Clinical Assays TM ESTRADIOL-2

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1 Clinical Assays TM ESTRADIOL-2

2 English... p. 1 Italiano... p. 14 Français... p. 28 Deutsch...p. 42 Español... p. 56 Svenska... p. 70 Ελληνικά...s. 83

3 RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR THE DIRECT DETERMINATION OF 17 BETA-ESTRADIOL IN HUMAN SERUM OR PLASMA 1. INTRODUCTION 17 beta-estradiol is a female steroid hormone with a molecular weight of approximately 272 daltons, which is secreted by the ovaries. The primary function of estradiol is to prepare the uterine mucosa for the pregestational stage. It also suppresses the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and stimulates preovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) release from the pituitary (1). In serum estradiol is complexed to a binding protein (SHBG = sex hormone binding globulin) (5, 6). As in the case of other small molecular weight hormones, this binding protein may be involved in the regulation of hormone delivery to target organs (7). In non-pregnant women, estradiol serum levels are cyclic with peak levels occuring shortly before ovulation (2). Estradiol concentrations are useful in evaluating a variety of menstrual dysfunctions, feminization in children and estrogen-producing tumours. Estradiol may also be elevated in gynecomastia and cirrhosis. It is often measured in therapies aimed at overcoming infertility such as stimulation of ovulation by clomiphene or in vitro fertilization procedures (IVF) (3). Serum estradiol levels rise to very high concentrations during pregnancy. Therefore, monitoring of estradiol levels provides information relevant to fetal growth (4). In normal males, estradiol levels are very low. Abnormally elevated levels may be indicative of testicular tumours (1). 2. INTENDED USE The reagents in the kit are for in vitro diagnostic use only. This kit is to be used for the direct quantitative determination of 17 beta-estradiol levels in human serum and plasma. Range and performance of the method and its variations have been optimized to permit determinations of both very low (e.g. in children) and high (e.g. in IVF) concentrations of estradiol. 3. PRINCIPLE OF THE ASSAY This procedure for the direct measurement of estradiol is based on the competitive binding principle of radioimmunoassay. The samples and calibrators are incubated with estradiol tracer and antibody. After a second incubation followed by a centrifugation, separation of free tracer from antibody-bound tracer is achieved by means of a second antibody. After centrifugation, the tubes are decanted and the supernatants are discarded. The pellet is counted in a gamma counter. A calibration curve is then prepared from serum calibrators ranging from 10 to 2000 pg/ml. Unknown values are obtained from the calibration curve by interpolation. 4. DESCRIPTION AND PREPARATION OF REAGENTS STORAGE: Upon receipt, the kit should be stored at 2-8 C. Do not freeze. Once opened, the reagents of this kit are stable until the kit expiry date when properly stored. The kit has been designed to perform 4 assay runs when used throughout the day at room temperature and stored overnight at 2-8 C. Reagents should not be used past the expiry date. The expiry date of the kit is reported on the external label and corresponds to the expiry date of the tracer. The expiry date of each component is reported on the respective vial label. When reconstituting the contents of the vials, mix gently to avoid foaming. Reagents from different batches must not be mixed I-tracer (ready-to-use reagent) The vial contains 10.5 ml phosphate buffer solution containing estradiol-6cmo- 125 I-iodohistamine, animal proteins, preservatives and an inert red dye. Radioactivity is 74 kbq (2 µci) or less on the calibration date. 1

4 4.2. Anti-estradiol antiserum (ready-to-use reagent) The vial contains 10.5 ml phosphate buffer solution containing antiserum raised in rabbits, animal proteins, preservatives and an inert blue dye Zero calibrator (ready-to-use reagent) The vial contains 1.25 ml human steroid-free serum, and preservatives Estradiol calibrators (ready-to-use reagent) Each vial contains 0.5 ml human steroid-free serum, preservatives and estradiol added to yield the concentrations reported below. The kit calibrators demonstrate commutability with patient samples when used with reagents and operating procedure of this in vitro diagnostic test as the manufacturer recommends. As no international standard preparation is currently available, the kit calibrators are calibrated against an internal reference preparation (99% purity by HPLC). 10 pg/ml = 37 pmol/l (Conversion factor: 1 pg/ml = 3.67 pmol/l) 40 pg/ml = 147 pmol/l 100 pg/ml = 367 pmol/l 400 pg/ml = 1468 pmol/l 1000 pg/ml = 3670 pmol/l 2000 pg/ml = 7340 pmol/l 4.5. Control serum (lyophilized reagent) The vial contains estradiol in human serum. The range of reference values is reported on the vial label. Reconstitute the vial contents with 1 ml distilled water. Store the resulting solution for two weeks at 2-8 C or in deepfrozen aliquots ( 20 C or below) for extended storage Precipitating reagent (ready-to-use reagent) The bottle contains 52 ml buffer, antibody to rabbit IgG raised in goats, non-specific rabbit IgG, polyethylene glycol and preservatives. Let the bottle of precipitating reagent reach room temperature and mix well by repeatedly tilting end over end. 5. EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES REQUIRED, BUT NOT PROVIDED - Distilled or deionized water x 75 mm polystyrene or polypropylene test tubes. - Test tube rack. - Micropipettes with disposable tips (50, 100, 500 µl) (50 µl: trueness ±3%, precision 2%; 100, 500 µl: trueness ± 2%, precision 1%). - Calibrated pipettes (9, 10 ml). - Graduated cylinders (50, 100 ml). - Vortex mixer. - Thermostatically-controlled water bath capable of maintaining 37 ± 1 C. - Multisample centrifuge capable of achieving g*. - Gamma counter suitable for counting 125 I (counter window setting: kev - counter efficiency: 70% - counting time: 1 min). If counter efficiency is below 60%, counting time should be prolonged to 2 min. 6. ASSAY PREPARATION General sample preparation. Erroneous results can be caused by improper handling of patient samples. Either human serum or plasma may be used. The anticoagulants citrate, EDTA and heparin have been tested and may be used with this assay. Blood should be collected aseptically by venipuncture, allowed to clot, and the serum separated *g = (1118 x 10-8 ) (radius in cm) (rpm) 2 2

5 from the clot as soon as possible. Samples having particulate matter, turbidity, lipaemia, or erythrocyte debris may require clarification by filtration or centrifugation before testing. Grossly haemolyzed or lipaemic samples as well as samples containing particulate matter or exhibiting obvious microbial contamination should not be tested. If the assay is performed within 24 hours of sample collection, the samples should be kept at 2-8 C; otherwise they should be aliquoted and stored deep-frozen ( 20 C or below). If samples are stored frozen, thaw frozen samples at room temperature and mix gently before pipetting. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles or foaming of patient samples. Improper sample storage may result in decreased trueness. Estradiol concentration can vary widely depending on the origin of the sample. Care should be taken that the expected concentration corresponds to the range of maximum precision of the assay. To optimize performance of the system the following guidelines may be used: Normal women (pre- and postmenopausal), men and children: No sample preparation necessary; use routine procedure (see section 7). For samples from women undergoing IVF treatment there are several alternatives: - use special IVF procedures (see sections 8, 9), or - dilute samples 1:2 with zero calibrator (to avoid loss of material, use 25 µl sample and directly lute with 25 µl zero calibrator in the assay tube), and use routine procedure (see section 7). Sera of pregnant women should be diluted with steroid-free serum (PER20, supplied upon request) as reported here below. Trimester of pregnancy Patient serum (µl) Steroid-free serum (µl) Volume used per assay tube (µl) Dilution factor I II III To get the actual serum estradiol concentration, multiply result read off the calibration curve with appropriate dilution factor. Assay preparation. Assay reagents must be stored at 2-8 C and should be mixed thoroughly without foaming prior to use. All reagents must be brought to room temperature prior to use. The temperature in the water bath must be standardized uniformly and kept constant at 37 ± 1 C. The water level must be kept above that of the solution in the tubes without allowing the tubes to float. Controls should be included in every run. Failure to obtain the appropriate values for controls may indicate imprecise manipulations, improper handling or deterioration of reagents. Calibrators must be run with each series of patient specimens. Calibrators and samples should be subjected to the same process and incubation time. Perform all assay steps in the order given and without any appreciable delays between the steps. A clean, disposable tip should be used for dispensing each calibrator and sample. Carefully aspirate the incubation mixture; failure to remove solution adequately may result in poor reproducibility and spurious results. No trace of dye should still be visible. 7. ROUTINE ASSAY PROCEDURE This procedure should be used when high precision and sensitivity of estradiol measurements are required (e.g. no samples from IVF patients). If a mixed population of samples, including IVF sera, is to be assayed, the procedure outlined in section 8 is recommended. The use of the 2000 pg/ml calibrator is optional in this procedure. Due to flatness of the calibration curve in the range from 1000 to 2000 pg/ml, precision may be poor despite the additional calibrator. 3

6 Pipetting of total activity, non-specific binding, calibrators and unknowns is performed as reported below. Determinations should be done in duplicate. reagents tubes Total activity Zero calibrator (Bo) Calibrators 1-6 Samples Calibrators 50 µl 50 µl Samples 50 µl Tracer 100 µl 100 µl 100 µl 100 µl Antiserum 100 µl 100 µl 100 µl Shake tubes briefly (Vortex) and incubate for 2 hours in a 37 C water bath. Add 500 µl precipitating reagent to each tube except total activity. Shake tubes and incubate for 15 min at room temperature. After incubation, centrifuge the tubes at g* for 15 min. Immediately after centrifugation, aspirate or decant the supernatant. Count the tubes for one minute. Scheme of routine assay 50 µl calibrator/sample 100 µl tracer (red) 100 µl antiserum (blue) Incubate for 2 hours at 37 C in a water bath Add 500 µl precipitating reagent Incubate for 15 min at room temperature Centrifuge for 15 min at g* Discard supernatant Count tubes for one min 8. PROCEDURE FOR SAMPLES OF IVF PATIENTS In this procedure all six calibrators are used. Together with the reduced sample volume a calibration curve results, that permits precision measurements in both the high and low concentration range. A sample volume of 25 µl is recommended here. However, even smaller volumes (20, 15 µl) can be used if necessary. Pipetting of total activity, non-specific binding, calibrators and unknowns is performed as reported in the following page. Determinations should be done in duplicate. *g = (1118 x 10-8 ) (radius in cm) (rpm) 2 4

7 reagents tubes Total activity Zero calibrator (Bo) Calibrators 1-5 Samples Calibrators 25 µl 25 µl Samples 25 µl Tracer 100 µl 100 µl 100 µl 100 µl Antiserum 100 µl 100 µl 100 µl Shake tubes briefly (Vortex) and incubate for 2 hours in a 37 C water bath. Add 500 µl precipitating reagent to each tube except total activity. Shake tubes and incubate for 15 min at room temperature. After incubation, centrifuge the tubes at g* for 15 min. Immediately after centrifugation, aspirate or decant the supernatant. Count the tubes for one minute. Assay scheme (25 µl sample) 25 µl calibrator/sample 100 µl tracer (red) 100 µl antiserum (blue) Incubate for 2 hours at 37 C in a water bath Add 500 µl precipitating reagent Incubate for 15 min at room temperature Centrifuge for 15 min at x g* Discard supernatant Count tubes for one min 9. RAPID, ONE-INCUBATION PROCEDURE In this system, the first and second incubations are done in parallel. This results in reduced total assay time. The use of the 2000 pg/ml calibrator is optional. Pipetting of total activity, non-specific binding, calibrators and unknowns is performed as reported below. Determinations should be done in duplicate. Do not add antiserum. Premix antiserum and precipitating reagent in the proportions of 1:5 for the appropriate number of tubes. Example: number of tubes in assay: 30 antiserum required: 30 x 0.1 ml = 3 ml precipitating reagent to be added to antiserum: 5 x 3 ml = 15 ml Stir mixture for 30 sec, immediately pipet 600 µl of mixture per tube. Premixed antiserum should be used within 15 min. The remainder of undiluted antiserum or precipitating reagent can be used in an assay according to section 7 or 8, or it can be stored according to section 4. *g = (1118 x 10-8 ) (radius in cm) (rpm) 2 5

8 reagents tubes Total activity Zero calibrator (Bo) Calibrators 1-5 Calibrators 25 µl 25 µl Samples Samples 25 µl Tracer 100 µl 100 µl 100 µl 100 µl Antiserum 600 µl 600 µl 600 µl Shake tubes briefly (Vortex) and incubate for 2 hours in a 37 C water bath. After incubation, centrifuge the tubes at x g* for 15 min. Immediately after centrifugation, aspirate or decant the supernatant. Count the tubes for one minute. Scheme of assay with premixed reagents 25 µl calibrator/sample 100 µl tracer (red) Add 600 µl premixed antiserum and precipitating reagent Mix one part of antiserum with 5 parts of precipitating reagent Incubate for 2 hours at 37 C in a water bath Centrifuge for 15 min at x g* Discard supernatant Count tubes for one min 10. CALCULATION OF RESULTS Many gamma counters now have automatic data reduction facilities. Where this is not available, it is recommended that the following procedure be followed. Compute the mean net counts for each determination in duplicate. Compute maximum binding (Bmax): zero calibrator mean counts Bmax% = total activity mean counts Compute the B/Bo ratio for each calibrator and unknown sample as follows: x 100 B/Bo% = calibrator or sample mean counts total activity mean counts Plot in semilog or log-log coordinates the mean percent value for each calibrator on the ordinate (y axis) as a function of estradiol concentration expressed as pg/ml on the abscissa (x axis). A calibration curve is thus obtained (Fig. 1). Directly from the calibration curve, read the estradiol concentration of each sample expressed as pg/ml. If the sample was diluted, the estradiol concentration value derived from the diluted specimen must be multiplied by the dilution factor. x 100 *g = (1118 x 10-8 ) (radius in cm) (rpm) 2 6

9 Typical data (routine assay, see section 7). Description Concentration cpm % B/Bo Total activity (T) Zero calibrator (Bo) 0 pg/ml (0 pmol/l) Calibrator 1 10 pg/ml (37 pmol/l) Calibrator 2 40 pg/ml (147 pmol/l) Calibrator pg/ml (367 pmol/l) Calibrator pg/ml (1468 pmol/l) Calibrator pg/ml (3670 pmol/l) Typical data (25 µl sample, see section 8). Description Concentration cpm % B/Bo Total activity (T) Zero calibrator (Bo) 0 pg/ml (0 pmol/l) Calibrator 1 10 pg/ml (37 pmol/l) Calibrator 2 40 pg/ml (147 pmol/l) Calibrator pg/ml (367 pmol/l) Calibrator pg/ml (1468 pmol/l) Calibrator pg/ml (3670 pmol/l) Calibrator pg/ml (7340 pmol/l) Typical data (premixed reagents, see section 9). Description Concentration cpm % B/Bo Total activity (T) Zero calibrator (Bo) 0 pg/ml (0 pmol/l) Calibrator 1 10 pg/ml (37 pmol/l) Calibrator 2 40 pg/ml (147 pmol/l) Calibrator pg/ml (367 pmol/l) Calibrator pg/ml (1468 pmol/l) Calibrator pg/ml (3670 pmol/l)

10 Tracer binding, % B/Bo Concentration of estradiol, pg/ml Fig. 1 Example of calibration curves: Routine assay 25 µl sample Premixed reagents 11. LIMITATIONS OF THE PROCEDURE General remarks Diagnosis should not be established on the basis of a single test result, but should be determined in conjunction with clinical findings and other diagnostic procedures as well as in association with medical judgement. Bacterial contamination or repeated freeze-thaw cycles of the specimens may affect the assay results. A skillful technique and strict adherence to the instructions are necessary to obtain reliable results. In particular, precise pipetting and accurate aspiration are essential. Non-reproducible results may arise from methodological factors, such as: - cross-exchange of vial caps - use of the same tip when withdrawing from different vials or dispensing different samples - leaving the vials open for long - exposure of reagents or samples to intense heat or heavy sources of bacterial contamination - inadequate aspiration of incubation mixture - contamination of tube rims by tracer or samples - casual oscillations or inadequate handling of the gamma counter - use of reagents from different master batches. Compatibility of different assay procedures Care should be taken not to mix the three assay procedures indicated before. Specifically, it is not possible to read a 25 µl sample off a 50 µl calibration curve. If a smaller sample must be used in the routine system the difference of volume has to be made up by the addition of zero calibrator (see section 8). Logit/log data reduction of assay results From most of the assay data it is evident, that in logit/log transformation the calibration curve is not along a straight line. Usually the central calibrators (e.g. 400 pg/ml, 1000 pg/ml) give lower tracer binding than expected. 8

11 RIA calibration curves only follow a straight line if the assay reactions are in perfect accordance with a simplified theoretical model. In reality, deviations may occur. The complex nature of the reactions in these systems represents such a case. Deviations from straight lines occur and cannot be avoided. Some data processing facilities use logit/log transformations as the mathematical basis for computation of results. Although the merits of this type of program are fully acknowledged, more modern programs (four parameters, spline, multiple binding site program) give results that more fully appreciate real (rather than theoretical) RIA situations. The use of such programs is therefore advised. 12. SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Analytical specificity Analytical specificity may be defined as the ability of the assay to accurately detect specific analyte in the presence of potentially interfering factors in the sample matrix (e.g., anticoagulants, haemolysis, effects of sample treatment), or cross-reactive analytes. Interference. Controlled studies of potentially interfering substances or conditions showed that the assay performance was not affected by anticoagulants (citrate, EDTA, heparin), haemolysis (up to 200 mg/dl haemoglobin), lipaemia (up to 500 mg/dl triglycerides), bilirubinaemia (up to 20 mg/dl bilirubin) or one freeze-thaw cycle of samples. Cross-reactions. Data on the specificity of the antiserum used in this kit are expressed as the ratio of estradiol concentration to the cross-reacting hormone concentration at 50% inhibition of maximum binding as summarized below. Hormone Cross-reaction Estradiol 1.0 Estrone Estriol Ethinylestradiol < Progesterone < Testosterone < Androstenediol < Estradiol-3-glucuronide Estradiol-17-glucuronide Analytical sensitivity Analytical sensitivity may also be expressed as the limit of detection, which is the minimal amount of specific analyte detectable by the assay. The limit of detection is 2 pg/ml at 95% confidence limit (8). This was calculated as the apparent concentration of analyte which was distinguishable from the zero calibrator, that is, two standard deviations below zero Precision Different sample pools, containing different concentrations of specific analyte, were assayed to determine repeatability and reproducibility of the assay (i.e., within and between-assay variability). Repeatability A B C Number of determinations Mean (pg/ml) Standard deviation Coefficient of variation (%)

12 Reproducibility A B C Number of determinations Mean (pg/ml) Standard deviation Coefficient of variation (%) Trueness Recovery test. A serum with low estradiol concentration was tested as such and after mixing with increasing amounts of estradiol. Percent recovery is calculated as recovered/ expected value ratio x 100. Added concentration, pg/ml Expected concentration, pg/ml Measured concentration, pg/ml % Recovery Dilution test. Two sera with high estradiol concentration were tested after serially diluting with the zero calibrator. Dilution Expected concentration, pg/ml Measured concentration, pg/ml % Recovery neat : : : : neat : : : : :

13 13. EXPECTED VALUES The normal ranges found with this kit are summarized in the following table. The values have been determined on specimens from healthy individuals. Each laboratory is advised to establish its own normal ranges. Subjects No. of samples Concentration (pg/ml) Concentration (pmol/l) Prepubertal children Males Early follicular phase Preovulatory peak Luteal phase Post menopausal 49 < 25 < 92 Pregnant women: 222 1st trimester nd trimester rd trimester A representative profile of estradiol concentrations found in a normal menstrual cycle is displayed in Fig Concentration of estradiol in serum, pg/ml Days of Cycle of cycyle Fig. 2 - Concentration of estradiol in serum measured with this method during a representative menstrual cycle. Definition of units of radioactivity (Ci, Bq) 1 Curie = 1 Ci = 3.7 x disintegrations/second 1 Béquerel = 1 Bq = 1 disintegration/second 1 µci = 37000Bq = 37 kbq. 11

14 Calculation of centrifugal force Please use the nomogram to find rpm s to corresponding x g*-values (see Fig. 3). Measure the radius in cm from the axis to the middle of the spinning tubes. Trace a line from the measured radius through the desired x g* -value. You will find the necessary rpm s on the corresponding scale. Example: Radius (axis of rotor to center of tube) = 15 cm Required x g*-force = 2000 x g* Result = approx rpm. rpm x g* Radius, cm Fig. 3 - Nomogram for the calculation of centrifugal force. 14. WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Test components contain sodium azide as a preservative. Because sodium azide may form explosive lead or copper azide in plumbing, it is recommended that drains be thoroughly flushed with water after disposal of solutions containing sodium azide (Council Directive 99/45/EC). R 22 Harmful if swallowed. R 31 Contact with acids liberates toxic gas. S 28 After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of water. S 45 In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label where possible). Sodium merthiolate (Council Directive 99/45/EC): R 20/21/22 Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. R 33 Danger of cumulative effects. S 28 After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of water. S 45 In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label where possible). *g = (1118 x 10-8 ) (radius in cm) (rpm) 2 12

15 All serum and plasma units used to produce the components provided in this kit have been tested for the presence of HBsAg, anti-hcv, and anti-hiv-1/2 and found to be non-reactive. As, however, no test method can offer absolute assurance that pathogens are absent, all specimens of human origin should be considered potentially infectious and handled with care. 15. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS - Do not eat, drink, smoke or apply cosmetics in the assay laboratory. - Do not pipette solutions by mouth. - Avoid direct contact with all potentially infectious materials by using protective clothing such as lab coats, protective glasses and disposable gloves. Wash hands thoroughly at the end of each assay. - Avoid splashing or forming an aerosol. Any reagent spills should be washed with a 5% sodium hypochlorite solution and disposed of as though potentially infectious. - All samples, biological reagents and materials used in the assay must be considered potentially able to transmit infectious agents. They should therefore be disposed of in accordance with the prevailing regulations and guidelines of the agencies holding jurisdiction over the laboratory, and the regulations of each Country. Disposable materials must be incinerated; liquid waste must be decontaminated with sodium hypochlorite at a final concentration of 5% for at least half an hour. Any materials to be reused must be autoclaved using an overkill approach (USP 24, 2000, p. 2143). A minimum of one hour at 121 C is usually considered adequate, though the users must check the effectiveness of their decontamination cycle by initially validating it and routinely using biological indicators. 16. BASIC RULES OF RADIATION SAFETY Reagents Containing Iodine-125 This kit contains radioactive material which does not exceed 2.1 µci (76 kbq) of iodine-125. Appropriate precautions and good laboratory practices should be used in the storage, handling, and disposal of this material. For practitioners or institutions receiving radioisotopes under a general license: This radioactive material may be received, acquired, possessed, and used only by physicians, veterinarians in the practice of veterinary medicine, clinical laboratories, or hospitals, and only for in vitro clinical or laboratory tests not involving internal or external administration of the material, or the radiation therefrom, to human beings or animals. Its receipt, acquisition, possession, use, and transfer are subject to the regulations and the general license of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission or of the state with which the Commission has entered into an agreement for the exercise of regulatory authority. 1. Storage of radioactive material should be limited to a specifically designated area. 2. Access to radioactive materials must be limited to authorized personnel only. 3. Do not pipette radioactive material by mouth. 4. Do not eat or drink within designated radioactive work areas. 5. Areas where spills may occur should be wiped up, then washed with an alkali detergent or radiological decontamination solution. Any glassware used must be rinsed completely with water before washing with other laboratory glassware. For practitioners or institutions receiving radioisotopes under a specific license: The receipt, use, transfer and disposal of radioactive materials are subject to the regulations and conditions of your specific license. ATTENTION: Radioactivity printed in the package insert may be slightly different from the radioactivity printed on the box label and on the tracer vial label. The box label and the tracer vial label indicate the actual amount of radioactivity at the calibration date where the package insert indicates the theoretical radioactivity of the kit. 13

16 KIT PER IL DOSAGGIO RADIOIMMUNOLOGICO DIRETTO DEL 17 BETA-ESTRADIOLO IN CAMPIONI DI SIERO O PLASMA UMANO 1. INTRODUZIONE Il 17 beta-estradiolo è un ormone steroideo femminile secreto dalle ovaie di peso molecolare circa 272 dalton. La funzione principale dell estradiolo consiste nel predisporre la mucosa uterina allo stadio pregestativo. Tale ormone inoltre inibisce la produzione di ormone follicolo-stimolante (FSH) e stimola la liberazione preovulatoria di ormone luteinizzante (LH) da parte dell ipofisi (1). Nel siero l estradiolo è complessato a una proteina vettrice (SHBG = sex hormone binding globulin) (5, 6). Questa proteina, come nel caso di altri ormoni a basso peso molecolare, può intervenire nella regolazione della liberazione dell ormone a livello degli organi bersaglio (7). Nelle donne non gravide i livelli sierici di estradiolo presentano un andamento ciclico con un massimo che si verifica poco prima dell ovulazione (2). La determinazione delle concentrazioni di estradiolo è utile per valutare disfunzioni della mestruazione, sindrome femminilizzante negli adolescenti e tumori secernenti estrogeni. L estradiolo può inoltre risultare elevato nella ginecomastia e nella cirrosi. Viene spesso determinato nel corso di terapie per la sterilità, quali stimolazione dell ovulazione mediante clomifene o tecniche di fecondazione in vitro (FIV) (3). I livelli di estradiolo sierico raggiungono concentrazioni molto elevate durante la gravidanza. Pertanto il controllo dei livelli di estradiolo fornisce utili indicazioni sulla crescita fetale (4). Nei maschi normali i livelli di estradiolo sono molto bassi. Livelli anormalmente elevati possono essere indicativi di tumori testicolari (1). 2. FINALITÀ D USO I reattivi forniti nel kit sono solo per uso diagnostico in vitro. Questo kit deve essere impiegato per la determinazione quantitativa diretta dei livelli di 17 beta-estradiolo nel siero e nel plasma umani. L intervallo di dosaggio e le prestazioni del metodo sono stati ottimizzati per consentire la determinazione di livelli di estradiolo sia molto bassi (p.es. negli adolescenti) sia molto elevati (p.es. nella FIV). 3. PRINCIPIO DEL DOSAGGIO Il metodo per la determinazione diretta dell estradiolo si basa sul principio del dosaggio radioimmunologico competitivo. I campioni e i calibratori vengono incubati con estradiolo marcato con 125 I e con un anticorpo antiestradiolo. Dopo una seconda incubazione seguita da una centrifugazione, si ottiene la separazione del tracciante non legato all anticorpo mediante un secondo anticorpo. Dopo centrifugazione le provette vengono decantate e il surnatante viene eliminato. Il sedimento viene misurato con un contatore gamma. Viene quindi preparata una curva di taratura da un set di calibratori in siero a concentrazioni variabili da 10 a 2000 pg/ml. I valori dei campioni si ottengono mediante interpolazione dalla curva di taratura. 4. DESCRIZIONE E PREPARAZIONE DEI REATTIVI MODALITÀ DI CONSERVAZIONE: Al momento dell'arrivo, conservare il kit a 2-8 C. Non congelare. Dopo l apertura, i reattivi di questo kit sono stabili fino alla data di scadenza del kit se conservati in modo adeguato. Il kit è garantito per 4 serie analitiche se utilizzato durante il giorno a temperatura ambiente e conservato durante la notte a 2-8 C. Non usare i reattivi oltre la data di scadenza. La data di scadenza del kit è indicata sull'etichetta esterna e corrisponde alla data di scadenza del tracciante. La data di scadenza di ciascun componente è riportata sulle etichette dei rispettivi flaconi. Nel ricostituire il contenuto dei flaconi, agitare delicatamente per evitare la formazione di schiuma. Non mescolare reattivi provenienti da lotti differenti. 14

17 4.1. Tracciante 125 I (reattivo pronto per l uso) Il flacone contiene 10,5 ml di soluzione di tampone fosfato contenente estradiolo-6cmo- 125 I-iodoistamina, proteine animali, conservanti e un colorante rosso inerte. La radioattività massima è 74 kbq (2 µci) alla data di taratura Antisiero anti-estradiolo (reattivo pronto per l uso) Il flacone contiene 10,5 ml di soluzione di tampone fosfato contenente antisiero ottenuto da coniglio, proteine animali, conservanti e un colorante blu inerte Calibratore zero (reattivo pronto per l uso) Il flacone contiene 1,25 ml di siero umano deprivato di steroidi e conservanti Calibratori di estradiolo (reattivo pronto per l uso) Ogni flacone contiene 0,5 ml di siero umano deprivato di steroidi, conservanti ed estradiolo addizionato per ottenere le concentrazioni riportate di seguito. I calibratori del kit sono commutabili con i campioni in esame quando sono utilizzati con i reattivi e la procedura operativa di questo test diagnostico in vitro, secondo quanto raccomandato dal fabbricante. Poiché non è attualmente disponibile uno standard internazionale, i calibratori del kit sono tarati contro una preparazione di riferimento interna (pura al 99% in HPLC). 10 pg/ml = 37 pmol/l (Fattore di conversione: 1 pg/ml = 3,67 pmol/l) 40 pg/ml = 147 pmol/l 100 pg/ml = 367 pmol/l 400 pg/ml = 1468 pmol/l 1000 pg/ml = 3670 pmol/l 2000 pg/ml = 7340 pmol/l Siero di controllo (reattivo liofilizzato) Il flacone contiene estradiolo in siero umano. L intervallo dei valori attesi è riportato sull etichetta del flacone. Ricostituire il contenuto del flacone con 1 ml di acqua distillata. Conservare per due settimane a 2-8 C oppure suddiviso in aliquote a 20 C o a temperature inferiori per una più lunga conservazione Reattivo precipitante (reattivo pronto per l uso) Il flacone contiene 52 ml di tampone, anticorpi anti-igg di coniglio ottenuti in capra, IgG di coniglio aspecifiche, glicole polietilenico e conservanti. Condizionare il reattivo precipitante a temperatura ambiente e agitare vigorosamente mediante ripetuti capovolgimenti. 5. MATERIALI E STRUMENTI RICHIESTI, MA NON FORNITI Acqua distillata e deionizzata. Provette in polistirene o in polipropilene (12 x 75 mm). Portaprovette. Micropipette con puntali monouso da 50 µl (esattezza ± 3%, precisione 2%) e 100, 500 µl (esattezza ± 2%, precisione 1%). Pipette di precisione (9, 10 ml). Cilindri graduati (50, 100 ml). Agitatore Vortex. Bagno termostatico in grado di mantenere 37 ± 1 C. Centrifuga multicampione in grado di raggiungere gravità. Contatore gamma per contare lo iodio 125 I (impostazione della finestra del contatore: kev - efficienza del contatore: 70% - tempo di conteggio: 1 min). Se l efficienza del contatore è inferiore al 60%, si deve prolungare il tempo di conteggio a 2 min. 15

18 6. PREPARAZIONE DEL SAGGIO Preparazione generale dei campioni. Risultati errati possono essere determinati da manipolazione inadeguata dei campioni. Il dosaggio può essere effettuato in campioni di siero o plasma umano. Possono essere utilizzati anticoagulanti come citrato, EDTA ed eparina. Prelevare il sangue per puntura venosa, lasciarlo coagulare e separare il siero dal coagulo al più presto. Chiarificare per filtrazione o centrifugazione prima del test i campioni che presentano materiale in sospensione, opalescenza, lipemia o residui eritrocitari. Non usare campioni fortemente emolizzati o lipemici, né campioni che presentano materiale in sospensione o evidente contaminazione microbica. Se il dosaggio è eseguito nelle 24 ore successive al prelievo, i campioni possono essere conservati a 2-8 C. In caso contrario, devono essere suddivisi in aliquote congelate a 20 C o a temperature inferiori. Se i campioni sono stati congelati, scongelarli a temperatura ambiente e mescolarli delicatamente prima di distribuirli. Evitare ripetuti congelamenti/scon-gelamenti o la formazione di schiuma a carico dei campioni. Una conservazione inadeguata dei campioni può essere causa di minor esattezza del dosaggio. La concentrazione di estradiolo può presentare ampie variazioni in rapporto all origine del campione. Particolare attenzione va posta affinché la concentrazione attesa del campione rientri nell intervallo di massima precisione del dosaggio. Per ottimizzare le prestazioni del dosaggio possono essere adottate le seguenti procedure: Donne normali (prima e dopo la menopausa), uomini e adolescenti: non è necessaria alcuna preparazione del campione; adottare la procedura di routine (vedi cap. 7). Per campioni ottenuti da donne sottoposte a FIV esistono le seguenti alternative: adottare le procedure speciali per FIV (vedi cap. 8, 9), oppure diluire i campioni 1:2 con il calibratore zero (per evitare sprechi di materiale impiegare 25 µl di campione e diluire direttamente con 25 µl di calibratore zero nella provetta di dosaggio) e adottare la procedura di routine (vedi cap. 7). I campioni di siero ottenuti da donne gravide devono essere diluiti con siero deprivato di steroidi (PER20, fornito su richiesta) così come riportato di seguito. Trimestre di gravidanza Siero della paziente (µl) Siero deprivato di steroidi (µl) Volume impiegato per provetta (µl) Fattore di diluizione I II III Per ottenere la reale concentrazione di estradiolo nel siero, moltiplicare il risultato ottenuto dalla curva di taratura per il fattore di diluizione impiegato. Preparazione del saggio. I reattivi da impiegare per il dosaggio devono essere conservati a 2-8 C e devono essere mescolati accuratamente prima dell uso evitando la formazione di schiuma. Tutti i reattivi devono essere condizionati a temperatura ambiente prima dell uso. La temperatura del bagno termostatico deve essere uniforme e mantenuta costante a 37 ± 1 C. Il livello dell acqua deve essere mantenuto al di sopra di quello della soluzione contenuta nelle provette. In ogni dosaggio devono essere inclusi dei controlli. Il mancato riscontro dei valori appropriati per i controlli può indicare manipolazioni imprecise, uso improprio o deterioramento dei reattivi. Eseguire la determinazione dei calibratori per ogni serie di campioni analizzati. Il procedimento operativo deve essere rigorosamente identico per calibratori e campioni in esame. Eseguire le fasi del dosaggio nell'ordine previsto, senza interruzioni. Utilizzare un puntale monouso nuovo per dispensare calibratori e campioni. Aspirare accuratamente la miscela di incubazione; la presenza di gocce può provocare scarsa riproducibilità o risultati non affidabili. Non deve restare traccia del colorante. 16

19 7. PROCEDIMENTO OPERATIVO DI ROUTINE Questa procedura deve essere adottata allorché sono richieste elevate precisione e sensibilità dei dosaggi di estradiolo (p.es. campioni non ottenuti da pazienti sottoposte a FIV). In presenza di campioni ottenuti da una popolazione mista, compresi sieri ottenuti da pazienti sottoposte a FIV, viene raccomandata l adozione della procedura descritta al cap. 8. Nella corrente procedura l impiego del calibratore a 2000 pg/ml è facoltativo. A causa dell andamento lineare piatto della curva di taratura nell intervallo da 1000 a 2000 pg/ml, la precisione può essere scarsa nonostante l ulteriore calibratore. La distribuzione dei reattivi nelle provette dell attività totale, dei legami aspecifici, dei calibratori e dei campioni deve essere eseguita come riportato di seguito. I dosaggi devono essere eseguiti in duplicato. reattivi provette Attività totale Calibratore zero (Bo) Calibratori 1-5 Campioni Calibratori 50 µl 50 µl Campioni 50 µl Tracciante 100 µl 100 µl 100 µl 100 µl Antisiero 100 µl 100 µl 100 µl Agitare le provette (mediante Vortex) e incubare per 2 ore a 37 C in bagno termostatico. Aggiungere 500 µl di reattivo precipitante ad ogni provetta ad eccezione di quelle dell attività totale. Agitare le provette e incubare per 15 min a temperatura ambiente. Dopo l incubazione centrifugare le provette a gravità per 15 min. Subito dopo la centrifugazione aspirare o decantare il surnatante. Misurare la radioattività delle provette per un min. Schema del dosaggio di routine 50 µl calibratore/campione 100 µl tracciante (rosso) 100 µl antisiero (blu) Incubare per 2 ore a 37 C in bagno termostatico Aggiungere 500 µl di reattivo precipitante Incubare per 15 min a temperatura ambiente Centrifugare per 15 min a gravità Eliminare il surnatante Misurare la radioattività delle provette per un min 17

20 8. PROCEDIMENTO OPERATIVO PER LA TECNICA FIV In questa procedura vengono usati tutti i sei calibratori. Impiegando volumi di campioni ridotti si ottiene una curva di taratura che consente dosaggi precisi sia per le alte sia per le basse concentrazioni. In questa procedura si raccomanda un volume di campione di 25 µl. Comunque, qualora si renda necessario, possono anche essere impiegati volumi minori (20, 15 µl). La distribuzione dei reattivi nelle provette dell attività totale, dei legami aspecifici, dei calibratori e dei campioni deve essere eseguita come riportato di seguito. I dosaggi devono essere eseguiti in duplicato. reattivi provette Attività totale Calibratore zero (Bo) Calibratori 1-6 Campioni Calibratori 25 µl 25 µl Campioni 25 µl Tracciante 100 µl 100 µl 100 µl 100 µl Antisiero 100 µl 100 µl 100 µl Agitare le provette (mediante Vortex) e incubare per 2 ore a 37 C in bagno termostatico. Aggiungere 500 µl di reattivo precipitante ad ogni provetta ad eccezione di quelle dell attività totale. Agitare le provette e incubare per 15 min a temperatura ambiente. Dopo l incubazione centrifugare le provette a gravità per 15 min. Subito dopo la centrifugazione aspirare o decantare il surnatante. Misurare la radioattività delle provette per un min. Schema del dosaggio (25 µl di campione) 25 µl calibratore/campione 100 µl tracciante (rosso) 100 µl antisiero (blu) Incubare per 2 ore a 37 C in bagno termostatico Aggiungere 500 µl di reattivo precipitante Incubare per 15 min a temperatura ambiente Centrifugare per 15 min a gravità Eliminare il surnatante Misurare la radioattività delle provette per un min 9. PROCEDIMENTO OPERATIVO RAPIDO, CON UNA INCUBAZIONE In questa procedura la prima e la seconda incubazione vengono eseguite in parallelo. Ciò riduce il tempo totale del dosaggio. L impiego del calibratore a 2000 pg/ml è facoltativo. La distribuzione dei reattivi nelle provette dell attività totale, dei legami aspecifici, dei calibratori e dei campioni deve essere eseguita come riportato di seguito. I dosaggi devono essere eseguiti in duplicato. Non aggiungere antisiero. 18

21 Mescolare antisiero e reattivo precipitante nella proporzione di 1:5 in quantità adeguata per il numero totale di provette. Esempio: numero di provette nel dosaggio: 30 antisiero necessario: 30 x 0,1 ml = 3 ml reattivo precipitante da aggiungere all antisiero: 5 x 3 ml = 15 ml. Agitare la miscela per 30 sec e distribuire immediatamente 600 µl di tale miscela in ogni provetta. L antisiero prediluito deve essere utilizzato entro 15 min. La parte restante di antisiero o di reattivo precipitante non diluiti può essere impiegata in un dosaggio secondo le procedure descritte ai cap. 7 o 8, o può essere conservata secondo le norme riportate al cap. 4. reattivi provette Attività totale Calibratore zero (Bo) Calibratori 1-6 Campioni Calibratori 25 µl 25 µl Campioni 25 µl Tracciante 100 µl 100 µl 100 µl 100 µl Antisiero/reattivo precipitante 600 µl 600 µl 600 µl Agitare le provette (mediante Vortex) e incubare per 2 ore a 37 C in bagno termostatico. Dopo l incubazione centrifugare le provette a gravità per 15 min. Subito dopo la centrifugazione aspirare o decantare il surnatante. Misurare la radioattività delle provette per un min. Schema di dosaggio con reattivi prediluiti 25 µl calibratore/campione 100 µl tracciante (rosso) Mescolare una parte di antisiero e 5 parti di reattivo precipitante Aggiungere 600 µl di miscela di antisiero e reattivo precipitante Incubare per 2 ore a 37 C in bagno termostatico Centrifugare per 15 min a gravità Eliminare il surnatante Misurare la radioattività delle provette per un min 19

22 10. CALCOLO DEI RISULTATI Numerosi contatori gamma consentono di eseguire il trattamento automatico dei risultati. Qualora ciò non sia possibile, si raccomanda di osservare la seguente procedura. Calcolare la media dei conteggi per ogni dosaggio in duplicato dopo aver sottratto il valore del fondo. Calcolare il legame massimo (Bmax): Bmax% = conteggio medio calibratore zero conteggio medio attività totale x 100 Esprimere la media dei conteggi netti di calibratori e campioni come percentuale rispetto al calibratore zero: B/Bo% = conteggio medio calibratore o campioni conteggio medio calibratore zero x 100 Riportare su grafico semilog o log-log la percentuale media calcolata per ciascun calibratore sulle ordinate (asse delle y) in funzione della concentrazione di estradiolo espressa in pg/ml sulle ascisse (asse delle x). Si ottiene così una curva di taratura (Fig. 1). Direttamente dalla curva di taratura leggere la concentrazione di estradiolo di ciascun campione espressa in pg/ml. Se il campione è stato diluito, la concentrazione di estradiolo trovata deve essere moltiplicata per il fattore di diluizione. Dati tipici (dosaggio di routine, vedi cap. 7). Descrizione Concentrazione cpm B/Bo% Attività totale (T) Calibratore zero (Bo) 0 pg/ml (0 pmol/l) Calibratore 1 10 pg/ml (37 pmol/l) ,6 Calibratore 2 40 pg/ml (147 pmol/l) ,3 Calibratore pg/ml (367 pmol/l) ,0 Calibratore pg/ml (1468 pmol/l) ,2 Calibratore pg/ml (3670 pmol/l) ,9 Dati tipici (25 µl di campione, vedi cap. 8). Descrizione Concentrazione cpm B/Bo% Attività totale (T) Calibratore zero (Bo) 0 pg/ml (0 pmol/l) Calibratore 1 10 pg/ml (37 pmol/l) ,4 Calibratore 2 40 pg/ml (147 pmol/l) ,1 Calibratore pg/ml (367 pmol/l) ,7 Calibratore pg/ml (1468 pmol/l) ,1 Calibratore pg/ml (3670 pmol/l) ,2 Calibratore pg/ml (7340 pmol/l) ,2 20

23 Dati tipici (reattivi prediluiti, vedi cap. 9). Descrizione Concentrazione cpm B/Bo% Attività totale (T) Calibratore zero (Bo) 0 pg/ml (0 pmol/l) Calibratore 1 10 pg/ml (37 pmol/l) ,3 Calibratore 2 40 pg/ml (147 pmol/l) ,4 Calibratore pg/ml (367 pmol/l) ,2 Calibratore pg/ml (1468 pmol/l) ,5 Calibratore pg/ml (3670 pmol/l) ,9 100 Legame del tracciante, B/Bo% Fig. 1 Concentrazione di estradiolo, pg/ml Fig. 1 Esempio di curve di taratura: Dosaggio di routine 25 µl di campione Reattivi prediluiti 21

24 11. LIMITI DEL DOSAGGIO Considerazioni generali La diagnosi non deve essere formulata sulla base del risultato di un singolo dosaggio, ma questo deve essere valutato insieme ad altri riscontri clinici, procedure diagnostiche e al giudizio del medico. Contaminazione batterica o cicli ripetuti di congelamento/scongelamento dei campioni possono modificare i risultati del dosaggio. Per ottenere risultati affidabili è necessario attenersi strettamente alle istruzioni per l'uso e possedere una adeguata manualità tecnica. In particolare è essenziale una buona precisione nelle fasi di ricostituzione e distribuzione dei reattivi e in quelle di aspirazione. Risultati non riproducibili sono dovuti principalmente a fattori metodologici, come ad esempio: scambio di capsule tra i flaconi uso dello stesso puntale per i prelievi da flaconi diversi o da campioni diversi flaconi lasciati aperti per lunghi periodi di tempo esposizione dei reattivi o campioni a calore intenso o a forti sorgenti di inquinamento batterico aspirazione non adeguata della miscela di incubazione contaminazione del bordo delle provette con il tracciante o con i campioni oscillazioni casuali o cattiva manutenzione del contatore gamma scambio di reattivi provenienti da lotti diversi. Compatibilità di diversi procedimenti di dosaggio Non mescolare i tre procedimenti di dosaggio indicati sopra. In particolare non è possibile interpolare il risultato di un campione di 25 µl da una curva di taratura di 50 µl. Se nel dosaggio di routine deve essere impiegato un campione di volume minore, la differenza di volume deve essere compensata mediante l aggiunta di calibratore zero (vedi cap. 8). Elaborazione logit/log dei risultati del dosaggio Dall esame della maggior parte dei dati ottenuti dai dosaggi appare evidente che nell elaborazione logit/log la curva di taratura non corrisponde ad una linea retta. Di solito i calibratori centrali (p.es. 400 pg/ml, 1000 pg/ml) forniscono un legame del tracciante inferiore a quanto atteso. Le curve di taratura ottenute nei dosaggi radioimmunologici seguono una linea retta soltanto se le reazioni del dosaggio si trovano in perfetto accordo con un modello teorico semplificato. In realtà, si possono verificare delle deviazioni dovute alla complessa natura delle reazioni che si verificano in questi sistemi. Si osservano pertanto deviazioni dalla linea retta, che non possono essere evitate. Alcuni sistemi di elaborazione dei dati adottano elaborazioni logit/log come base matematica per il calcolo dei risultati. Sebbene la validità di questo tipo di programmi sia ampiamente riconosciuta, si consiglia l impiego di alcuni programmi più moderni (quattro parametri, spline, programma a siti di legame multipli), perché forniscono risultati che rappresentano situazioni reali piuttosto che teoriche. 12. PRESTAZIONI METODOLOGICHE DEL KIT Specificità analitica La specificità analitica è definita come la capacità del test di rilevare esattamente l'analita in presenza di fattori potenzialmente interferenti nella matrice del campione (per esempio, anticoagulanti, emolisi, effetti di trattamenti del campione) o di reazioni crociate con analiti potenzialmente interferenti. Interferenze. Studi controllati su fattori potenzialmente interferenti hanno dimostrato che le prestazioni del test non sono influenzate da anticoagulanti (citrato, EDTA, eparina), emolisi (fino a 200 mg/dl di emoglobina), lipemia (fino a 500 mg/dl di trigliceridi), bilirubinemia (fino a 20 mg/dl di bilirubina) o un congelamento dei campioni. 22

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