SUNDETIKH SUNTAXH THS TOURKIKHS Crhvsto" Klaivrh"

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1 SUNDETIKH SUNTAXH THS TOURKIKHS Crhvsto" Klaivrh" EISAGWGH Sthn koinhv ma" anakoivnwsh me to G. Mpampiniwvth ÆTupologiva thv" sundetikhv" suvntaxh"æ 1 krivname ovti ta porivsmatav ma" apov thn evreuna touv fainomevnou sthn Ellhnikhv eivnai enqarruntikav gia mia euruvterh evreuna twn suntaktikwvn domwvn kai mhcanismwvn pou diaqevtoun oi glwvsse" gia na kaluvyoun ti" epikoinwniakev" anavgke" apovdosh" idiovthta". Sth Grammatikhv 2 ma" upogrammivsame idiaivtera thn uvparxh duvo diaforetikwvn strathgikwvn gia thn orgavnwsh touv lovgou Ú thn purhnikhvdoruforikhv suvntaxh kai th sundetikhv suvntaxh. Sthn perivptwsh thv" sundetikhv" suvntaxh", pou ma" endiafevrei edwv, duvo onomatikoiv ovroi sundevontai avmesa metaxuv tou" apodivdonta" o evna" ston avllo mia idiovthta. ÆEdwv to rhvma leitourgeiv san mia aplhv gevfura, h opoiva mavlista, merikev" forev", mporeiv kai na leivpei.æ Antivqeta, sthn perivptwsh thv" purhnikhv"-doruforikhv" suvntaxh" Æto rhvma katanevmei ti" suntaktikev" leitourgive" (upokeivmeno, antikeivmeno k.lp.) twn upovloipwn stoiceivwn, ta opoiva perifevrontai guvrw apov to rhvma-purhvna w" dorufovroi.æ H melevth thv" Ellhnikhv" ma" epevtreye na deivxoume Æthn uvparxh enov" Æsunecouv"Æ (continuum) sto opoivo entavssontai klimakwtav ta sundetikav rhvmata me akraivo ovrio ta mh sundetikav rhvmata (ta opoiva epivsh" crhsimopoiouvntai sth dhvlwsh idiovthta").æ Metagenevstere" evreune" 3 se glwvsse" poikivlwn oikogeneiwvn evdeixan thn ekavstote avllh pragmavtwsh touv protaqevnto" sunecouv", emploutivzonta" tautovcrona thn tupologiva thv" sundetikhv" suvntaxh". Eivnai endiafevron na exetavsoume edwv, se genikev" grammev", thn perivptwsh thv" Tourkikhv" 4. Glwvssa mh indoeurwpaϊkhv, h Tourkikhv pou milievtai sthn Tourkiva, anhvkei se mia oikogevneia tourkikwvn glwsswvn pou omilouvntai apov ta Balkavnia evw" th Sibhriva. Ta azeriv, tourkmevn, ouzmpevk, kazavk, kirgkivz, tsoubav" eivnai tourkikev" glwvsse" pou me th seirav tou" entavssontai se mia , Proceedings of the 4nd International Conference on Greek Linguistics, Nicosie-Chypre, p Cr. Klaivrh"-G. Mpampiniwvth", 2005, Grammatikhv thv" Neva" Ellhnikhv". Domoleitourgikhv- Epikoinwniakhv, Aqhvna, Ellhnikav Gravmmata, sel Christos CLAIRIS, Denis COSTAOUEC, Claudine CHAMOREAU, Françoise GUERIN (dir), 2005, Typologie de la syntaxe connective, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 285 p 4 Gia perissovtere" plhroforive" gia thn Tourkikhv bl. Christos CLAIRIS, 1996, La réforme linguistique en Turquie, La Bretagne Linguistique, Cahiers du Groupe de Recherche sur l'économie linguistique de la Bretagne, vol. 10, Brest, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, p

2 euruvterh omavda ouralo-altaϊkwvn glwsswvn. Ta Tourkikav sthn Tourkiva omilouvntai apov ta 80% perivpou touv plhqusmouv, o opoivo" shvmera xepernav ta 70 ekatommuvria. H Tourkikhv emfanivzei safhv onomatorhmatikhv antivqesh kai tupologikav katatavssetai sti" sugkollhtikev" glwvsse". Metaxuv twn fwnologikwvn th" carakthristikwvn na shmeiwvsoume ovti to fwnhentikov th" suvsthma apoteleivtai apov oktwv fwnhvmata diaforopoihmevna me trei" fwnologikev" antiqevsei" (provsqia/opivsqia, anoictav/kleistav, stroggulav/mh stroggulav) kai ovti apofeuvgei ta sumplevgmata sumfwvnwn. H fwnhentikhv armoniva, h opoiva endecomevnw" sto parelqovn ivscue sto fwnologikov th" suvsthma, sugcronikav leitourgeiv w" morfologikov fainovmeno pou iscuvei gia ta epiqhvmata, ta opoiva ofeivloun na enarmonivzontai me thn teleutaiva sullabhv thv" bavsh". Den upavrcei morfologikhv diavkrish gevnou". O kaqorismov" thv" anaforav" (onovmato") den givnetai me protassovmeno avrqro allav me sugkerimmevno epivqhma, to opoivo leitourgeiv kai w" deivkth" thv" leitourgiva" touv oristikouv antikeimevnou. H iscuvousa seirav twn ovrwn sth suvntaxh eivnai prosdiorivzon-prosdiorizovmeno. To rhmatikov kathgovrhma prwtotupikav katevcei thn teleutaiva qevsh touv ekfwnhvmato". Me th glwssikhv metarruvqmish touv Kemavl, apov to 1928 uioqethvqhke gia th grafhv to latinikov alfavbhto me basikov krithvrio thn antistoiciva fwnhvmato" kai grafhvmato". H SUNDETIKH SUNTAXH Mhdenikhv baqmivda suvndesh" H Tourkikhv anhvkei sti" glwvsse" sti" opoive" h apovdosh idiovthta" se evna antikeivmeno anaforav" mporeiv na givnei apeuqeiva" cwriv" th mesolavbhsh sundetikouv rhvmato" hv avllou glwssikouv stoiceivou. Provkeitai gia th mhdenikhv baqmivda suvndesh". Ev güzel. spivti wraivo"/a/o (To) spivti eivnai wraivo. Hayat zor. zwhv duvskolo"/h/o (H) zwhv eivnai duvskolh. Erol evsahibi. Erovl idiokthvth" (O) Erovl eivnai idiokthvth".

3 Sta parapavnw paradeivgmata, pou sunistouvn kanonikev" plhvrei" protavsei" thv" Tourkikhv" 5, duvo onomatikav stoiceiva sundevontai apeuqeiva" cwriv" th mesolavbhsh rhvmato" hv avllou glwssikouv stoiceivou. Apov ta duvo onomatikav stoiceiva to evna, o purhvna" thv" provtash" (güzel, zor, evsahibi) fanerwvnei thn idiovthta hv to carakthristikov pou apodivdetai sto avllo (ev, hayat, Erol) pou leitourgeiv w" energopoihthv" touv purhvna. O purhvna" twn mhnumavtwn autwvn eivnai dunatovn na exeidikeuteiv 6 me triva grammatikav stoiceiva upov morfhvn epiqhvmato" (-dir ÆparovnÆ, -di Æexakribwmevno parelqovnæ, -miş Æanexakrivbwto parelqovnæ) 7, ta opoiva evcoun to carakthristikov na mporouvn na prosdiorivsoun tovso to ovnoma ovso kai to rhvma, mporouvme dhladhv na ta kathgoriopoihvsoume w" parepovmena touv onovmato" KAI touv rhvmato" 8. Erol evsahibi -dir. Erovl idiokthvth" parovn (O) Erovl eivnai idiokthvth". Ev güzel -di. spivti wraivo"/a/o exakribwmevno parelqovn (To) spivti hvtan wraivo. Hayat zor -muş. zwhv duvskolo"/h anexakrivbwto parelqovn (H) zwhv faivnetai pw" hvtan duvskolh. Na prosqevsoume ovti o energopoihthv" mporeiv na eivnai evna epivqhma pou anhvkei sth grammatikhv kathgoriva touv proswvpou (egwv, esuv, k.lp.) kai pou dhlwvnei, edwv, to provswpo sto opoivo apodivdetai mia idiovthta. Etumologikav to enlovgw epivqhma apoteleivtai apov evna palaiov sundetikov rhvma er-mek/i-mek, anavlogo touv ellhnikouv ÆeivmaiÆ, kai evna deivkth proswvpou. 5 Gia ti" duskolive" twn tourkofwvnwn gia mia swsthv crhvsh thv" Ellhnikhv" bl. Elevnh Sellav- Mavzh, 1994, Stoiceiva antiparabolikhv" grammatikhv". Ellhnikhv"-Tourkikhv", Aqhvna, OESB, 208 sel. 6 Gia thn evnnoia thv" exeidivkeush" bl. Cr. Klaivrh"-G. Mpampiniwvth", 2002, H leitourgiva thv" exeidivkeush" sth glwvssa, Recherches en Linguistique Grecque, vol. I, Paris, L'Harmattan, p Ta allovmorfa autwvn twn stoiceivwn, ovpw" kai ovlwn twn epiqhmavtwn thv" Tourkikhv", schmativzontai suvmfwna me th fwnhentikhv armoniva. 8 Bl. scetikav Christos CLAIRIS, 2005, Le système verbal du turc, Dilbilim, XIII, Istanbul, Université d Istanbul, p

4 Tembel -im. tempevlh" 1 enikov provswpo Eivmai tempevlh". Güzel -sin. wraivo"/a/o 2 enikov provswpo Eivsai wraivo"/a/o. Suvndesh me sundetikov rhvma H mhdenikhv baqmivda suvndesh" upovkeitai se evna periorismov Ú ovtan o omilhthv" qevlei na exeidikeuvsei thn apovdosh idiovthta" me ti" evxh grammatikev" plhroforive" pou prosdiorivzoun apokleistikav to rhvma thv" Tourkikhv" (p.c. na topoqethvsei thn apovdosh idiovthta" sto mevllon, na ekfravsei deontikovthta, sunhvqeia klp.) tovte ofeivlei na crhsimopoihvsei to sundetikov rhvma ol-mak ÆgivnomaiÆ. Ev güzel ol -acak. spivti wraivo"/a/o givnomai mevllwn (To) spivti qa givnei wraivo. Ev güzel ol -malı. spivti wraivo"/a/o givnomai deontikov" (To) spivti prevpei na givnei (na eivnai) wraivo. Suvndesh me eterosundetikav rhvmata Ta eterosundetikav eivnai disqenhv hv trisqenhv rhvmata pou carakthrivzontai apov thn allaghv thv" suntaktikhv" tou" sumperiforav" ovson aforav thn leitourgiva touv kathgoroumevnou. H allaghv authv sundevetai me thn allaghv diaqevsew" hv akovmh kai me thn allaghv shmasiva" touv rhvmato" me sunepakovlouqh allaghv touv sqevnou" tou. Sunivstatai de h allaghv sto gegonov" ovti sth miva perivptwsh evcoume apovdosh idiovthta" (kathgorouvmeno) sto upokeivmeno touv rhvmato", enwv sthn avllh perivptwsh h apovdosh idiovthta" givnetai sto antikeivmeno touv rhvmato". H Tourkikhv diaqevtei triva eivdh eterosundetikwvn rhmavtwn Ú a) Me allaghv energhtikhv"-paqhtikhv" diavqesh".

5 Ta rhvmata autav sthn energhtikhv diavqesh decontai kathgorouvmeno sto antikeivmenov tou": Köy Erol -u başkan seç -ti. cwriov Erovl orist. antik. provedro" eklevgw Exakr. parelqovn upokeivm. antikeivmeno kathgorouvmeno Rhvma (To) cwriov exevlexe ton Erovl provedro. enwv sthn paqhtikhv fwnhv devcontai kathgorouvmeno sto upokeivmenov tou", ovpw" kai ta sundetikav rhvmata: Erol başkan seçil -di. Erovl provedro" eklevgomai exakr. parelqovn upokeivmeno kathgorouvmeno Rhvma (O) Erovl eklevcthke provedro". b) Me allaghv energhtikhv"-mevsh" diavqesh". Köy -ü gör -üyor -um. cwriov orist. antik. blevpw exeliktikov parovn 1 enikov provswpo antikeivmeno Blevpw to cwriov. Rhvma Köy büyük gör-ün -üyor. cwriov megavlo"/h/o faivnomai exeliktikov parovn upokeivmeno kathgorouvmeno rhvma (To) cwriov faivnetai megavlo. g) Me allaghv shmasiva". Erol kitab -ı bul -du. Erovl biblivo orist. antik. brivskw exakr. parelqovn Upokeivmeno antikeivmeno Rhvma (O) Erovl brhvke to biblivo.

6 To rhvma bul-mak ÆbrivskwÆ mporeiv na decteiv kathgorouvmeno sto antikeivmenov tou opovte, ovmw", allavzei h shmasiva tou apov ÆbrivskwÆ se Æqewrwv, krivnwæ ovpw", avllwste, kavti anavlogo sumbaivnei kai sta Ellhnikav. Erol kitab -ı güzel bul -du. Erovl biblivo orist. antik. wraivo"/a/o brivskw exakr. parelqovn upokeivmeno antikeivmeno kathgorouvmeno Rhvma (O) Erovl brhvke (evkrine, qewvrhse) to biblivo wraivo. Suvndesh me mh sundetikav rhvmata Pevran twn periptwvsewn pou anafevrame, h apovdosh idiovthta" sthn Tourkikhv mporeiv epivsh" na pragmatopoihqeiv kai me mh sundetikav rhvmata, dhladhv me rhvmata plhvrou" shmasiva", twn opoivwn to sqevno" den epibavllei eggenwv" thn uvparxh kathgoroumevnou. Ovpw" akribwv" sumbaivnei me ta Ellhnikav 9, sta Tourkikav mporeiv na apodoqeiv idiovthta sto upokeivmeno hv antikeivmeno enov" mh sundetikouv rhvmato" me thn upocrewtikhv mesolavbhsh enov" sundetikouv deivkth. S authv thn perivptwsh ovtan o omilhthv" desmeuvetai w" pro" thn alhvqeia thv" idiovthta" pou apodivdei to kathgorouvmeno crhsimopoieiv to sundetikov deivkth olarak Æw", ovnta"æ, paravgwgo touv sundetikouv rhvmato" ol-mak ÆgivnomaiÆ. Antivqeta, ovtan o omilhthv" qevlei na diaforopoihqeiv hv na dhlwvsei epifuvlaxh w" pro" thn apodidovmenh idiovthta, tovte evcei sth diavqeshv tou tou" sundetikouv" deivkte" gibi Æsan kai diye ÆsanÆ. Kathgorouvmeno touv upokeimevnou me deivkth olarak Æw"Æ Erol mimar olarak çalış -ıyor. Erovl arcitevktwn w" ergavzomai exeliktikov parovn upokeivmeno kathgorouvmeno sund. deivkth" Rhvma (O) Erovl ergavzetai w" arcitevktona". Kathgorouvmeno touv upokeimevnou me deivkth gibi ÆsanÆ Erol köle gibi çalış -ıyor. Erovl sklavbo" san ergavzomai exeliktikov parovn upokeivmeno kathgorouvmeno sund. deivkth" Rhvma (O) Erovl ergavzetai san sklavbo". 9 Bl. kef. ÆSundetikhv suvntaxhæ (sel ) thv" Grammatikhv"... kai idiaivtera sel

7 Kathgorouvmeno touv antikeimevnou me deivkth olarak Æw"Æ Başkan Erol -u hizmetçi olarak al -dı. Provedro" Erovl orist. antik. uphrevth" w" Paivrnw ex. par. upokeivmeno antikeivmeno kathgor. sund. deivkth" rhvma (O) provedro" (pros)evlabe ton Erovl w" uphrevth. Kathgorouvmeno touv upokeimevnou me deivkth diye ÆsanÆ Erol hasta diye izin al -dı. Erovl avrrwsto" san avdeia Paivrnw Ex. par. upokeivmeno kathgorouvm. sund. deivkth" antik. rhvma (O) Erovl phvre avdeia san (na hvtan) avrrwsto". Tevlo" prevpei na anafevroume ovti orismevna mh sundetikav rhvmata devcontai evna epirrhmatikov kathgorouvmeno. Erol mutlu yaş -ıyor. Erovl eutucismevno"/h/o zw exeliktikov parovn upokeivmeno epirr. kathgor. rhvma (O) Erovl zei eutucismevno". Me th suvntomh authv episkovphsh thv" Tourkikhv": a) epibebaiwvnetai to Æsunecev"Æ pou uposthrivxame w" evna carakthristikov thv" sundetikhv" suvntaxh": mhdenikhv baqmida suvndesh me suvndesh me suvndesh me mh suvndesh" sundetikav rhvmata eterosundetikav rhvmata sundetikav rhvmata > > b) emploutivzetai h tupologiva thv" sundetikhv" suvntaxh" me to paravdeigma mia" glwvssa" ovpou h apeuqeiva" suvndesh (mhdenikhv baqmivda suvndesh") touv prosdiorizomevnou stoiceivou me to stoiceivo pou touv apodivdei mia idiovthta eivnai kanonikhv kai sunhqismevnh: g) givnetai safev" ovti h uvparxh grammatikwvn stoiceivwn koinwvn sto ovnoma kai sto rhvma (onomatorhmatikav parepovmena pou carakthrivzoun thn Tourkikhv) sumbavllei sth sundetikhv suvntaxh. O omilhthv" mporeiv evtsi na topoqeteiv thn apovdosh idiovthta" ovci movnon sto parovn (-dir) allav kai sto parelqovn (-di Æexakribwmevno parelqovnæ, -miş Æanexakrivbwto parelqovnæ) cwriv" th mesolavbhsh sundetikouv hv avllou rhvmato":

8 d) probavlletai h leitourgiva thv" grammatikhv" kathgoriva" touv proswvpou w" energopoihthv touv kathgoroumevnou (tembel-im Æeivmai tempevlh" ): e) carakthrivzetai h idiovmorfh crhvsh touv sundetikouv rhvmato" olmak ÆgivnomaiÆ touv opoivou h parousiva givnetai upocrewtikhv ovtan o omilhthv" qevlei na exeidikeuvsei thn apovdosh idiovthta" me plhroforive" pou den kaluvptontai apov ta koinav onomatorhmatikav parepovmena: st) tevlo", upogrammivzetai h evlleiyh sundetikouv rhvmato" antivstoicou pro" to ÆeivmaiÆ thv" Ellhnikhv".

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