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1 Temporal and Conjunctive Adverbs in Ancient Greek: A Historical Overview Luz Conti, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Use of prototypical p adverbs a with modifiers and complements: (1) το των δ πραχθ ντων ο µ ν Λακεδαιµ νιοι θ µως π σαν ο δ Θηβα οι µ λα βριστικ ς (Xen. Hell ) When these things had been done, the Lacedaemonians withdrew dejectedly, and the Thebans most insolently (2) ν δ ντρ α λ ζονται π τ ς π λιος κ ς (Hdt ) They are folded in a cave located far distant from the city Coordination ordination and negation of prototypical adverbs: (3) Ο κο ν νπερ δικα ως κα σωφρ νως διοικ σιν δικαιοσ ν κα σωφροσ ν διοικ σουσιν; (Pl. Men. 73.b) If they govern temperately and justly, must they not then govern with temperance and justice? (4) λλ µο µ ντοι ο δικα ως δοκε τε τ νδρ το τ χαλεπα νειν (Xen. An ) I, in any case, think you are unjustly angry with this man Relational meaning of conjunctive adverbs: (5) λλ µ ντοι π ν γε το ναντ ον στ ν π ο τε δειλο ρχονται κα ο νδρε οι. α τ κα ε ς τ ν π λεµον ο µ ν θ λουσιν ναι ο δ ο κ θ λουσιν (Pl. Prt. 359.e) In any case, the things cowards tend to seek out are the very opposite of what the courageous tend to seek out. For instance, the latter are willing to go to war, while the former are not (6) Conjunctive and non-conju conjunctive ctive use of adverbs Conjunctive Use Non-conjunctive onjunctive Use Function Linking Syntactical function in predicate or sentence Meaning Relational Notional Coordination - + Negation - + Complements - + Modifiers - + 1

2 Non-conjunctive use of µα: (7) δ ο µα µε ρωτ ς; (Pl. Grg. 466.c) Are you asking me two things at once? (8) µε ς µ ν γ ρ µα πλ οµεν Τρο ηθεν ντες Ἀτρε δης κα γ (Hom. Od s.) We were sailing at the same time over the sea from Troy, Menelaus and I (9) α τ ς δ Κ ρος δρ µ γε το κα µα φθ γγετο Τ ς ψεται; (Xen. Cyr ) And even Cyrus himself led them in their run and shouted at the same time: Who will follow? Non conjunctive c use of πειτα πειτα: (10) κα πολ ν µ ν χρ νον π ρουν τ ποτε λ γει πειτα µ γις π νυ π ζ τησιν α το τραπ µην (Pl. Ap. 21.b.7) And for a long time I was confused over what he actually meant; then I very reluctantly proceeded to investigate him (the Oracle) (11) σφ ϊ µ ν µφ βο ς πετον κρ α ν ϊ δ πειτα στ µεν ν προθ ροισι (Hom. Il ) You two were preparing the ox meat, and at that moment we both appeared at the gate Conjunctive use of µα and πειτα πειτα: (12) ξε ν ο τω γ ρ κ ν µοι ϋκλε η τ ρετ τε ε η π νθρ πους µα τ α τ κα κα µετ πειτα (Hom. Od s.) Traveller, what fame and fortune I would gain myself in the eyes of men, once and for all // **at the same time, both now and in the future (13) λλ σευ κ µατος πολυ ϊξ γυ α δ δυκεν ν σ που δ ος σχει κ ριον ο σ γ πειτα Τυδ ος κγον ς σσι (Hom. Il )...but fatigue from too much charging has seeped into your limbs, or perhaps some lifeless fear holds you hostage. Thus / **later on you're no offspring of Tydeus The relational meaning of µα is often not incompatible with the expression of simultaneousness: (14) ς σε µα κρε σσων κα φ λτερος θαν τοισιν (Hom. Il )...Achilles, who is stronger as well as more loved by the gods 2

3 (15) φαρ δ κακ ς κ ναβος κατ ν ας ρ ρει νδρ ν τ λλυµ νων νη ν θ µα γνυµεν ων (Hom. Od s.) From the ships there arose the terrible sound of dying men, as well as of the splintering of timbers Use of πειτα in the main clause of temporal and conditional sentences: (16) πε κ π να φι µ χην νοπ ν τε δ ηται σκηθ ς µοι πειτα θο ς π ν ας κοιτο τε χεσ τε ξ ν π σι κα γχεµ χοις τ ροισιν (Hom. Il ) But once he has driven the fighting and clamour back from the ships, at that moment let him delight me and come back to our fast fleet unharmed, with all my armour and our comrades fighting round him (17) ε δ ο κε νου γ σσ γ νος κα Πηνελοπε ης ο σε πειτα ολπα τελευτ σειν µενοιν ς (Hom. Od ) But if you are not the true son of Odysseus and Penelope, then I hold out no hope that you will follow through with your plan Additive use of πειτα in Homer: (18) λοπα Κλυτ δην κα φ λτιον δ γ λαον Α συµν ν τ ρ ν τε κα ππ νοον µενεχ ρµην. το ς ρ γ γεµ νας ανα ν λεν α τ ρ πειτα πληθ ν (Hom. Il )...Dolops, Clytius' son, Opheltius and Agelaus, Aesynmus, Orus and the militant Hipponous. These were the Argive captains he killed, in addition to the main mass (19) ο θην δ το δ νδρ ς δυσσ ος φ λος υ ς νη ς π κρι φιν καταλ ξεται φρ ν γ γε ζ ω πειτα δ πα δες ν µεγ ροισι λ πωνται ξε νους ξειν ζειν ς τ ς κ µ δ µαθ κηται. τ ν δ α τε προσ ειπε θε γλαυκ πις θ νη (Hom. Od ) The son of my friend Odysseus shall not sleep on his ship's deck as long as I'm alive and, moreover, still have sons in the palace to shelter my guests Additive use of µα in coordinate sentences (Plato and Xenophon): (20) ξω µ ς νθα τ πρ γµα γ νετο κα µα µ ν θ ψοµεν το ς τελευτ σαντας µα δ δε ξοµεν το ς πολεµ οις λλους α τ ν κρε ττους (Xen. Cyr ) I shall lead you to the place where the events unfolded. There we shall not only bury the dead, but we will also show the enemy that there are others stronger than them 3

4 Use of µα in the main clause of temporal and conditional sentences (Plato and Xenophon): (21) λλ ταν µ ν ποι σιν τι ν τ χ καστος ταραχ τις φα νεται κα θε σθαι τερπ ς ταν δ τεταγµ νως ποι σι κα φθ γγωνται µα ο α το ο τοι κα ξιοθ ατοι δοκο σιν ε ναι κα ξι κουστοι (Xen. Oec ) When all of the members [of the choir] do as they wish, it seems to be mere confusion and there is no pleasure in observing them, but when they act and sing in an orderly manner, right at that moment those same people seem more worth observing and listening to (22) Ν ν ρ ε τις µ σοφ ν ποιο τα την τ ν σοφ αν ν ο γαθο νδρες σοφο εἰσιν µα ν γκη κα τ λλα πρ γµατ α τ ν γαθ µο ποιε ν (Pl. Erx. 398.a) Now, if somebody were to make me wise in the way in which good men are wise, at that verye moment they would necessarily also make everything else good for me Conjunctive use u of πειτα as a discourse organiser (Plato and Xenophon): (23) τ ς ο ν δ τ ς ν σου τα της ρωγ γ γνοιτ ν ν νο ν χο σ π λει; πρ τον µ ν τι σµικροτ τ χρ σθαι κατ δ ναµιν τ τ ν καπ λων γ νει πειτα το τοις τ ν νθρ πων προστ ττειν ν διαφθειροµ νων ο κ ν γ γνοιτο µεγ λη λ µη τ π λει τρ τον (Pl. Leg. 919.c c.3) What cure, then, can be found for this disease by a State blessed with wisdom? Firstly, to employ the trading class as little as possible; then, to allocate to that class men whose corruption would be no great ill for the State; thirdly to find... Frequent additive use of πειτα (Plato and Xenophon): (24) ο τοι ο τα την τ ν φ µην κατασκεδ σαντες ο δεινο ε σ ν µου κατ γοροι πειτ ε σιν ο τοι ο κατ γοροι πολλο κα πολ ν χρ νον δη κατηγορηκ τες τι δ κα ν τα τ τ λικ λ γοντες πρ ς µ ς ν ν µ λιστα πιστε σατε (Pl. Ap. 18.c.1) Those who have spread this rumour are my most dangerous accusers Besides, these accusers are many and have already been making accusations for a long time, and moreover, they spoke to you at an age when you were most credulous 4

5 Conclusions: 1. Conjunctive meaning of µα and πειτα is already in use in Homer, but it increases later on. 2. Conjunctive uses of µα and πειτα in Homer are very similar to those seen in Plato and Xenophon. 3. There is a clear semantic and syntactic connection between the conjunctive and non-conjuctive uses of µα and πειτα. 5