta diol 2,5 x 10-2 % Testosterone glucuronato 2,0 x 10-2 % Cortisolo Corticosterone Colesterolo Desossicorticosterone 17-epitestosterone Testosterone solfato Androsterone 3 beta-ossiandrostan, 5 beta, 17 one Progesterone Estrone Estradiolo, Etinilestradiolo Estriolo Desametazone 9.2. Sensibilità analitica La sensibilità analitica può essere espressa anche come limite di rilevazione, ossia la quantità minima di analita rilevabile dal test. Il limite di rilevazione è 0,02 (0,07 nmol/l) al 95% di confidenza. È stato calcolato come la concentrazione apparente di analita distinguibile dal calibratore zero, ossia due deviazioni standard sotto lo zero Precisione La ripetibilità e la riproducibilità del saggio (ossia la variabilità intra-saggio e inter-saggio) sono state determinate utilizzando dei campioni di riferimento a diverse concentrazioni di analita Esattezza L esattezza del dosaggio è stata controllata mediante i test di diluizione e recupero. Test di diluizione. Sono state dosate diluizioni scalari di due sieri a concentrazione elevata di testosterone effettuate nel calibratore zero. 16 < 1,0 x 10-2 % Ripetibilità A B C Numero di determinazioni Media () 1,13 3,61 7,27 Deviazione standard 0,091 0,158 0,262 Coefficiente di variazione (%) 8,06 4,38 3,61 Riproducibilità D E F G Numero di determinazioni Media () 0,419 2,164 4,650 9,342 Deviazione standard 0,032 0,135 0,339 0,661 Coefficiente di variazione (%) 7,58 6,23 7,28 7,08

17 TestoCE.fm Page 17 Friday, November 7, :02 PM Diluizione Concentrazione attesa, Concentrazione misurata, % Recupero in toto 5,38 1:2 2,69 2,60 96,7 1:4 1,34 1,30 96,7 1:8 0,67 0,67 99,7 1:16 0,34 0,34 101,2 1:32 0,17 0,18 107,1 in toto 5,13 1:2 2,57 2,79 108,8 1:4 1,28 1,32 102,9 1:8 0,64 0,68 106,0 1:16 0,32 0,31 96,7 1:32 0,16 0,15 93,6 Test di recupero. Sono stati dosati due sieri a bassa concentrazione di testosterone sia in toto sia dopo averli addizionati con quantità crescenti di testosterone. Concentrazione addizionata, Concentrazione attesa, Concentrazione misurata, % Recupero 0,30 3,88 4,18 4,10 98,1 2,46 2,76 2,50 90,6 1,11 1,41 1,50 106,4 0,69 0,99 1,00 101,0 0,39 0,69 0,70 101,4 4,84 3,88 8,72 8,90 102,1 2,46 7,30 7,40 101,4 1,11 5,95 6,40 107,6 0,69 5,53 5,70 103,1 0,39 5,23 5,30 101,3 10. LIMITI DEL DOSAGGIO La diagnosi non deve essere formulata sulla base del risultato di un singolo dosaggio, ma questo deve essere valutato insieme ad altri riscontri clinici, procedure diagnostiche e al giudizio del medico. Contaminazione batterica o cicli ripetuti di congelamento/scongelamento dei campioni possono modificare i risultati del dosaggio. Per ottenere risultati affidabili è necessario attenersi strettamente alle istruzioni per l uso e possedere una adeguata manualità tecnica. In particolare, è essenziale una buona precisione nelle fasi di ricostituzione, distribuzione ed aspirazione dei reattivi. Risultati non riproducibili sono dovuti principalmente a fattori metodologici, come ad esempio: scambio di capsule tra i flaconi uso dello stesso puntale per i prelievi da flaconi diversi o da campioni diversi flaconi lasciati aperti per lunghi periodi di tempo esposizione dei reattivi o campioni a calore intenso o a forti sorgenti di inquinamento batterico aspirazione non adeguata della miscela di incubazione 17

18 TestoCE.fm Page 18 Friday, November 7, :02 PM contaminazione del bordo delle provette con il tracciante o con i campioni oscillazioni casuali o cattiva manutenzione del contatore gamma scambio di reattivi provenienti da lotti diversi. 11. AVVERTENZE E PRECAUZIONI I componenti del kit contengono sodio azide come conservante. Poiché la sodio azide può formare azidi di piombo o di rame esplosive nelle tubature, si raccomanda di far fluire acqua in abbondanza negli scarichi dopo l eliminazione di soluzioni contenenti sodio azide (Council Directive 99/45/EC). R 20/21/22 Nocivo per inalazione, contatto con la pelle e per ingestione. R 32 A contatto con acidi libera gas molto tossico. S 28 In caso di contatto con la pelle lavarsi immediatamente ed abbondantemente con acqua. Tutte le unità di siero e plasma utilizzate per la fabbricazione dei componenti di questo kit sono state analizzate e trovate non reattive per HBsAg, anti-hcv e per anti-hiv-1/2. Tuttavia, poiché nessun metodo può dare assoluta certezza che siano assenti agenti patogeni, tutto il materiale di origine umana dovrebbe essere considerato potenzialmente infettivo e manipolato come tale. 12. REGOLE DI SICUREZZA Non mangiare, bere, fumare o applicare cosmetici durante l'esecuzione del dosaggio. Non pipettare con la bocca. Evitare il contatto diretto con il materiale potenzialmente infetto indossando indumenti da laboratorio, occhiali protettivi e guanti monouso. Lavare accuratamente le mani al termine del dosaggio. Evitare di provocare schizzi o aerosol. Ogni goccia di reattivo biologico deve essere rimossa con una soluzione di sodio ipoclorito al 5% ed il mezzo utilizzato deve essere trattato come materiale di rifiuto infetto. Tutti i campioni, tutti i reattivi biologici del kit e tutti i materiali usati per effettuare il saggio devono essere considerati in grado di trasmettere agenti infettivi; pertanto i rifiuti devono essere smaltiti secondo le disposizioni legislative e la regolamentazione vigente in ciascun Paese. Il materiale monouso deve essere incenerito; i rifiuti liquidi devono essere decontaminati con sodio ipoclorito ad una concentrazione finale del 5% per almeno mezz ora. Qualsiasi materiale che deve essere riutilizzato va trattato in autoclave con un approccio di overkill (USP 24, 2000, p. 2143). Generalmente si considera che un'ora a 121 C sia un tempo di sterilizzazione adeguato; tuttavia si raccomanda a ciascun utilizzatore di verificare l'efficacia del ciclo di decontaminazione mediante una convalida iniziale e l'uso routinario di indicatori biologici. 13. REGOLE DI BASE DI RADIOPROTEZIONE Questo materiale radioattivo può essere ricevuto, acquistato, detenuto e utilizzato solo da medici qualificati, laboratori clinici, o ospedali per eseguire test diagnostici in vitro, che non implichino la somministrazione agli uomini o agli animali del prodotto o della radioattività che ne deriva. Ricevimento, acquisto, detenzione, uso e trasferimento del materiale in oggetto sono sottoposti alla regolamentazione specifica di ciascun Paese. Attenersi alle seguenti regole di base di radioprotezione assicura una protezione adeguata. Non mangiare, bere, fumare o usare cosmetici dove si utilizzano sostanze radioattive. Non pipettare con la bocca le soluzioni radioattive. Evitare il contatto diretto con le sostanze radioattive mediante indumenti protettivi, come camici da laboratorio e guanti monouso. 18

19 TestoCE.fm Page 19 Friday, November 7, :02 PM La manipolazione di sostanze radioattive deve essere eseguita in aree predisposte, lontano dal lavoro di routine del laboratorio (zone sorvegliate). Le sostanze radioattive devono essere conservate nei loro contenitori originali in un area predisposta. È necessario compilare un registro che indichi dettagliatamente l ingresso, la conservazione e l eliminazione di tutto il materiale radioattivo ricevuto. La strumentazione di laboratorio e la vetreria che possono essere esposte al pericolo di contaminazione devono essere mantenute separate per evitare la contaminazione crociata con radioisotopi diversi. È necessario eliminare immediatamente qualunque contaminazione di radioattività secondo le procedure stabilite. Tutte le sostanze radioattive devono essere eliminate secondo le regole e le direttive predominanti degli enti autorizzati che hanno la giurisdizione sul laboratorio. 19

20 TestoCE.fm Page 20 Friday, November 7, :02 PM SCHEMA DEL DOSAGGIO 1 - RICOSTITUIRE IL SIERO DI CONTROLLO. 2 - CONTRASSEGNARE LE PROVETTE SENSIBlLlZZATE IN DUPLICATO. 3 - DISTRIBUIRE I REATTIVI SECONDO LO SCHEMA SEGUENTE E AGITARE LA MISCELA DI INCUBAZIONE: PROVETTE CAL 0-6 CAMPIONI REATTIVI CALIBRATORI 50 µl CAMPIONI 50 µl TRACCIANTE 500 µl 500 µl 4 - INCUBARE PER 3 ORE A 37 C. 5 - ASPIRARE LA MISCELA DI INCUBAZIONE. 6 - MISURARE LA RADIOATTIVITÀ DELLE PROVETTE. 20

21 TestoCE.fm Page 21 Friday, November 7, :02 PM TROUSSE POUR LE DOSAGE RADIOIMMUNOLOGIQUE DIRECT DE LA TESTOSTERONE Technique pour la détermination quantitative de la testostérone dans le sérum ou dans le plasma humain Usage in vitro 1. INTRODUCTION La testostérone, l androgène principal produit par les cellules de Leydig des testicules, est une hormone stéroïde ayant un poids moléculaire de 288,4 daltons et la formule chimique suivante: OH O Synthétisée principalement dans les testicules, la testostérone l est également dans la corticosurrénale et dans les ovaires bien qu en très faible quantité. Ceci parce que la voie métabolique suivie pour synthétiser la plupart des hormones stéroïdes est commune. La testostérone est transportée dans le plasma par une bêta-globuline appelée testosterone-binding globulin. On suppose qu environ 97-99% de la testostérone circulante est liée. On considère que la partie restante, composante libre, représente la portion active, du point de vue métabolique, de la testostérone totale. Pour accomplir son activité biologique, la testostérone semble devoir être transformée en un métabolite actif et beaucoup plus puissant, la dihydrotestostérone. Cette conversion a lieu aussi bien dans la circulation que dans les tissus-cibles. Pendant la puberté les gonadotrophines hypophysaires augmentent, stimulant ainsi la maturation testiculaire: la LH agit directement sur les éléments mésenchymateux interstitiels qui se développent dans les cellules de Leydig mûres et sécrètent la testostérone et les oestrogènes. La FSH intervient sur les tubes séminifères déterminant et maintenant ainsi une spermatogénèse normale. Au début de la puberté, la testostérone stimule le développement des caractères sexuels masculins (tels que les organes génitaux externes, les organes sexuels accessoires, la croissance, le système pileux, le timbre de la voix, le psychisme et la masse des tissus musculaire et osseux) qui seront maintenus pendant toute la vie. L âge où la concentration de testostérone est maximale se situe entre et 25 ans (selon les diverses théories). La testostérone étant sécrétée de façon épisodique durant la journée, on peut observer des pics multiples. 2. PRINCIPE DU DOSAGE Le principe du dosage repose sur la compétition entre, d une part, la testostérone marquée et, de l autre, la testostérone contenue dans les étalons ou les échantillons vis-àvis des sites d anticorps, en nombre limité et fixe. Après l incubation, la quantité de testostérone marquée liée à l anticorps est inversement proportionnelle à la concentration de testostérone non marquée présente dans les étalons ou les échantillons. Le moyen de séparation lié/libre est basé sur l emploi de tubes revêtus sur les parois desquels l anticorps est fixé. 21

22 TestoCE.fm Page 22 Friday, November 7, :02 PM 3. REACTIFS FOURNIS DANS LA TROUSSE Tubes revêtus 100 Testostérone marquée à l 125 I 1 flacon Etalons testostérone 7 flacons Sérum de contrôle 1 flacon Nombre de dosages 100 STOCKAGE: Conserver la trousse à 2-8 C dès réception. Ne pas congeler. Après l ouverture, les réactifs de cette trousse restent stables jusqu à la date de péremption de la trousse, s ils sont conservés de manière adéquate. La trousse est garantie pour réaliser 4 séries analytiques si elle est utilisée pendant le jour à température ambiante et conservée pendant la nuit à 2-8 C. Ne pas utiliser les réactifs ayant dépassé la date de péremption. La date de péremption de la trousse est indiquée sur l étiquette extérieure et correspond à la date de péremption du traceur. La date de péremption de chaque composant est reportée sur les étiquettes des flacons respectifs. Agiter doucement les flacons lors de la reconstitution de leur contenu, afin d éviter la formation de mousse. Ne pas mélanger des réactifs provenant de lots différents Tubes revêtus La surface interne de chaque tube est revêtue d antisérum de lapin anti-testostérone. Au moment de l emploi, amener les tubes revêtus à température ambiante avant d ouvrir leur boîte afin d éviter tout phénomène de condensation. Conserver les tubes non utilisés dans la boîte en s'assurant que celle-ci est dûment fermée. Ne pas mélanger des tubes revêtus provenant de lots différents Testostérone marquée à l 125 I (rouge): réactif prêt à l emploi Le flacon contient 52 ml de testostérone marquée à l iode 125 I, de la sérumalbumine bovine, du tampon phosphaté-citraté, des conservateurs et un colorant rouge inerte. La radioactivité maximale est de 59 kbq (1,6 µci) à la date d étalonnage Etalons testostérone: réactif prêt à l emploi Chaque flacon contient de la testostérone, du sérum exempt de stéroïdes et des conservateurs. Les concentrations sont les suivantes: 0-0,25-0,5-1,0-2,5-5,0-10,0 ng/ ml (0-0,87-1,73-3,47-8,7-17,3-34,7 nmol/l). Le volume de l étalon zéro est de 1 ml dans du sérum humain. Le volume des étalons 1-6 est de 0,5 ml dans du sérum de veau nouveau-né. Une préparation étalon internationale n étant pas actuellement disponible, les étalons de la trousse sont étalonnés par rapport à une préparation interne de référence (pure à 99% avec HPLC). Les étalons de la trousse sont commutables avec les échantillons examinés s'ils sont utilisés avec les réactifs et le mode opératoire de ce test diagnostique in vitro, d'après les recommandations du fabricant Sérum de contrôle: réactif lyophilisé Le flacon contient de la testostérone, du sérum d origine humaine et des conservateurs. L intervalle des valeurs de référence est indiqué sur l étiquette du flacon. Reconstituer le contenu du flacon avec 1 ml d eau distillée. La solution ainsi obtenue se conserve à 2-8 C pendant une semaine; la congeler divisée en parties aliquotes à 20 C ou à des températures plus basses dans le cas d un stockage prolongé. 22

23 TestoCE.fm Page 23 Friday, November 7, :02 PM 4. PRECAUTIONS D UTILISATION Certains réactifs contenus dans cette trousse renferment de l azide de sodium. Ce sel peut réagir avec les installations sanitaires en plomb ou cuivre et former des azides métalliques extrêmement explosives. Pour évacuer ces réactifs, rincer à grande eau afin d éviter les accumulations d azide (Council Directive 99/45/EC). R 20/21/22 Nocif par inhalation, par contact avec la peau et par ingestion. R 32 Au contact d un acide, dégage un gaz très toxique. S 28 Après contact avec la peau, se laver immédiatement et abondamment avec de l eau. Toutes les unités de sérum et de plasma utilisées pour la fabrication des composants de cette trousse ont été analysées et ont été trouvées négatives en Ag HBs, en anticorps anti-vhc et en anticorps anti-hiv-1/2. Toutefois, puisqu il n existe aucune méthode garantissant l absence totale d agents pathogènes, on doit considérer tout matériau d origine humaine comme étant potentiellement infectieux. C est pourquoi il faudra le manipuler avec précaution. 5. REGLES DE SECURITE Ne pas manger, ni boire, ni fumer ou se maquiller pendant le dosage. Ne pas pipeter avec la bouche. Eviter le contact direct avec le matériel potentiellement infectieux en portant des vêtements de laboratoire, des lunettes de protection et des gants à usage unique. Se laver soigneusement les mains à la fin du dosage. Eviter de provoquer des éclaboussures ou des vaporisations. Si cela arrivait, chaque goutte de réactif doit être nettoyée avec une solution d hypochlorite de sodium à 5% et traitée comme du matériel infectieux. Tous les échantillons, tous les réactifs biologiques de la trousse et tout le matériel utilisés pour effectuer l essai doivent être considérés comme capables de transmettre des agents étiologiques. Toute élimination de déchets se fera conformément aux réglementations en vigueur. Le matériel à usage unique doit être incinéré; les déchets liquides doivent être décontaminés avec de l hypochlorite de sodium à concentration finale de 5% pendant au moins une demi-heure. Tout matériel réutilisable doit être stérilisé en autoclave par un traitement à l'excès (overkill) (USP 24, 2000, p. 2143). On considère qu'un temps de stérilisation d'une heure à 121 C est convenable. Nous conseillons toutefois à chaque laboratoire de vérifier l'efficacité du cycle de décontamination en effectuant un contrôle au début et en utilisant de façon régulière les indicateurs biologiques. 6. REGLES DE BASE DE RADIOPROTECTION L importation, la détention, la cession et l utilisation de ce produit sont soumises aux réglementations de la Commission Interministérielle des Radioéléments Artificiels (1). Ce produit ne peut en aucun cas être administré ni à l homme ni aux animaux. L application des règles de base de radioprotection assure une sécurité adéquate. Ne pas manger, ni boire, ni fumer ou se maquiller pendant le dosage. Ne pas pipeter des solutions radioactives avec la bouche. Eviter le contact direct avec tout produit radioactif en utilisant des blouses et des gants de protection à usage unique. La manipulation de produits radioactifs se fera dans un local approprié dont l accès doit être réglementé (zone contrôlée). Les produits radioactifs seront stockés dans leur conteneur d origine, dans un local approprié. (1) C.I.R.E.A. BP Fontenay-aux-Roses. 23

24 TestoCE.fm Page 24 Friday, November 7, :02 PM Un cahier de réception, de stockage et d élimination de produits radioactifs sera tenu à jour. Le matériel de laboratoire et la verrerie qui ont été contaminés doivent être isolés au fur et à mesure afin d éviter une contamination croisée de plusieurs isotopes. Chaque cas de contamination ou perte de substance radioactive devra être résolu selon les procédures établies. Toute élimination de déchets radioactifs se fera conformément aux réglementations en vigueur. Déchets radioactifs Tout utilisateur ou détenteur de radioéléments en sources scellées ou non scellées en est responsable et comptable devant les autorités de Santé Publique et, de ce fait, n est pas autorisé à s en dessaisir par d autres voies que celles définies par les procédures réglementaires. Les modalités d élimination des déchets radioactifs provenant de sources non scellées sont définies par l avis aux utilisateurs paru au Journal Officiel du 6 juin Conformément aux dispositions de cet avis et du décret N du 2 octobre 1986 relatif à la protection des travailleurs contre les dangers des rayonnements ionisants paru au Journal Officiel du 12 octobre 1986, l OPRI (2) et les organismes désignés par lui sont seuls habilités à procéder à la prise en charge des déchets radioactifs correspondants. Les laboratoires de notre filiale en France sont autorisés à céder les trousses conformément aux instructions de l Arrêté du 3 avril 2002 et dans le respect de la réglementation sur le transport de matériel radioactif. 7. MATERIEL NECESSAIRE, MAIS NON FOURNI Eau distillée et déminéralisée. Micropipettes avec embouts à usage unique de 50 µl (justesse ± 3%, fidélité 2%) et 500 µl (justesse ± 2%, fidélité 1%). Portoir pour tubes. Mélangeur Vortex. Incubateur thermostaté ou bain-marie capable de maintenir 37 ± 1 C. Système d aspiration du mélange d incubation. Compteur gamma pour compter l iode 125 I (définition de la fenêtre du compteur: kev - efficience du compteur: 70% - temps de comptage: 1 min). Si l efficience du compteur est inférieure à 60%, le temps de comptage doit être prolongé à 2 min. 8. PRELEVEMENT ET PREPARATION DES ECHANTILLONS Le dosage peut être effectué sur du sérum ou du plasma humain. On peut employer des anticoagulants comme l EDTA ou l héparine. Pour obtenir le sérum prélever le sang par piqûre intraveineuse, le laisser coaguler et séparer le sérum du caillot dès que possible. Clarifier par filtration ou centrifugation avant le test les échantillons troubles, lipémiques et ceux contenant du matériel en suspension ou des déchets érythrocytaires. Ne pas utiliser des échantillons fortement hémolysés ou lipémiques, ni des échantillons contenant des particules en suspension ou une contamination microbienne évidente. Si le dosage est exécuté dans les 24 heures suivant le prélèvement, les échantillons peuvent être conservés à 2-8 C. Dans le cas contraire, ils doivent être aliquotés et congelés à 20 C ou à des températures plus basses. Si les échantillons ont été congelés, attendre qu ils soient complètement décongelés et les homogénéiser avant le dosage. Il faut éviter les cycles de congélation/décongélation répétés. (2) O.P.R.I. BP Le Vésinet. 24

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