Clauses of Purpose/Effort/ Fear, Verbal Adjectives, Uses of the Infinitive. Intensive Classical Greek Prof. Kristina Chew 30 June 2016

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1 Clauses of Purpose/Effort/ Fear, Verbal Adjectives, Uses of the Infinitive Intensive Classical Greek Prof. Kristina Chew 30 June 2016

2 Review of Indirect Discourse 1) verb of saying (with no special connotation: ἄγγέλλω, ἄποκρίνομαι, γράφω, λέγω) 2) verbs of thinking, believing (νομίζω, κρίνω, πιστεύω); saying (φημί (say, assert [something is true]), λέγω (say [something is true] 3) verb of showing, knowing, perceiving (ἄκούω, βλέπω, δηλόω, εὑρίσκω, οἶδα, ὁράω, φαίνω) Finite Verb in Direct Discourse present/imperfect indicative, present subjunctive INDIRECT DISCOURSE 1) ὅτι, ὡς + finite verb; same tense as in direct discourse secondary tense (main clause) > optative can be used* 2) infinitive 3) participle : subject of indirect discourse is in accusative (subject is omitted if identifical with subject of main sentence); verbs in dependent clauses remain finite & can be changed to optative; Indirect discourse with infinitive & participle Infinitive/Participle in Indirect Discourse present infinitive/participle aorist indicative, aorist subjunctive aorist infinitive/participle perfect/pluperfect indicative, perfect subjunctive perfect infinitive/participle Relative Time Shown by Infinitive/ Participle action happening at the main time of the main verb [or contemporaneous with it] action prior to the time of the main verb [or prior to it] action complete at the time of the main verb [or prior to it] future indicative future infinitive/participle action subsequent to the time of the main verb future perfect indicative future perfect infinitive/participle action complete at a time subsequent to the time of the main verb

3 Purpose Clauses Explain the goal for doing something; could be removed from sentence without changing main meaning of sentence); answer question why. use: ἵνα, ὅπως, ὡς ( so that ) In a purpose clause, the verb is subjunctive or optative, depending on the main verb being primary or secondary. σπεύδω ἵνα τὸν ἀγῶνα ἴδω (ὁρῶ). ἔσπεύδον ἵνα τὸν ἀγῶνα ἴδοιμι (ὁρῴην) ἴδω (ὁρῶ). Purpose can also be shown with future participle, esp. with a verb of motion: σπεύδω ὀψόμενος τὸν ἀγῶνα. ὁράω, ὄψομαι, εἶδον Primary and Secondary Tenses primary tenses secondary tenses present, future, perfect, future perfect indicative imperfect, aorist, pluperfect indicative

4 Clauses of Effort and Clauses of Fear Explain a result someone strives to make happen; answer question what. Used with verbs of expending effort βουλεύω take counsel, ἐπιμελέομαι take care, μηχανάομαι contrive, ποιέω, πράττω take action use: ὅπως, ὅπως μή ( that ) primary tense (main clause) -> future indicative // present, aorist subjunctive secondary tense (main clause) -> future optative, future indicative // present, aorist optative ἐπιμελοῦνται ὅπως μὴ ἀποθανοῦνται (ἀποθνῃσκωνται). They take care that they will not die/not to die. ἐπεμελοῦντο ὅπως μὴ ἀποθανοῦνται (ἀποθανοῖντο, ἀποθνῃσκοιντο). They took care that they would not die/not to die. Explain a result someone fears or strives to keep from happening, or fears that something may not happen. Used with verbs of fearing φοβέομαι, δέδοικα δέδια, ἐδεδοίκη ἐδεδίη, ἔδεισα use: μἠ (that, lest); μὴ οὐ (that/lest not) primary tense (main clause) -> subjunctive secondary tense (main clause) -> optative (subjunctive for more vividness) δέδοικε μὴ ὁ πόλεμος μακρὸς ᾖ. He fears lest/ that the war (may) be long. ἐδεδοίκει μὴ ὁ πόλεμος μακρὸς εἰήν (ᾖ). He feared lest/that the war might be long. δεδίασι μὴ οὐ τήμερον ἀφικῶνται. They fear that they may not arrive today.

5 Uses of the Infinitive Complementary Infinitive Object Infinitive Infinitive + adjective Subject infinitive Natural result clause Indirect Discourse Infinitive + πρίν Αrticular Infinitive with verbs to complete their meaning (ἐθέλω, μέλλω, οἶδα, φιλέω, ἔχω, βούλομαι) with κελεύω, βούλομαι + certain adjectives (ἄξιος worthy; ἕτοιμος ready; ἵκανός sufficient) + impersonal verb (infinitive acts as its subject), predicate adjective (ἔξεστι, ῥᾴδιόν ἐστί) + can be translated as a gerund (-ing noun) ὥστε (so as to) with verbs of thinking, believing (νομίζω, κρίνω, πιστεύω); saying (φημί (say, assert [something is true]), λέγω (say [something is true]) πρίν = before πρίν = until (in a negative sentence anticipating an event) > subjunctive + ἄν + τό ~ τὸ λέγειν, τὸ βλέπειν + can be translated as a gerund (-ing noun: speaking, seeing) + considered a neuter sg. noun (nom, gen, dat, acc)

6 SUBORDINATE CLAUSES Purpose Clauses (explains the goal for doing something; could be removed from sentence without changing main meaning of sentence) Conjunctions, pronouns, adjectives κ.α. ἵνα, ὅπως, ὡς μή Verbs primary tense (main clause) - > subjunctive secondary tense (main clause) -> optative (subjunctive for more vividness)* Clauses of Effort (object clauses ) (describe a result that someone strives to accomplish or avert; needed to express speaker s main idea) Clauses of Fear ( object clauses ) ὅπως, ὡς ὅπως, ὡς μή δἔδοικα δἔδια, ἐδεδοίκη ἐδεδίη, ἔδεισα φοβέομαι μἠ (that, lest) μὴ οὐ (that/lest not) primary tense (main clause) - > future indicative // present, aorist subjunctive secondary tense (main clause) -> future optative, future indicative // present, aorist optative primary tense (main clause) - > subjunctive secondary tense (main clause) -> optative (subjunctive for more vividness)*

7 Verbal adjectives in -τέος Verbal adjectives in -τός Αδδ to aorist passive stem (without augment, θη); express necessity: παιδευτέος educandus, must be educataed; θεραπευτέον τοὺς θεούς we must serve the gods X. M Show capacity or possibility: παιδευτός educated, ὁρατός visible Attributive position > used as substantive Predicate position > used with εἰμὶ to indicate necessity; agrees in case, number, gender with subject of sentence (if there is one). Doer of action is in dative. In neuter sg./pl. > used impersonally with dative of action Or have sense of perfect passive participle: μιμητός imitated Dative of agent φιλητός, -τέος (ἐ-φιλή-θην); πειστός, -τέος (ἐ-πείσ-θην) φερ-τός, ί-τέον, δυνα-τός;

8 Crasis (κρᾶσις) & Euphony (εὖ, φωνή) Attic more than any other dialect disliked the immediate succession of two vowel sounds in adjoining syllables (hiatus). To avoid this: contraction affixing a movable consonant at the end of the former word crasis elision (expulsion of short vowel at end of word before a word beginning with a vowel: μ ἐπαίδευσαν; interior elision οὐδείς ~ οὐδὲ εἷς, καθοράω ~ κατὰ ὁράω) hiatus (word ending with a vowel followed by a word beginning with a vowel; avoided by prose writers; allowed with ὦ, εἰ, ἤ, μή, καί) synizesis (in poetry; 2 vowels pronounced together but not written together πόλεως, Πελιάδεω) Crasis (κρᾶσις): mingling/ contraction of a vowel/diphthong at the end of a word with a vowel/ diphthong beginning the following word. Over the syllable resulting from contraction is placed a ' corōnis (κορωνίς, hook). Usually only occurs between words that belong together; first of the words is the less important Chiefly in poetry τὰ ἄλλα ~ τἄλλα ὁ ἄνθρωπος ~ ἅνθρωπος τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ~ θἠμέρᾳ ἐγὼ οἶδα ~ ἐγᾦδα ὁ αὐτός ~ αὑτός καλὸς κἀγαθός