saxelovnebo mecnierebata Ziebani #2 (47), 2011

Transcript

1 saqartvelos SoTa rustavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University saxelovnebo mecnierebata Ziebani #2 (47), 2011 ART SCIENCE STUDIES #2 (47), 2011 gamomcemloba `kentavri~ Tbilisi _ 2011

2 UDC(uak) 7(051.2) s-364 saqartvelos SoTa rustavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti saxelovnebo mecnierebata Ziebani #2 (47), 2011 saredaqcio sabwo mixeil kalandarisvili giorgi SalutaSvili ekaterine kiknaze literaturuli redaqtori mariam iasvili garekanis dizaini levan dadiani krebulisatvis mowodebuli masala uzrunvelyofili unda iyos Sesabamisi samecniero aparatit. Tan unda axldes monacemebi avtoris samecniero kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb qartul da inglisur enebze, agretve nasromis inglisurenovani reziume. krebulis stamburi gamocema egzavneba sxvadasxva saertasoriso kvlevit centrs. dakabadoneba ekaterine oqropirize gamomcemlobis xelmzrvaneli maka vasaze nasromebi mogvawodet da cnobebisatvis mogvmartet: 0102, Tbilisi, davit armaseneblis gamziri #40, saqartvelos SoTa rustavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti, II korpusi. tel/faqsi: +995 (32) mob: +995 (95) (77) Web:

3 Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University Art Science Studies #2 (47), 2011 Editorial Group MIKHEIL KALANDARISHVILI GIORGI SHALUTASHVILI EKATERINE KIKNADZE Literary Editor MARIAM IASHVILI Cover Design LEVAN DADIANI Book Binding EKATERINE OKROPIRIDZE Head of Publishing House MAKA VASADZE Materials supplied for the volume should be provided with corresponding scientific appliance. Paperwork concerning author s academic qualification and summary of work should be attached in Georgian and English languages. Printed version of the volume is sent out to various international research centers. Works should be supplied under the following contact: 0102, Tbilisi, Davit Agmashenebeli Avenue #40 Georgian Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film State University Second Block Tel/Fax: +995 (32) Mob: +995 (95) (55) kentavri@tafu.edu.ge Web:

4 sarcevi Teatrmcodneoba maia gosaze nekrofilia fromiseulad...8 kulturis menejmenti nino sanadiraze kulturis sferos produqtebi da saxeebi...18 universitetis sadoqtoro programa scenografiis istoria da Teoria lali gelasvili kostiumebis mxatvroba kinofilmsi `qeto da kote~ yaracorelta samosis magalitze...36 dramis rejisura nino li partiani filosofiuri postmodernizmi...44 maia Sengelia uiliam Seqspiris `titus andronikusis~ genezisisatvis...53 sateatro Jurnalistikis istoria mariam CubiniZe qartuli sateatro Jurnalistika da mayurebeli...68 universitetis samagistro programa Tanamedrove evropuli Teatri guram kokaia vsevold meierholdis rejisoruli Ziebebi wlebsi...80 Tamar komlaze absurdis drama da misi warmomadgenlebi (ejen ionesko)...91 natia cqvitaia rihard vagneri `poeti da moazrovne~ avtorta Sesaxeb

5 CONTENTS THEATRE STUDIES MAIA GOSHADZE Necrophilia By Phrome CULTURE MANAGEMENT NINO SANADIRADZE Culture Products And Cultural Products Segmentation UNIVERSITY Ph.D PROGRAM THEORY AND HISTORI OF SCENOGRAPHY LALI GELASHVILI Costume Painting In The Movie Keto And Kote DRAMA DIRECTION NINO LIPARTIANI Philosophical Post Modernism MAIA SHENGELIA William Shakespeare s Titus Andronicus For Genezis THEATRE JOURNALISM HISTORY MARIAM CHUBINIDZE Georgian Theatre Journalism And The Audience UNIVERSITY MA PROGRAM MODERN EUROPEAN THEATRE GURAM KOKAIA Theatre Directing Researches Of Vsevolod Meyerhold In TAMAR KOMLADZE The Theatre Of The Absurd And Its Representatives NATIA TSKVITAIA Richard Wagner The Poet And Thinker

6 6

7 Teatrmcodneoba 7

8 maia gosaze nekrofilia fromiseulad yvelaferi, rasac aryofnidan yofnasi gadavyavart Semoqmedebaa,ambobda platoni. yofna yovelive arsebulis sakutari SesaZleblobebis mteli sisavsit, garedan ganusazrvrel-ganupirobebeli TviTobiT arqma-gancdis gamomxatvelia da imavdroulad, mxolod awmyoseuli SesaZleblobebisa da mdgomareobis gamomxatveli. TviTonac upirvelesad awmyosi `yofnisas~ vlindeba, latenturi arsebobis inertulobidan Tavs arwevs da realizdeba. swored awmyosadmi mimartebas, adamianis wamyvani fsiqikuri tendenciis, _ sicocxlis moyvareobis an mozuleobis umtavres gamomxatvelad miicnevda fsiqologi erix fromi. fromis mier biofiliad Seracxuli sicocxlis moyvareoba, sicocxlis yoveltvis mxolod awmyosi mozrav stiqiasi CarTulobisken swrafvasi vlindeba, _ awmyos muramis gancdasi vlindeba (pasternakiseuli melodiurobit mjrer sityvebsic, rom gamoswvivis `ukvdavebaa Tavad sicocxle жизнь и бессмертье одно ). 1 nekrofiliad (mkvdaris rogorc inertulis, ucvlelis,arasemoqmedebitis moyvareobis gamomxatvelis) fromis mier Seracxuli sicocxlis mosisi da mozule fsiqikuri tendencia ki swored Sedegze da ara procesze, flobaze da ara Ziebaze, ertxel da samudamod, atvisebul-sesisxlxorcebulis nawuwsi gaxvevaze da ara cnobierebis zrdasa da gafartoebaze mimartebasi vlindeba, _ awmyoseuli realobisgan mudmiv gaucxoebadistancirebasi vlindeba. procesis SedegSi, mozravis uzravsi, warmavlis waruvalsi, mokvdavis ukvdavsi STanTqmis, _ sicocxlis 8

9 samudamo sakutrebasi mirebis,samudamod mopovebul,uzrav Sedegad qcevis, _ ertxel da samudamod damsaxurebuli netarebis obieqtad qcevis mania sikvdilis instinqtis msobadsa da masazrdoebel STagonebis wyarod gvevlineba patrik ziuskindis romansi `parfiumeri~. nebismier vitarebasi, nebismier drosa da sivrcesi yofnisgan ganurcevlad, yoveltvis mainc armyofi, _ Tvalxilulobis miuxedavad, arsebulis mudam daunaxavi ziuskindis romanis gmiri, parfiumeri Jan batist grinuei, avtorisve TqmiT `yvelafers esenciis msgavsad kvaldakval ariqvamda, rogorc warsulis sulis matarebelsa da awmyoti xelseuxebels~. 2 awmyosgan mudam gaucxoebuli, awmyos mudam miurebeli, awmyosi mudam armyofi ziuskindiseuli parfiumeri, Jan batist grinuei, yoveltvis swored aq da amjamad sicocxlis mozravi stiqiis uarmyofeli sikvdilis instinqtis, _ nekrofiliis (fromiseuli gagebit) gansaxierebad gvevlineba. yovelive cocxalis,_ Sesabamisad mozravis,cvalebadis, mzardisa da ganvitarebadis da imavdroulad warmavalswraflmavalis mozule parfiumeriis genia ukvdavi surnelebis SemnarCunebeli sunamos Seqmnisa da flobis maniit iyo Sepyrobili. edemiseuli da imavdroulad waruvali sunamos Seqmnas ki swored warmavalis, Sesabamisad cocxalis mokvdinebis Sedegad arwevs. netarebis momgvrel surnelebata adre Tu gvian qrobadobis gardauvalobastan brzolis ziuskindiseuli parfiumeris Jini, arsebitad, swored mudmivi Zalisxmevis gamovlenis momtxovni,warmaval-swraflmavali cxovrebis Tavad procesis ertxel da samudamod mopovebul uzrav SedegSi gaxevebis, sanukvar momavlad arqmul edemiseul idiliis netar inertulobasi dabrunebis ukvdav ocnebas warmoacens. TviTmoqmedi idiliis wiarsi usfotvelad mizinebis, usasrulo `hefi-endad~ qceuli cxovrebis `ukvdav~ 9

10 maia gosaze sakutrebasi mirebis survili ziuskindiseul romansi, siujeturi TvalsazrisiT edemsi dabrunebis iluziis STamberavi sunamos Seqmnisa da flobis maniis saxit vlindeba. saamur surnelebata dapyrobis swrafvasi, pirvel warmatebas parfiumeri yvavilebis Tavisuflebisken mswraf aromatebze borkilebis dadebit arwevs. zrva yvavilebis Wknobis, mokvdinebis, svel `gvamebad~ qcevis sanaxaobit monusxuli parfiumeri kuprsi adurebuli surnelovani sulis mesakutred iqceoda. aromatizirebuli qonisgan damzadebuli, edemiseuli surnelebis mfrqveveli sunamos SeynosvisTanave adamians maradiuli axalgazrdobisa da netarebis mopovebis gancda eufleboda. cxovreba masinve siberisa da sikvdilis gardauvalobisgan, yovelgvari Zalisxmevis gamovlenis sawiroebisgan, _ zogadad nebismieri saxis processi myofobisgan Tavisufal uzrav Sedegad iqceoda, _ TviTmoqmed idiliis uzrav peizajad iqceoda. gafiqrebistanave, yvela survilis armsrulebel edemsi virtualurad dabrunebuli, ertxel da samudamod mopovebul netarebasi (cxeli wylit gavsebul abazanasi CamjdariviT) xevdeboda. swored mokvdavi aromatis mimtvisebeli ukvdavi surogati, _ WeSmaritad cocxali aromatistvis sulis amomxdeli adurebuli kupris naxarsi afrqvevda edemiseul surnelebas, ukvdavebastan ziarebis momnusxvel iluzias aziarebda mis Semynosavebs. swored adurebuli kupris samflobelos Semoqmedi iqca kuprsive `gamomcxvari~ edemis avtorad, _ marad mozravi warmavlobis uzravi maradisobit Canacvlebisken swrafvis sayoveltao maniis masazrdoeblad. waruvali bednierebis iluziis STamberavi produqcia swored warmavalis damtrgunavi, _ WeSmaritad cocxali aromatistvis sulis amomxdeli cnobierebis pirmsonayofad gvevlineba. sagulisxmoa rom RvTaebrivi surnelebis marad 10

11 SemnarCunebeli sunamos Seqmnas parfiumeri mis mier moklul qalisvilta sxeulebidan mopovebuli esenciis safuzvelze SesZlebs. qalebis seriuli mkvleli maniakis siujeturi TvalsazrisiT TiTqmis deteqtiuri istoria awmyosi mudam aryofnis, _ sicocxlis yoveldriuri, yovelwutieri `mkvlelobis~ ambavs warmoadgens,_ nicses cnobili nasromis sataursa da patossac Tu davesesxebit adamianur ertob adamianur ambavs mogvitxrobs, _ cocxalis surogatit, warmavalis waruvalit, awmyos momavlit, mozravis uzravit, procesis SedegiT, gareganis SinaganiT, TviTobis TviTmoqmedi wesrigit Camnacvlebeli usinatlobis Sinagan istorias warmoacens. orond ara axla! nekrofilia fromiseulad awmyos winase mudam uzlurad xelebis mosavsave, _ orond ara aq da ara amjamad suliskvetebis gamomxatveli sulis Zaxilad gaismis Seqspiriseuli makbetis cnobili sityvebi `xvale xvals misdevs~ 3 (dedansi: tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow 4 ), iseve, rogorc Cexoviseuli sami dis cnobili `laitmotivuri~ SeZaxili `moskovsi, moskovsi, moskovsi!~ 5 TiTqos awmyodan, aq da amjamad arsebobidan gaqrobis msurvelis, uzluri sulis Zaxili. `ukvdavi~ momavlit gamajildovebeli,yovlismomcveli wesrigis garese, - `umizezod~ da `usedegod~ cxovrebis ver mirebis motivi (Cexoviseul gmirta samyarosi mudam Sexmatkbilebuli mravalxmianobit gajrerebuli), marad axlis msobadi SemoqmedebiTi stiqiis, nebis, aqtivobis uarmyofeli, sicocxlis mosisi da mozule fsiqikuri tendenciis gamomxatvelad iqceva. uflis nebis yovlissemzleobis moaruli frazebita da Tvinieri morcilebit amriarebel Cexoviseul gmirtatvis irbali Tu uirbloba,senazeni Tu danakargi,_ cxovrebasi yovelive uflis nebis gamomxatvelia, sakutari Sinagani, 11

12 maia gosaze pirovnuli arsisa da SesaZleblobebis garda,_ pirovnuli zrdisa da ganvitarebisken, cnobierebisa da Tvalsawieris gafartoebisken, Tavisufali SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobisken swrafvis garda,_ swored Semoqmedis xatisamebr adamianis Seqmnilobis ideis garda. orond ara me, ara martom, ara aq da ara amjamad, _ SeiZleba itqvas, rom asetia Cexoviseul gmirta umravlesobis cxovrebiseul kredos gamomxatveli patosi. yovlismomcveli wesrigisa Tu qaosis, maradisobisa Tu warmavlobis winase, individualuri Zalisxmevis gamovlenis amaoebisa da zedmetobis idea, mati ucvleli Zilispirulis maradiul laitmotivad rceba. awmyos, rogorc sanukvar momavlis dadgomamde rogorrac gasayvan, mosaklav drosi (mosacdel otaxsi myofivit) `yuryutis~ xanad arqma, mat mudmivad Tanamdev ganwyobad rceba. mxolod sicocxlestan gamosalmebis sasisroebis winase, mistvis martlac sabediswerod dasrulebuli duelis win wamierad mainc SesZlebs tuzembaxi (piesidan `sami da~) arsebultan mimartebasi gamorvizebas, _ mudam Waobad arqmuli im patara qalaqis msvenierebis gancdas, sadac mdinarecaa, tyec, ulamazes xeta nairsaxlebebic xaroben, misi mkvidrni ki mxolod koroebs ariqvamen. sagulisxmoa rom kacobriobis natel momavalze meocnebe `sami dis~ gmirebi ara mxolod arafers ironeben mati axloblis, tuzenbaxistvis uazrod Tavsmoxveuli duelis CasaSlelad, aramed mis darupvasac ki zezeulad mzinareni TiTqos sakutar Tavze ZaldatanebiT amcneven. awmyoseuli realobisgan, sakutari Tavisa da ertmanetisgan gaucxeobuli Cexovis gmiri zamtarsi zafxuls mistiris, _ zafxulsi zamtars, ucxoetsi samsoblos,samsoblosi ucxoets,_ umusevari mosamsaxures Senatris, samsaxursi moaruli saxlsi mjdoms, daojaxebuli martoxelas, martoxela ki daojaxebuls. imedsa Tu uimedobasi gamqcevi, warsulisa Tu 12

13 nekrofilia fromiseulad momavlisken, saiqiosa Tu ucxo planetebisken momzirali, aswleulebisa Tu ataswleulebis Semdgom cxovrebas rom Senatris, nebismieri sisoresa da xangrzlivobas gulgaxsnil-xelgaslili rom egebeba mudam karcaketili, Zunwi da Seuvali swored arsebulis mimart rceba, _ iqneba es yofiti Tu Sinagani `realoba~, Sinagani xma Tu mowodeba. ertaderti rac mis gulsa da suls ar ekareba, risi arqma-gancda da gaazreba ar surs, yofniseuli mimartebis momtxovni realobaa. swored momavlit gatenebamde ZilquSidan gamosvlis armsurvelad, TiTqos martlac dabadebamdel, netar inertulobasi dabrunebis msurvelad gvevlineba Cexovis gmiri kinomsaxiobta Teatriseul `alublis barsi~. giorgi margvelasvilis mier dadgmul speqtaklsi, TeTri alublis edemis baris maradiul mkvidrta, _ mudam awmyos acdenilsa da am acdenilobasi TiTqos urtiertamreklav oreulta wyvilebad qceul gmirta infantiluri samyaros protagonistad ranevskaia (nineli WankvetaZe) gvevlineba; mis Tavisebur, _ arsobriv da ara erti medlis ori mxaris warmomcenn antipodad, _ mudam garedan gapirobebulobaze apelirebadi umweobis uarmyofelad ki lopaxini. mteli speqtaklis manzilze mudam Seusmeneli lopaxini (gia roinisvilis SesrulebiT) ara mxolod ranevskaias mier uaryofil Tayvanismcemlad, ara mxolod mis Tavisebur alternativad, _ arsebobis gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebis warmomcenad, aramed alublis baris maradiul mkvidrta mier Seusmeneli mative Sinagani xmis, Seucnobadi da amdenad dakarguli `sinamdvilisa~ da SesaZleblobebis personificirebad gmirad iqceva. speqtaklsi lopaxini siyvaruls uxsnis pirdapiri gagebit. smenadaxsul ranevskaias,dawolis win,xmaurisagan damcav sacobebs yurebsi rom Caidgams, dazinebis amao mcdelobis Semdeg warmomdgari ki zardaxsidan amorebuli rarac qaraldebis Tvalierebas iwyebs. sanam ranevskaia, 13

14 maia gosaze rogorc Cans mamulis dagiravebastan dakavsirebul sabutebsi garkvevas amaod (Zilismomgvrelobis efeqts Tu ar CavTvliT) cdilobs, otaxsi lopaxiani Semodis antebuli santlit xelsi. ukve mizinebul saxlsi ratomrac SemorCenili Tu dabrunebuli stumari, penuarsi gadacmuli ranevskaias danaxvistanave moibodisebs, gasvlasac daapirebs, magram sapasuxo reaqciit, ufro swored ki ureaqciobit sakutar SeusmenlobaSi darwmunebuli Seyovndeba, santels karadis Tavze Semodgams da TiTqos salocavi xatis win Tavis grznobas arsarebasavit gamotqvams, _ Tumca imavdroulad yovelgvari abezari molodinisgan Tavisufali TviTkmarobiT. avanscenaze mayureblis pirispir qaraldebsi TavCaqindruli ranevskaias zurgsukan, mosorebit, naxevrad Cabnelebul scenis sirrmesi ganatebuli `armsareblis~ saxe, TiTqos rarac uxilavi sirrmidan, `amoyvintuli~ sazrisit gaelvebuli ucinardeba. mteli speqtaklis manzilze ama Tu im saxit lopaxinis mudmivi uaryofa, _ iqneba es misi msoflarqma, ranevskaiasadmi utyvi (Tumc sruliad askara) grznoba Tu friad metveli mowodeba-gafrtxileba, umoqmedobis SemTxvevaSi mamulis dakargvis gardauvalobis Sesaxeb, swored rarac arsismieri realobisadmi edemis baris maradiul mkvidrta `zurgseqcevis~ motivis gamomxatvelad iqceva. sagulisxmoa, rom sakmaod xangrzlivi dros manzilze ranevskaiastvis lopaxinis mier mirtmeuli yvavilebi (sicocxlis warmaval-swraflmavali stiqiisa da mastan Tanaziari TviTobis arqetipis maradiuli gamomxatvelni) `daunaxaobisa~ da gatelvis obieqtad iqcevian. rodesac xangrzlivi gansorebis Semdeg, kvlav Tavis mamulsi dabrunebuli ranevskaia rogorc iqna dainaxavs lopaxinis mier misken gawvdil yvavilebis Taiguls, _ TiTqos scenaze mdgari msaxiobisa da mis winase myofi mayureblis 14

15 nekrofilia fromiseulad rolsi ertdroulad armocenili, gamortmevistanave haersi moisvris. lopaxinis mier akrefili yvavilebis xelmeored gamortmevistanave ranevskaia imave Jests imeorebs, _ odnav onavruli keklucobit Serbilebuli, magram TiTqos rarac iracionaluri yovlismflangvelobis brma sijiutit. ziuskindis romansi swored momavlis ukvdavsayofad `sulamoxdili~ yvavilebis msgavsad, kinomsaxiobta Teatris scenaze mimofantuli, zed gadavlisa da gatelvis TiTqos uxilav obieqtad qceuli yvavilebi, sicocxlis yoveltvis swored awmyosi mozravi,warmavalswraflmavali stiqiis usasrulod ganmeorebadi uaryofis nisan-xatad gvevlinebian. miwisqvesa gamoqvabulsi Zilis moyvaruli parfiumeris msgavsad, ranevskaia nineli WankvetaZis SesrulebiT, sicocxlis marad mozrav stiqias daxsuli sivrcis uzraobasi, _ arsebitad misive ucvleli cnobierebis Taviseburad proecirebad uzraobasi gaurbis, _ xan garemomcvelebisgan Tavs (ufrosebisgan damaluli bavsvivit) wignebis karadas afarebs, xan ki Zvelmanebis damtev skivrsi Cawveba da am saxit stovebs,ufro swored ki am saxit gaaqvt dakarguli mamulidan. aryofnis netar inertulobasi,_ samyarostan pirveladi, edemiseuli, harmoniis inertulobasi gaxevebisken mswraf alublis baris mkvidrta scenuri istoria ganxorcielebadis ganuxorcieleblobis, gansacdelis ganucdelobis, arsaqmelis aruqmelobis, Sesmenadis Seusmelobis Sinagan istorias warmoacens. ama Tu im saxit moazrebuli gapirobebulobis winase individualuri Zalisxmevis gamovlenis amaoebis SegrZneba, swored arsebobis sakutari SesaZleblobebis Ziebisgan gaqcevis,_ sakutar `fexze~ wamodgomis nacvlad uzenaes sazrisze amarlebuli nostalgiis kvarcxlbekze gasesebis SesaZleblobas izleva. yofna-aryofnis dilema, sikvdil-sicocxles Soris 15

16 maia gosaze (cxadia egzistencialuri TvalsazrisiT) arcevani swored `ukvdav~ Sedegsa da `mokvdav~ process Soris arcevansi vlindeba, _ maradisobit dajildovebis imedita Tu motxovnit, yovelive amjamad arsebulis, mocemulis, realizebadis gaufasurebasa da yovelgvari gasacivrebis garese, swored awmyosi, arsebulsi, mocemulsi sakutari SesaZleblobebis mteli sisavsit cxovrebas Soris arcevansi vlindeba. 1. Борис Пастернак.Собрание сочинений, М., т. 2, 1969, с Патрик Зюскинд. Парфюмер, М., 1967, с uiliam Seqspiri.tragediebi, Tb., t.3, 1987, gv William Shakespeare. Tragedies, L p Антон Чехов. Рассказы, повести, пьесы. М., 1967, с Платон, Пир. м. 1969, с ix.: Эрих Фромм, Душа человека. М.,

17 kulturis menejmenti 17

18 18 nino sanadiraze kulturis sferos produqtebi da saxeebi ekonomistebis, marketingisa da bazris kvlevis specialistebis ganmartebit, produqti aris sargeblis nakrebi myidvelis TvalsazrisiT. produqtis arwera misi teqnikuri parametrebis an simboluri faseulobis mixedvitaa SesaZlebeli, rac sabolood, realur an warmosaxviti sargeblis nakrebs warmoadgens. momxmareblebi iyeneben TavianT finansebs calkeuli produqtis SesaZenad sakutari survilebisa da sawiroebis Sesabamisad. nebismieri kompaniisatvis produqti ganisazrvreba, rogorc teqnikuri maxasiateblebis nakrebi, romelic sxvadasxvanairad ariqmeba mwarmoebeli kompaniis mier. sxvadasxva adamianis TvalTaxedvidan produqti sxvadasxvagvarad xasiatdeba: Tu ertistvis warmoadgens materialuri komponentebis nakrebs, meorestvis, igive produqti, saqonlis (sasaqonlo) xarisxis serias SeiZleba nisnavdes. momxmareblis mier produqtebis klasifikacia sxvadasxvagvarad xdeba da ganisazrvreba moxmarebis moculobis Sesabamisad, romelsac iyenebs (xarjavs) momxmarebeli da sabolood jgufdeba Semdegnairad: yoveldriuri motxovnis an pirveladi moxmarebis saqoneli; dagegmili sayidlebi; specialuri asortimentis saqoneli; yoveldriuri saqoneli aris is saqoneli, romelsac momxmarebeli xsirad yidulobs da TiTqmis ar ezebs gansazrvruli savawro nisnis mixedvit. magalitad, Tu momxmarebels ar surs Sors mdebare supermarketsi wasvla,cveuli savawro nisnis (markis) rzis,puris an sxva,

19 uqonlobis SemTxvevaSi mas SeuZlia SeiZinos nebismieri sxva savawro nisnis produqti, romelic mezobel an axlo mdebare maraziasi iyideba. dagegmili produqtebi (SenaZenebi) xsirad dakavsirebulia gansazrvruli an gamorceuli savawro nisnis produqtebtan, romlis gamoc momxmarebeli mzadaa gamoiyenos mnisvnelovani Zalisxmeva da miiros specialuri SeTavazeba an ipovos sasurveli produqti. dagegmili sayidlebis dros momxmarebeli uars ambobs SemTxveviT SeTavazebul nebismieri sxva savawro nisnis (markis) produqtze, _ Tu mistvis sasurveli produqti ar iqneba maraziasi, is yvela Zalisxmevas gamoiyenebs da ecdeba SeiZinos zustad mistvis sasurveli produqti. specialuri asortimentis saqonlis kategoriasi, sxva danarcen marali brendebis kategoriebtan ertad, kulturis produqtebic moiazrebian: momxmarebels surs gansazrvruli Sous an filmis naxva, sayvareli Semsruleblis gansazrvruli Canaweris SeZena. momxmarebeli ar dausvebs kompromiss da ZalRones ar daisurebs winaswar SeiZinos bileti, idges rigsi an gaiaros sxvadasxva manzili mistvis sasurveli produqtis misarebad an sanaxavad. zogiert SemTxvevaSi, kulturis produqti, SeiZleba miekutvnos dagegmili sayidlis kategoriasac. magalitad,musikaluri Canaweris an kulturis mza produqtebis SemTxvevaSi, momxmarebeli ezebs sxvadasxva kategoriasi mistvis sasurvel Canawersa Tu produqts. produqtebis umetesoba xasiatdeba sami ZiriTadi komponentit: 1. ZiriTadi produqti an TviT obieqti; 2. Tanmxlebi momsaxureba; 3. faseuloba, simboluri, emociuri an raime sxva faseuloba, romelsac momxmareblebi am Tu im produqts aniweben. kulturis sferos produqtebi gansakutrebul 19

20 nino sanadiraze produqtta ricxvs miekutvnebian da specialuri asortimentis rigsi ganixilebian. Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi kulturis produqts rtuli produqtebis kategoriasac akutvneben. kulturis produqti: rtuli produqti _ produqtis sirtule SeiZleba mnisvnelovnad Seicvalos misi (produqtis) specifikuri Taviseburebebidan,momxmareblis mier miniwebuli maxasiateblebis an TviT produqtis damaxasiatebeli Tvisebebidan gamomdinare. zogierti produqti miicneva ufro rtulad, mati teqnikuri specifikidan gamomdinare, radganac momxmareblisagan moitxovs mnisvnelovan Zalisxmevas ariqvas da Seafasos produqtis Taviseburebani. magalitad, gamoucdeli myidveli,romelic pirvelad izens personalur kompiuters, awydeba teqnikur sirtuleebs, rac iwvevs kompiuteris SeZenasTan dakavsirebul emociur dazabulobas. axali manqanis SeZenamde momxmarebels SeuZlia rceva hkitxos megobrebs, vinaidan mati azri mnisvnelovania SerCevis rtul processi. igive momxmarebeli sxva Cveulebriv an martiv produqtebs avtomaturad SeiZens, rogorc es xdeba yoveldriuri moxmarebis saqonlis umravlesobis SeZenis dros, yvelanairi dazabulobisa da Carevis garese. kulturis produqtebis umravlesoba ganisazrvreba rogorc rtuli produqti, gansakutrebit im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac isini sawiroeben specialur codnas an efuznebian abstraqtul cnebebs,romlebic momxmareblisgan moitxoven gansakutrebuli Sefasebis unars. sirtule mit ufro izrdeba, rodesac momxmarebeli ar icnobs produqtis gansazrvrul ti ps an Taviseburebas. miuxedavad amisa, kulturis sfero moicavs rogorc rtul, aseve naklebad rtul produqtebsac,rac gulisxmobs iseti produqtebis kategorias,romlebsic gamoyenebulia Zalzed konkretuli, martivi ideebi. aset produqtebs xsirad popularuli produqtebi ewodeba. pop-musika da samer-stok Teatri 20

21 kulturis sferos produqtebi da saxeebi (Summer stock theatre, - msubuqi Teatris nairsaxeoba) SeiZleba CaiTvalos martiv produqtad, klasikur simfoniur repertuartan an avangardul speqtakltan SedarebiT Teatri ( msubuqi Teatris nairsaxeoba) SeiZleba CaiTvalos martiv produqtad, klasikur simfoniur repertuartan an avangardul speqtakltan SedarebiT. produqtze saubrisas mnisvnelovania ganisazrvros termini produqtis xazi, romelic gulisxmobs yvela im produqtta jgufs, romlebic sakmaod mwidrod arian ertmanettan dakavsirebulni. termini produqtis xazis sirrme gamoiyeneba erti produqtis xazsi SemoTavazebuli sxvadasxva nimusis raodenobis arwerisatvis. wignis maraziasi SeZenili romanebi warmoadgenen produqtis xazs. periodika, leqsikonebi da sabavsvo wignebi, _ warmoadgenen erti tipis produqtis sam sxvadasxva xazs. produqtis narevi Sedgeba erti kompaniis mier SemoTavazebuli yvela xazisagan. magalitad, Teatraluri dasi, romelic ucxo qveyanasi gastrolze ucvenebs mxolod ert warmodgenas, mayureblisatvis warmoadgens erti mwarmoeblis, mxolod ert produqts. am SemTxvevaSi xazis an narevis idea ubralod ar arsebobs. Teatraluri dasi, romelsac mudmivi scena aqvs da sezonis manzilze ramdenime warmodgenas martavs premieris CaTvliT, hyavs Tavisi mudmivi momxmarebeli da Tavis mayurebels stavazobs produqtis xazs. yoveli speqtakli,miuxedavad sxvadasxva Teatraluri estetikisa da Janrisa, sxvadasxva rejisorisa da msaxiobebisa, ekutvnis produqtis ert kategorias Teatri da warmoadgens erti mwarmoeblis mier Seqmnil calkeul produqts. sagamomcemlo saxli an studia, romelic aseve awarmoebs kulturis produqtebs TavianTi warmoebuli produqtebit, momxmarebels stavazobs warmoebuli produqtebis narevs, Teatraluri dasi ki warmoadgens produqtebis xazs, romelsac momxmarebels 21

22 nino sanadiraze Tanmimdevrulad stavazobs. produqtebis narevis cneba iolad gamosayenebelia im kompaniebis mimart, romelta amocanasac warmoadgens sxvadasxva gasartobi RonisZiebis gavrceleba. prezenteri an promouteri momxmarebels stavazobs sxvadasxva produqts (warmodgena, klasikur musika,qoreografia,sou),romeltagan TiToeuli arsebobs rogorc produqtis xazi,momxmarebeli ki irebs, rogorc produqtebis narevs. xelovnebisa da kulturis msxvil centrebsa da organizaciebs SeuZlia Teatraluri xazis, sabaleto xazisa da sxvata calkeulad SeTavazeba masin, rodesac mcire centrebsa da mcire masstabian organizaciebs SeuZliaT mxolod SezRuduli narevis SeTavazeba,romelSic iqneba mxolod ramdenime produqtis xazi, romeltagan yoveli SeiZleba Seicavdes mxolod ert produqts. kulturis organizaciebs, TavianT ZiriTad produqtebtan ertad, aqvt sasualeba da SesaZlebloba Seqmnan Tanmxlebi produqtebis seria, romlebic ZiriTad produqtebtan iqnebian kavsirsi da mainc warmoadgenen damoukidebeli produqtebis xazs. simfoniur orkestrs SeuZlia momxmareblisatvis sakoncerto abonementis SeTavazeba, sakutari repertuaris kompaqt-diskze Cawera da amave dros sareklamo sagnebis, magalitad, maisurebis gayidva. Tanmxlebi produqtebis gayidvebsa da marketingis gamoyenebas,kulturis sferos sxvadasxva organizaciastan ertad, yvelaze warmatebit, muzeumebi mimartaven. kulturis sferos organizaciebis marketingi mwidrodaa dakavsirebuli auditoriis gafartoebisa da amastan, mudmivi momxmareblis cnebis Seqmnisa da momxmarebeltan urtiertobis ganmtkicebis saqmianobastan. magalitad, muzeumebs, mudmivi da droebiti gamofenebis CatarebasTan ertad,seuzliat SesTavazon saganmanatleblo da kulturuli RonisZiebebi, master klasebis, eqskursiebisa da konferenciebis CaTvliT. muzeumta 22

23 kulturis sferos produqtebi da saxeebi umetesobas aqvs agretve kafe, restorani da suvenirebis marazia. muzeumebis mier SemoTavazebuli gafartoebuli produqtis narevisa da mtavar produqttan urtiertoba sasualebas izleva gazardos Semosavlebi da gazardos damoukidebeli Semosavlebis SesaZlebloba. damoukidebeli Semosavali dakavsirebulia kulturis sferos organizaciebis unartan, _ miiros Semosavali sakutari Zalisxmevis xarjze, gansxvavebit saxelmwifo saxsrebis mozidvisa da subsidiebisagan, Semowirulobebisagan da a. S. gansxvavebit yvela im danarceni saxsrebisagan, rasac moziduli saxsrebi ewodeba. Semosavlebis damoukideblad mireba gulisxmobs saxsrebis im wyaroebis gamoyenebas, romlebic umeteswilad dakavsirebulia momxmarebelta momsaxurebastan. msgavsi tipis saxsrebs miekutvneba: Sesvlis safasuri / biletis fasi; sacalo vawroba marazia, an sasuvenire vawroba; kvebis obieqtebi; ijaris safasuri; sxvadasxva RonisZiebis, prezentaciisa da gansakutrebuli RonisZiebebis mowyobit mirebuli Semosavlebi; saganmanatleblo programebi; sagamomcemlo saqmianoba da informaciis sasualebebi; saxelsekrulebo momsaxureba. kulturis sferos obieqtebi (filmebi, gamofenebi, wignebi, koncertebi da sxv.) ganixileba koordinirebuli produqtis narevis saxit, romelta sxvadasxva nawilit vawroba unda iyos urtiertgamazlierebeli faqtorebi da damatebiti saxsrebis mosazidad Catarebuli RonisZiebebi. Tanamedrove msofliosi moqmedi muzeumebis ori mesamedi Tavis momxmarebels sxvadasxva tipis momsaxurebas stavazobs: bibliotekas, arqivs, kino da sakonferencio darbazs, suvenirebis marazias da restorans an kafes da sxv. garda zemot CamoTvlili maxasiateblebisa,kulturis 23

24 nino sanadiraze sferos produqti xasiatdeba Semdegi gansakutrebuli gansxvavebebitac: xarisxi da gansakutrebuloba _ gansakutrebuli warmomavloba, istoriuli mnisvneloba da warmoebis isviati teqnologia; nisan-tvisebebi _ masalis isviati saxeoba da nivtis eqskluziuri warmoeba,nivtis istoriuli mnisvneloba da a. S.; produqtis stili da dizaini. kulturis produqtebis ganzomileba _ garda damaxasiatebeli nisan-tvisebebisa, arsebobs kulturis produqtis, rogorc nawarmoebis, ganxilvis sxvadasxva xerxi, romelic kulturis produqtis mxatvruli Rirebulebis sami ganzomilebit xasiatdeba da SedarebiTi, teqnikuri da araziritadi, anu meorexarisxovani, ganzomilebebis saxelitaa cnobili. SedarebiTi ganzomileba momxmarebels azlevs sasualebas sxvadasxva kriteriumze (dargi,janri,istoria da a. S.) dayrdnobit ganixilos produqti gansazrvrul konteqstsi. SedarebiTi kriteriumebis raodenoba izrdeba an mcirdeba konkretuli momxmareblis gamocdilebis an mis mier produqtis codnis Sesabamisad. es ganzomileba gansazrvravs produqts, rogorc amjamad arsebul, agretve adre arsebul produqttan SedarebiT. magalitad, Tanamedrove qoreografiis nawarmoebi SeiZleba Sefasdes rogorc produqti imave programis sxva nomrebtan SedarebiT, imave baletmaisteris sxva nawarmoebebtan an cekvis sxva stiltan (moderni, jazi da sxva) SedarebiT. xdeba Sefaseba imisa, Tu ra adgili ukavia produqts konkretul bazarze, sad arsebobs an arsebobdnen sxva produqtebi. urtiertkavsirebis es rtuli sistema ganmartavs, ratomaa amdenad daujereblad rtuli kritikosis amocana: man unda icodes yvela es sxvadasxva atvlis wertili. SedarebaTa sistemis sirtule xsnis, agretve,tu ratomaa zogierti kulturis produqti sxvaze 24

25 kulturis sferos produqtebi da saxeebi (meore produqtze) popularuli. magalitad, sasualo momxmarebeli adreuli asakidan ismens popularul musikas da amgvarad wlebis ganmavlobasi izens gamocdilebas, romelic axdens misi gemovnebis formirebas; sabaleto warmodgena ki yoveldriur cxovrebasi ar aris fartod gavrcelebuli da amitom xelovnebis es forma sasualo an SemTxveviTi momxmareblisatvis naklebad gasagebia. teqnikuri ganzomileba Seicavs produqtis teqnikur da materialur komponentebs im saxit, romlitac momxmarebeli irebs mat. es SeiZleba iyos TviT produqti (skulptura), matarebeli (firfita an wigni) an nawarmoebis Sesrulebis komponenti (speqtakli, Sou). momxmarebeli, romelic yidulobs kompaqt-disks, izens mxatvruli nawarmoebis teqnikur ganzomilebas. magram imave momxmarebels mayureblis saxit SeuZlia naxos (dainaxos) teqnikuri ganzomileba rogorc nawarmoebis nawili, magram ar SeuZlia flobdes mas. nebismier SemTxvevaSi teqnikuri ganzomileba gavlenas axdens produqtis xarisxze. araziritadi anu meorexarisxovani ganzomileba dakavsirebulia warmosaxvit garemoebebtan, romlebic axlavs produqtis arqmas. xelovnebis nawarmoebis orjer sruliad ertnairad danaxva SeuZlebelia erti da igive adamianistvisac ki. momxmareblis arqma produqtis SefasebaSi warmoadgens Zireul da garduval komponents. igive SeiZleba itqvas im konteqstis arqmazedac, romelsic warmodgenilia produqti. magalitad, peizaji sxvadasxvanairad gamoiyureba mzis Casvlisa da dris zecis fonze. ufro metic, personas, romelic ariqvams produqts, SeiZleba qondes sxvadasxva ganwyoba, fizikuri mdgomareoba, garemo da sxva, romlebic gansazrvrul rols TamaSobs produqtis saerto arqmasi da gavlenas axdens momxmareblis azrze. kulturis sferos produqtebis maxasiateblebis da sxvadasxva ganzomilebaze saubrisas mnisvnelovani da 25

26 nino sanadiraze gasatvaliswinebelia erti gansakutrebuli garemoeba, romelsac gansakutrebuli anu cocxali garemoeba SeiZleba vuwodot da romlitac xasiatdeba sasemsruleblo xelovnebis sfero. miuxedavad imisa, rom momxmareblis arqma kulturis yvela produqtisatvisaa mnisvnelovani (kulturis sferos produqtebi maxasiateblebisa da sxvadasxva ganzomilebis mixedvit), gansakutrebul rols TamaSobs sasemsruleblo xelovnebasi, sadac msaxiobis ganwyobileba, misi fizikuri mdgomareoba da mis mier mayureblisa Tu msmenelis reaqciis arqma aseve warmoadgens araziritad faqtorebs, romlebic gavlenas axdenen produqtis xarisxze da kidev ertxel amtkiceben, rom xelovnebis am saxeobasi is ar SeiZleba iyos orjer da metjer absoluturad ertnairi, da dasturdeba is faqti, rom xelovnebis am saxeobasi arqmis xarisxi ar SeiZleba iyos orjer an metjer absoluturad ertnairi. kulturis sferos produqtebis warmoebis maxasiateblebi - kulturis sferos produqtebis warmoebisas mnisvnelovani yuradreba eniweba ekonomikis ZiriTadi kanonebis codnasac, Tumca ar eqvemdebareba mxolod da mxolod ekonomikur kanonebsa da wesebs. kulturis sferos martvisas mnisvnelovania kulturis mmartvelobiti bunebis codnac, radganac menejmenti kulturis sferosi (mmartvelobiti funqcia) ar unda moqmedebdes, mxolod momxmareblis motxovnilebata ganvitarebaze, aramed menejmentma unda Seqmnas pirobebi ukve arsebuli motxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. kulturis produqtis sasicocxlo cikli _ samyarosi,yvelaferi,adamianit dawyebuli da warmoebuli produqciit damtavrebuli ibadeba, izrdeba da kvdeba. cneba sasicocxlo ciklis produqtebis mimartac gamoiyeneba, radganac kacobriobis manzilze araerti produqti yofila aqtualuri da mnisvnelovani, romlebic daviwyebas miscemia da istoriad qceula 26

27 kulturis sferos produqtebi da saxeebi (magalitad, papirusi, kalami da samelne, gramofoni da firsakravi da a. S.). mogvianebit warmatebuli produqtebi gamosayeneblad ufro moxerxebuli, ufro efeqtiani produqtebit Seicvala, romlebic uket akmayofileben momxmareblis motxovnebs, vidre mati winamorbedni. produqtis sasicocxlo ciklis kvlevebi da warmodgenebi aucilebelia, radganac teqnologiebis ganvitarebastan ertad icvleba rogorc momxmareblis motxovnileba, ise gemovnebac. teqnologiuri progresi da gemovneba ori urtiertdakavsirebuli fenomenia, romlebsac gavlena aqvt ertmanetze da dakavsirebulia warmoebuli produqtebis sicocxlisunarianobaze. produqtis sasicocxlo cikli otxi stadiisgan Sedgeba da Znelia imis mtkiceba, Tu, romel stadiaze armocndeba produqti ama Tu im dros da romel fazaze iqneba esa Tu is produqti warmatebuli. produqtis gatana bazarze; zrda; bazris gajereba; kleba - motxovnilebis vardna. bazarze gatana - produqtis sasicocxlo ciklis ganxilvisas, axali produqtis bazarze gatana xasiatdeba neli gasarebit,finansuri danakargebita da konkurentebis ararsebobit. bazarze gatanis etapi SeuZlebelia ganisazrvros,radganac garefaqtorebze da momxmarebelta gamoxmaurebazea damokidebuli. momxmareblis ZiriTadi masa rac ufro male Seicvlis Tavis Cvevebs da gaitavisebs siaxles, mit ufro swrafad iqneba mirweuli zrdis stadia. produqtis bazarze damkvidrebis procesi SeiZleba Seneldes sxvadasxva gamomwvevi mizezis gamo: es SeiZleba iyos gavrcelebisa da distribuciis qseli, romelic zrudavs axal produqttan miaxloebas, konkurenti kompaniebis swrafi ganvitareba, analogiuri produqtebis dawinaureba, marali fasi, konservatuli bunebis momxmarebeli, romlebic ewvis TvaliT uyurebs 27

28 nino sanadiraze siaxles, da sxva. gamocdilebisa da bazris kvlevebis mixedvit, bazarze produqtis yvelaze marali gasayidi fasi bazarze gatanis stadiasi fiqsirdeba, _ rodesac mwarmoebels uwevs gaweuli xarjebis dafarva. maralia ara marto saqonlis erteulis warmoebis Rirebuleba,aramed gasayid fass emateba produqtis garantiisa da momxmarebeltan komunikaciis xarjebic (reklama,pr da a. S.). mwarmoebelma aseve unda gaitvaliswinos momxmareblis motxovnebis Sesabamisad warmoqmnili damatebiti xarjebis procentic, romelic SesaZloa moxmardes produqtis srulyofasa da damusavebas. zrda - bazarze produqtis atviseba zrdis stadiasi Sedis da ganixileba momxmarebelta dainteresebis mixedvit. axali produqtis ganxilvisa da bazarze gatanis dros momxmarebelta dainteresebis ricxvi ufro mnisvnelovania, vidre gayiduli produqtis raodenoba. motxovnis gazrdis procesi SesaZlebels xdis iseti mnisvnelovani nabijebis SesaZleblobas, rogoricaa fasis gazrda an daweva, SeTavazebebis arealis gazrda da axali sareklamo kampaniis dawyeba. es stadia xasiatdeba gayidvebis da konkurenciis sakmaod didi gazrdit,radgan axla bazars SeuZlia SeiTavsos sxva konkurentebic. axali momxmareblis gamocena mwarmoebels azlevs sakmarisi SemuSavebis (mogebis) SesaZleblobas ise, rom safrtxe ar Seuqmnas ukve arsebuli kompaniebis gasavlianobas. am periodsi saqonlis samomxmareblo seqtorsi izrdeba momxmareblis raodenoba da individualuri gamoyenebis done. am periodsi kompaniebs xvdeba sakmaod seriozuli dilema: Rirs Tu ara moklevadiani Semosavlebidan sargeblis mireba, Tu jobia es Semosavlebi Caidos investiciebsi produqtis sasicocxlo ciklis Semdgom stadiaze konkurenciis uketesi poziciis gamomusavebis imedit. meore variantis arcevit, xelmzrvanelma SeiZleba 28

29 kulturis sferos produqtebi da saxeebi gadawyvitos: saerto mogebidan rarac procenti Cados produqtis srulyofasi,gavrcelebis gzebis gafartoebasi, axali kategoriis momxmareblis moziebasi, saqonlis dawinaurebisa da cnobadobis amarlebisatvis Catarebul kampaniebsi da sxva. yvela am SemTxvevaSi mirebuli mogeba moxmardeba kompaniis samomavlo mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas. gajereba - bazris gajerebis stadia, yoveltvis grzeldeba ufro didxans, vidre wina stadiebi. gajereba, _ es aris axali produqtis bazarze gatanis procesi, rodesac potenciuri momxmareblis motxovnebi dakmayofildeba da saerto motxovnis nisnuli darceba ertsa da imave doneze. gajerebis stadia SeiZleba daiyos sam periodad: pirveli, gajerebis zrda, rodesac realizaciis zrda neldeba. am periodsi iseti momxmareblebic ki, romeltac esiniat da ar uyvart siaxleebi, iwyeben produqtis atvisebas da uertdebian mudmivi momxmareblis ricxvs, romelta ricxvic gajerebis processi izrdeba. meore periodi, _ esaa periodi, rodesac produqtis realizeba Cerdeba ZiriTadad Semcvleli saqonlis gayidvit. mesame periodi, gajerebis vardna, romelic xasiatdeba realizaciis moculobis uecari vardnit,radgan zogiert momxmarebels ukve ainteresebs Semcvleli an axali produqti. motxovnis vardna iwvevs konkurenciis sferosi seriozul Sedegebs. imisda miuxedavad, rom bazari mtlianad gajerebulia, mudam Cndeba axali kompaniebi an axali produqtebi, romlebic bazarze TavianTi adgilis mopovebas cdiloben. konkurenciis mzardi intensiuroba SedarebiT sust kompaniebs aizulebs SeCerebas an axali adgilis moziebis aucileblobas. sasicocxlo ciklis gajerebis stadiaze arsebuli produqtis mnisvnelobisa da aucileblobis dadgena arc ise advilia. Tumca, bazarze gatanis da zrdis 29

30 nino sanadiraze stadiis dadgena ufro martivia, vidre sxva stadiebsi. magalitad, rogor unda ganvasxvaot realizaciis droebiti stabilizacia bazris gajerebis fazisagan? diagnostikuri midgoma moicavs sam elements: produqtis gavrcelebis done, bazris axali segmentebis mopovebis SesaZlebloba da ert sulze moxmarebis moculoba. Tu kompanias ar SeuZlia gazardos momxmareblis ricxvi mocemul segmentsi da da verar poulobs damatebit, ana axal segmentebs, romelta interessac SeiZleba warmoadgendes SeTavazebuli produqti da SeuZlebeli xdeba ert sul momxmarebelze moxmarebis moculobis gazrda, es nisnavs imas, rom sruli gajerebis zrvari mirweulia. vardna - sasicocxlo ciklis stadiasi vardnis stadia, yvelaze rtuli stadiaa, rac realizaciis droebiti Cavardnas gulisxmobs. vardnis statiis gamomwvevi bevri mizezi SeiZleba arsebobdes: gare faqtorebi, informaciis simwire, moumzadebloba, bazris arainformirebuloba da sxva. problemis analizisas Cndeba kitxva, rogor ganvasxvaot motxovnis droebiti daweva vardnisagan? aset gaurkvevlobas mivyavart rtul Sedegebamde gansakutrebit masin, Tu produqti arsebobs bazarze sakmaod xangrzlivi periodis ganmavlobasi. mtavari indikatori, rasac vardnis stadiis diagnostikis dros iyeneben, bazris analizi da kitxvaa: arsebobs Tu ara bazarze analogiuri, magram uketesi xarisxis produqti? produqtis vardnis stadia, rogorc yoveltvis, masin miirweva,rodesac bazari jerdeba ufro marali xarisxis msgavsi an analogiuri produqtebit. aseti indikatoris SesaniSnavi magalitia kompaqt-diski, romelmac Tavdapirvelad Seaviwrova, mogvianebit ki bazridan mtlianad gaaqro firfita. aris SemTxvevebi rodesac arc produqtis indikatoria absoluturad zusti kriteriumi: bazris bevri mkvlevari fiqrobda, rom televizia mtlianad Caanacvlebda da gadaasenebda radios, dres 30

31 kulturis sferos produqtebi da saxeebi fiqroben rom interneti da onlain sistemebi mtlianad gaaqroben televiziebs an eleqtronuli produqtebi da wignebi mtlianad gaaqroben gamomcemlobebsa da wignebs, rogorc produqtebs, magram produqtis orive kategoriebi Tanabrad arseboben, gankutvnilni arian momxmareblebis erti da igive bazristvis, miuxedavad ertnairi danisnulebebisa, xasiatdebian sxvadasxva teqnikuri maxasiateblit,motxovnebita da damokidebulia momxmareblis gemovnebaze. produqtis vardnis fazasi mwarmoebelma SesaZloa aircios sxvadasxva strategia: produqtis warmoebis droebit SeCereba, status qvo-s SenarCuneba an strategiis Secvla, romelic itvaliswinebs bazris yvelaze sargeblian segmentebze poziciebis gazlierebasa da momxmareblis CarTulobis gazrdas. produqtis Seqmna da riskebi - axali produqtis Seqmna an gamosveba, gulisxmobs damusavebis mtel process produqtis ideas, teqnikur ganzomilebas, warmoebis moculobas da fass. kulturis sferos produqts, gansxvavebit sxva danarcenni produqtebisgan, romlebic yvela zemot CamoTvlili maxasiateblebisagan Sedgeba, emateba, _ Sefaseba testireba, Sefasebas ki kulturis sferos produqti mxolod bazarze gatanis Semdeg irebs. kritikuli procesis ganxilva xdeba ukve imis Semdeg, roca mas gausveben gasayidad, gaxsnilia dasatvaliereblad an Sesrulebulia mayureblis TandaswrebiT. axali produqtis damusaveba da marketingi seqtoris miuxedavad, TavisTavad gulisxmobs risks da ramdenime mkafio Tanmimdevruli stadiisgan Sedgeba. TiToeuli stadia. moitxovs gadawyvetilebis mirebas, romelta analizisas menejeri an samusao jgufi irebs gadawyvetilebas, mxolod produqtis ganzomilebebis Sefasebis mixedvit (bazris analizisa da fasis kvlevis garese),gaagrzelos produqtis damusaveba Tu ara,radganac SemoqmedebiTi procesi, romelic yvela mxatvruli 31

32 nino sanadiraze produqtis damusavebas axasiatebs, gansxvavdeba zogadad produqtis Seqmnis procesebisgan. magalitad, Teatrs mxolod premieraze SeuZlia gaigos, rogor ariqvams speqtakls sazogadoeba. eqspertebic ki SeiZleba Secdnen piesis komerciuli warmatebis winaswarmetyvelebasi. piesasa da speqtakls Soris didi gansxvavebaa,_ speqtakli mza produqtia, sadac Semsruleblebis Semadgenloba, sarepeticio procesi da rejisura da sxva faqtorebi mnisvnelovan gavlenas axdenen produqtze. arsebobs aseve garkveuli elementebi, romlebic gars akravs mxatvruli produqtis warmoebas, da warmatebasac, SeiZleba gadaisinjos, magalitad, sareklamo kampaniis elementebi. zemot ganxiluli yvela TvisebiTa da maxasiateblit SeiZleba davaskvnat Semdegi: produqtis gansazrvreba ramdenime wesit aris SesaZlebeli. produqti, _ es aris sargeblis nakrebi myidvelis TvalsazrisiT. produqtis arwera misi teqnikuri parametrebisa an simboluri faseulobis mixedvitaa SesaZlebeli, rac, sabolood realur an warmosaxviti sargeblis nakrebs warmoadgens. produqti iyofa moxmarebisa da gamoyenebis mixedvit, radganac produqtis cneba bevrad fartoa,vidre ubralo fizikuri realoba, gansxvaveba sxvadasxva produqtsa da kulturis produqtebs Soris, Tanxlebi samsaxurita da simboluri ganzomilebit ganisazrvreba. kulturuli produqti SeiZleba gansazrvro sami ganzomilebis Tanaxmad: SedarebiTi, teqnikuri da meorexarisxovani anu araziritadi ganzomileba; kulturul produqtebs Zalian xsirad ariqvamen rogorc rtuls, imitom, rom mattan dakavsirebulia estetikuri gageba, subieqturi, gauzomavi raodenobrivi elementi, romelic SeiZleba mivakutvnot gemovnebas, mentalobasa da damokidebulebasac ki. kulturuli produqtis sirtulis xarisxi SeiZleba meryeobdes organizaciis misiidan damokidebulebasi. 32

33 kulturis sferos produqtebi da saxeebi gamyidvelistvis produqti SeiZleba ganisazrvrebodes rogorc sargeblobis krebuli, romelsac ariqvams myidveli; produqtis sasicocxlo cikli marketingis cnebis wyaroa. is Cveulebrivad ganisazrvreba otxi stadiit: produqtis bazarze gatana, ganvitareba, bazris gajereba, motxovnilebis vardna. kulturis organizaciebebistvis, produqtis sicocxlis unarianoba gansazrvrulia da misi praqtikuli gamoyeneba gansakutrebulad SezRudulia; axali produqtis gamosveba warmoadgens gansakutrebul risks, warmoeba kulturisa da xelovnebis seqtorebsi unda ganvixilot rogorc gansakutrebulad sarisko wamowyeba, radgan yvela produqti, am mimartulebit, axal produqts warmoadgens. kulturis produqtebis warmoebisas riski sami TvisebiT xasiatdeba: pirveli (magalitad, Semsrulebel xelovnebebsi), _ SeuZlebelia produqtis naxva da gamocda premieramde da warmoebisa da sareklamo xarjebis gareba xdeba brmad. meore, kulturis sferos produqtebis sicocxlis vada winaswar aris gansazrvruli, miuxedavad mati komerciuli warmatebisa. mesame, kulturis sferos produqti ar inaxeba, rogorc mwarmoeblis, aseve momxmareblis mier, ris Sedegadac izrdeba ara mxolod riskis done, aramed rtuldeba konkurenciis problema. 1. James Heilbrun.The Economics of Art and culture Iain Robertson. understanding international art markets and management Dr Paul du Gay. Production of Culture/Cultures of Production François Colbert, Jacques Nantel, Suzanne Bilodeau, J. Dennis Rich. Marketing culture and the arts

34 34 universitetis sadoqtoro programa

35 scenografiis istoria da Teoria nasromebi ibewdeba programis xelmzrvanelis rekomendaciit statiis stili daculia programis xelmzrvaneli _ prof. qetevan kinwurasvili 35

36 36 L Llali gelasvili doqtoranturis III kursi kostiumebis mxatvroba kinofilmsi `qeto da kote~ yaracoxelta samosis magalitze kinofilmi,,qeto da kote~ gadarebulia 1948 wels a. cagarelis komediis,,xanuma~ da viqtor dolizis operis,,qeto da kote~ mixedvit.,,qeto da kote~ gadaires rejisorebma:vaxtang tabliasvilma da Salva gedevanisvilma siko fasalisvilis scenaris mixedvit. musika aris arcil kereselizis da viqtor dolizisa. filmis mtavari mxatvaria ioseb sumbatasvili, kostiumebisa farnaoz lapiasvili. filmze agretve, musaobdnen mxatvrebi: kote kvaliasvili, evgeni mawavariani da qristesia lebanize. kostiumebis mxatvroba filmis ert-erti mnisvnelovani komponentia. mxatvarma didi Sroma gaswia uamravi personajistvis rogorc mxatvrtul-istoriulad gamartlebuli, ise saxasiato Cacmulobis Sesaqmnelad. farnaoz lapiasvils, rogorc scenografs, gamoarcevs konstruqciul da ferwerul sasualebata harmoniulad Serwymis unari. kostiumebi filmsi naxatit da faqturata mravalferovnebit unda Serwymoda interierebs,rekvizits, dekoraciul garemos. XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnis Tbilisi, sadac filmis moqmedeba mimdinareobs, mravalferovani qalaqi iyo. evropisa da aziis gasayarze mdebare qalaqsi ertmanets erwymoda armosavluri da dasavluri motivebi,rac,cxadia, saxasiato gamovlenas povebda CacmulobaSi. mxatvars moetxoveboda mravalferovani wyaroebis mozieba,seswavla, mxatvrulad gaazreba, rasac farnaoz lapiasvilma mistvis damaxasiatebeli marali profesionalizmita da mxatvruli alroti gaartva Tavi. filmistvis Seqmnili kostiumebidan gansakutrebit sainteresoa yaracoxelta kostiumi.

37 kinofilmsi,,qeto da kote~ didi ostatoba gamoavlina yaracoxelta jgufma. marali Sefasebis Rirsia msaxiobta romantikuli patosit savse STagonebuli TamaSi, rac koloritulobas matebs kinosurats, romelic filmis warmatebis ert-erti mizezia. yaracoxelta scenebi is rejisoruli mignebaa,uromlisodac ar iqmneba xelovnebis nawarmoebi. yaracoxelebis epizodma warmosva siyvarulis poezia, ramac films ganumeorebloba da mayureblis ariareba moutana. maralmxatvruli RirsebebiT arbewdilma epizodebma warusleli STabeWdileba datova mayurebelze, elvis siswrafit gaikafa gza msmenelis gulisaken. aq mxolod yaracoxelta serenadas anu, rogorc xalxi uwodebs,muxambazis magalitis dasaxelebac ki sakmarisia. ganumeorebelia, agretve yaracoxelebis cekva SandlebiT, romelic ise moswonebia iliko suxisvils, romelic am filmis qoreografiul nawilze musaobda, rom Semdeg es cekva,,qartuli xalxuri cekvis saxelmwifo ansamblis~ repertuarsi dautovebia. originalurad gadawyvetili yaracoxelta epizodebi, Tamamad unda mivakutvnot filmis sauketeso kadrebs. ramdeni gamomgonebloba da gemovneba gamoavlines filmis damdgmelebma da kompozitorma. am WeSmaritad brwyinvale scenasi, raoden damajerebeli, gamomsaxveli, poeturi da amastan koloritulia yovelive es. istoriulad yaracoxeli darbaiseli, Caspandi, gulmartali, patiosani, raindi iyo. garegnulad ki warmosadegi, mxarbewiani, brge da pirbudari. yaracoxeli anu,,yaracoxeli~ nisnavs SavCoxians. isini xelosanta fenas warmoadgendnen (15, gv. 43). rac Seexeba mat samoss, _ ecvat Savi Salis Coxa, grzelkaloebiani, moklenaowiani da orcaqiani. Coxis napirebi damusavebuli iyo buzmentis brtyeli CafariSiT. ecvat agretve axaluxi, ganieri Sarvlebi da warebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom filmi `qeto da kote~ Sav- 37

38 lali gelasvili TeTria, yaracoxelta samosi faqturulad imdenad metyvelia da detalebit mdidari, rom feradovnebis SegrZnebasac qmnis. Sesabamisi wyaroebis mokvlevis da istoriuli cnobebis gatvaliswinebis safuzvelze sasualeba gvezleva cocxlad warmovidginot es samosi da mat feradovnebazec ki SeviqmnaT STabeWdileba. mat Coxis Signidan ecvat: witeli abresumis doslurgaketebuli da gulamowrili perangi,zemodan ki Savi atlasis an satinis wvrilnaowiani axaluxi,romelic gverdze ikvreba. Rilebi ki yaitnis hqondat. rac meti Rili hqonda mas, mit ufro lazatianad itvleboda. axaluxs sami jibe hqonda ori garedan da erti Signidan. saertod axaluxi ikereboda witeli feris. yaracoxelta Coxa ori saxis iyo: naowiani da unaowo. gulze marjvniv da marcxniv gaketebuli hqonda sakvesebi. am sakvesebsi qalis naxevari TiTi Tu Caeteoda. mas ar xmarobdnen. es ise, Snos gulistvis iyo gaketebuli. Coxa arasodes ikvreboda, ise iyo Sekerili, rom piri pirs ar unda misdeboda da Coxis qves axaluxi unda gamoceniliyo. filmsi yaracoxels ganieri Sarvali acvia. mati Sarvali gansakutrebit qobaci Savi Salisagan ikereboda, TavebSi abresumis focebiani xonjari hqondat gayrili. Sarvlis farto totebi Signidan hqondat Camagrebuli, sacvetebis CarCubaRebSi. sasarvle qsovilebs izendnen darestneli lekebisagan. Sarvals sabumiani erqva. misi ube sami nawrisagan ikereboda. sasinaod icvamdnen qosebs, sagareod xmarobdnen yafarian warebs. yaracoxelta samkauli iyo vercxlis gobakebiani qamari, qamarsi ki witeli bardadi hqondat Camagrebuli. Tavze galibandis qudi exurat, welsi vercxlis Cibuxi da CibuxisaTvis qisa-weqoti eketat. yvela yaracoxeli atarebda ulvass. qartuli samosi oditganve xasiatdeboda Tavisi individualurobita da momxibvlelobit. SeiZleba 38

39 kostiumebis mxatvroba kinofilmsi `qeto da kote~ yaracoxelta samosis magalitze itqvas, rom am nisantvisebebs XVII saukunemde ufro mdgradad inarcunebda eri. am periodsi qartlis samefos, xelisuflebis satavesi modis rostom-xani, romelmac qartul samefo sistemasi umtkivneulod SeZlo iranuli Tanamdebobebis SemoReba. aman, rara Tqma unda, asaxva hpova qartul samossic. magalitad, gavrcelda xalatebi gverdze SeWrili,farTo mklavebit da a. S.,rac qartuli kostiumisatvis ar iyo damaxasiatebeli. imave periods ukavsirdeba yaracoxelta fenis gacena. istorikosebis azrit, isini iraneli sazogadoebis `raindebis~ STamomavlebi iyvnen. amis safuzvels mati cxovrebis wesi da Cacmuloba izleoda. mat hqondat Tavisi drosa, Tavisi wesi,wesdeba da rac mtavaria,kultura. vercxlis qamari, romelsac isini atarebdnen iyo mati simdidre. ambobdnen, rom mat qamars unda `daemarxa~ isini. omi iyo da omobdnen, msvidoba iyo da Sromobdnen, leqsebsac Txzavdnen, mrerodnen, cekvavdnen da qeifobdnen kidec. zemot warmodgenilma yaracoxelta samosma, rogorc werilobiti wyaroebic adastureben da rac natlad Cans ekranidan, mnisvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli yaracoxelta rolis Semsrulebel msaxiobebs, Zalze dasamaxsovrebeli saxasiato saxis SeqmnaSi. arsanisnavia agretve, isic Tu rogor exmareba filmsi ara marto msaxiobebs, aramed mocekvaveta dass samosi plastikasi, ra haerovnad mozraoben isini am samossi gamowyobilni. filmsi,,qeto da kote ara marto ama Tu im interieris garegnuli saxe, gmiris profesia, sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba,midrekilebebi,xasiati da a.s. aramed yoveli kostiumi, fexsacmeli, sagani Tu aqsesuari laparakobs mis mflobelze. rom ara, profesionali mxatvris Tvali da gemovneba, mxolod garemo da rekviziti ar iqneboda sakmarisi, piriqit, es sxva SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda cudad asaxuliyo kinosuratze, magram farnaoz lapiasvilma, SeZlo daecva sazrvari fufunebasa da TavSekavebulobas Soris, mxatvarma SeZlo sxvadasxva socialuri fenisa 39

40 lali gelasvili Tu klasis interesebi, Cvevebi kostiumebsi gadmoeca da amave dros, SeZlo tradiciuli Strixebis SenarCunebac ratom arafrtovanebs XX saukunesi mayurebels kinofilmi da ratom aris ase aqtualuri isev? Cveni azrit mxatvarma maral doneze gadmosca imdroindeli realuri kostiumi, amave dros man SeZlo sakutari TvalTaxedva didi gemovnebita da sifrtxilit gadaetana massi, kostiumi gaexada stilizeburi da cocxali. msaxiobebi ki ar acocxleben filmis kostiumebs, aramed kostiumebi exmarebian msaxiobebs yoveli kadri Tu mizanscena iyos harmoniuli, originaluri da ganumeorebeli, kinofilmis mxatvrul warmosaxvasi didi roli itamasa Tbilisis XIX saukunis epoqis arqiteqturulma fonma da ioseb sumbatasvilis mxatvrobam. epoqis SegrZnebasa da Secnobas, kargad da sworad arwevs kinonawarmoebsi mxatvari. maxvil-gonivrulma,semoqmedebitma unarma,im periodis qalaqisa da sazogadoebrivi formaciis kargma codnam, mdidarma fantaziam da agretve sxvadasxva xelwerisa da individualurobis mxatvrebs misca sasualeba, kinofilmisatvis qeto da kote SeeqmnaT konkretuli realuri garemo XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebisa, rogorc dekoraciebis, aseve kostiumis TvalsazrisiT. romelic kinoxelovnebis masalisadmi XX saukunis pirveli naxevris damokidebulebit iyo nakarnaxevi. swored es iyo ertaderti swori gza gamovleniliyo da filmsi asaxuliyo realuri burjuaziuli yofa cxovreba,qalaqis iersaxe da im epoqis realuri samosi, romelic Semdeg mivida kinokostiumamde. gamovlinda kinokostiumis gadawyvetis sxvadasxva dekoratiuli SesaZleblobebi, rac ar aris martivi da gacilebit rtulia vidre naturalizmi da foto masalis ardgena. filmsi xatovnad aris asaxuli, rtuli masobrivi saxalxo scenebi. maxvili kompoziciuri alro 40

41 kostiumebis mxatvroba kinofilmsi `qeto da kote~ yaracoxelta samosis magalitze karnaxobda filmze momusave mxatvrebs, kadris gabedul agebas, xolo faqizad gaazrebuli mravalferovani gadawyveta, mtlianad daeqvemdebara moqmedebis emociuri atmosferos gaxsnas, Seesityva moqmed pirta saxeebs. scenebis dekoraciul gadawyvetasi ki filmis mxatvrebi iswrafvodnen gamoevlinat yvelaze mtavari ama Tu im movlenasi. rom ara qeto da kotes~ mxatvroba, kinematografsi gadasuli mxatvris SemoqmedebiTi Taviseburebani: dinamikis, ritmisa da mozraobis mzafri SegrZneba, mayurebeli ver CaerTveboda moqmedebasi da ver gaxdeboda misi usualo monawile. am filmma gauzlo dros swored imitom rom SemoqmedebiTma jgufma SeZlo yoveli drois mayureblis filmsi Tanamonawileoba. am SemoqmedebiT jgufsi ki, ert-erti umtavresi roli mxatvrebs ekutvnit, udaoa mxatvris roli filmze musaobisas konkretulad am filmis mxatvroba da misi genialuri ganmxorcieleblebi rom ara, qeto da kote ver iqneboda iseti sicocxlis unariani, rogoric aris. rejisorebis, operatorisa da mxatvrebis mwidro TanamSromlobam ganapiroba plastikuri enis Rrma gamomsaxveloba, epoqisa da komikuri yofis WeSmariti, cxovrebiseuli saxis Seqmna, ramac didad Seuwyo xeli filmis estetikuri koncefciis poeturad gadmocemas. 1. n. urusaze. Teatris samyarosi. farnaoz lapiasvili, Tbilisi, 1982, gv i. grisasvili. Zveli Tbilisis literaturuli bohema, batumi, gv T. gersamia. Zveli Tbilisi, Tbilisi, gv c. bezarasvili. g. jalabaze. qartuli xalxuri tansacmeli, 41

42 lali gelasvili Tbilisi, gv l. molodini. g. CaCaSvili. qartuli kostiumis katalogi 1 xevsuruli, Tbilisi, gv l. gelasvili. msoflio modis ilustrirebuli enciklopedia, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba imperia gv N 42

43 dramis rejisura nasromebi ibewdeba programis xelmzrvanelebis rekomendaciit statiis stili daculia programis xelmzrvanelebi _ prof. giorgi margvelasvili, prof. vasil kiknaze 43

44 nino li partiani doqtoranturis III kursi filosofiuri postmodernizmi ukve ramdenime atwleulia, rac midis gacxarebuli kamati postmodernizmze, am fenomenis arsze, misi warmosobis adgilsa da mizezebze, mis mimartebaze modernizmtan.pam diskusiasi monawileta Soris azrta sxvadasxvaoba SeimCneva, Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, Camoyalibda am movlenis garkveulwilad myari daxasiatebac. gamoikveta postmodernis mteli rigi gavleniani Teoretikosi, dagrovda teqstebis mnisvnelovani raodenoba, sadac analizi uketdeba postmodernistul situacias. cneba `postmodernizmi~, `postmoderni~, `postmodernistuli~ Tanamedrove xelovnebasi garkveuli mimartulebisa da koncefciis armnisvnelad da tendenciebis dasaxasiateblad gamoiyeneba. am cnebebs iyeneben politikasi, religiasi, etikasi, filosofiasi, isini aseve kulturis periodizaciistvisac gamoiyeneba. gacnda aucilebloba mtlianobasa da urtiertkavsirsi gaazrebuliyo kulturasi mimdinare procesebi, cvlilebebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebasi, ekonomikur struqturebsi,yvelafersi,rasac xsirad modernizacias, postindustriul, samomxmareblo sazogadoebas uwodeben. postmodernizmis, postmodernis gansazrvra, rogorc Teoretikosebis da mkvlevrebis umetesoba amtkicebs, SeiZleba mxolod `modernizmtan~ socialuristoriul konteqstsi moxdes. `postmodernizmi~ ariqmeba, rogorc ambivalenturi termini, romelic nisnavs modernizmis, rogorc gagrzelebas, aseve gadalaxvas. am TvalsazrisiT, ganasxvaveben terminebs 44

45 `postmoderni~, rogorc modernizmis, filosofiuri safuzvlebis revizia da `postmodernizmi~, rogorc modernizmis xelovnebis gadaxedva. postmodernis fenomeni, rogorc specifikuri reaqcia wina periodis kulturis damkvidrebul formebze, evropisa da amerikis mowinave qveynebsi armocenda. amerikeli Teoritikosis f. jeimisonis azrit, postmodernis gamocena SeiZleba omis Semdgomi periodit datarirdes, kerzod, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi _ wlebit. safrangetsi postmodernis formireba mexute respublikis damyarebas (1958 w.) daemtxva.1 miuxedavad amisa, SeiZleba itqvas, rom `postmodernizms samsoblo ar gaacnia~, ase amtkicebs amerikeli Teoretikosi d. silvermani. dres postmodernistuli situacia kulturasi mtels msofliosi SeiniSneba, xolo yvelaze `postmodernistul~ qveyanad J. derida iaponias asaxelebs. postmodernizmis drevandelobastan yvelaze daaxloebuli ganmarteba arnold toinbim daamkvidra, rogorc dasavletevropuli kulturis ganvitarebis etapi, romelic 1875 wels daiwyo. am termins XX saukunis pirveli naxevris sxvadasxva avtortan vxdebit: 1934 wels espaneli literaturatmcodne federiko de onisa saubrobs postmodernizmze, romelic literaturis istoriasi ganixileba rogorc gardamavali faza ( ww.) `modernizmsa~ da e. w. `ultramodernizms~ Soris. 2 yvela SemTxvevaSi saubaria sxvadasxva saxis movlenaze. ufro gamokvetili azri postmodernizmis Sesaxeb mxolod mogvianebit Camoyalibda. am fenomenis mkvlevarebis umetesoba ixreba iqit, rom postmoderni armocenda mxatvruli kulturis farglebsi da ukve mogvianebit gamoixata sxva sferoebsi filosofiasi, politikasi, religiasa, Tu mecnierebasi. 3 45

46 nino lipartiani postmodernis wamyvani Teoretikosi J. f. liotari Tvlis, rom sazogadoebis gadasvla postindustriul epoqasi 1950-iani wlebis bolos daiwyo. Tavis nasromsi `pasuxi SekiTxvaze: ra aris postmodernizmi~, 4 habermastan polemikasi, is ganmartavs, rom modernis proeqti ki ar dasrulda, aramed daimsxvra, ganadgurda da likvidirebul iqna. swored am movlenis arsanisnavad iyenebs igi simbolos `osvencimi~, danasaulisas, romelic posttanamedroveobas xsnis. am simbolos igi imistvis iyenebs, rom xazi gausvas diskursebis konfliqtis sasisroebas da survils erti Janris diskursma daiqvemdebaros meore, rasac aucileblad totalitarizmamde mivyavart. nasromsi `postmodernizmis mdgomareoba~ (1979 w.) liotari arwers posttanamedrove codnis Taviseburebebs, romelic orientirebulia ara SeTanxmebaze,konsensusze, aramed azrta sxvadasxvaobaze `paralogiaze~. liotaris msjelobasi amosavali punqti aris survili, `rogor gadaarcinos azrovnebis Rirseba osvencimis Semdeg~. postmoderni liotartan ar aris modernis antiteza, is aucileblad modernsac moicavs da warmoadgens modernis nawils. liotari Tvlis, rom TavsarTi `post~ Zalian xsirad iwvevs gaugebrobas statiasi `pasuxi kitxvaze: ra aris postmoderni?~ (1982 w.), is gvtavazobs ganvixilot TavsarTi `post~ ara rogorc gagrzeleba, aramed rogorc dabruneba, anamnezi, kulturis ganvitarebis winamdebare periodis gadaxedva. 5 mogvianebit, Tavis gamosvlasi, romelic gamoqveynda sataurit `redaqtirebuli moderni~, is miutitebs imaze, rom dasaxeleba TavsarTis garese mistvis gacilebit metad misarebia, vidre postmoderni da postmodernizmi, radgan amit iridebs sasisroebas ganixilos postmoderni, rogorc modernis antiteza, piriqit, igi Tvlis, rom postmoderni ukve modernsive 46

47 filosofiuri postmodernizmi iwyebs arsebobas,amitom postmoderni aris ara modernis dasasruli, ara axali epoqa, aramed modernis Semdgomi ganaxlebis stadia. moderni agrzelebs Tavis ganvitarebas postmoderntan ertad. modernis antiteza aris ara postmoderni, aramed klasika. liotari darwmunebulia, rom dres Tanamedroveobis `gadawera~ warmoadgens aucileblobas. aqedan gamomdinare, mizansewonili iqneba modernis redaqtireba,ris Semdegac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba visaubrot epoqis dasasrulze da momdevno periodis dasawyisis datarirebaze.6 am azrs iziareben sxva dasavleli filosofosebic, kerzod v. strada, romelic ganixilavs postmodernizms, rogorc modernis fazas XX sauknis bolos da xazs usvams, rom TavsarTi `post~ aris is, rac modernsi arwevs kritikul gacnobierebas, rogorc Tavisi warsulis, aseve rtuli siaxlisa. 7 r. rosti Tvlis, rom filosofosebi unda gaurbodnen cdunebas gaxdnen `cvlilebebis agentebi~, piriqit filosofosis danisnulebas xedavs imasi, rom Zvelisa da axlis Sejereba moaxdinos, gaxdes samartliani Suamavali Taobebs Soris, tradiciebsa da kulturulad aqtiur sferoebs Soris. swored am SemTxvevaSi iqneba SesaZlebeli mivarwiot garkveul kulturul kosmopoliss. 8 amave azrs iziareben r. bernstaini, f. jeimisoni, p. de mani da sxvebi. Secdoma iqneboda gvefiqra, rom postmoderni, ubralod, gansxvavdeba modernisagan. misi Sinaarsi aravitar SemTxvevaSi ar aris axali. is moiazrebs ara siaxles, aramed pluralizms da am pluralizms aqvs Tavisi antikuri da Suasaukuneebis formebic. siaxled SeiZleba CaiTvalos is, rom Tanamedrove epoqasi is gaxda dominanti da es ganasxvavebs XX saukunis postmoderns modernisagan,radgan Tu adre pluralizmi aucilebeli iyo mxolod zogiert sferosi, axla is sayoveltao da radikaluria. 47

48 nino lipartiani Sesabamisad, liotarma Seqmna postmodernis formulireba moderntan damokidebulebasi. `postmoderni gansazrvravs Tavis mdgomareobas ara modernis Semdeg an mastan opoziciasi, aramed piriqit, is ukve massi arsebobs, modernsivea Cadebuli~. 9 es motivebi, romelic aqamde dafaruli formit arsebobda, axla ganmsazrvreli gaxda. i. vitgensteini Tavis filosofiur kvlevebsi etxoveba monoteistur azrovnebas da gzas utmobs gardauval, mravalmxriv enobriv TamaSebs. is propagandas uwevs e. w. popurs, yvelafris arrevas, garkveul `inteleqtualur disneilends~. es aris mravalferovnebis yalbi forma, sadac yvelaferi ganurcevlad ert masasi ireva. filosofiam pluralizmi Seafasa, rogorc pozitiuri xedva. dres ukve natelia,rom filosofiuri postmodernizmi xdeba metodologiuri RerZi,romelic bolo atwleulsi Seiqmna da xeli Seuwyo kulturasi arsebuli situaciis gaazrebas. wina epoqebisgan gansxvavebit Cveni epoqa SeiZleba ganisazrvros rogorc `mravalmxrivi dialogis~ epoqa. mravalmxrivi imitom, rom dialogi xdeba `kulturis arsebobis universaluri, yovlismomcveli sasualeba~. gansakutrebul pozicias postmodernistul mkvlevrebsi ikavebs J. bodriari Tavisi nasromebit, romlebic etmoba krizisuli movlenebis mtel speqtrs, rac XX saukunis kulturas axlda. igi Seexo adamianis sulieri da praqtikuli morvaweobis yvela sferos ekonomikas, politikas, warmoebas, religias, fsiqologias da xelovnebas. Tanamedrove kulturis bevr Taviseburebas bodriari simulakris koncefciasi xedavs - `simboluri gacvla da sikvdili~ (1976 w.). simulakrsi is moiazrebs saxes, romelic STanTqavs realobas. simulakri Cndeba kulturis ganvitarebis mxolod garkveul etapze. 48

49 filosofiuri postmodernizmi rogorc bodriari amtkicebs, sazogadoeba gadadis siyalbis epoqasi. is gamoyofs simulakris sam dones. simulakris pirvel doned miicnevs e. w. `TabaSiris mirwevebs~. barokos xelovnebasi, tazrebsa da sasaxleebsi TabaSiri yvelanairi masalis imitacias axdens. es ukve xelovnuri nisnebis demokratiis triumfs gvamcnobs. simulakris sawyis etapze, TabaSiris simulakrs funqcionaluri danisnuleba aqvs da efeqtis moxdenazea gatvlili. Sedegad, is ertferovani da mosawyenia. bodriari simulakris pirvel da meore dones ganasxvavebs da `radikaluri mutaciis process~ uwodebs. simulakris meore dones warmoadgens warmoebis teqnikuri epoqa, romlistvisac damaxasiatebelia seriuloba. pirvelad es movlena v. beniaminma gaaanaliza statiasi `xelovnebis nawarmoebi teqnikuri gamomsaxvelobis epoqasi~. beniaminma teqnologiur warmoebasi sruliad axali formebi gamoikveta. warmoebis processi is xedavda sistemas, romelic Sepyrobilia gautavebeli warmoebis cieb-cxelebit, rasac mesame donis simulakramde mivyavart,sadac xdeba yvelanairi formebis modelireba. modelis sizustes didi mnisvneloba eniweba. beniaminis wignsi `borotebis gulaxdiloba: esse eqstremalur fenomenebze~ Sefasebulia simulaciis mdgomareoba, Cven ganwirulni vart gadavitamasot yvela scenari, rac ki odesme Seqmnila. Cven vcxovrobt gautavebeli idealebis reproduqciasi, fantaziebsa da ocnebebsi,romelta originalebi warsulsi darca. `gaqra progresis idea, magram progresi grzeldeba~, 10 wers bodriari. gaqra simdidris idea, romelic amartlebda warmoebas. TviTon warmoeba ki ganagrzobs arsebobas, ufro meti aqtivobit,vidre aqamde. politikur sferosi gaqra politikis idea, Tumca politikuri TamaSi 49

50 nino lipartiani grzeldeba. yoveli mxridan vxedavt seqsualurobis sikvdils, sadac gaurkveveli aseqsualuri arsebebi ubralo ertjeradi gayofit mravldebian. bodriari arnisnavs, rom Tanamedrove kultura gadatvirtulia. kacobriobas arar Seswevs Zala moisoros dagrovili xlami. kultura transis mdgomareobasi imyofeba. misi azrit kacobriobas da Tanamedrove kulturas arar Seswevs unari mozebnos ganvitarebis Tundac erti pozitiuri impulsi. modernizmis triumfalurma svlam ver moaxerxa adamianis faseulobebis transformacia, samagierod moxda faseulobebis gafantva _ involucia. amis Sedegi gaxda `totaluri konfuzia~. J. derida `Tanamedroveobis gadalaxvas moiazrebs tradiciuli msoflmxedvelobis dekonstruqciit~. Ggrifinis azrit ki, saboloo jamsi, dekonstruqciuli postmodernizmi midis relativizmsa da nihilizmamde. amis alternativa aris konstruqciuli da reviziuli postmodernizmi, romelic miiswrafvis gadalaxos modernizmi. magram ara dekonstruqciis, aramed posttanamedrove azrovnebis konstruqciis gzit. konstruqciuli postmodernizmi Tvlis, rom Tanamedrove epoqasac aqvs pozitiuri mirwevebi, romlebsac ver uarvyoft. 11 postmodernizmi Tavisi arsit warmoadgens dasavluri civilizaciis mravalmxriv Teoriul anarekls, gansakutrebit kulturisa da filosofiis sferosi. kulturuli postmodernizmistvis damaxasiatebelia struqturuli mravalferovneba. postmodernizmi mzad aris ganwvritos momavali da mozebnos kacobriobis gadarcenisa da xsnis gza. am kutxit filosofosebis amocana aris ara marto axsnas gansxvaveba Zvels da axals Soris, aramed daexmaros kacobriobas momavlis SeqmnaSi 50

51 filosofiuri postmodernizmi 1. f jeimisoni.,postmodernizmi da momxmarebeli sazogadoeba// xelovnebatmcodneobis kitxvebi. 2. ix. velsi., postmoderni. erti sadavo cnebis geneologia da mnisvneloba 3. giddensi e., modernitis Sedegebi// axali postindustrialuri talra dasavletsi. antologia. 4. ix. J.-f. liotari pasuxi kitvaze: ra aris postmoderni? 5. ix.: J.f. liotari SeniSvnebi post -is gagebaze 6. ix. : J.f. liotari SeniSvnebi post -is gagebaze 7. v. strada modernizacia da postmodernuloba 8. r. rorti filosofia da momavali// filosofiis sakitxebi. 9. J. f. liotari postmodernis mdgomareoba. 10. ix. : v. beniamini, xelovnebis nawarmoebi misi teqnikuri ardgenis epoqasi. i. ilini, poststruqturalizmi. dekonstruqtivizmi. postmodernizmi. 11. i. ilini, poststruqturalizmi. dekonstruqtivizmi. postmodernizmi Джеймисон Ф. Постмодернизм и потребительское общество // Вопросы искусствознания.xi (2/97). С.54- См.: Вельш В. «Постмодерн». Генеалогия и значение одного спорного понятия//путь С Гидденс Э. Последствия модернити // Новая постиндустриальная волна на Западе. Антология. М., Academia С [11] См.: Лиотар Ж.-Ф. Ответ на вопрос: что такое постмодерн? // Ежегодник Ad Marginem,93. М., C [12] См.: Лиотар Ж.-Ф. Заметки о смыслах «пост» // Иностранная литература С

52 [14] См.: Лиотар Ж.-Ф. Заметки о смыслах «пост» // Иностранная литература С Страда В. Модернизация и постмодерность // Академические тетради. 2. С. 34. [20] Рорти Р. Философия и будущее // Вопросы философии С. 33. [9] [17] Лиотар Ж.-Ф. Состояние постмодерна. С. ix. : v. beniamini, xelovnebis nawarmoebi misi teqnikuri ardgenis epoqasi. i. ilini, poststruqturalizmi. dekonstruqtivizmi. postmodernizmi. 52

53 Mmaia Sengelia Ddoqtoranturis III kursi Uuiliam Seqspiris `titus andronikusis~ genezisisatvis sarejisoro eqsplikaciis ert-erti umnisvnelovanesi nawilia nawarmoebis literaturuli analizi. martalia dramis Teoriis sakitxebis trafaretuli gamokvlevebis mimart k. stanislavski Tavis skepticizms ar malavda da ambobda, rom `am gamzadebuli trafaretis mixedvit pirvel moqmedebasi unda iyos kvanzis Sekvra an eqspozicia, meoresi ganvitareba, mesamesi kulminacia, meotxesi movlena, romelic kvanzis gaxsnas amzadebs da mexutesi kvanzis gaxsna da morali~, 1 magram iqve arnisnavda: `literaturuli analizi ar Sedis Cemi kompetenciis sferosi. me mxolod SemiZlia visurvo, rom gamocndes specialisti artistebis dasaxmareblad da SeimuSaos, Seqmnas metodi, romelic Seamsubuqebs samusaos da mimartulebas miscems piesisa da rolis literaturul analizs... aucilebelia misdio avtors mis mier gakvalul gzaze, rata ara marto gaigo, aramed ganicado kidec poetis amocanebi da miznebi... artistma-xelovanma,unda icodes piesis agebuleba,mas unda SeeZlos imtavitve miakvlios piesis literaturuli organizmis mtavar mamozravebel centrebs, romlebsic ertad gamonaskvulia poetis poeturi qmnilebis yvela ZarRvi.~ 2 literaturuli analizi, garda dramis Teoriis wminda teqnikuri sakitxebisa (eqspozicia, kvanzis Sekvra, ganvitareba, kulminacia, kvanzis gaxsna da a. S.), moicavs informacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu romel literaturul 1. Станиславский К. С. Т.5. М gv ; 2. iqve. 53

54 maia Sengelia mimdinareobas ekutvnis mocemuli nawarmoebi, rodis da ra pirobebsi daiwera igi, ra iyo misi Seqmnis maprovocirebeli movlena. literaturuli analizi moicavs aseve masalas mwerlis biografiisa da epoqis, nawarmoebsi asaxuli epoqis, filosofiuri azrovnebis, arqiteqturis, mxatvrobis, modis, musikis, cekvis, aqsesuarebis, avejis Sesaxeb. literaturuli analizis dros xdeba personajta qmedebis fsiqologiuri analizi, fsiqoanalizis elementebis (narcisizmi, oidiposisa da eleqtras kompleqsi, totemizmis gamovlineba, homoseqsualizmi da sxva.) armocena, personajta ti pologiis dadgena (iungis ti pologiis mixedvit), astrologiuri analizi (sxvadasxva horoskopis safuzvelze), nisandobliobis (naklis, tikis da sxva.) analizi.lliteraturuli analizis umnisvnelovanesi nawilia nawarmoebis mitologiuri da religiuri analizi, mitologiuri da sxvadasxva religiata danasrevis armocena da mati mnisvneloba personajta qmedebis motivaciasi.yyvelaferi es sasualebas gvazlevs ganvsazrvrot momavali speqtaklis Janri, grznobata buneba, TamaSis xerxi, forma, sawyisi movlena, romelic Tavis mxriv gansazrvravs personajta qmedebis motivacias da Sesabamisad sworad amovxsnat nawarmoebis fabula. literaturuli nawarmoebis Seqmnis peri petiebi, garkveul asaxvas povebs rogorc TviT am nawarmoebsi,ise im speqtaklis formis xasiatsic, romlis safuzvelsac igi warmoadgens. Seqspiris Semoqmedebis ganxilvisas gansakutrebuli mnisvneloba eniweba im pirvelwyaroebs, romelze dayrdnobitac didi dramaturgi qmnida sakutar qmnilebebs.aam sakitxis sirrmiseuli kvlevisas, kvlav da kvlav wamoiwreba xolme skeptikosta mier manipulirebadi `avtorobis~ Tema.Mmagram am nasromsi am problemas ar SevexebiT. arvnisnav mxolod, rom 54

55 Uuiliam Seqspiris `titus andronikusis~ genezisisatvis Seqspiri gviani Suasaukuneebis tipuri warmomadgenelia da isic isetive wesebit xelmzrvanelobda xelovnebasi, rogorc imdroindeli msoflios araerti avtori. Sors rom ar wavidet, amis sailustraciod rustavelis `vefxistyaosanic~ kmara. `vefxistyaosnis~ prologsi avtori garkvevit ambobs: `ese ambavi sparsuli, qartulad natargmanebi, vit margaliti oboli, xelis-xel sagogmanebi, vpove da leqsad gardavtqvi, saqme vqmen sawowmanebi. Cemma xel-mqmnelman dammartos larman da lamazman nebi.~ 3 rogorc vxedavt, rustavels sruliadac ar miacnia sazraxisad, rom sparsul ambavs gviyveba, sxvisgan ukve SeTxzulsa da naambobs.mmagram iqve, erti taepit win, didi mgosani sakutar damsaxurebasac arnisnavs: `mo, davsxdet, tarielistvis cremli gvdis ar- SeSrobili, misebri mart dabadebit vinmca yofila Sobili! D davje, rustvelman gavleqse, mistvis gul-laxvarsobili, aqamdis ambad natqvami, aw margalitad wyobili.~ 4 rogorc vxedavt, rustavels sakutar Rirsebad aqamde ambad natqvamis leqsad Txroba miacnia. amdenad, Sua saukuneebsi msgavsi SemTxvevebi mravlad iyo mtels msofliosi.aamasve arnisnavs qartveli Seqspirologi n. yiasasvilic: `Seqspiris droindeli Teatris repertuari savse iyo antikuri siujetebita da TviT adre arsebuli piesebidan arebuli calkeuli dramatuli situaciebit.ees ukve garkveul tradiciad iqca da Seqspiris mier am Temebisa da siujetebis gamoyenebis faqti, TavisTavad tradiciisatvis valis 3. rustaveli S. `vefxistyaosani~. Tb gv iqve. 55

56 maia Sengelia moxdas udrida.mmagram am faqtze dayrdnobit ar SeiZleba Seqspiris tradiciulobaze laparaki. siujets, ambavs da TviT Temasac Seqspiris droindel TeatrSi metad pirobiti mnisvneloba hqonda. mayurebeli Teatrisagan ar moitxovda sruliad axleburi, iqamde daumusavebeli Temis (da mit ufro siujetis) mozebnas. samagierod igi metad mgrznobiare iyo yvela im siaxlis mimart, rasac dramaturgi Seitanda adre arsebul piesasi. amdenad, dramatuli nawarmoebis `forma~ ertgvarad tradiciuli da xsirad konservatorulic ki iyo mis `SinaarsTan~ SedarebiT~. 5 Seqspiris piesebis pirvelwyaroebad mravali avtori da nawarmoebi saxeldeba. rogorc ukve arinisna, didi dramaturgi ar cdilobda sagangebod gamoegonebina esa Tu is siujeti. rogorc ert-erti mkvlevari ambobs: `mas rom yvela wyaro waekitxa,romelsac Tavs axvevdnen,masin wignebit Caxergili misi Semoqmedebis sakutari wyaro daisriteboda. aravis ecodineboda dres romeo da julietas, hamletis,otelos,liris da makbetis istoriebi,seqspiri rom ar Sexeboda mat sakutari magiuri Semoqmedebis kvertxit.~ 6 Seqspiris piesis `titus andronikusis~ pirvelwyarosa da TviT piesis genezisis sakitxtan dakavsirebit, sxvadasxva mosazreba arsebobs. sxvadasxva wyaros Soris saxeldebian ovideusis `metamorfozebi~, senekas `fiesto~ da `troeli qalebi~, magram dramis yvelaze ufro savaraudo wyarod miicneva Seqspiris dros arsebuli da Cvenamde XVIII saukunis 5. yiasasvili n. `skilasa da qaribdas Soris~. Tb. `saqartvelo stat.: `Seqspiri: tradicia da novatoroba~. gv Гарин И.И. Пророки и поэты. Том 6. Шекспир. Истоки bolo Semowmeba:

57 Uuiliam Seqspiris `titus andronikusis~ genezisisatvis meore naxevris gamocemis saxit morweuli wigni,romelic Seicavs `titus andronikusis~ prozaul versias da titusisa da gutta dedoflis baladas (armocenilia 1936 wels). 7 Mmagram aqve unda arinisnos,rom dasaxelebul wignsi gutebis dedofals atava (Attava) hqvia da ara tamora. calke msjelobis sagania gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebsi S. badrizisa da i. kenwosvilis mier ganxiluli v. dibeliusis mosazreba. mas miacnia, rom dramis wyaros warmoadgens XII saukunis bizantiis istoriis movlenebi. kerzod, rom Seqspiris gmiris titus andronikusis prototipia bizantiis keisari andronik I ( ),xolo gutebis dedoflis andronikes Tanamedrove qartvelta mefe Tamari ( ). dibeliusi eyrdnoba andronikes mefobis Semdgomi xanis istorikosis, nikita akominatoris, cnobas imis Sesaxeb, rom andronikes mefoba savse iyo sazareli, despoturi da yovelgvar morals moklebuli ambebit; rom andronike sadisturad daundobeli iyo sakutari mtrebis mimart, Tumca gamoirceoda gansakutrebuli nebisyofita da yvelaze kritikul momentsic ki inarcunebda simsvides.mmisi biografia savsea arviraxsnilobit.mmagram andronike iyo farte gaqanebis politikuri figura, romelmac gaatara mteli rigi reformebi qveynis ekonomikis mowyobisatvis da didi kvali datova bizantiis saxelmwifoebriv cxovrebasi. dibeliusis azrit renesansuli zekacis TvisebebiT andronike da Seqspiris gmiri ertmanets gavs. magalitad: andronike komneni daundobeli iyo uaxloesi natesavebis 7. Шекспировская энциклопедия. Ред.Стэнли Уэллса при уча- стии Джеймса Шоу М., Радуга, bolo Semowmeba:

58 maia Sengelia mimart,aseve ar daindo sakutari vaji titusmac.ddibeliuss mohyavs paralelic istoriul da Seqspirul andronikes Soris.Aambavi disupatorisa, romelic andronikem Sewva da sakutar meurles gaugzavna, gvagonebs qironisa da demetriusis beds, romlebic titusma mat dedas, tamoras sauzmeze miartva. `rogorc istoriuli, aseve Seqspiruli andronikes mtavari mowinaarmdege qalia:istoriasi dedofali maria qsene, xolo SeqspirTan tamora. orive SemTxvevaSi am qalebis sayvarlebi (istoriasi aleqsi protosebastosi, xolo SeqspirTan aaroni) mati vajisvilebis mtrebi arian. titusi Tavis qalisvils axal mbrzanebelze danisnavs, magram es qorwineba CaiSleba. aq dibeliusi msgavsebas xedavs mis mier amdagvarad gadmocemul istoriul faqttan: andronike komnenma Tavisi qalisvili irine daaqorwina Tavissave naxevarzma aleqsize. magram SemdgomSi andronikes SeeSinda sizis metoqeobisa, daabrmava igi da gandevna.qqmris bedi gaiziara andronikes qalisvilmac. Ddibeliusi varaudobs, rom es ori aleqsi (e. i. keisari aleqsi da andronikes naxevarzma), SesaZloa SemdgomSi ert pirovnebad ariqves~. 8 tamora da titusi dauzinebeli mtrebi arian, xolo Tamar mefe da andronike komneni istoriuli wyaroebis mixedvit, politikuri mosazrebebit ertmanets mfarvelobdnen. mat Soris natesauri kavsiri arsebobda. `Tamaris pirveli istorikosis cnobit: davit armasenebelma Tavisi qalisvili kata bizantiasi gagzavna gasatxoveblad wlis agvistosi,roca keisari aleqsi I sikvdilis piras iyo,konstantinopolsi Casulebi iyvnen abazgebi (e. i. qartvelebi),romlebic acilebdnen TavianTi mefis asuls.ees ukanaskneli danisnuli iyo keisris vaj 8. `qartuli Seqspiriana~. wig. 3. Tb. `xelovneba~ red. nn. yiasasvili. stat.: S. bad-rize, i. kenwosvili. u. Seqspiris `titus andronikusi~. 58

59 Uuiliam Seqspiris `titus andronikusis~ genezisisatvis aleqsize. ucnobia Sedga Tu ara es qorwineba, magram is ki cnobilia, rom Semdgom nikifore ereniusma ver miiro keisris taxti. garda amisa, dabejitebit SeiZleba itqvas, rom garkveuli droidan katas meurle iyo aleqsis ertaderti vaji isaak I,romelTanac mas SeeZina andronike I komneni, SemdgomSi bizantiis keisari~. 9 andronike I iyo Tamaris mamis giorgi III ( ) mamis, e. i. demetre I ( ) diswuli. masasadame andronike komneni dedis mxridan iyo davit armaseneblis SviliSvili da giorgi III mamidasvili.aamitom saqartvelos samefo kari XII saukunesi uarresad ketilganwyobili iyo komnenebisadmi. roca antibizantiuri politikis gatarebisas Tamarma trapizonis sakeisro Seqmna, mis satavesi swored andronikes Svilebi daayena. A ar arsebobs raime faqti andronikesa da Tamars Soris arsebuli mtrobisa, romelic safuzvlad daedeboda Seqspiris tragedias. `Tamar-tamoras igiveobis winaarmdeg metyvelebs isic, rom XII da momdevno saukuneebsic evropis mkvidrni Tamar mefes asaxelebdnen uzlieres da amave dros, RvTismosav dedoflad. rac Seexeba Seqspiris dros, am xanebsi ingliselebma bevri araferi icodnen ara Tu Tamarze, aramed, saertod saqartveloze.~ 10 Tamar-tamorasTan dakavsirebuli daskvna, sruliadac ar gamoricxavs imis SesaZleblobas, rom titus andronikusis prototipad, sworedac rom andronike I mivicniot, gamomdinare im paralelebidan, rac axlavs gmirisa da andronike komnenis xasiatsa da cxovrebiseul peri petiebs. 9. sanikize l. `davitian-tamariani~. Tb. `universitetis gamomcemloba~ `qartuli Seqspiriana~. wig. 3 Tb. `xelovneba~ red. Nn. yiasasvili. stat.: S. badrize, i. kenwosvili. `u Seqspiris `titus andronikusi~. 59

60 maia Sengelia rogorc ukve arvnisnet, kata 1118 wels colad SerTes keisar aleqsi I komnenis umcros Zes isaaks, romelic ufros ZmasTan, keisar ioane II qispobis gamo ojaxit bizantiidan Turqul rumikoniasi gadaixvewa, sultan ruqnaddin masud I xiznad. TurqTa karze meore Ze SeeZina, _ andronike. bolos Zmam Seiriga da isaakic dabrunda bizantiasi. isaaks taxti ar erirsa, ufrosi Ze ioanec ikoniasi dabrunda, sultnis asuli SeirTo da gaturqda wels keisari ioane II gardaicvala (nadirobisas daiwra sasikvdilod; _ SeadareT basianusis sikvdils), taxti misma Zem manuilma daikava ise, rom andronikem xelis ganzrevac ver moaswro. keisar manuil I komnentan, e. i. RviZl bizasviltan, andronikes axlo megobruli urtiertoba hqonda: ertad gaizardnen, ertad swavlobdnen wels manuilma andronike belgradis, nisisa da branicovos mmartvelad danisna.andronikem kavsiri gaaba madiarta (ungrelta) sasaxlestan, arpadovicta dinastiis mefe geza II, romelic saomar mdgomareobasi iyo konstantinopoltan. imperatorma andronike RalatisTvis Seipyro da cixesi Casva. rva wlis patimrobis Semdeg andronikem gaqceva moaxerxa da Tavi rusetis mtavar iaroslav galickis Seafara. galicki moxibla bizantielma gmirma. karamzini `rusuli saxelmwifos istoriasi~ werda: `mtavarma galickim megobrulad miiro manuilis mteri andronike,isaakis Svili, romelic konstantinopolis sapyrobiledan gamoiqca da samartavad ramdenime qalaqi gadasca. andronike, rogorc bizantieli istorikosebi weren, _ yoveltvis Tan axlda iaroslavs nadirobisas, eswreboda saxelmwifo sabwos sxdomebs, cxovrobda sasaxlesi, sadilobda mtavartan ertad da TavisTvis jars agrovebda.bbolos, ganucxada ra Tavisi ukmayofileba iaroslavs, manuilma gamogzavna ori mitropoliti, romlebmac daiyolies andronike dabrunebuliyo cargradsi.eepiskoposma, kozma 60

61 Uuiliam Seqspiris `titus andronikusis~ genezisisatvis galickim da iaroslavis boiarebma pativit gaaciles igi sazrvramde.~aandronike mxolod usafrtxoebis mtkice garantiebis mirebis Semdeg Seurigda manuils. erti weli daicves es pirobebi mosurleebma. erti wlis Semdeg manuilma andronike konstantinopolidan moisora da kilikiasi gaamwesa mtavarsardlad. iq qalebis moyvarulma andronikem kidev ert qaltan daiwira saqme grafinia fili pastan.ees qali TviTon keisar manuilis colisda, maria dedoflis da iyo. SurisZiebiT dasinebulma andronikem imperia datova.mman Tavi antioqias Seafara, mere ierusalims Cavida da iq axalgamefebul jvarosan xelmwife amalrixs Sexvda, isic arafrtovana da qalaqi beriti (axlandeli beiruti) miiro sacuqrad. Aiq dedofali Teodora gaixada sayvarlad, winare mefis, balduin III qvrivi, amalrixis rzali (Zmis coli) da manuil keisris Zmiswuli,e. i. TviT andronikes bizasvili (SeadareT gutebis Semosevis winamzroli amalrixi; gutebis dedofali tamora,romelsac rarac simpatiebi aqvs titusisadmi da Teodora).Amanuili gaacofa andronikes saqcielma, is moitxovda mis konstantinopolistvis gadacemas da dabrmavebas.aandronikem Teodorasagan Seityo, rom sikvdili eloda, amitom gaecala da Tan waiyvana masze uzomod Seyvarebuli qali wels andronike saqartvelosi Camovada. giorgi III sixarulita da pativit miiro mamidasvili.orive davit armaseneblis SviliSvilebi iyvnen: giorgi _ demetre I, andronike _ katasagan.aandronikes stumrobisas, wyaros mixedvit, Sirvanidan giorgis meore mamidasvilma, davit armaseneblis `armosavlelma SviliSvilma~, ufrosi asulis Tamarisa da SirvanSah manucar II Zem, arsartanma (axsitan) Svela itxova omsi. arsartani giorgis `ucnda vitarca Svilyofilad, vitarca erti didebulta 11. журнал «Культ Личностей», январь/февраль Сергей Дашков. Андроник I Комнин. bizantia/komnin/ bolo Semowmeba:

62 maia Sengelia mistagani~.ggiorgim andronikec waiyvana da xazarebi da yivcayebi ertiani ZaliT gandevnes Sirvanidan. 12 Semdeg ucnobia, rit damtavrda andronikes stumroba saqartvelosi. is rumikonias wavida sultan kilic arslan II karze. TurqTa sultanma sabatonod da sataresod trapizoni misca. es mxare oditganve qartvelebit iyo dasaxlebuli, Tumca imjamad bizantias esazrvreboda da emorcileboda.aandronikec daundoblad awiokebda TanamoZmeebs. konstantinopolis patriarqma eklesiisagan gankveta da dawyevla. daundobeli Jleta grzeldeboda manam, sanam trapizonis gamgebelma nikifore paleogolosma ert-ert SetakebaSi xelt ar igdo Teodora da misi Svilebi, romlebic andronikesagan hyavda.aandronike manuiltan gamocxadda,fexebsi Cauvarda da acremlebulma, patriarqis TandaswrebiT Sewyaleba itxova. `uzrebma Svilma~, amjeradac miiro Sewyaleba. manuilma sammartvelod paflagoniis mdidari qalaqi enea misca. imperatoris mmartvelobit ukmayofilo mosaxleoba andronikes arfrtovanebit Sexvda. andronikem amit isargebla da jaris Sekreba daiwyo.mmanuili itmenda, magram Tavisi Zis, aleqsandres ertgulebaze mainc daafica. manuilis sikvdilis Semdeg,Zalaufleba mcirewlovani aleqsandres dedis, katolike marias xelsi gadavida. berznebi amit ukmayofiloni iyvnen, ritac isargebla andronikem da 1182 wlis gazafxulze paflagoniis jarebi konstantinopolisken daizrnen. gzasi mat bevri berzeni SeuerTda wlis aprilsi andronike zeimit Sevida konstantinopolsi. inaxula manuil I saflavi da motqmit gamoitira,mis Svils aleqsi II pativit eqceoda da sakutar Tavs `urirs mrcevels~ uwodebda. roca igrzno, rom Zalauflebas mtkiced flobda, Ria moqmedebaze gadavida. 12. ix.: sanikize l. `davitian-tamariani~. Tb. `universitetis gamomcemloba~. 1994; metreveli r. `Tamari~. Tb. ganatleba

63 Uuiliam Seqspiris `titus andronikusis~ genezisisatvis 1183 wlis seqtembersi igi akurtxes, rogorc aleqsi II TanammarTveli, ris Semdegac man swrafad moaxdina aleqsis izolireba, xolo mogvianebit moakvlevina. aleqsis mkvlelobis Semdeg, 63 wlis andronikem aleqsis 13 wlis daze, agnesaze iqorwina. martalia, dinastiuri mosazrebebit es qorwineba gamartlebuli iyo, magram cinikurad gamoiyureboda.ddidebulebi,vinc ukmayofilebas gamotqvamda,saxifato meamboxeebad gamoacxada da daabrmava, xolo daumorcilebeli patriarqi feodosi, gadayenebul iqna. andronik I gaatara axali fiskaluri reforma, rata qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gamoesworebina. maral Tanamdebobebze, gansakutrebit samosamartlo postebze daawinaura mcodne da patiosani xalxi. sjida usamartlobas, uwesrigobas da meqrtameobas.ppiradad ismenda yovel sacivars da samartlianad ganixilavda. sakutar Tavs xalxis da glexebis mefes uwodebda. magram aqve,nikita akominatori arnisnavda: `dasjis dros daundobeli, is ertoboda moyvasis wamebit; fiqrobda ra, rom sxvisi darupvit ganimtkicebda sakutar Zalauflebas, amit gansakutrebul siamovnebas ganicdida... Zma Zmas ar indobda da mama Svils, Tu es andronikes surda... es adamiani im dres darupulad miicnevda, roca romelime didebuls ar Seipyrobda, an ar daabrmavebda,ar daasinebda pirqusi gamoxedvit da veluri mrisxanebit... mxecebis msgavsad uyvarda mtebis xeobebsi xetiali da Tan ise daatarebda sayvarlebs, rogorc mamali qatmebs, an Txa _ Txebs mdeloze. mokled rom vtqvat, andronikes rom moetoka Tavisi sisastike da masinatve ar miemarta gaxurebuli SanTisa da maxvilisatvis, gamudmebit rom ar Seelaxa sakutari samefo samosi sisxlit da ar dayrdnoboda dasjas (romlitac daavadda xalxisagan, xiznobis dros vistanac cxovrobda), arctu ukanaskneli mefe iqneboda komnenebis 63

64 maia Sengelia gvaridan~. 13 ukmayofilo didebulebma moawyves amboxi andronikes winaarmdeg 1185 wlis miwuruls.aandronikem CaaxSo ajanyeba, magram mis mier gatarebulma represiebma Tavidan gamoiwvia ajanyebis talra da is taxtidan Camoagdo avanturistma isaak II angelosma.mmisi brzanebit Sepyrobil andronikes mklavi mokvetes da cali Tvali amotxares, mere aqlemze Sesves da qucebsi Camoatares. xalxma TiTqmis mkvdari andronike awama, bolos qalaqis moedanze Tavdayira dakida da daundoblad cema. sikvdilis win momakvdavma amoikvnesa: `ufalo, ufalo, Semiwyale me; xolo Tqven _ raistvis amsxvrevt lerwamsa aw damsxvreulsa?! (SeadareT titusis xelis mokvetas da mis ukanasknel sityvebs: `markus, Cirgvni vart, kedrebad ki mogvqonda Tavi~.) Mmicvalebuli manam ekida, sanam Zvlis grovad ar Camoiyara журнал Культ Личностей, январь/февраль Сергей Дашков. Андроник I Комнин. bizantia/komnin/ bolo Semowmeba: a) iqve b) l. sanikize. davitian-tamariani. Tb. universitetis gamomcemloba A 64

65 Uuiliam Seqspiris `titus andronikusis~ genezisisatvis daakvirdit genealogias: aleqsi I komneni davit IV armasenebeli isaaki kata demetre I Tamari andronike I giorgi III arsartan manuil Tamari aleqsi trapezonis daviti mefe asetia andronike I cxovrebisa da morvaweobis, saqartvelostan misi kavsiris istoria. is WeSmaritad masstaburi, renesansuli figura iyo.mmisi xasiatis Tvisebebi da Tavgadasavlis detalebi, TiTqos ert personasi aertianebs Seqspiris tragediis yvela personajs ertad arebuls. swored am da mteli rigi niuansebis gamo, savsebit SesaZlebelia igi titus andronikusis prototipi yofiliyo, rasac ver vityvit Tamarisa da tamoras identobis Sesaxeb. 1. Гарин И.И. Пророки и поэты. Том 6. Шекспир. Истоки u.ru/biblio/archive/garin_proroki_vi/default.aspx bolo Semowmeba: ix.: metreveli r., `Tamari~. Tb. `ganatleba~. 1991; 65

66 maia Sengelia 3. журнал «Культ Личностей», январь/февраль Сергей Дашков. Андроник I Комнин. bizantia/komnin/ bolo Semowmeba: rustaveli S. `vefxistyaosani~. Tb. `ganatleba~ gv sanikize l.. davitian-tamariani. Tb. universitetis gamomcemloba Станиславский К. С. Т.5. М gv ix.: `qartuli Seqspiriana~. wig. 3. Tb. `xelovneba~ red. nn. yiasasvili. stat.: S. bad-rize, i. kenwosvili.: `u. Seqspiris `titus andronikusi~. 8. yiasasvili n. skilasa da qaribdas Soris. Tb. saqartvelo stat.: Seqspiri: tradicia da novatoroba. Ggv Шекспировская энциклопедия. Ред.Стэнли Уэллса при участии Джеймса Шоу. М., Радуга, books/avtor_neizvesten/shekspirovskaya_enciklopediya-read.html bolo Semowmeba:

67 sateatro Jurnalistikis istoria nasromi ibewdeba programis xelmzrvanelis rekomendaciit statiis stili daculia programis xelmzrvaneli _ giorgi CarTolani 67

68 Mmariam CubiniZe doqtoranturis III kursi qartuli sateatro Jurnalistika da mayurebeli periodul presasi Teatris Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli masalebi Teatris istoriis Seswavlis ert-erti mnisvnelovani sasualebaa. misi daxmarebit mkitxveli igebs ara mxolod konkretuli speqtaklis Taobaze, aramed imasac, Tu ra mnisvneloba SeiZleba hqondes Teatrs qveyanasi mimdinare politikuri, sazogadoebrivi Tu kulturuli cxovrebis fonze. Tumca, garda amisa, sateatro Jurnalistika ukve TavisTavad dasrulebuli profesiaa da ara Teatris mxolod ertgvari `damateba~. amgvarad, saintereso xdeba Tavad es profesia, misi TiToeuli Semadgeneli nawili _ presis daintereseba TeatriT, mimomxilvelta interesebis konkretuli obieqtebi (dramaturgi, msaxiobi, mayurebeli), Sefasebis xerxebi _ azrovnebisa da weris stili, statiebis moculoba, mati adgili Jurnal-gazeTebSi da konkretul SemTxvevaSi mati mnisvneloba. qartuli sateatro Jurnalistika sataves XIX saukunis meore naxevarsi irebs. vinaidan, am periodsi saqartvelosi arsebuli politikuri rejimis fonze, qartveli sazogado morvaweebis mcdelobebis miuxedavad, SeuZlebeli armocnda ramdenime qartulenovani gamocemis ertdroulad arseboba, amitom sateatro Jurnalistikis sawyisebze saubrisas (gamomdinare qartuli presis arastabiluri mdgomareobidan), Cven vcdebit 50-ian wlebs da mimovixilavt Semdgom, daaxloebit sam ateul weliwads. qartuli sateatro Jurnalistikis CvenTvis saintereso periodze msjelobisas, cxadia, unda gavitvaliswinot, ra 68

69 xdeba qartul TeatrSi am wlebsi wels daarsda da maleve daixura giorgi eristavis Teatri. amis Semdeg oc weliwadze metxans qartveli scenismoyvareebi TbilisSi da saqartvelos sxvadasxva qalaqsa Tu sofelsi metnaklebi aqtiurobit warmoadgenen speqtaklebs.aam dros presa akvirdeba da wers TiToeul matganze. Jurnalistebis mier Teatris erovnul-ideologiuri mnisvnelobis (enis, erovnuli TviTmyofadobis dacva, ganatlebis sakitxebi) gaanalizebit, mayurebelsi estetikuri motxovnilebebis zrdis gatvaliswinebit, sazogadoebis mowinave nawilistvis nateli xdeba, rom drouli da aucilebelia profesiuli Teatris daarseba. Tu ra roli itamasa mudmivmoqmedi Teatris SeqmnaSi qartulma periodulma presam, es qartuli Teatris istoriasi cnobili faqtia, Tumca qartuli sateatro Jurnalistikis pirveli periodi imitac saintereso da mnisvnelovania, rom man am drois manzilze SeZlo profesiuli Teatris mayureblad gaezarda sakutari mkitxveli, romeltagan bevrs ama Tu im perioduli gamocemis wakitxvamde arc ki gaegona Teatris Sesaxeb. presa, rogorc mediatori, pirvel etapze mkitxvelis TeatrSi mizidvitaa dainteresebuli.ees procesi 1879 wlamde (mudmivmoqmedi Teatris daarsebamde) Tanmimdevrulad xorcieldeba. Jurnalistebi sxvadasxva sasualebas iyeneben imistvis,rom mkitxveli (potenciuri mayurebeli) TeatrSi siaruls miacvios,masze fiqristvis ganawyos da saertodac, is mat cxovrebasi ert-ert umnisvnelovanes movlenad aqcios. ert-erti pirveli aseti xasiatis werili Jurnal `ciskris~ _ `salaybos furclebsi~ gamoqveynda. `molaybem~ (m. TumaniSvili) gamoaqveyna statia, sadac dawvrilebit mimoixilavs qalaqsi arsebul yvela gasartobs. werils ase amtavrebs: `davxede saatsa da iyo merve. magram kmara amdeni layboba. zogi kvlav iyos. 69

70 mariam CubiniZe metadre xom icit Teatri Cemi bomonia, imaze gadamigia Cemi sicocxle, iq mitirnia, iq micinia, iq davmtkbarvar _ darces Teatri Semdeg furclebamdis. 1 werilis avtori TiTqos etamaseba mkitxvels. vrclad mimoixilavs qalaqur gasartobebs, da bolos, mxolod erti, TiTqos zogadi abzacit sruliad cvlis rogorc sakutari, aseve mkitxvelis interesis sagans. uceb armocndeba, rom am werilsi umtavresi is sakitxebi ki ar yofila, razec Jurnalistma amdeni `ilayba~, aramed is, razec man saertod ver moaswro saubari, anu Teatri, da amas mkitxveli SesaniSnavad grznobs. am statiasi Cven ukve vxvdebit Jurnalistur intrigas da CvenTvis nateli xdeba, rom rodesac Jurnalistma zustad icis, Tu ra sakitxs surs miapyros mkitxvelis yuradreba, masin kargad mofiqrebuli intriga, mxolod sworad gamiznuli Jurnalisturi xerxi xdeba, romelic amave Tvisebis met-naklebad matarebel mkitxvels sakitxis mimart interess ucens. Semdgom, Cven davinaxavt, rom molaybis es Canafiqri zustad `moxvda~ mizans. amis Semdeg `ciskris~ ramdenime nomeri ise gamovida, rom massi `molaybis~ mier Sepirebuli statia ar armocnda (SesaZloa, esec am gamowvevis gagrzelebaa). rogorc Cans, ert-erti mkitxveli, i. berize am faqtma sakmaod gaanawyena da Jurnalis meate nomersi redaqciam misi werili gamoaqveyna. werilis bolos igi wers,rom gaaxara `salaybos furclis~ danaxvam, `magram ra rom, didis moutmenlobit amovikitxe winasityvaoba da ara mimxedi imisa, mainc kidev Cavurbine pirvel furcels: uecrad xelebi Camomcvivda da wigni gamvarda xelidan. `Teatri, Teatri, sad aris Teatri?~ _ vizaxdi gagijebulivit, ratom ar arasrula piroba? ratom ar mogvitxra mazrebis mkitxvelt ambavi Teatris warmodginebata? 2 berizis am werilsi,sadac pirvel rigsi kargad igrznoba ert-erti rigiti moqalaqis daintereseba TeatriT, 70

71 qartuli sateatro Jurnalistika da mayurebeli vxvdebit ert sayuradrebo SeniSvnasac. saqme exeba JurnalSi sateatro cxovrebis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli statiebis simwires da am statiebsic, TeatriT, rogorc mxolod sazogado problemit dainteresebis tendencias, rodesac avtorebi matsi TiTqmis ar saubrobdnen msaxiobebze, mayurebelze, dramaturgebze da a. S. dres, Tanamedrove mkitxvelma ukve kargad icis, rom es profesiuli kritikis danisnulebaa da naklebi kavsiri aqvs im sferostan, romlis warmomadgenladac am SemTxvevaSi gvevlineba `molaybe~. es publicistikaa, rac itvaliswinebs swored sazogadoebrivi sakitxebis win wamowevas. imdroindel qartul JurnalistikaSi es, martalia, pirveli mcdelobebia am JanrSi, magram sakmaod marali profesionalizmit warmodgenili, ris mizezadac im periodis qartveli sazogado morvaweebis ganatlebis masstabi da sazrvargaretis, gansakutrebit ki rusuli presis gamocdilebis codna SegviZlia davasaxelot. mayureblis TeatrSi mizidvas gansxvavebuli xerxit cdilobs 1861 wels dimitri baqraze. `wigni miwerili redaqtortan~ reportajul xasiats atarebs da mogvitxrobs qutaissi saqvelmoqmedo miznit warmodgenili speqtaklis `gayris~ Sesaxeb. arwerilia scenismoyvareta mzadebis procesi. am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis sainteresoa `gayris~ finaluri scenis dawvrilebit arwera, romlis sasualebit dresac ki SegviZlia TvalnaTliv warmovidginot da nawilobriv arvadginot is surati da ganwyoba, rac qutaisis ert-ert klubsi 1861 wlis 3 marts sufevda: `daboloeba warmodgenisa iyo mosawoni. qorwili, mayruli simrera, patarzlis Semoyvana, ucxod rom iyo TeTrad Cacmuli da Semkuli davarayebulis ialqnita. lekuri Semdeg milocvis da dasasrul qalta da kactagan simreritve warmotqma Secvlilisa leqsisa, romelsic avtoris magier isini ucveneben `gayris~ sagansa da itxoven Sendobasa naklulovanebistvis~. 3 71

72 mariam CubiniZe amgvarad, d. baqraze ar cdilobs Tavisi Tanamedrove avtorebis mibazvas da Teatris armzrdelobit mnisvnelobaze ar saubrobs. mkitxvelis yuradrebas ufro speqtaklis estetikuri mxarisken miapyrobs. is zust gatvlas aketebs qartveli mayureblis emociur xasiatze da warmodgenaze werisas swored zemoarnisnul scenas gamoyofs gansakutrebit. unda arinisnos isic, rom `gayra~ is piesa iyo, romelic im dros sakmaod xsirad idgmeboda. SegviZlia vivaraudot, rom werilis mkitxveli,samomavlod aucileblad daelodeboda `gayris~ momdevno warmodenas. aseve, didi iqneboda cduneba im `kartinis~ xilvisa, romlis Sesaxeb `Tergdaleuli~ (k. lortqifanize) `ciskris~ 1862 w. #6-Si wers. mimoixilavs ra sxvadasxva qalaqur sanaxaobas, askvnis, rom matze gacilebit sainteresoa Teatri:`aba erti daukvirdit,visac Tqvengan Teatri unaxavs da warmoidginet ki pirutvnelad giorgi eristavis melodramasi `SeSlili~, saca giji qali Sav kabasi Tma gaslili mreris da laparakobs. me ara mgonia, qartvelistvis amaze meti kartina vinmem mozebnos~. 4 am sityvebis Semdeg, mkitxvelsi cxadia unda gacndes interesi da survili aseti sanaxaobis xilvisa. sainteresoa is, rom CamoTvlil TvalsaCino gasartobebs `Tergdaleuli~ aseve saxier surats upirispirebs da ara, magalitad, raime zogad azrs an mxolod sakutar, Teoriul mosazrebas, rasac SeiZleba gaerizianebina da sawinaarmdego damokidebulebit ganewyo mkitxveli. arsanisnavia isic, rom avtori mkitxvels ukve sakutar Tanamoazred xdis _ garkveul avtoritetad (`daukvirdit, visac Tqvengan Teatri unaxavs~) da amgvarad, yovelgvari didaqtikis garese urcevs erovnuli TeatrisTvis yuradrebis miqcevas. is mkitxvels matsave moqalaqeobriv da erovnul TviTSegnebaze ugdebs sityvas wels, gazet `droebasi~ `mevelem~ (d. miqelaze) mayurebels Teatri da misi mnisvneloba sruliad 72

73 qartuli sateatro Jurnalistika da mayurebeli gansxvavebuli kutxit warmoudgina. mkitxvelis yuradrebas ipyrobs ukve werilis satauri: `ra iqneba CvenTvis qartuli Teatri?~ (esec ert-erti Jurnalisturi xerxi,romelic qartul JurnalistikaSi sxva saintereso magalitebitac gamovlinda). avtori Tavis publicistur nawersi arnisnavs, rom g. eristavis Teatris daarsebis wlebsi naklebi raodenobit iyideboda `satamaso qaraldi~, iklo lotobam, sisxlis samartlis danasaulmac, rasac `mevele~ Teatrs ukavsirebs da miicnevs, rom is zneobis amarlebis ert-erti umtavresi sasualebaa. werili im mxrivaa saintereso,rom massi Jurnalistis mier statistikuri monacemebis codnas vxvdebit. am periodsi qartveli publicistebi TavianT nasromebsi ukve xsirad da mizanmimartulad iyeneben statistikur monacemebs, romlebic `mattvis ZiriTadi mamtkicebeli sabutia~. 5 am SemTxvevaSic, avtori mimartavs mas Teatris sazogadoebriv mnisvnelobaze sasaubrod. rogorc vxedavt,qartuli sateatro Jurnalistika sociologiur kvlevebsac ki iyenebs, rodesac mudmivmoqmedi dasis Seqmnis aucileblobaze wers. publicistikis da zogadad, imdroindeli qartuli JurnalistikisTvis damaxasiatebel kidev ert formas vxvdebit `ciskarsi~ (1865 w., #4) es aris piradi werilebi, romlebic zogjer sakmaod mdare xarisxis iyo da ubralod, gverdebis Sesavsebad iyenebdnen. matze `Tergdaleuli~ kritikulad arnisnavda, rom, `Cveni `ciskari~ Seiqmna foctis magierio~. 6 Tumca, arsebobda gamonaklisebic da am Janrmac dagvitova ramdenime saintereso nimusi sateatro JurnalistikaSi. ert-erti swored zemoarnisnuli werilia _ ucnobi avtoris, miwerili Zmisadmi, romelic saqartvelosi ar imyofeba da ainteresebs qartuli Teatris ambavi. adresatis interesebis sferodan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom avtoris werili piradi mimoweris farglebs sagrznoblad 73

74 mariam CubiniZe dascildeba. rodesac werils gavecnobit, mivxvdebit, rom avtorma es forma Segnebulad aircia, rata amit odnav mainc Seerbilebina is mkacri toni, rasac igi mkitxvelis mimart gamotqmul sayvedursa da mosazrebasi amjravnebs. ertgvari sociologiuri dakvirvebis elementebs es werilic Seicavs. garda amisa, aqve vxvdebit avtoris mier qartveli mayureblis `cnobieri~ xasiatis codnas. saqme exeba mat mier italiuri operita da rusuli speqtaklebit gadawarbebul dainteresebas. werils epigrafad qartuli andaza aqvs wamzrvarebuli, romelic garkveul minisnebas ukve gvazlevs mis problematikaze: `mamis suli maminacvlisas ficulobdao~, _ ambobs qartuli andaza. avtori, romelic mayureblis am pozaze saubrobs da ar erideba mis mxilebas, movlenis saboloo SefasebaSi daundobelia: `qartuli warmodgenis ukadrisoba qartvelisgan aris Tavis masxrad agdeba~. 7 es sityvebi asmagad mwvave da mnisvnelovani xdeba, Tuki gavitvaliswinebt qartuli sazogadoebis asetive damokidebulebas qartuli literaturisa da enis mimart. italiuri operis da rusuli Teatris mimart qartvelta interess, ramdenime wlis Semdeg Tavis statiasi sxvagvar Sefasebas azlevs `ancisxatisubneli~ (p. umikasvili) da mas mayureblis estetikuri motxovnilebit xsnis. sxva avtorebisgan gansxvavebit, igi, ase vtqvat, mayureblis mxares ircevs da miicnevs, rom pirvel rigsi, jer Teatri unda dadges satanado doneze, rata daimsaxuros mayureblis yuradreba:`cveni mayurebeli publika xedavs italiur operas, rusul speqtaklebs, Tvali da yuri sakmaod gaxsnili aqvs. Tu gindat, rom dasacinari ar gaxdet,masasadame,imat dasakmayofileblad warmodgenis gaumjobesebaa sawiro~. 8 aset SemTxvevaSi avtors mayurebeli ukve sxva `ganzomilebasi~ gadahyavs. martalia, iribi formit, am werilsic mtavari Teatria, 74

75 qartuli sateatro Jurnalistika da mayurebeli `misi uket mowyoba~, magram erti SexedviT (an erti wakitxvit), mayurebeli TeatrisTvis Tavis mnisvnelobas grznobs. amjeradac,mas imas ki ar Seaxseneben,rom Teatri misi sulieri Tu gonebrivi arzrdistvis aucilebelia da a. S. aramed, mas ukve Tavad Tvlian angarisgasawev movlenad. es ki mkitxvelze magiurad moqmedebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom `droebas~ da mogvianebit daarsebul Jurnal `mnatobs~ bevr sakitxze da, mat Soris, Teatrzec xsirad gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi hqondat (rac araertxel gamxdara mat Soris polemikis gamartvis mizezi),cxadia,arsebobda sakitxebi,rasic isini ertsulovanni iyvnen. Cven mier zemoarnisnul werils moyva n. avalisvilis naweri Jurnal `mnatobsi~, sadac is mayureblis mnisvnelobaze agrzelebs saubars. werilsi, sataurit `Teatris mnisvneloba~ avtori gansxvavebuls TiTqos arafers ambobs,_ wers Teatris saganmanatleblo mnisvnelobaze; magram aq arsanisnavia werilis dasawyissi avtoris minaweri: `vuzrvni Cvens mowinave sazogadoebas~, 9 Tumca statiidan gamomdinare, Cven mivxvdebit, rom es ar aris sazogadoebis mxolod garkveuli (`mowinave~) nawilisadmi mimartuli sityvebi. werili ekutvnis mtlianad qartvel xalxs da gajerebulia matdami loialuri ganwyobit. es kontrasti (minawersa da werilis Sinaars Soris) mkitxvels TiTqos samomavlod axali cxovrebis wesze dafiqrebas stavazobs _ geqnebat Teatri? masin Tqven sruli ufleba gaqvt mowinave sazogadoeba gerqvat. es ertgvari gamowvevaa. rogorc davinaxet, pirvelma qartulenovanma JurnalgazeTebma Tavidanve miaqcies yuradreba Teatris mayureblis kulturis Camoyalibebas. pirvel etapze Cven ufro xsirad iseti xasiatis werilebs vxvdebit, sadac avtorebi sazogadoebistvis Teatris mnisvnelobaze msjeloben,tumca mogvianebit davinaxavt,rom ukve TviTon mayurebeli xdeba aranakleb mnisvnelovani. 75

76 mariam CubiniZe amjerad,cven mokled mimovixilet is ramdenime werili, sadac avtorebi usualod mayureblis problemas ayeneben. es qartuli sateatro Jurnalistikis mxolod erti sferoa im mravaltagan,romelta Rrma da Tanmimdevrulma Jurnalisturma kvlevebma sabolood safuzveli Cauyara qartul profesiul Teatrs. 1. ix.: `molaybe~. `salaybos furceli~, Jurnali `ciskari, 1858, #1. 2. ix.: i. berize. Jurnali `ciskari, # ix.: d. baqraze. `wigni miwerili redaqtortan, Jurnali ciskari, 1861, #3. 4. ix.: `Tergdaleuli. `axali ambebi, Jurnali `ciskari, 1862, #6. 5. al. kalandaze. `narkvevebi qartuli Jurnalistikis istoriidan,1965, gv `Tergdaleuli. Jurnali `ciskari, 1862, #4. 7. `qartuli warmodgena TbilisSi. Jurnali `ciskari, 1865, #4. 8. `ancisxatisubneli. `feletoni, gazeti `droeba, 1869,. # n. avalisvili. `Teatris mnisvneloba.,jurnali `mnatobi, 1869, #

77 universitetis samagistro programa 77

78 78

79 Tanamedrove evropuli Teatri nasromebi ibewdeba programis xelmzrvanelis rekomendaciit statiis stili daculia programis xelmzrvanelebi _ Tamar bokucava 79

80 80 guram kokaia magistraturis II kursi vsevold meierholdis rejisoruli Ziebebi wlebsi 1896 wels momavalma didma rejisorma vsevold meierholdma Caabara moskovis filarmoniis saswavlebelsi, vladimer nemirovic-dancenkos samsaxiobo jgufsi. mogvianebit is gaxda moskovis samxatvro Teatris msaxiobi. samxatvro TeatrSi morvaweobis dros,meierholdi ar iziarebda Teatris naturalistur,realistur,ganwyobit estetikas. is werda, rom samxatvro Teatrs ori saxe hqonda: naturalisturi da ganwyobis. naturalizmi Teatrma meiningelebisgan airo, romlebic zustad asaxavdnen piesasi mocemul garemos. Teatri iqceoda avtoris sityvebis ilustratorad. ganwyobis Teatri a. p. Cexovis SemoqmedebasTan iyo dakavsirebuli. misi ganwyobis saidumlo enis ritmsi mdgomareobda. ganwyobis Teatris Seqmna garkveulwilad Cexovis TeatrSi aqtiurma musaobam ganapiroba. `Tolias~ dadgmis dros, ganwyobas Semsruleblebis musikaluroba qmnida, romeltac gatavisebuli hqondat Cexovis poeziis ritmi. moskovis samxatvro Teatris estetikur principebs meierholdi ar iziarebda da amitom is samxatvro Teatridan wavida wlebsi meierholdtan ertad samxatvro Teatris dasi datoves: roksanovam, saninma, koseverovma, mixailovskim, lucininma, abesalamovma, principarma. isini wavidnen rusetis samxret provinciasi, daba xersonsi da 1902 wlis 22 seqtembers meierholdis xelmzrvanelobit Seudgnen sateatro morvaweobas. xersonis Teatris msaxiobi f. k. lazarevi ixsenebda, rom meierholdi artistebs Tavisi musaobis stilit itacebda. azlevda mat SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebas da exmareboda rolis SeqmnaSi.

81 meierholdis miswrafeba axali ideebisadmi natlad gamocnda franc fon Sentanis piesis, `akrobatebis~ dadgmit. es piesa man msaxiob n. a. bukevicis daxmarebit Targmna da gamosca Tavisi rejisoruli mititebebit. am piesis sarejisoro SeniSvnebi SemorCenilia meierholdis arqivsi da datarirebulia 1903 wlis ianvrit. `akrobatebis~ moqmedeba xdeboda cirkis msaxiobebis sagrimiorosi. scenis iataki marla unda yofiliyo aweuli sitbos SesanarCuneblad. perspeqtivasi, ukana fonad, unda yofiliyo mayurebeli, an namdvili, an daxatuli. kedlebze gakruli iqneboda sxvadasxva sareklamo afisa. aseve iqneboda kedelze mimagrebuli zari eqvsi RilakiT, romelic sxvadasxva Rilakze TiTis dawerisas sxvadasxvanairad ajrerdeboda. pirvel moqmedebasi scenaze xelovnuri qaosi unda yofiliyo. scenaze miyril-moyrili iyo cxvirsaxocebi,fexsacmelebi, TeTreuli, qudebi, qolgebi. meore moqmedebasi scena lagdeboda da yvelaferi Tavis adgils ubrundeboda. mtavar gmirs, kloun landovskis meierholdi Tavad TamaSobda. klounis qalisvils TamaSobda e. munti, dasis wamyvani qali msaxiobi. landovskis ecva klounis namdvili kostumi. TiTqmis yvela SemsruleblisTvis axali kostumi Seikera. xersonis gazet `samxretsi~, speqtakls rejisoruli Sedevri uwodes. meore sezonsi dasi datova koseverovma. meierholdma jgufs saxeli gadaarqva da Seqmna `axali dramis amxanagoba~. am periodsi rusetsi morvaweobdnen simbolisti poetebi: bloki, briusovi, balmonti. es ukanaskneli ambobda, rom realistebi yoveltvis ubralo damkvirveblebi iyvnen, simbolistebi _ moazrovneebi. simbolizms SeeZlo gaego azris axali mnisvneloba. simbolizmis siom samxatvro Teatris karic SeaRo da scenis farda aasriala. stanislavski moskovsi da meierholdi xersonsi ertnairad fiqrobdnen simbolizmze. v. nemirovic-dancenkoc simbolizmsi xedavda CixSi Sesuli 81

82 guram kokaia Teatris gadarcenis sasualebas. is werda, rom Cexovis sayvarelma, Tavmdabalma, liriulma gmirebma daasrules Tavisi arseboba. `mxatis~ naturalizmis krizisi natlad gamocnda 1902 wels dadgmul speqtakl `wyvdiadis Zalasa~ da 1903 wels dadgmul `iulius keisarsi~. stanislavskim scada simbolisturi piesebis dadgma wels man dadga meterlinkis `brmebi~,`upatiebelni~, `iq SigniT~. mistvis advili ar iyo konceptualurad gansxvavebul `axal dramaze~ musaoba. mas swirdeboda damxmare, romelic dramis axal principebsi gzas gaukvalavda da aseti meierholdi iyo. mxatis samxatvro xelmzrvaneli meierholdze werda, rom ipovna is, vinc swirdeboda da romlis musaobac da morvaweobac mis ocnebebs emtxveoda wlis pirvel maiss nikalaevis gazetsi daibewda cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom meierholdis `axali dramis amxanagoba~ Sedioda samxatvro Teatris SemadgenlobaSi, misi filialis saxit, meierholdis xelmzrvanelobit. studia `mxati~ kvlevit laboratorias warmoadgenda, sadac profesionali msaxiobebi musaobdnen. stanislavskis TqmiT, studiis devizi winsvla, xolo mizani _ axali dramatuli formebis Zieba iyo. mxatvrebad studiasi musaobdnen: sapunovi, sudeikini, denisovi, ulianovi, gugunava, golsti, kompozitorad _ ilia saci. studiasi sruli Tavisufleba sufevda. meierholdma daiwyo moris meterlinkis piesaze `tentajiles sikvdili~ musaoba. am piesaze musaobisas Tavdapirvelad Camoyalibda statikuri Teatris principebi, romlebic scenaze figurebis ganlagebis axlebur xerxebs efuzneboda. rejisori msaxiobebs ise ganalagebda, TiTqos monumentur bareliefebsa da freskebs qmnida. am piesaze musaobam rejisors sasualeba misca musikisa da plastikis sasualebit personajebis Sinagani dialogi gamoevlina. mas sasualeba mieca moqmedebis mistikuri da logikuri maxvilebi SeeerTebina. mastan obieqturi 82

83 vsevold meierholdis rejisoruli Ziebebi wlebsi cxovrebis nacvlad, win wamovida misi subieqturi arqma da swored es gansazrvravda simbolistur Teatrs. meierholdis gatvlit Seqmnil atmosferos unda daepyro mayurebelta darbazi. mistvis Teatri iyo tazari, misi morvaweebi _ qurumebi, mayureblebi _ morwmuneebi. msaxiobi yvelas Tvalwin unda Cavardnliyo eqstazsi da wmindanis roli etvirta. meierholdi meterlinksi did yuradrebas utmobda sxvadasxva xmaursa da xmas. iswrafvoda ritmulobisken. Tu samxatvro TeatrSi msaxiobistvis mtavari iyo gadmoeca misi personajis yovelwamieri gancdebi,meierholdtan mtavari iyo saerto toni, saerto JReradoba. Semoqmedebis am etapze, meterlinkis piesaze musaobis dros, meierholdma uaryo maketi da gadavida dekoraciis eskizze. am dadgmaze musaobdnen mxatvrebi: n. sapunovi da s. sudeikini. mxatvrebs xelt hqondat speqtaklis rejisoruli gadawyveta, romlis mixedvitac isini Sesabamis ferta harmonias qmnidnen. meierholdi werda,rom maketis xelsi trialit,isini xelsi Zvel,naturalistur Teatrs atamasebdnen, romlis ganadgurebac mat surdat. `tentajiles sikvdilis~ didi nawili Suasaukuneebis sasaxlesi mimdinareobda. misi dekoraciis awyobas didi dro swirdeboda da amitom,mat pirobiti sasaxle gaaketes. dekoraciasi iyo daxatuli ukana foni, xidi, xeivani. saqusari Txel gamwvirvale qsovilze (tiuli) iyo daxatuli. sudeikinma gaaketa I-III moqmedebis dekoracia, sapunovma _ II-IV moqmedebisa. mat namusevarsi mtavari iyo feri, harmonia, koloriti, ferta gama. am yvelafers mogvianebit meierholdi impresionistuls uwodebs. `tentajiles sikvdilis~ dekoracia mwvane-lurj tonsi iyo gadawyvetili. mas harmoniulad erwymoda ilia sacis musika. meierholdi cdilobda mierwia msaxiobis TamaSis ritmulobistvis, scenis ertiani sivrculi da feradovani gadawyvetistvis. gacnda statikuri uzravi Teatris koncefcia. artistebi acvenebdnen ara adamianis 83

84 guram kokaia mozraobis asls, aramed Senelebuli musikis TanxlebiT piesis sulis mozraobas. plastika eyrdnoboda mozraobis musikalur ritms da ara cxovrebiseuls. dazabul momentebsi msaxiobebi uecrad SeSdebodnen. rejisori artistebisgan skulpturul gamomsaxvelobas itxovda. gacdnen cocxali Zeglebi da bareliefebi. scenis win iyo gamwvirvale qsovilis (tiuli) farda da mayurebeli mis mirma xedavda scenaze mimdinare moqmedebas. es farda izleoda idumalis,ararealuris STabeWdilebas. saqusarze exata zrva da kldeze mdgari cixe-simagre. meierholdma scenis ukana foni avanscenastan axlos moswia. speqtaklsi pirobiti Jesti, faqtobrivad, ritualuri iyo. nel-nela yalibdeboda stilizaciis principi. `Sluksa da iausi~, sadac ludovikoebis epoqa unda ecvenebinat, mxatvarma ulianovma ramdenime saxasiato detalit mianisna masze: pirvel moqmedebasi sasaxlis karibwe nacvenebi iyo patara, mrgvali karit, romelzec zemot brinjaos patara amuris qandakeba iyo damagrebuli. samefo sazinebeli warmodgenili iyo specialurad gadidebuli sawolit. krinolini, pariki, msaxiobis kostiumi, _ dekoraciis ferebsi iyo gadawyvetili. meierholdma fsiqologizms omi gamoucxada da wminda formis ZiebaSi yuradreba dautmo plastikas, ritms, Jestis gamomsaxvelobas, gansakutrebulad teqstis kitxvas. is werda, rom naturalisturi Teatri ar icnobda plastikis xibls, ar aizulebda msaxiobebs evarjisebinat sxeuli. mas miacnda, rom Tu `antigones~ an `iulius keisris~ dadgmas moisurvebda, jer matsi arsebuli musika unda gaegona. meierholdi axali tipis Teatrs qmnida. stanislavskistvis mtavari iyo msaxiobis Sinagani teqnika, xasiatis Tavisebureba,fsiqologia. meterlinkze musaobis dros Camoyalibda im estetikis principebi, romeltac meierholdi msaxiobebs Txovda. es iyo civi kitxva Tavisufali vibraciisa da motirali intonaciisgan. 84

85 vsevold meierholdis rejisoruli Ziebebi wlebsi is Tavisufali iyo dazabulobisgan. sityva ise unda gajrerebuliyo, rogorc wylis wvetis xma Rrma WaSi Cavardnisas. ar unda yofiliyo boloebis gagrzeleba, wamrereba,sinagani TrTola da mrelvareba unda arekliliyo Tvalebze,tuCebze,intonaciaze. es ar unda gamoxatuliyo mkerdsi xelis cemit,rogorc es sxva TeatrebSi xdeboda. Sinagani emociebi dakavsirebulni unda yofiliyvnen garegan formastan. scenaze ar unda yofiliyo swrafi saubari nevrasteniuli notebit. meierholdi sityvas, grznobis gadmocemis sauketeso sasualebad ar miicnevda. kargad, daxvewilad natqvami sityva ar nisnavda azrs. mas rixard vagneris magaliti mohqonda argumentad da ambobda, rom sulieri dazabulobis gadmosacemad vagneri orkestrs isveliebda da mxolod msaxiobis Sesruleba ar hyofnida. rogorc vagneri iyenebda orkestrs, ise vsevold meierholdi iyenebda plastikur mozraobas. Tvlida, rom msaxiobistvis aucilebeli iyo plastikuri statikuroba wels stanislavskim,tavisi azrit warumatebeli musaobis gamo,studia daxura. meierholdi mixvda,rom jer axali msaxiobi unda arezarda da Semdeg unda daesva mis winase axali sasemsruleblo amocanebi. briusovi werda, rom studia realizmisgan gatavisuflebas cdilobda. massi iyo ufro meti plastika, vidre realobis bazva. arc dekoracia iyo realisturi. saubari yoveltvis musikis fonze midioda. rejisorisa da msaxobebis teqnika ertmanets ar emtxveoda. sadac mtavrdeboda rejisoruli mignebebi, iq iwyeboda msaxiobta tradiciuli TamaSi da natlad Canda, rom cudi msaxiobebi TamaSobdnen. studiasi musaobis dros, meierholdi iswrafvoda pirobiti Teatrisken. mas surda TeatrisTvis daebrunebina is pirvelqmnili JReradoba,rac mas dabadebidanve hqonda. rejisuris xelovnebasi igi or ZiriTad models gamoyofda. orive otx ZiriTad Teatralur elements efuzneba. esenia: dramaturgi, rejisori, msaxiobi da mayurebeli. pirvelia 85

86 guram kokaia `Teatri _ samkutxedi~. am SemTxvevaSi samkutxedis zeda wverosi dgas rejisori, qvemot ki avtori da msaxiobi. mayurebeli am oris xelovnebas, rejisoris gavlit irebs, anu _ rejisori am sistemasi mtavar poziciaze dgas. aset SemTxvevaSi rejisori gvtavazobs ama Tu im piesis miseul xedvas,gaazrebas. musaobs speqtaklze manam,sanam sasurvel Sedegs ar miarwevs. es hgavs orkestrs, sadac dirijori aris wamyvani. meierholdi ambobda,rom orkestrs SeuZlia daukras mravaljer Sesrulebuli nawarmoebi dirijoris garese. martalia Sesruleba ar iqneboda srulyofili, magram musika mainc gaijrerebda. msaxiobebs ki yoveltvis swirdebat rejisori. is mayurebels mxolod rejisoris Canafiqris gacnobit ver moizidavs. is mayureblis yuradrebas mxolod masin daimsaxurebs, Tu Tavis TavSi gaaertianebs avtors, rejisors da acvenebs sakutar Tavs scenidan. es faqti ganasxvavebs Teatrsa da orkestrs. meore models `pirdapiri Teatri~ hqvia. am modelsi Semadgeneli komponentebi ert wrfeze Semdegi TanamimdevrobiT arian ganlagebulni,_ avtori,rejisori, msaxiobi,mayurebeli. am modelsi rejisori da dramaturgi ertmanetsi arian Serwymulni,xolo msaxiobi am modelis wamyvan figuras warmoadgens. `mxatidan~ meierholdi peterburgsi wavida. iq man gaicno Tanamedrove xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi:viaceslav ivanovi, bloki, sologubi, andrei beli... g. Culkovi werda, rom simbolisturi Teatri ukve momwifebuli iyo. sawiro iyo mxolod gambedavi rejisori, romelic mas ganaxorcielebda wlidan meierholdi dadgmis processi mtel scenasa da darbazs itvisebs da Tavisi Sexedulebebis Sesabamisad iyenebs. es poltavis Teatris scenidan iwyeba, romelzec manipulaciebis gaketeba advili iyo. meierholdi speqtakls Teatraluri Senobis yvela kutxemde Slis. poltavis ufardo speqtaklma meierholds dekoraciis Seucvlelobis idea gaucina. 86

87 vsevold meierholdis rejisoruli Ziebebi wlebsi amit is inarcunebda samoqmedo adgilis ertianobas. zogjer meierholdi mayureblis TandaswrebiT cvlida dekoracias. am dros rusul simbolizmsi Teatris bunebis Sesaxeb ramdenime gansxvavebuli mosazreba gamoikveta. andrei belis azrit, drama misteriidan wamovida da isev misteriastan unda dabrunebuliyo. viaceslav ivanovi samoedno Teatrs emxroboda. rusuli Teatraluri simbolizmis gamarjvebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos meierholdis mier vera komisarjevskaias TeatrSi dadgmuli `da beatrisa~, `adamianis cxovreba~, `balaganciki. meierholdtan, Teoriuli Sexedulebis mxriv, axlos iyo briusovi, romelmac 1902 wels dawera statia `arasawiro simartle~ da es statia daexmara rejisors daenaxa gansxvaveba `mxatsa~ da sakutar Tavs Soris. briusovi ambobda, rom xelovneba ar iyo mxolod cxovrebis anarekli. gardatexa moxda 1906 wlis 22 noembers meterlinkis `da beatrisas~ dadgmit. es iyo vera komisarjevskaias da meierholdis sauketeso ertoblivi nasromi imave msaxiobis TeatrSi, peterburgsi. komisarjevskaia pirvelad Sevida yovelgvari kaprizebis garese rejisorul speqtaklsi da gamoavlina axali SesaZleblobebi. speqtakli beatrisaze agebuli da msaxiobze awyobili iyo. meierholdi mixvda Tu rogor esmoda komisarjevskaias ansambluroba. is masin etanxmeboda am princips, roca danarcenebi mis garsemo iyvnen gaertianebulni. speqtaklis mxatvari s. sudeikini iyo. Ria vercxli, gobelenis Zveli oqro, joto, boticeli qmnidnen scenis gaformebas. speqtaklis warmatebis mtavari mizezi albat iyo is, rom rejisorisa da dramaturgis idea daemtxva ertmanets. rejisoris, msaxiobis,dramaturgis satqmeli iyo mwuxareba darrveuli harmoniulobis gamo da amisgan gamatavisuflebeli saswaulis molodini. speqtaklsi didi yuradreba masis organizebas hqonda datmobili. 87

88 guram kokaia 1906 wlis 30 dekembers komisarjevskaias TeatrSi acvenes ori speqtakli, meterlinkis `wminda antonius saswauli da blokis `balaganciki. meterlinkis piesis gadawyvetas rejisori marionetebsi ezebda. am speqtaklis Semdeg meierholds xsirad abralebdnen,rom mas msaxiobebis marionetebit Canacvleba surda. marionetebs artistze sando masalad ganixilavda Tavad meterlinki. blokis `balagancikit~ simbolizmsi gacnda ertgvari antiburjuaziuli groteski. am speqtakls skandali mohyva. misi dadgma saetapo iyo meierholdistvis. massi Semodis maskaradis, nirbebis, karnavalis Tema, romelic yoveltvis itacebda mas. `balaganciksi~ gaixsna scenis sirrme, marjvena da marcxena kulisebi Caiketa cisferi tiloti, ukana fonad cisferi tilo daikida da Seiqmna mtlianad cisferi sivrce. scenaze idga patara Teatri Tavisi Semadgeneli nawilebit (xaracoebit, fardit, suflioris ormoti, portalebita, padugebit, arlekinit, kalosnikebit.). mayurebeli xedavda rogor icvleboda patara Teatris dekoraciebi. patara Teatris rampis win datovebuli iyo patara adgili avtoristvis. moqmedeba iwyeboda barabnis xmit. iwyeboda musika da mayurebeli xedavda rogor ikavebda sufliori Tavis adgils. roca patara Teatris farda ixsneboda, mayurebeli samkedlian pavilions xedavda. rampis paralelurad idga grzeli magida, romeltanac isxdnen mistikosebi. erti kari iyo marcxniv, meore _ SuaSi, marjvniv _ fanjara. fanjris qves iyo mrgvali magida grimis qotnit da oqros skamit, romelzedac piero ijda. mistikosebis magida Savi fardit iyo dafaruli, romelic iatakze esveboda. mayureblebi mistikosebis mxolod tanis zeda nawils xedavdnen. roca mistikosebs ramis esinodat isini Tavs xridnen da mxolod biusti Canda scenaze. isini manekenebs hgavdnen. `balagancikis~ mxatvari iyo n. sapunovi. roca avtori gamodioda patara Teatris scenaze, mas mistikosebi iwerdnen da izulebit gahyavdat scenidan. roca piero 88

89 vsevold meierholdis rejisoruli Ziebebi wlebsi monologs amtavrebda, misi magida da skami zemot adioda da mis nacvlad svetovani darbazis dekoracia Camodioda. scenasi, roca nirbebi Semorbodnen yvirilit _ `lamprebi~, statistebi kulisebidan yofdnen mxolod xels, romelsic lamfebi lamprebi ewirat. Teatrma amit mayurebels utxra, rom mas ar rcxvenoda imis, rom is Teatri iyo. gamjravnda pirobitoba. speqtaklis gadawyveta rejisors STaagona blokis remarkam, sadac ewera, rom `kulisebidan gamosuli xeli iwerda avtors sayeloti~. meierholdi am speqtaklsi pieros rols TamaSobda. speqtaklma mayureblis araertgvarovani Sefaseba daimsaxura, zogi yviroda da ustvenda, zogs ki Zalian moewona. `balagancikis~ kompozitori iyo kuzmini. Tavad piesis avtors Zalian moewona Tavisi nawarmoebis meierholdiseuli gaazreba. simbolisturi Teatri meierholdistvis iyo gardamavali rgoli pirobiti Teatrisken. simbolisturi Teatri,garkveul wilad,dakavsirebuli iyo fsiqologiur TeatrTan. massi SenarCunebuli iyo `meotxe kedeli~. SenarCunda sicume da scenuri surati, romelic fantastikur samyaros gvicvenebda. sicumes meterlinki grznobebis gamoxatvis sauketeso sasualebad miicnevda. scenaze ararealuris CvenebiT mizanscenebi arar hgavda cxovrebiseul scenebs. arc saubari, Jesti da poza iyo cxovrebidan arebuli. cota xnis Semdeg,meierholdis SemoqmedebaSi gamocnda leonid andreevi, romlis piesebic Zalian axlos iyo simbolistur TeatrTan da matsi eqspresionistuli notebic Canda. andreevi cdilobda kosmiuri da maradiuli simbolizmis ideebi rusuli realobistvis daekavsirebina. man Semoitana alegoriebi. misi `adamianis cxovreba~ iyo axali sityva simbolizmsi wels meierholdma daiwyo `adamianis cxovrebis~ repeticiebi. am piesis repeticiebi paralelurad midioda moskovis samxatvro TeatrSi. `balagancikis~ msgavsad, aqac 89

90 guram kokaia rejisoristvis piesis gasarebi gaxda dramaturgis remarka: `yvelaferi ise, rogorc sizmarsi.~ meierholdma mteli scena nacrisfer tilosi gamoawyo. piesis personajis, virac nacrisfersis monologi srul sibnelesi midioda. mere nel-nela inteboda sinatle da Canda divani, romelzec moxucebi isxdnen. mtel speqtaklsi sinatlis erti patara wertili iyo, romelic scenis sxvadasxva nawils anatebda da mxolod msaxiobi da is aveji Canda, romelzedac Semsrulebeli ijda. iqmneboda STabeWdileba, rom scenaze uxilavi kedlebi iyo armartuli. avejsa da rekvizits udekoracio speqtaklsi ufro didi mnisvneloba mieniwa. mayurebeli xedavda divnis konturs, svets, bufets, savarzels, karadas da danarcens Tavis fantaziasi qmnida. msaxiobebi qandakebebs hgavdnen da mati grimi saxis nakvtebs gamokvetda. meierholdi werda, rom axali Teatris ZiebaSi mtavari ar iyo ferweruli fonis Seqmna da masze msaxiobebis, rogorc bareliefebis, ise ganlageba. `adamianis cxovrebas~ ar hyavda mxatvari. misi funqciebi meierholdma SeiTavsa. bloki `adamianis cxovrebas~ meierholdis sauketeso speqtaklad miicnevda. am periodsi meierholdis estetikuri principebis mixedvit Seqmnili Teatri,naturalisturisgan gansxvavebit, ar iswrafoda mizanscenebis mravalferovnebisken. misi mtavari amocana iyo xazis floba, kostiumebisa da jgufebis Seqmna. es Teatri Tavisi statikurobit ufro dinamikuri iyo vidre naturalisturi Teatri. Мейерхольд Всеволод Эмильевич. Статьи, письма, речи, беседы. Часть первая ( ), Издательство «Искусство», Москва, К. Рудницкий. `Режиссёр Меиерхольд, академия наук СССР, институт истории исскуств, министерства культуры СССР, издательство `Наука, Москва, SoTa samusia. `rusul-qartuli leqsikoni gramatikuli cnobarit~, gamomcemloba `saqartvelos macne~, Tbilisi,

91 absurdis drama da misi warmomadgenlebi (ejen ionesko) Tamar kamlaze magistraturis II kursi absurdis drama XX saukunis iani wlebis frangul dramaturgiasi warmoqmnili mimdinareobaa. xsirad, saxelwodebis gamo, kamius egszistencialur TeatrSi erevat, rac uxesi Secdomaa. Tumca, es Secdoma albat imit aixsneba, rom swored egzistencialistma kamium Semoitana `absurdis adamianis~ cneba Tavis filosofiur werilebsi. am mimdimareobas, aseve, avangardul da eqsperimentul Teatrsac uwodeben,zogjer ki antiteatrad da `ganqiqebis Teatradac~ (theatre de derision) moixsenieba. A absurdis drama uaryofs realistur da angajirebul Teatrs.Aam mimartulebis dramaturgebi miicneven, rom ideologiuri Teatri ideis mona xdeba, sadac xelovneba meore planzea da win mxolod ideis vulgarizacia modis, isini scenis realobisa da yoveldriuri yofiti realobis gaigivebis winaarmdeg ilasqreben. antiteatrs Tavisi principebi axasiatebs: Teatri mxolod Teatrsave miemarteba, msaxiobebi ki mxolod piesis msvlelobisas arseboben, moqmedeba zraprul, sizmriseul, gamogonil samyarosi mimdinareobs da ar emorcileba drosa da sivrceze tradiciul warmodgenebs. ar arsebobs aranairi, simboluri logikac ki, romelic gaaertianebs azrs da mis gamomxatvel simboloebs. sityvebi da sagnebi sruli avtonomiit sargebloben, metyveleba kargavs sakomunikacio funqcias da sasceno obieqti xdeba, gansakutrebit mnisvnelovania e. w. `metyvelebis krizisi~. absurdistebis azrit, sityvebs, xsirad, SecdomaSi SevyavarT, radgan mati mnisvneloba 91

92 Tamar kamlaze garemoebis mixedvit icvleba, amitom avangardul Teatrs arar swams metyvelebis, enis, igi upiratesobas Jestebsa da mozraobas aniwebs. axali Teatraluri mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebze ZiriTadi gavlena alfred Jarim, antonen artom da siurealistebma moaxdines. Jaris `mefe ubu~ absurdis dramis usualo winamorbedad aris micneuli. aq personajebi gaupirovnebelia, mat ganzrax ar aqvt raime saxis fsiqologiuri maxasiateblebi, specialuri nirbebit da `xmebit~ arian arwurvilni. gvxvdeba masis gamomxatveli krebiti personajebic. artos nasromsi `Teatri da misi oreuli~ fsiqologia da morali uaryofilia da dialogebi azrs ar atareben. mtavaria ara teqsti, aramed Jesti da xma. siurealizmisagan antiteatrma sizmriseuli sivrcisadmi miniwebuli mnisvneloba, metyvelebis sakomunikacio funqciis uaryofa, alogizmi da asociaciuroba gadairo. saxeli `absurdis Teatri~ martin eslinis wignidan wamovida,romelic avtorma 1962 wels gamoaqveyna. eslinis wignsi absurdistta saxelit ert jgufsi is Tanamedrove dramaturgebi gaertiandnen, romlebic cdilobdnen Tavisi sigije, Relva, ocneba Tu msoflmxedveloba avangarduli formis axal dramaturgiul samyarosi gadaetanat. am mozraobis wamyvani figurebi arian: ejen ionesko, semuel beketi, Jan Jene, artur adamovi da harold pinteri. Tumca, zogierti matgani ar etanxmeboda am gansazrvrebas da miacnda, rom misi Semoqmedeba sruliad damoukidebel fenomens warmoadgenda,titoeuli matgani dainteresebuli iyo gamoexata Tavisi individualuri xedva msofliosa da samyaros Sesaxeb. Tavisi xelovnebis specifikis gamosaxatavad, isini sxvadsxva gansazrvrebas mimartavdnen, magalitad isetebs, rogoricaa antiteatri an axali Teatri. absurdistta jgufsi,xsirad sxva dramaturegebic moixseniebodnen: tom stopardi, artur kopiti, fridrix 92

93 absurdis drama da misi warmomadgenlebi (ejen ionesko) durenmarti, fernando arabali, edvard olbi da sxvebi. xandaxan, absurdis periods wlebis avangarduli eqspeqrimentebis periodsac ukavsireben, Tumca, cxadia, rom misi fesvebi ufro Rrma warsulsi midis. samyaros absurdulobis gancda berznul dramasic SeiZleba armovacinot, absurdis nisnebs Sua saukuneebis, arorzinebis epoqisa da barokos dramaturgta SemoqmedebiT xelwerasa da msoflarqmasic vxvdebit. XIX saukunis dramasi absurdis estetikis msgavsi mxatvruli modelirebis elementebi ibsenis, gansakutrebit ki strindbergis piesebsi SeiniSneba. Tumca, absurdis Teatris namdvili winamorbedi alfred Jaris `mefe ubu~ iyo, `Tojinebisa da monstrebis piesa~ `ubu roi~, romelsic mefe ubus mitologiuri, groteskuli figura Seiqmna. kidev erti adamiani, vinc absurdis winamorbedad ganixileba luiji pirandeloa, gansakutrebit misi `avtoris maziebeli 6 personaji~. pirandelo namdvili eqsperimentatori gaxldat, surda dramaturgiuli realizmis meotxe kedeli gaerrvia. absurdis dramaturgiis formirebaze udidesi zegavlena moaxdina jeims joisis cnobierebis nakadis metodma da franc kafkas eqspresionizmma. absurdis Teatris drevandeli forma II msoflio omis Semdgomi fenomenia. Jenes `msaxuri qalebis~ pirveli warmodgena parizsi 1947 wels Sedga. ioneskos `qacali momrerali qali~ da adamovis adreuli piesebi 1950 wels warmoadgines. beketis `godos molodinsi~ 1952 wels daidga. arsanisnavia is garemoeba, rom yvela es warmodgena parizsi gaimarta. rara Tqma unda, parizi absurdis Teatris samsoblos warmoadgens. aseve ucnauri da mnisvnelovania isic, rom absurdisti dramaturgebi, ZiriTadad, sxva qveynebidan arian safrangetsi Camosulebi: beketi anglo-irlandielia da safrangetsi frangul enaze wers, ionesko naxevrad frangi,naxevrad ruminelia,adamovi rus-amerikeli,mxolod 93

94 Tamar kamlaze Jenea frangi, aq dabadebuli da gazrdili. absurdis warmomadgenelta Soris semuel bekets gansakutrebuli adgili ukavia, misi `godos molodinsi~ XX saukunis sauketeso piesad aris ariarebuli. beketi yvelaze metad poetia, `godos molodinsi~ da `TamaSis dasasruli~ udavod misi dramaturgiuli da poeturi Sedevrebia. `msvenieri dreebi~, `krepis ukanaskneli Canaweri~ da `ori moqmedeba sityvebis garese~ brwyinvale da Rrma poetur suratebs warmoadgens. asetive poeturobit xasiatdeba radio piesebi: `nacari~,`sityvebi da musika~ da `CanCqeri~ mat Tanabrad idumali Zala aqvt. Cveulebriv, klasikur piesebsi personajebi damajerebelni da fsiqologiurad motivirebulni arian. aseti piesa logikur dialogzea damyarebuli, aqvs dasawyisi, Sua nawili da dasasruli, absurdistuli piesis personaji ki umotivacio qmedebebit xasiatdeba. zogierti absurdistuli piesis dialogi, TiTqosda, saertod suleluria da uazro bodvasi gadadis, es piesebi yoveltvis TviTneburi wertilidan iwyeba da aseve TviTneburad sruldeba. es nawarmoebebi dascinoda yvela im standartebs, romelsac Cveulebrivi drama saukuneebis manzilze misdevda. absurdis dramis ert-erti umnisvnelovanesi warmomadgeneneli, irlandieli dramaturgi, semuel beketia, romelic absurdis dramastan mwidro kavsirsia. mis savizito baratad piesa `godos molidinsi~ iqca. beketis Semoqmedeba, ZiriTadad, adaminis arsebobis mimart pesimisturi damokidebulebitaa cnobili, Tumca, es pesimizmi mis piesebsi xsirad iumors ukavsirdeba da sabolood ganqiqebis saxes irebs. beketis Semoqmedebas adamianis samyarosi arsebobis uazrobis gancda mudam Tan sdevs. adamiani dabadebistanave absurdistvisaa ganwiruli da es qmnis tragizms: `Tqven miwaze xart 94

95 absurdis drama da misi warmomadgenlebi (ejen ionesko) da amas araraferi esveleba~ ambobs piesa `TamaSis dasasrulis~ protogonisti saxelad hami. adamiantaaurtiertdamokidebulebisa da adamianuri arsebobis tragizmi `godos molodinsi~ mteli radikalurobit warmogvidgeba. scenazea ori mawanwala vladimiri da estragoni, romelnic ukacriel adgilas, erti xis qves, Tavadac ar ician ratom, mistikuri personajis, vinme godos gamocenas elodebian, romelic arc arasodes unaxavt, ar ician vin aris, da arc is ician, saertod mova Tu ara igi. epoqa, adgili, vinaoba piesasi saertod ar arsebobs, mteli intriga mxolod molodinsia. personajebs situaciaze zemoqmedebis moxdena ar SeuZliaT, amitomac mat uazro molodins dasasruli ara aqvs. usasrulo molodinis mdgomareoba adamianis yofierebis sayoveltao absurdulobas gadmoscems. magram, miuxedavad amisa, rogorc hami ambobs: `unda gagrzeldes, yvelaferi unda gagrzeldes~. am gamonatqvamis azri imasia, rom sazrisi unda ezebo, ezebo yvelafris miuxedavad. beketis piesebis umravlesobasi metyveleba moslilia da sakomunikacio mnisvneloba dakarguli aqvs, aq mtavari amocana kontaqtis SenarCunebaa, Tundac uazrod. magram frazis damtavreba, personajta uamravi replika raime informacias ar izleva da arc dialogs anvitarebs. ase iqmneba tragizmit savse komikuri situaciebi. piesasi saertod gaugebaria ra, ratom da ristvis xdeba. or mawanwala personajs ertmanetis meti aravin hyavt, ertmanets ver itanen, Tumca uertmanetodac ar SeuZliaT, mxolod godos molodini aertianebt da elian mas saidanme, risganme, vinmesgan, aqedan an iqedan, mimartulebas mnisvneloba ar aqvs. isini mxolod godos molodinsi arseboben, romelic SeiZleba saertodac ar arsebobs, mis garese ki veravitar gadawyvetilebas ver miireben, Tavis mokvlisac ki. mati fiqrit, godo mgoni SabaTs apirebs mosvlas, moxucebma ki ar ician ra drea dres, kviris 95

96 Tamar kamlaze dasawyisi Tu dasasruli, dilaa Tu saramo, sizmaria Tu cxadi, dari Tu avdari. arc is ician, godos ristvis elodebian da ra unda stxovon mas. albat, isini, yofis absurdulobisagan gaqcevas da Tavis darwevas vinmeze CaWidebiT cdiloben, mxsnels sruliad Seugneblad da Seucnoblad elodebian. semuel beketis SemoqmedebaSi metyveleba absoluturad fuwia, radgan azrs ar atarebs, magram, meore mxriv, mnisvnelovania, radgan mnisvnelobis iluzias qmnis. semuel bekettan ertad,seuzlebelia ar arvnisnot,aseve absurdis dramaturgis, ejen ioneskos umnisvnelovanesi wvlili absurdis dramis ganvitarebasa da arorzinebasi. warmosobit rumineli, frangi dramaturgi da mwerali, absurdis dramis ubadlo warmomadgenelia. msoblebis usaxsrobis gamo, ionesko dastan ertad, safrangetis erterti soflis mcxovrebis ojaxsi izrdeboda. es periodi mwerlis mexsierebasi yvelaze bednier wlebad darca. axalgazrda mwerals mamastan konfliqti hqonda, radgam mama Svilis literaturit gatacebas ver egueboda, amis gamo ionesko dedastan brundeba ruminetsi, sadac ojaxdeba da paralelurad wers leqsebs, romanebs da literaturul kritikas wels, mas Semdeg, rac rumineti germaniastan ertad, rusetis winaarmdeg oms iwyebs, mwerali kvlav safrangetsi brundeba da amjerad, aq sabolood rceba wlidan,piesit `qacali momrerali qali~,ioneskos, rogorc dramaturgis karieris armasvla iwyeba wels piesas scenaze dgamen da is kritikosta yuradrebasac ipyrobs. am periodsi ionesko safrangetis moqalaqeobas irebs. Semdgom wlebsi ionesko piesebs `gakvetili~ da `Jaki, anu morcilebas~ wers, ris Semdegac, mas, absurdis dramis umnisvnelovanes warmomadgenlad ariareben wels ioneskos piesebis pirveli krebuli gamodis, ori wlis Semdeg misi piesebi sazrvargaret pirvelad idgmeba. 96

97 absurdis drama da misi warmomadgenlebi (ejen ionesko) 1957 wels iwereba `martorqa~,novela,romelsic avtori Sovinisturi patriotizmisa da rasizmis gavrcelebis winaarmdeg gamodis da romelic, simbolurad, aljiris oms ukavsirdeba. Semdgom, es novela piesad gadaketda, misi pirveli warmodgena diuseldorfsi Sedga,radgan is safrangetisatvis Zalzed delikatur sakitxs exeboda. germaneli mayurebeli massi nacizmis kritikas xedavs, frangebic amasve dainaxaven, roca `martorqa~ avtoris samsoblosic daidgmeba. ioneskos, faqtobrivad, sizmriseuli, ocnebiseuli situaciebi gadaaqvs scenaze da am ocnebasi realisturi Teatris xerxebi TiTqmis arar gamoiyeneba. sizmrebsi ar aris logika, isini asociaciebit vitardeba wels ejen ionesko ukve ariarebuli dramaturgia da mas safrangetis akademiis wevrad irceven. sicocxlis bolo periodsi, ionesko romanis JanrSic cdis beds da 1973 wels wers romans `martosuli~. ionesko Tavis nawarmoebebs Tavidanve antipiesebs uwodebs da mat tonalobis ganmsazrvrel iset sataurebs azlevs, rogoricaa: komikuri drama (`gakvetili~), tragikuli farsi (`skamebi~), fsevdo drama (`movaleobis msxverplni~). dramaturgi Tavis groteskul farsebsa da alegoriebsi gacvetil salaparako enas, Stampur gamotqmebs kicxavs da dascinis, gangeb qmnis gaugebar da uazro winadadebebs da Cveulebrivi yofiti situaciebi saaskaraoze gamoaqvs, mat komikuri warmodgenis iersaxes azlevs, igi arsebul sazogadoebasi adamianta martoobas, sicarieles da absurdul yofas gvicvenebs. misi piesebis ZiriTadi Temaa metyvelebis komunikaciuri funqciis uqonloba. scenaze sityvis adgils,xsirad,sagnebi ikavebs: mag. `skamebsi~ gacocxlebuli da amozravebulia skamebi. esaa ertgvari mozravi arqiteqtura, magram mozraoba aq ara sicocxlis, aramed sikvdilis nisania. scena carieli skamebit ifareba da isini adamianebs Telaven, romlebic 97

98 Tamar kamlaze arsebobis absurdulobit welsi arian moxrilni, am araraobas metyvelebis krizisi azlierebs. ionesko metyvelebas angrevs da mastan ertad im siyalbes, rasac metyveleba gadmoscems. sityvebi ertmanets wminda fonetikuri asociaciebit uertdeba. sityva, romelic uvargisi gaxda, gaqra da adgili sicumes, simartoves, sicarielesa da absurdulobas dautmo. adamianis martosulobis, cxovrebis absurdulobis Tema ioneskos TiTqmis yvela piesasia. piesasi `martorqa~ sagrznobi gardatexa xdeba, sadac ukve dramatul metyvelebas garkveuli azri aqvs micemuli, es ukve uazrobis Teatri araraa da pirveli SemTxvevaa, roca ionesko piesas qvesataurs arar azlevs, e. i. antipiesidan piesaze gadadis. avtori acxadebda, rom TeatrisaTvis sawiro sqemas miagno da rom, sabolood, klasikuri Teatris momxrea. misi azrit, avangardis Teatris mowodebac swored amasia: armoacino arqeti pebi, ganaaxlo gamomsaxvelobiti formebi. Tumca, ejen ionesko, mainc aris da itvleba absurdis Ddramis ugvirgvino mefed,dasavletis samyarosi is modernistuli `absurdis Teatris~ ert-ert dammaarseblad da beladad miacndat. dramaturgma absurdis dramas mteli rigi piesebi miuzrvna, ramac es mimdinareoba metad ganavitara da maral safexurze aiyvana. piesa `gakvetili~ dawerilia 1951 wels. avtorma nawarmoebi Tavidanve gansazrvra, rogorc komikuri drama da absurduloba TviT adamianta urtiertobasi acvena, _ roca erti adamiani meores Trgunavs. maswavlebeli, romelic zogadad mowodebulia imisatvis, rom adamians aswavlos, moswavle gogonas gonebas unadgurebs. piesis dasawyissi TiTqosda zrdili admiani, nel-nela transformirebas ganicdis da ampartavani, uxesi, despoti, maniaki xdeba. moswavle gogo ki Tavidan sakmaod xalisiani, uzrunveli personajia, piesis msvlelobasi ki 98

99 absurdis drama da misi warmomadgenlebi (ejen ionesko) dabneul, dasinebul bavsvad gadaiqceva, bolos ki iseti datrgunulia, yovelgvari arqmisa da raimes SegrZnebis unars kargavs. am SemTxvevaSi, maswavlebeli azrovnebas ansaxierebs, romelic moralurad spobs adamians. maswavlebeli Tavis fsevdomecnierul `WeSmaritebebs~ gadmoscems, sadac TandaTan logika qreba, sityvebi azrs kargavs, ena ki Tavis mnisvnelobas. adamianis sulieri wameba Zaladobis pirdapiri aqtit mtavrdeba,gasmagebuli maswavlebeli moswavles klavs. gamodis azrovnebam mokla adamiani. amgvarad, ionesko yovelgvari gonebrivi sawyisis uaryofamde midis. adamianis damokidebulebebs gamoxatavs, rarac ucinari Zalebisadmi, romelsac igi absurdul da auxsnel moqmedebamde mihyavs. piesasi avtori arsebuli epoqis mmartvel klasis racionalizms,azrovnebis kults da saertod azrovnebas dascinis, radgan azrovnebit samyaros absurdul arss ver miswvdebi. fsevdodrama `movaleobis msxverplni~ ejen ioneskom 1953 wels dawera. rogorc avtori ambobda, piesis amosaval wertilad im samyarom ubizga, daxutul miwisqvesa sapyrobiles rom hgavs, sadac yvelaferi ertmanets anadgurebs, sadac ketilsobilur rwmenas amofarebulni adamianisadmi ukidures sizulvils nirbaven. piesasi nacvenebia, rom Tavisi movaleobis brmad Semsrulebel dogmatikoss, mzamzareul ideologias daqvemdebarebuls, modadqceul formulebsa da darewil WeSmaritebas amofarebuls ZaluZs adamianis sastik mwvaleblad,mozaladed da mkvlelad iqces. asetia piesasi policiis inspeqtori, romelic virac malos ezebs. misdami mindobil gamoziebas fanatikosis sijiutita da jalatis sisastikit asrulebs, msxverpli ki ubralo, xelmocaruli dramaturgi Suberti armocndeba. inspeqtori misgan im adamiantan nacnobobis ariarebas itxovs, romelic sabralo dramaturgs arasodes unaxavs. 99

100 Tamar kamlaze piesa `gakvetilis~ personajis, maswavleblis msgavsad, dasawyissi moridebuli, Tavaziani da lamis morcxvi policieli gamoziebis msvlelobasi uxesi, despoti, sadisti adamiani xdeba da acxadebs, rom is jariskacia, ubralo instrumenti da arusfoteblad awamebs Suberts. sikvdilis win policieli Tavs `movaleobis msxverplad~ acxadebs. Suberti ertgvari meamboxea, arsebuli rejimit ukmayofilo, radgan awuxebs, rom rekomendacia yoveltvis brzanebad iqceva xolme,xolo winadadebebi moulodnelad mkacri kanonis saxes irebs. sapirispiro personajia misi coli madleni, romelic policiis inspeqtors gavs da kanonis dacvasa da inspeqtoris dawyebuli saqmis bolomde miyvanas moitxovs. piesa cxoveluri RrialiT mtavrdeba: `ReWe! ylape! ReWe! ylape!~. finalsi ki madleni acxadebs: `Cven yvelani movaleobis msxverplni vart~. mteli piesa SegviZlia dogmatizmis despotizmsi gardasaxvisa da tiraniad qcevis simbolur gamoxatulebad, azrovnebaze dogmaturi sistemis damrupvel moqmedebad gavigot. avtori am Zaladobriv sistemas yvela arsebul politikur rejimsi xedavs, acxadebs, rom politikuri sistema adamianis datrgunvis formaa, mas Tavisuflebas artmevs, paikad aqcevs, aizulebs ama Tu im ideologiis mza formulebis mqadageblad iqces. piesasi ar aris moqmedebis Tanmimdevruli da logikuri ganvitareba, aris mxolod daglejili, ertmanettan daukavsirebeli epizodebi. Tavis mnisvnelobas ena aqac kargavs. sityvebi arafers gamoxataven da personajebisagan damoukideblad arseboben. ioneskos samyaro absurdis, kosmaris, moulodnelobebis samyaroa. ufro da ufro vrwmundebit, rom realizmi yalbi da irealuria, mxolod warmosaxvaa WeSmariti. ori adamianis sruliad gaucxoebuli urtiertoba, uazro kamati da nabodvari winadadebebi, piesasi `orta 100

101 absurdis drama da misi warmomadgenlebi (ejen ionesko) bodva~ kidev ufro mzafrad Cans. isini col-qmari arian. piesasi dialogi sruliad alogikuria. dasawyissi colq-mari kusa da lokokinas igiveobaze kamatobs, coli amtkicebs, rom radgan kus javsani aqvs da lokokinas ki nijara, radgan orive Tavis saxlebsi imaleba da orive Zalian nela dadis, masasadame ku da lokokina erti da igivea es sruliad absurduli logikaa. kaci da qali ertmanets mimartavs, esaubreba, magram dialogi Sinaarss an raime datvirtvas sruliad moklebulia, isini ertmanettan gaucxoebulni arian, ertad cxovroben, magram orive martoa sakutar TavTan darcenili. absurdis piesebis struqtura standartuli piesis epizoduri struqturisagan radikalurad gansxvavdeba, yvelaferi mozraobs wreze, ar vitardeba, ertsa da imave wertilze iwyeba da sruldeba. Sinaarsi, xsirad, gaugebaria, dialogebi aravitar azrs ar atarebs. absurdis samyarosi adamianis arsebobas mnisvneloba da danisnuleba ar gaacnia da yvelanairi komunikaciac darrveulia. logikuri konstruqcia da argumenti sityvis iracionalurobisa da alogikurobisaken izleva gzas da saboloo daskvna aris dumili. am Teatraluri stilis mizania, acvenos msoflio, sadac adamiani marad martoa, mastan aravinaa, man Tavad unda moipovos Tavisi adgili metafizikur samyrosi. Martil Esslin. The Theatre of the Absurd, Pinguine Books published by the Pinguine Group, semuel beketi. godos molodinsi, Jurn. xomli, #8, ejen ionesko. gakvetili, Jurn. ciskari, #7, movaleobis msxverplni. Jurn. xelovneba, #7-8, orta bodva. Jurn. mnatobi, #3-4,

102 natia cqvitaia magistraturis II kursi rihard vagneri _ `poeti da moazrovne~ rihard vagneri erti-erti yvelaze gamocenili germaneli kompozitoria, genialuri niwis musikosi, romlis Semoqmedebam didi kvali datova evropuli musikaluri xelovnebis istoriasi. SeiZleba itqvas, rom germanul musikasi, bethovenis Semdeg, ar yofila aseti gaqanebis, gabeduli SemarTebis, titanuri, novatoruli CanafiqrebiT arsavse sxva kompozitori, romelic ase dajinebit ibrzoda sakutari miznebis ganxorcielebisatvis. vagnerisa da misi musikaluri dramis irgvliv azrta sxvadasxvaoba arsebobda. erti mxriv, hyavda momxreebi, romlebic ariarebdnen mas ara marto musikosad, aramed poet-dramaturgad, moazrovned, xelovnebis filosofos- Teoretikosad; meore mxriv, misi mowinaarmdegeni ar iziarebdnen kompozitoris saopero reformatorul ideebs da zogi uaryofda kidec mis sakompozitoro niws. am SemTxvevaSi, albat, swori pozicia iqneboda, kargad SeeswavlaT vagneris, rogorc musikaluri, ise Teoriuli, nawarmoebebi da jerovnad SeefasebinaT misi genialuri niwi, ostatoba, Rirseulad daefasebianad misi musika da aseve Rirseulad SeefasebinaT misi nawarmoebebis (musikaluri da Teoriuli) ideur-mxatvruli Rirebulebebi. vagneris SemoqmedebiTi saxe yuradrebas ipyrobs morvaweobis universalurobit. is iyo ara marto didi kompozitori, aramed poeti da dramaturgi - yvela sakutari operis teqstebis avtori,tavisi drois udidesi dirijori, musikaluri kritikosi da publicisti, Tavisi xelovnebis Teoretikosi. mravalricxovan literaturul nawarmoebebsi igi exeboda filosofiur sakitxebs da mat Tavis mxatvrul amocanebtan mwidro kavsirsi ayenebda. 102

103 amdenad, rihard vagneris Semoqmedeba sainteresoa ara mxolod musikis istoriisatvis, aramed rogorc saertod xelovnebis, ise Tanamerove Teatris istoriisatvis da germanuli civilizaciisatvis. vagnerma Seqmna xelovnebis axali forma, musikaluri drama, romlis kanonebsac vpoulobt mis kritikul TxzulebebSi,romlebic Seicavs Seufasebel dokumentebs musikis estetikisatvis. Tumca, vagneris musikaluri drama aranakleb mnisvnelovania Teatraluri xelovnebis ganvitarebis kutxit. rogorc yvela didma xelovanma, cxovrebis mnisvnelobis maradiul problemaze dafiqrebulma adamianma, man gvamcno Tavisi ideebi adamianis bedisweraze, rogorc dramis simbolisturi formit, aseve Teoriuli Txzulebebis sasualebit. erti sityvit, is ara marto musikosia, aramed dramaturgi, esteti da moazrovne _ ase axasiatebs germanel kompozitors anri listanberje Tavisi wignis _ `rihard vagneri, rogorc poeti da moazrovne~ SesavalSi. vagneri daibada laifcigsi 1813 wels. is bavsobidan iyo garemoculi Teatraluri atmosferoti, garda amisa, dainteresebuli iyo literaturit, poeziit, antikuri samyaros istoriit. misi kumirebi gaxldnen homerosi da Seqspiri. vagneris yvelaze Zlieri musikaluri STabeWidileba iyo karl maria veberis opera `Tavisufali msroleli~, romelic man, avtoris dirijorobit, drezdensi moismina. laifcigsi bethovenis musikis mosmenit gancdilma STabeWdilebam gadaawyvetina musikosi gamxdariyo. pirveli cdebi kopoziciasi saorkestro uvertiura da safortepiano piesebi iyo. vagnerma Caabara laifcigis univeristetsi `musikis studentad~ wels vagneri misma Zmam, voitsbergis saopero Teatris momreralma,teatris qormaisteris Tanamdebobaze samusaod miiwvia. am periodsi iwyeba vagneris morvaweoba sxvadasxva saopero TeatrSi, germaniis patara qalaqebsi. is swavlobda Teatris specifikas,sxvadasxva skolisa da 103

104 natia cqvitaia mimdinareobis operebs, momreralta xelovnebas, aitvisa saopero Teatris Taviseburebani wels viurcbergsi daiwera misi pirveli opera `feriebi~ (karlo gocis zrapris `qali-gvelis~ siujetze). 30-iani wlebis I naxevarsi is ukve wers statiebs operis Sesaxeb, sadac saubrobs germanuli operis da vokaluri xelovnebis krizisis Sesaxeb (statiebi _ `germanuli opera~, `dramatuli simrera~) wels daiwera misi meore opera `siyvarulis akrzalva~ (magdeburgsi). kenigsbergsi vagneri daqorwinda mina planerze, msaxiob qalze da mastan ertad rigasi gaemgzavra. vagneris ocneba iyo parizi, sadac igi 1839 wels Cavida, magram imedgacrueba ganicada. parizma ar moutana mas SemoqmedebiTi warmateba. parizsi Seiqmna `rienci~ da `mfrinavi holandieli~, agretve uvertiura `fausti~ da ramdenime romansi. 40-ian wlebsi vagneri Cadis drezdensi, sadac satavesi udgeba saopero Teatrs. am wlebsi iqmneba `tanhoizeri~ da `loengrini~ _ gmirul-rainduli operebi. aq vagneri agrzelebs `mfrinav holandielsi~ dawyebul saopero reformis xazs, rac Semdeg nisnebsi gamoixateba: legendarul-mitologiur siujetsi, calkeuli,dasrulebuli nomrebis did dramatul scenebad gardaqmnasi, romlebic ertmanets enacvleba, saopero ariis monologad, xolo duetis dialogad qcevasi, rac saopero JanrSi dramatuli sawyisis gazlierebas iwvevs, aseve saorkestro ganvitarebasa da gazlierebasi, operis simfonizaciasi, laitmotivizmsi. drezdensi vagneri simfoniur orkestrsac dirijorobda, gansakutrebit saintereso iyo bethovenis IX simfoniis Sesruleba. vagneri bevrs werda _ musikaluri da politikuri Sinaarsis statiebs wels monawileoba miiro drezdenis revoluciasi, ris gamoc mas mtavrobisagan damalva mouxda da ferenc listis daxmarebit SveicariaSi gaixizna. 104

105 rihard vagneri `poeti da moazrovne~ SveicariaSi vagnerma filosofiurad da Teoriulad ganazogada SemoqmedebiTi amocanebi, romlebic daisaxa saopero reformis miznit da romlebic, nawilobriv, ukve gadawyvetili iyo `loengrinsa~ da `tanhoizersi~. es iyo Sromebi `xelovneba da revolucia~ da `opera da drama~, sadac Rrmavdeba xelovnebata sintezis idea. vagneri Tavis musikalur dramas `momavlis dramas~ uwodebda. misi wignis ZiriTadi arsi imasi mdgomaroebs, rom musika, romelic operasi gamosaxvis sasualeba unda iyos, monad iqca,xolo drama,romelic mizani unda iyos _ sasualebad. am TvalsazrisiT, vagneri gansakutrebit akritikebs italiur da frangul operebs. misi azrit, poezias ar SeuZlia iyos srulyofili drama. mas swirdeba kavsiri musikastan, magram musikastan Serwyma yovelgvar poetur siujets ar SeuZlia. musikaluri dramis safuzvelia miti, _ istoriis dasawyisi da dasasruli. igi moklebulia yovelive SemTxveviTs, gamoxatavs maradiuls da amitom yvelaze srulad da organulad ertiandeba musikastan. rodesac musika da drama ert mtlianobad iqceva, swored es iqneba momavlis xelovneba. musikaluri da dramatuli moqmedeba erti mtliani nakadi unda iyos, romelic dasrulebuli, calkeuli nomrebit ar gawydeba. ZiriTadi gamomsaxveli roli eniweba orkestrs. man unda gamoxatos is,rac ar ZaluZs sityvas,anu gaarrmavos Jesti, gamosaxos gmirta gancdebi, winatgrznoba `gamotqvas~ momavali qmedebisa. simfoniuri musikis melodiuri Sinaarsi unda Sedgebodes mravaljer gameorebuli motivebisagan _ laitmotivebisagan, romlebic axasiatebs dramis moqmed pirebs, bunebis movlenebs, sagnebs, adamianta grznobebs. uwyveti simfoniuri ganvitareba, romelic agebulia mokle laittemebis monacvleobaze, warmoadgens vagneriseul `usasrulo melodiebs~. Tavis TavSi musikosisa da poetis gaertianebit, vagnerma daayena sakitxi dramaturgi-kompozitoris xedvis ormagobaze dramisa da musikis Serwymis 105

106 natia cqvitaia TvalsazrisiT da pirvelma Seqmna dawvrilebiti da zusti Teoria,Tu rogori unda iyos drama `Cafiqrebuli musikalur sulsi~. zogadad poeziisa da kerzod dramis mizans adamianis sulis `Sinagani adamianis~ gamosaxva warmoadgens. misi grznobebis, emociebis da analogiuri emociebis sxvebsi gamowveva. poeziasi es sityvis anu gonebis sasualebit xorcieldeba. emociebi sityvebad gardaiqmneba da mayurebeli mat kvlav emociebad gardaqmnis. Tumca, sawyis emociasa da sityvas Soris, romelic mis nisans warmoadgens,ar arsebobs aucilebeli da bunebrivi kavsiri. sityvas SeuZlia gadmogvces emociis sixarulis, sevdis mizezebi an gaaanalizos mati moqmedeba, zustad gansazrvros, ra garemoebebsi daibada es emocia, magram Zala ar Seswevs gvagrznobinos emocia Tavis TavSi. Cans, poezia ar `gadmocems~ Tavdapirvel emociebs usualod msmenelis sulsi. is mxolod karnaxobs analogiur emocias sityvis wyalobit, romelic moqmedebs gonebaze, Semdgom warmosaxvaze. sxva mxriv, ra aris musika? am kitxvas ar aqvs gansazrvruli pasuxi. musikas Seswevs Zala grznobebze usualo zemoqmedebis gzit gamoiwvios CvenSi Zalian Zlieri, magram ganusazrvreli, bundovani emociebi. aqedan gamomdinare, vagneri askvnis, rom musika aris zustad is adeqvaturi da usualo gamoxatuleba emociisa, romelic SeuZlebelia ipovo sityvasi. am ori dargidan yoveli matgani erti meoresi poulobs WeSmarit srulyofilebas. musikas, Tavis mxriv, swirdeba sityvis daxmareba satqmelis gamosaxatad. sakutar sasualebebs mindobils, mas ar ZaluZs gamogviyvanos Cven ubralo emociis bundovani mxaridan; es aris axlo da Zlieri xma, romelic arxevs Cveni gulis yvelaze malul nawilakebs, magram arafers ar eubneba Cvens gonebas. amitomac, betxovenma IX simfoniasi, bolos, orkestris partias SeuerTa adamianta xma: man iwinaswarmetyvela,rom musikas SeuZlia gaacndes yvelaze marali mnisvneloba, mxolod poeziastan kavsirit. axla ki gasagebia,tu rogor SeuZlia 106

107 rihard vagneri `poeti da moazrovne~ gaertianeba musikasa da sityvas lirikul dramasi. vagneris reforma srulad ar ganxorcielebula mis operebsi, nawilobriv ki winaarmdegobebic gamoiwvia. bolo operebsi simfoniuri orkestris rolis gazrdam gamoiwvia moqmedebis Sesusteba da statikuroba wels vagners daebada idea Seeqmna musikaluri drama germanul-skandinaviuri mitis mixedvit zigfridze wels. dawera tetralogiis teqsti, romelic otxi operisagan Sedgeboda: `rkinis oqro~, `valkiriebi~, `zigfridi~, `RmerTebis damxoba~. musika 20 wlis manzilze iqmneboda da pirvelad Sesrulda baireitsi, 1876 wels. `zigfridze~ musaobis periodsi man Sewyvita tetralogiis wera da wlebsi dawera musikaluri drama `tristani da izolda~, misi geniis ert-erti mirweva. mas Semdeg, rac man miiro nebartva dabrunebuliyo germaniasi, 1861 wels, is miiwvies vaimarsi, listis mier organizebul `sayoveltao germanuli musikaluri kavsiris~ gaxsnaze. vagneri dasaxlda bibrissi, md. rainis sanapiroze da daiwyo musaoba `niurnbergis maisterzingerze~ wels fundamenti Caeyara vagneris Teatrs baireitsi,bavariis patara qalaqsi wels daasrula musikaluri drama `RmerTebis damxoba~. tetralogiis premiera Sedga 1876 wels baireitsi wels daidga misi bolo musikaluri drama `parsifali~. vagneri gardaicvala 1883 wels veneciasi. vagneruli dramis SeswavlisaTvis da gagebisatvis sawiroa SeviswavloT vagneris filosofia da estetika. upirveles yovlisa, vagneris drama - filosofiuri an umjobesia itqvas, simbolisturia. es aris musikaluri dramis bunebis logikuri Sedegi. simbolizmisa da filosofiisaken midrekilebis gamo,xsirad akritikebdnen kidec mas, radgan miicnevdnen, rom ar aris gonivruli poeziisa da filosofiis ertmanetsi areva, poeturi 107

108 natia cqvitaia azrovnebis Senacvleba civi da ganyenebuli tiradebit foierbaxisa da Sopenhaueris doqtrinebidan, vrceli metafizikuri saubrebi, romlebic damrleli, mosawyeni da Sinaars moklebulia mayureblisatvis. msgavsi kritikis avtorebi, sakutar Tavs amxeldnen imasi, rom mat saertod ar esmit ara Tu vagneris Semoqmedebis WeSmariti Rirebuleba, aramed ar ariareben germanuli poeziisatvis damaxasiatebel originalurobas: cocxali saxisa da ideis Serwymas,xiluli da grznobadi realobis Serwymas idealur kanontan, Serwyma, romelsac Zalian xsirad vawydebit goetes poeziasi an ibsenis dramebsi (martalia, sxva saxit, Tumca aseve maral doneze). goetem Seqmna sagnebis amgvari Semecneba da uwoda mas ganwvreta, misi SexedulebiT, arsebitad ganwvreta gulisxmobs imas, rom yovel kerzo SemTxvevaSi davinaxot saerto idea, romelsac es saxe sakutar TavSi atarebs. vagneris simbolizmi goetes `Wvretas~ gavs, es aris idealuris xilvis unari kerzo movlenasi wlebis periodi ikveteba, rogorc vagneris inteleqtualuri da moraluri evoluciis ert-ert yvelaze damaxasiatebel etapi wlamde is ariarebs maral idealistur da Zlierad Seferil qristianul pesimizms wlis Semdeg is uwodebs sakutar Tavs Sopenhaueriseuli doqtrinis mimdevars, amtkicebs adamianis mier yovelgvari warmavali survilebis uaryofis aucileblobas da gvaswavlis, rom kacobriobas SeuZlia mivides monaniebamde, netarebamde mxolod yvelaferze uaris Tqmis, mwuxarebis sasualebit. man ipovna Sopenhaueris nawarmoebebsi Tavisi WeSmariti azris sruli filosofiuri gamoxatuleba. berznul tragediaze saubrisas, vagneris SexedulebiT, Tu gadavxedavt istorias, armovacent, rom sayoveltao evoluciis ganmavlobasi, kacobrioba ertxel ukve amarlda srulyofil mxatvrul nawarmoebamde, romelic mteli eris qmeditsa da STagonebul TanamSroblobas 108

109 rihard vagneri `poeti da moazrovne~ eyrdnoboda. esqilesa da sofokles dros dramebi savsebit axorcielebs `komunisturi~ dramis im ideals, romelzec ocnebobda da risi ardgenac surda vagners Tavisi TanamedroveebisaTvis da momavali TaobisaTvis. es drama, upirvelesad, Tuki ganvixilavt mis masalas, genialuri individuumis xelovnuri da subieqturi qmnileba ki ar aris, aramed, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, nayofia artistisa da xalxis TanamSromlobisa,saTuTi da didebuli yvavili TviT saberznetis STagonebuli geniisa. berzeni xalxis cxovrebasi tragedias gansakutrebuli roli eniweboda. igi warmoadgenda saberznetis religiuri idealis yvelaze srul mxatvrul gamoxatulebas. Tavisi sawyisit,iseve rogorc suliskvetebit,is iyo WeSmaritad religiuri aqti, SeiZleba itqvas saberznetis religiuri istoriisatvis gacilebit mnisvnelovani, vidre tazrebsi gamartuli sakulto ceremoniebi. sxva kutxit Tu SevxedavT, berznuli drama warmoadgenda ara marto xalxis TanamSromlobas, aramed xelovnebata TanamSromlobas, urtiertxelsewyobas. sinamdvilesi, gansxvavebuli xelovnebebi dakavsirebulia ertmanettan mwidro ZafebiT da srulyofilebas miarweven mxolod gulitadi Tanxmobis, Sinagani SeerTebis Sedegad. elinuri xelovnebis brwyinvale ayvavebis epoqas mosdevs dacemis, gatisulobis era, dabneulobisa da umisamarto Ziebis ori atasi weli. vagneris azrit, amis mizezi iyo adamianis sulis saerto evoluciasi. berznul epoqasi adamiani jer kidev Zalian axlos aris bunebastan. igi bunebas mxatvris TvaliT uyurebs, ketili nebit emorcileba gardauvalobis kanons, romlis gamoxatulebac massi instiqtia, igi jer kidev axlosaa xalxis sulis udidesi Semoqmedebis pirvelyofil periodtan, religiastan, mittan, bunebriv saxelmwifostan, enastan. saukuneebtan ertad Sekruli mtlianoba,bunebrivi adamiani rrvevas iwyebs. intuiciisa da instiqtis periods gansjis periodi mosdevs. ganyenebuli azrovneba iswrafvis 109

110 natia cqvitaia daeuflos adamians da amayad amarldes grznobaze. ganwvretis nacvlad, igi aanalizebs. buneba, romelsic igi adre ariqvamda ertianobas, axla danawevrebulia da sul ufro nawevrdeba umcires wvrilmanebamde. amgvarad kosmogonia midis fizikamde da qimiamde, religia iqceva Teologiad da filosofiad, miti-istoriul qronikad, bunebrivi saxelmwifo sawyiss azlevs politikur saxelmwifos da bolos, xelovneba iqceva mecnierebad da estetikad. yvela sferosi bunebrivi adgils utmobs xelovnurs, mtlianoba-danawevrebulobas. amgvarma evoluciam gamoiwvia mteli da cocxali mxatvruli nawarmoebis daqucmaceba. axla xelovnebis calkeuli sferoebi (arqiteqtura, skulptura, mxatvroba, cekva, pantomima, musika, poezia) cdilobs egoisturad, calcalke gabrwyindes da amastan, iketeba amay da unayofo martoobasi. `momavlis mxatvrul nawarmoebsi~ vagnerma mimoixila sxvadasxva xelovnebis istoria da acvena, rom specializaciam, romelsac TiTqos xeli unda Seewyo calkeul sferota ganvitarebisatvis, mati dacema gamoiwvia. TanamedroveobaSi ki isini kvlav eswrafvian ertmanttan daaxloebas, rata ertmaneti Seavson. vagneris ideebi evoluciis Sesaxeb, xelovnebis or sferostan: musikastan da poeziastan aris dakavsirebuli, radgan swored es gaxlavt mtavari faqtori lirikuli dramis mtlian nawarmoebsi. masala,romlitac operirebs musikosi,_ bgeraa,bgeris usazrvro niuansebi, misi simarlis, tembris bunebrivi gamoxatuleba. is usazrvro elferebi, romelic izens wminda emocias da grznobas. bgerata sferos vagneri okeanes adarebs, romelic usasrulobamde vrceldeba, konkretuli sazrvrebis garese. mati kanonia harmonia. harmonia ganyenebuli mecnierebaa,bgerata urtiertsewyobis Sesaxeb. gavagrzelot kompozitoris Sedareba: harmoniis 110

111 rihard vagneri `poeti da moazrovne~ usazrvro okeane aertianebs or kontinents. sinamdvilesi cekva azlevs musikas, ritms anu is warmoadgens ertgvar wesrigs, kanons, romelic adgens mozraobata Tanmimdevrobas drosi. meore mxriv, poezia musikastan Sexebis dros TviTneburad badebs melodias. xalxis aracnobieri xelovneba yovelgvari mecnieruli kanonebis garese da ucodveli instiqtis wyalobit qmnis Tavis ubralo simrerebs, sadac grznoba bunebrivad, poeziisa da musikis daxmarebit, gadmoicema da leqsi TavisTavad isleba musikasi. vagneris kritikuli nasromebis umetesi nawili, mat Soris yvelaze mtavari - `opera da drama~, daiwera im dros, rodesac mis gonebasi mwifdeboda gegma saopero nawarmoebisa `nibelungebis bewedi~. am ukanasknels kompozitori musikalur dramad, upiratesad umarlesi mxatvruli formis ayvavebis safexurad miicnevda. SeiZleba itqvas, rom `opera da drama~ tetralogiis Teoriuli mimartulebaa. aq vagneri izleva dramatuli siujetis amorcevis mititebebs. rogorc, zemot arvnisne, 1876 wels baireitis saopero Teatri gaixsna saopero ciklis `nibelungebis bewedis~ premierit, romelic 1876 wlis 13 agvistodan 17 agvistomde warmoadgines. baireitis Teatri mdebareobs bavariis qalaq baireitis CrdiloeT nawilsi. emsaxureba ZiriTadad rihard vagneris operebis dadgmebs baireitis festivalis farglebsi. Teatri aigo Tavad vagneris xelmzrvanelobit, gotfrid zemperis mier miunxensi operis ganuxorcielebeli Teatris proeqtis bazaze. Tanxa gamohyo mefe ludvig II. Teatris Sida struqtura UuCveuloa, radgan darbazsi ar aris galerea da aivani, xolo orkestri ganlagebulia scenis qves da uxilavia publikisatvis. interieri Seqminilia xisagan. garda amisa, darbazsi aris akustikuri balansi orkestrsa da momrerlebs Soris, rac SeuZlebels qmnis darbazsi arasaopero musikis 111

112 natia cqvitaia Sesrulebas. ormagi prosceniumi vizualurad zrdis scenas. vagneris remofrmatoroba, Teatris struqturul agebulebasic natlad Cans. msoflio Teatris istoriisatvis rihard vagneri aris umnisvnelovanesi figura da reformatori, mat Soris Tanamedrove sadadgmo gamomsaxvelobisa da uaxlesi Teatraluri tendeciebis plansi. misi swrafva sintezurobisaken, iqca swored `momavlis Teatris~ ganmsazrvrelad. XX saukunis sateatro kulturis SeswavlisaTvis, vagneris Semoqmedeba kidev ufro mnisvnelovania scenografiuli sivrcis axali gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT, romelsac kompozitortan ertad Sveicareli musikosi, mxatvari, rejisori-teoretikosi adolf apia qmnida ( ww.). rogorc vicit, vagneri sulac ar agebda grandiozul Senobas ganyenebuli Teoriebisagan. man Tavisi estetikis gamomusavebit sakutar Tavs ki ar Seudgina programa, aramed gonebas misca kvlevisa da sakutari SemoqmedebiTi warmosaxvis Semowmebis SesaZlebloba. igi upirvelesad rceba artistad. aqedan gamomdinare,vagneris SemoqmedebaSi praqtika srulad gansazrvravs mis Teorias. Анри Лиштанберже. Рихард Вагнер Как Поэт и Мыслитель. myslitel/ joje belani. me, rihard vagneri..., xelovneba, http.:// traditio.ru/wiki/ 112

113 avtorta Sesaxeb maia gosaze _ xelovnebatmcodnebis doqtori. saqartvelos SoTa rustavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori. daamtavra SoTa rustavelis Teatrisa da kinos universitetis Teatrmcodneobis fakulteti. sxvadasxva dros, gamoqveynebuli aqvs publikaciebi amerikuli, antikuri da renesansis dramaturgiis Sesaxeb. amjamad musaobs Temaze `variaciebi mitosur motivebze~. tel: (32) nino sanadiraze _ xelovnebatmcodneobis doqtori saqartvelos erovnuli muzeumi-eqspert specialisti SoTa rustavelis kinosa da Teatris saxelmwifo universiteti biznesisa da martvis fakulteti asocirebuli profesori. tel: (77) el-fosta: ninisanadiradze@gmail.com 113

114 THEATRE STUDIES Maia Goshadze 114 NECROPHILIA BY PHROME Summary The article Necrophilia by Chrome discusses to run off from the present motives in the Patrick Ziuskind, Anton Chekhov and Giorgi margvelashvili s play Cherries Garden. Article s author s idea is that the dilemma of to be or not to be, between life and death (by view Existential) choose between un dead results and dead process is clear in to the chosen, - by hope or ask of the prized undead. Without praise less and without judge all being on the present, given, realization. It must be arise all its whole life with itself ability again to try discovered unsuccessfully in the same row. It became hated physical tendency prized with un dead future, un received the motive without all giving rules life, always birth new of the creative physical agent, hopefuls, refused of the activates, afraid and hatred of the life. Not wish to arise from the sleeping from the future morning; we can see Chehkov s hero, in the play Cherry garden made by director Giorgi Margvelashvili. It may be really wishes to come back in the best inertial before the birth. Right towards the present, such as humans leader physics tendency, - to love life or hate creative motive is realized in the different epochs being madden work. ABOUT AUTHOR Art History PhD Associate Professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University. Graduated from Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University s Faculty of Theatre Studies. She has had her articles on American, Ancient and Renaissance Drama published at various times. Currently she works on paper Variations on mythical motives Tel: (32)

115 CULTURE MANAGEMENT Nino Sanadiradze CULTURE PRODUCTS AND CULTURAL PRODUCTS SEGMENTATION Summary In the article briefly is examined essence of attitude of meaning culture and art products. The production of culture perspective focuses on how the symbolic elements of culture are shaped by the systems within which they are created, distributed, evaluated, taught, and preserved. Initially, practitioners of this perspective focused on the fabrication of expressive-symbol elements of culture, such as art works, scientific research reports, popular culture, religious practices and other parts of what are now often called the culture or creative industries. Marketing Culture and the Arts is a useful tool for anyone seeking to understand how marketing works within the cultural context and to familiarize themselves with the unique challenges posed by artistic products in the choice of marketing strategies. Market segmentation is the division of a market into different groups of customers with distinctly similar needs and product/service requirements. Or to put it another way, market segmentation is the division of a mass market into identifiable and distinct groups or segments, each of which have common characteristics and needs and display similar responses to marketing actions. The market segmentation concept is related to product differentiation. If you aim at different market segments, you might adapt different variations of your offering to satisfy those segments, and equally if you adapt different versions of your offering, this may appeal to different market segments. Since there is less competition, your approach is less likely to be copied and so either approach will do. In conclusion it can be seen that the cultural production is the process by which cultural products (including goods, artifacts, visual and experiential objects, services, and art forms) are created, transformed, and diffused in the constitution of consumer culture. In 115

116 this article we are interested in a specific class of cultural products, those that have artistic and aesthetic appeal. A central premise of the cultural production process is that culture itself is constructed and negotiated by cultural actors (producers, intermediaries, consumers) through interplay of symbolic and sensory modes of experience and their concomitant meaning systems in which the cultural actors are engaged. ABOUT AUTHOR Dr. Associated professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University, Georgian National Museum Tel: (577) ninisanadiradze@gmail.com 116

117 UNIVERSITY Ph.D PROGRAM THEORY AND HISTORI OF SCENOGRAPHY Head of the Program: Prof. Ketevan Kintsurashvili Lali Gelashvili Third year PhD student COSTUME PAINTING IN THE MOVIE KETO AND KOTE Summary The movie <<Keto and Kote>> was shot in 1948 after A. Tsagareli comedy «Khanuma» and Victor Dolidze opera «Keto and Kote» Poplulation, tired with World War II, needed an entertaining movie. That is why, the Soviet Government allowed the Georgian film directors to shoot the musical comedy «Keto and Kote». The present work describes what obstacles and difficuilties were overcome in order to make that very movie which we know. «Keto and Kote» film direcotrs are Vakhtang Tabliashvili and Shalva Gedevanishvili. The movie is shot after Siko Pashalishvili screenplay. Music is composed by Victor Dolidze and Archil Kereselidze. The movie designer is Jozeph Sumbatashvili, costume designer Parnaoz Lapiashvili. Other designers : Koteh Kvaliashvili, Evgenyi Machavariani and Khristesia Lebanidze. The costume design is one of the signigicant components in the movie-making process. The film designer Parnaoz Lapiashvili did a tremendous job for each particular character for creation of artisticalhistorically justified as well as characteristical apparel. Parnaoz Lapiashvili is distinguished by his ability to harmonically merge pictorial art and constructive means. The costumes in the movie should have been merged by sketch and diversity of texture with interior, decorative environment and properties. The action in the movie takes place in Tbilisi of the end of 19 th and the beginning of 20 th century. In the multinational city on the crossroad of Europe and Asia the motives and elements of the east 117

118 and the west weaved and it is not a surprise that this would have found its expression also in apparel. The designer had to learn lots of sources and then consider them. This was done brilliantly with his high professionalism by Parnazo Lapiashvili. The designer could express in costumes the interests, habits of different social classes of the society and at the same time to maintain traditional details. Parnaoz Lapiashvili s cotumes are not mere costumes. They are means of expression of the style of life of Georgians with humor or irony of that epoch. Each mise-en-scene of «Keto and Kote» is unique. The designer knows well in which time interval the characters are in different interiors, in nature. In case of designers the changes in environment and time is expressed in actors clothes, also in use of separate accessories and things. The designer s art in cinematography is distinquished by a specificity, which is well felt and considered by «Keto and Kote» designers. This is the reason why this movie is so interesting. The artistic characteristic features of designers were transfered into Cinematography: perception of dynamics, rhythm and movement. The designer seems to combine by editing the diverse urban scenes. In artistic reproduction of 19 th century epoch the architectural background of old Tbilisi and Jozeph Sumbatashvili s art played a great role. Parnaoz Lapiashvili s work for the movie is loaded with deep thinking and emotions, which is the result of the movie specific epoch and national individuality study, deep learning of ethnographic materials. That is why, one can feel so strongly the flavor of XIX century Tbilisi, fashion tendencies and real clothes transform into movie-costumes. The artist conforms with success the contents of the movie and modern methods of cinematography of that period. In costumes created for the movie, he reaches the synthesis of texture technology and painting principles.to our mind, for all this there is one base National culture, moving of artistic traditions into movie costumes, their styling and creating entire visual material, inner freedom. In the movie Parnaoz Lapiashvili s costume is active, when it shows the vivid dinamics of colors and also the dynamics of development of personage character. Colors in movement speak loud. 118

119 No matter what is the main purpose of costume for the character, for P. Lapiashvili each costume is a color, combination of colors, which in its way, creat a particular colourful range. Despite the movie is black and white, alongside with colourful correspondence of costumes, one can easily see the correspondence of different texture cloths. As for sctuctural correspondence of different cloths especially for shooting is not an easy task stemming out of cinema specificity. P. Lapiashvili can fulfill this task with ease. If not Keto and Kote -s designers personal artistic abilities, transformed into the movie, keen perception of dynamics, rhythm and movement, the viewer would never become part of performance and its immediate participant. This movie could stand the time because the artistic team made the viewers of all generation be a participant. One of the major roles in this artistic team belongs to designers. The close cooperation of film directors, cameramen and designers define the deep expression of platic language, creation of a life images of epoch and comical being. This helped greatly to poetic convey of esthetical conception of the movie. 119

120 DRAMA DIRECTION Head of the Program: Prof. Giorgi Margvelashvili, Vasil Kiknadze Nino Lipartiani Third year PhD student PHILOSOPHICAL POST MODERNISM Summary Post Modernism era is an age of failed mankind with no more attempts to build up utopias or readjust the world. On a contrary, it tries to accept the world as it is, conform to it and furnish it with maximum comfort. Shortly, it does not reflect one s cruel idea, but an honest reaction upon the cynicism of modern history. It is not a stylish passion but an epoch establishing new style of public relations. We are predestined to replay all scenarios ever created. We live through reproduction of endless ideals, fantasies and dreams, the originals of which had been left in the past. The idea of progress has disappeared, however the progress still takes place Post modernism tries to farewell the past sneeringly. 120 Maia Shengelia Third year PhD student WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE S TITUS ANDRONICUS FOR GENEZIS Summary Shakespeare's works, discussing the importance of those sources, which the playwright has created his own compositions. In this study the question again arises skeptics often manipulated by the «authorship» question. This time, we can not touch this problem. Only remark that Shakespeare's audience did not demand a new

121 communities to find. Viewing assessing the novelty of the old, familiar story in terms of the new show. Shakespeare lived in that era, and it led to this principle. Therefore, to blame others for its use of stories, not right now. All the sources that Shakespeare used, the researchers point out, could not write his own compositions. In particular, «Titus Andronicus,» a source is unknown, but appear to be motivated by several authors: ovideusi, seneka, but the most reliable source is considered the 18th century in the second half of the publications and we will come a book that contains a «Titus Andronicus» prose version. However, this work is mentioned attava tamoras name instead. Our subject matter dibeliusis idea that Titus Andronicus is a prototype of the Roman Caesar Andronic I, and tamoras - Georgian Queen Tamar. Comparative analysis has shown, because they were relatives of Queen Tamar, and Andronicus, and Tamora and Titus enemies are, therefore, can not be Tamara Tamora's prototype. The Tamar is a noble and a Christian believer. As Andronic I, his character and play in the story of his life, the similarities, suggest that it is quite possible that Andronic I be Titus's prototype. 121

122 THEATRE JOURNALISM HISTORY Head of the Program: Prof. Giorgi Chartolani 122 Mariam Chubinidze Third year PhD student GEORGIAN THEATRE JOURNALISM AND THE AUDIENCE Summary Periodical press is the one of the most important means for the research of the history of theater. However, the profession of theatre journalism is full profession itself and not one of the additions to theatre. Georgian Theatre journalism emerged in the second half of the 19th century. Due to Georgia's political regime at that time and in spite of Georgian public figures efforts, it turned out impossible to edit several Georgian publications at the same time; therefore, speaking about origins of Theatre Journalism (according to unstable situation of Georgian press), we will pass 50 - ies and overview the following 30 years. Discussing Georgian Theatre Journalism of the period of our interest, of course, we should consider what was happening in Georgian theatre at that time. Founded in 1850, the theater of GeorgeTsereteli was quickly closed. A more than twenty years after Georgian stage amateurs, more or less actively, presented theatricals in the various cities or villages. The press watched and wrote about each of them. By the journalists analysis of national-ideological importance of theatre (issues of language, protection of national identity, education) and by increasing the viewer s aesthetic needs, it became clear for the prominent part of Georgian society that setting of professional theatre was timely and necessary. The role played by Georgian periodical press in the creation of the permanent Georgian Theatre is well-known fact in the history; but the first period of Georgian Theatre journalism is also interesting and important by the fact that it succeeded in turning its reader in the professional theater audience, many of whom before

123 reading this or other periodical publication not even had heard about Theatre. We more frequently can see in the press of this period the letters where the authors discuss the importance of theater for community, but later the audience itself becomes of not less importance. The authors of some letters directly raise the problem of the audience. This is one of the areas of Georgian Theatre journalism whose deep and consistent research has finally laid the foundation for Georgian professional theater. 123

124 UNIVERSITY MA PROGRAM MODERN EUROPEAN THEATRE Head of the Program: Prof. Tamar Bokuchava 124 Guram Kokaia Second year MA student THEATRE DIRECTING RESEARCHES OF VSEVOLOD MEYERHOLD IN Summary Vsevolod Meyerhold was worldwide known Russian theatre director, actor and theatre producer. He worked with different theatres, actors and actresses. He began his career in Moscow Art Theatre, with Konstantin Stanislavsky and Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko. He played some roles there. He didn t agree MAT s naturalistic aesthetic principles. He argued with K. Stanislavsky about theatre art and it s principles. Finally Vsevolod Meyerhold decided to leave the Theatre. Some of actors and actress followed him. They went to the south province of Russia, in Kherson and began to work there. The director began making experiments in theatre art. This article is about the experiments Meyerhold has done. He began to work on modern drama. He was delighted with symbolists plays. He made experiments in every branch of theatre art. He searched for new forms of theatre art. This article includes V. Meyerhold s activities between years. There is information about the most notable performances he had done in this period of time: Acrobats, Balaganchik, The Death of Tintagiles, The Life Of Man, Sister Beatrice, etc. In these performances, the director tried new forms of stage design, light and sound effects, etc. The rythm was very important for him. He trained an actor in different ways and finally he created Biomechanich System, which spread in the whole world.

125 This article is about the first steps of great director. He developed theatre art and influenced a lot of other theatre directors. There are V. Meyerholds aesthetic principles, opinions about art and theatre. Lot of his ideas were realized in his performances. This period was the beginning of his life long artistic researches and creations. Tamar Komladze Second year MA student THE THEATRE OF THE ABSURD AND ITS REPRESENTATIVES Summary In 20th century s there has appeared a new direction in French drama -Theatre of the Absurd. It was called avant-garde or experimental theatre, sometimes it was even called Anti-Theatre or Theatre de Derision. Theatre of the Absurd neglected the realistic or even engaged theatre. Anti - theatre of absurd has it s own rules: theatre is only in the theatre, actors live only during the play, action is in the dreamy, imaginative place, it s not subjected to traditional points of view about time and space, words and things have their own autonomy, communicational function of speech due to the crisis of the speech is wasted and becomes the object of the stage. As a result the Avantgarde theatre of Absurd doesn t believe in speech, language and prefers gestures and motion. The term was coined by the critic Martin Esslin, who made it the title of a book on the subject first published in According to Esslin, the five defining playwrights of the movement are: Eugene Ionesco, Samuel Beckett, Jean Genet, Arthur Adamov, and Harold Pinter, although these writers were not always comfortable with this label and sometimes preferred to use terms such as «Anti-Theater» or «New Theater». Other playwrights associated with this type of theatre include Tom Stoppard, Arthur Kopit, Friedrich Durrenmatt, Fernando Arrabal, Edward Albee, and N.F. Today the form of Theatre of the Absurd is considered to be the 125

126 phenomenon what appeared after the World War II. One of the early peaces of absurd - Jean Jennet s The Maids first was performed in Paris, in The Bald Prima Donna by Ionesco and early plays by Arthur Adamov were performed in Samuel Beckett s Waiting for Godot was written between October of 1948 and 29 January of First it was staged in 1953, the Theatre de Babylon, Paris. It was voted «the most significant English language play of the 20th century. The Theatre of the Absurd has appeared as a reaction to the World War II, at this time, there was confluence of existential philosophy and elements of drama, it makes to give ability to forming a new style of theatre - The Theatre of the Absurd. 126 Natia Tskvitaia Second year MA student RICHARD WAGNER THE POET AND THINKER Summary Richard Wagner is one of the most famous German composer, musician, great talent, which has very much affected the artistic history of European musical art. He s works are interesting not only for the history of music, but for the general arts, modern theater and German music. Wagner created a new form of the art, the Music drama. Music drama rules are described in his critical writings, which contain invaluable documents for the aesthetics of music. However, the Wagner music drama is also very important in the development of theatrical art. In short, it is not only a musician, but also a playwright, aesthete and thinker; this is how he Wagner characterized by the German composer Henry Lishtanberzhe in his book introductions - Richard Wagner as a poet and thinker. Through unification in one person the musician and the poet, Wagner raised the question of the playwright - Double point of the composer s vision the drama and music in terms of the merger. He created detailed and accurate theory of how drama should be conceived of in a musical. Wagner s ideas about evolution are related with the two fields of arts - music and poetry, as this is a major factor in the overall work of lyrical drama.

127 Richard Wagner is one of the most important figures and reformers in the World Theatre History, with his modern Staged expression the contemporary theatrical trends in the foreground. His commitment to synthesis became the theater of the future determinant. XX Century Theatre for the Study of Culture, Wagner s works is more important Stenography new solution in terms of space, which together with the Swiss composer, musician, painter, and director - theorist created Adolf Apia ( ). As we know, Wagner was not building grandiose building of the abstract theories. With his aesthetics, he was not composing certain programs for himself, but he gave to the mind of the creative imagination of its own research and testing capability. First of all Richard Wagner remains the artist. Hence, Wagner s practical works determined his theory. 127

128 128