Χρονολόγηση Neolithic period ( BC) Γεωγραφικός Εντοπισμός Boeotia IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ. 1. Introduction: human presence in Boeotia

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1 Τσώτα Εύη, " in the Neolithic Period", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Περίληψη : A total of sixty five Neolithic settlements have been identified in the modern prefecture of, forty three out of which have been confirmed, and twenty two are considered probable. Out of the forty three datable settlements, sixteen belong to the Early Neolithic, fifteen to the Middle Neolithic and thirty six to the Late and Final Neolithic period. The number, as well as the geographical distribution of these sites, suggests that the entire area of was rather densely populated. Χρονολόγηση Neolithic period ( BC) Γεωγραφικός Εντοπισμός 1. Introduction: human presence in Favourable geographical and geophysical conditions contributed to the development of human settlements in since the dawn of Prehistory. These settlements played a decisive role in later cultural developments in the region. In total, sixty five settlements have been recorded in the modern prefecture of, forty three out of which have been confirmed, and twenty two are considered probable (s. Auxiliery catalogues). These sites have been identified in earlier and more recent systematic or rescue excavations, and surface surveys. In terms of archaeological research, it is important that out of the tens of Neolithic settlements, only a handful have been excavated extensively enough to yield a complete residential complex. Based on the available evidence, however, it is possible to provide an outline of the forms of occupation, especially for settlements exhibiting similarities in terms of environmental conditions and size. 2. Habitation The number, as well as the geographical distribution of these sites, suggests that the entire area of was rather densely populated. The overall dispersion pattern of the sites suggests these were rather evenly distributed. It appears that two were the primary criteria for selecting an area for settling: the existence of a fresh water supply and proximity to plains suitable for agricultural activities. Most of the settlements were outdoor, with a preference shown to plains and valleys protected by mountains. A typical example is the basin of Lake, which contains approximately 1/3 of all sites. Out of the forty three datable settlements, sixteen belong to the Early Neolithic, fifteen to the Middle Neolithic and thirty six to the Late and Final Neolithic period. Only eight of these exhibit signs of continuous occupation throughout this age. During the Early Neolithic period, most sites were located around Lake. Apart from the caves of Seide and Sarakenos, which have been formed in low-lying limestone masses of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, the other fourteen sites are located on low hills, in areas with alluvial deposits, and rich in clay sediments. Distances between settlements range from two to eight kilometres. To date, no architectural remains have been unearthed that can be safely dated to this period, and as result we are unable to safely determine the form of the buildings, the size of the settlements and the density of habitation. An indication of the size of the settlements is provided by the dimensions of the hills, on the surface of which scattered pottery have been found. The density of the concentration of finds in these sites ranges from five to ten square kilometres, which suggest the settlements were rather small. Most sites of the Early Neolithic remain inhabited during the Middle Neolithic period. Out of the sixteen sites, apart from the caves of Seide and Sarakenos, fourteen are situated on low inland hills, while only one, Drosia (Soros), is close to the sea. Distances between these settlements are shorter compared to the previous period, ranging from two to five kilometres. The size of the settlements gradually increases vis-à-vis the previous period, for a concentration of finds in their sites is observed over a larger area, ranging from Δημιουργήθηκε στις 22/6/2017 Σελίδα 1/15

2 Τσώτα Εύη, " in the Neolithic Period", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια twenty to thirty square kilometres. The growth of the settlements should be probably attributed to a gradual increase in population. The Late and Final Neolithic are the periods for which we have most evidence on human habitation in. Most Middle Neolithic sites remained inhabited during the following period, while new settlements also developed, mainly in central and southern and towards the end of this age. A clay model of a small house from Chaeronea provides valuable clues for the possible shape of contemporary structures. It is a rectangular one-room residence, with a gabled roof. As no confirmed architectural remains have survived, it is difficult to ascertain the degree to which the Chaeronea model constitutes an accurate representation of a Middle Neolithic house. Indications for the existence of single-room residences, but with a circular ground-plan, can be found at the site of Petromagoula Orchomenou. The Neolithic houses were circular huts with a diameter ranging from 2.10 to 6 m, featuring stone foundations and an earthen floor. Given their uncertain date, however, this evidence can not be used to extract conclusions about this period. The existence of Middle Neolithic pottery at the site of Gla of is also intriguing. The limited distribution of finds is probably attributable to the existence of a small, solitary settlement, or could suggest seasonal or occasional occupation of the site. The citadel of Gla was in fact an island within the now drained Lake, like Stroviki, Petromagoula and -probably- Psilomata Orchomenou. During this period we also have confirmed occupation of seven mountain sites, situated around the Skourta valley (Dervenochoria). This valley is the largest highland area featuring fertile arable land in the region, situated between Mt Parnes and Mt Cithaeron. The sites that have been identified at Lemfi, Profitis Elias, Rachi Michail, Magouleza, Kastri, and Patima are all situated at hilltops, while habitation remains have also been identified at the cave of Pirgaki. A significant concentration of sites can be found in the wider area of Chaeronea and Thebes, while the sites around Lake remain occupied. The size of the majority of the settlements appears unaltered vis-à-vis the earlier period, given that the concentration of finds is observed over an area of 20 to 30 square kilometres. In general, the settlements are distributed throughout, with a larger settlement density around the large alluvial plains. The existence and dispersion of settlement sites by the early years of this period at Chaeronea, Poligira, Pirgos and Orchomenus is also telling. These settlements are situated around the valley of the Cephissus River and, vis-à-vis the settlements of Elateia, Agia Marina and Exarchos, these are apparently arranged around a natural passage leading from Phthiotis to, whence they spread out to the wider basin of. Lake remained a centre of attraction in all periods. The lake was rather rich in molluscs and fish, as suggested by the finds at the Sarakenos Cave, while the land around it was fertile, allowing the cultivation of crops. Palynological studies also suggest the region was thick with scrubs, while oaks, pines and various deciduous trees were also abundant. The small number of Neolithic sites identified thus far in the Theban plain, the Tēnerion and Aonionpedion, is rather puzzling. Although this may well be accidental, it is also possible, especially in the case of the Cadmea, that later intense habitation destroyed any remains of earlier settlements. The evidence available so far suggests that the region was systematically inhabited for the first time probably during the Late Neolithic period. The multiplication of sites observed during the Late and Final Neolithic, is attributed to the gradual increase of the population, as well as to the new methods of organizing and cultivating the land, i.e. to the developments that occurred mainly in terms of the economic organization of Neolithic communities. The evidence currently available does not suggest the existence of large, centralized settlements that could exert control over smaller peripheral communities. In general, most sites contain small, homogenous settlements or individual farmhouses. Architectural remains dating to the last two periods of the Neolithic Age have been discovered at Eutresis, Magoula Ballomenou at Chaeronea and Thebes. Most sites are situated inland, with fewer sites found in coastal areas. Traces of Neolithic settlements have been identified at the sites of Dramesi, Glipha, Drosia, Loukisia, Palaiometochi and Skorponeria. The occupation of these settlements, as well as influences in Δημιουργήθηκε στις 22/6/2017 Σελίδα 2/15

3 Τσώτα Εύη, " in the Neolithic Period", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια terms of pottery styles mainly towards the end of this period, suggest exchanges with Euboea and the northern Cyclades. On the contrary, the coastal areas on the Corinthian Gulf have yet to yield confirmed Neolithic sites, although there have been reports of - rather paltry- finds from this period at Phocaean Medeon (beach of Agios Nikolaos Distomou), Kastro Vroulia (Antikyra) and Voulida. 3. Economy During the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Ages, humans survived on a diet of wild game, fruit and plants. The transition from the huntergatherer to the food-producing stage signals the dawn of the Neolithic Age. In the Neolithic period, humans for the first time developed methods for the production of food, i.e. they turned to agriculture and animal husbandry. These new circumstances gave rise to changes in societal organization (work is systematized and becomes collective); new types of vessels (clay wares) and tools appeared, and we can observe a need for self-expression and communication (pottery became ornamented, figurines and jewellery were crafted). At the same time, the gradual growth of population creates the need for permanent settlements. In Neolithic people were mainly preoccupied with farming and animal husbandry, activities supplemented by hunting, fruitgathering and fishing. Cereals, einkorn wheat and barley, were the first crops to be cultivated. Together with other species, these continued to constitute the chief food sources, always combined with fruit-gathering (almonds, hazelnuts etc.). The secluded agrarian character of the settlements should be probably associated with the absence of emmer wheat. Einkorn wheat appears in an Early Neolithic stratum at Magoula Ballomenou, and at the Sarakenos Cave in a Late Neolithic layer. This prevalence probably implies the lack of practices such as crop rotation and mixed cultivation with other species, although this is considered a sound agricultural practice. Specialization in einkorn wheat could also indicate the survival of traditional crops throughout this age. The earliest commercial exchanges probably involved obsidian, a material of great value during this period. Known sources of this mineraloid in Greece are the islands of Melos, Antiparos and Gyali, while it can also be found in Anatolia, Central Europe and Sicily. Mainland Greece has no obsidian deposits. Obsidian tools are found in all sites throughout this period. The use of obsidian provides a clear indication for the existence of a goods exchange network, although we can not precisely trace the course it followed before reaching the settlements of. 4. Pottery The picture emerging suggests that, due to its geographical location, functioned as a natural passage way and received influences from Thessaly, Phocis, Phthiotis, the Peloponnese, and Euboea. Such influences are evident chiefly in pottery and vary depending on the period and the geographical dispersion of sites. During the Early Neolithic, influences from Thessaly and Phthiotis are evident mainly in sites of northern, like Chaeronea, Pirgos and Orchomenus. These influences gradually penetrated deeper, and can be observed in the rest of the sites, due to the operation of an internal network of contacts and exchanges. Unpainted pottery and monochrome wares with a burnished surface are dominant during the Early Neolithic period ( BC). Unpainted wares from this period are not always similar, given the differences in the clay used in different areas. The most common pottery types of this period are vessels of well-fired clay, with thin walls, in round shapes, with curved, flat or ring-shaped bases, open and shallow or deep, as well as closed with a narrow or wider neck In the Middle Neolithic period ( BC), begun taking on the characteristics of a distinct geographical and culturalunit. The pottery of this period is comparatively varied in terms of painted decoration, while the production of fine monochrome and burnished wares continued. Globular pithos-like vases with a cylindrical or funnel-shaped neck, basins with flat bases, semi-globular skyphoi with or without a leg, bowls, jugs and cups with an S-profile and pseudo-handles were the most common shapes in all the settlements of. This period also testifies to the development of local pottery types, like the Chaeronea ware. We can observe, however, a persistence of older techniques and an overriding conservatism in the evolution of pottery. For the later Middle Neolithic and the following period, the definitive characteristics are the presence of lustrous glaze (Urfirnis technique) and the prevalence of a fixed repertoire of shapes. On the contrary, this technique becomes prominent in NE Δημιουργήθηκε στις 22/6/2017 Σελίδα 3/15

4 Τσώτα Εύη, " in the Neolithic Period", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Peloponnese somewhat earlier, where important production centres were located. Relying on the available evidence, appears to be median in terms of the development of pottery, i.e. it formed something of an intermediate area between Thessaly and the Peloponnese, receiving influences from both these regions. Late Neolithic Ι corresponds to the period of BC. It includes the so-called pre-dimini phases and is characterized by a large variety of pottery styles. Typical pottery styles of the Late Neolithic are grey ware, monochrome or decorated and black-glazed ware. We also find black-painted decoration over the vessel s red surface; multicoloured and matt-painted pottery, which was very widespread throughout the Aegean; and painted decoration in black or white colour over a red background. Late Neolithic ΙΙ ( BC) is known as the Dimini culture period. During the main Dimini phases in, the production of matt-painted pottery continued, while instances of incised ornamentation multiplied. The influences that are discernible in the pottery of this period mainly originate from Thessaly and the Peloponnese, and towards the end of this period influence from Euboea and the East intensified. In the Final Neolithic period ( BC), the surface of the wares is often brittle, and their core is usually ashen. Especially towards the end of this period, the technique of applying a thin crust of clay on wares becomes quite prevalent. During this period we also find red monochrome burnished, dark burnished, monochrome brown burnished, unpainted burnished, as well as crusted decoration wares. In their majority, however, wares were unpainted and undecorated. In terms of typology, in the early phases of the period, we find deep open wares with almost vertical rims and regular walls, bowls with thin walls and outward rims, small jugs, réchaud-type vessels featuring tall or medium bases, some closed wares with outlines revealing a smooth transition from belly to neck, as well as small and large earthenware jars (pithoi) with very wide mouths. Many handles feature a button-like protuberances in their upper part, while grooved handles are also common. In the closed shapes, the bases are usually ring-shaped with a slight arcuation in their lower part. The flat bases usually belong to large wares, while rarer are the tall bases of réchaud-type vessels. Some preserve dotted or deep incised ornamentation, mainly in bands around the rim and in the vertical handles. The decoration themes consist of aslant and zigzag lines. Pottery featuring rope designs in relief belong to large vessels. Towards the end of the period we also find jugs with curved walls, deep vessels with straight walls and outward rims, vases with a short vertical neck and pithoi with open rims. Bases are ring-shaped and flat, and handles can be either broad or narrow. The protuberances feature a vertical perforation, while unperforated ones are also attested. Incisions were deep and applied before firing, usually in a band around the vessel's rim. In terms of themes, the prevalence of groups of aslant lines (hatching) continues. Rope patterns appear on some pottery in regular or irregular motifs, placed on a raised band or directly onto the vessel s surface. 5. Figurine crafting Apart from settlements, information on the Neolithic period can be gained from other forms of human expression in the area. Figurine crafting is perhaps the most characteristic prehistoric practice, and the hardest to interpret. Figurine crafting, according to a general definition which refers to its production and empirical evidence, and less to its symbolism, is the representation of animate or inanimate figures that could be found in prehistoric human habitats, executed in very small scale and employing various materials (clay, marble, stone or wood). The slack and stylized rendition of the human figure is a definitive characteristic of these figurines. Their clay often contained impurities and frequently their surface was rough and unburnished, while in other instances it is polished and burnished. The body was usually made up of a round or plank-like torso, the arms range from amorphous protuberances to tubular elongated surfaces, while the head is rendered variously, ranging from simple oblate to realistic oviform shapes. Steatopygia and an unnaturally elongated neck are also characteristic features of Neolithic figurines., as compared to other areas, has yielded few examples of anthropomorphic figurines dated to the Neolithic period; these originate from Thespiae, Chaeronea, Eutresis, Psilomata Orchomenou, Pirgos, the Sarakenos Cave and Thebes. The figurines unearthed thus far in vary greatly in terms of their characteristic features, depending on the period or sup-period of the Neolithic age, and allude to a larger number of models, both in terms of shape and technique. It is important to stress that these figurines were used in various ways but their function remains hard to interpret or is even misleading. It is believed that they often fulfilled diverse functions; they could be used for spellbinding and in commercial exchanges, or even as children s toys, discounting other dimensions in the everyday life and work of craftsmen and potential buyers. Through figurine Δημιουργήθηκε στις 22/6/2017 Σελίδα 4/15

5 Τσώτα Εύη, " in the Neolithic Period", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια crafting, prehistoric people expressed themselves and attempted to communicate with one another. The archaeologists interpretative efforts are vitiated by the fact that prehistoric figurines lack a definitive typology, in the sense of a recurrence of identical morphological elements. 6. Burial customs Neolithic burial finds have been unearthed at Chaeronea (earthen mound containing the burial of two men and burial gifts), Acraephnium (three burials, two of which contain burial gifts) and Thebes (twenty five graves found during construction work by OSE). Sporadic burial finds have also been reported in the Sarakenos Cave. The currently available evidence is fragmentary and does not allow the deduction of broad conclusions on burial customs (no specific settlement has been correlated with any organized cemeteries). Inhumation was common in, and the dead were buried in a flexed position on their side. The presence of burial gifts is usually interpreted as an indication of a belief in an afterlife, and in the deceased's continuous need for certain goods in the afterlife that would allow them to continue their activities. However, the artefacts usually placed in graves are everyday objects, exhibiting wear and tear, and otherwise indistinguishable from those found in houses. Therefore it is likely that these belonged to the deceased and this is why they were buried with them. Βιβλιογραφία : Σκιάς Α., "Ανασκαφή εν Πλαταιαίς", Πρακτικά της Εν Αθήναις Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας, 54, 1899, Bash G., "Neolithic figurines from Thespiai", Hesperia, 28, 1959, Bulle H., I. Die älteren Ansiedlungsschichten, München 1907 Caskey J., Caskey E.G., "The Earliest settlements at Eutresis, Supplementary Excavations 1958", Hesperia, 29, 1960, Iakovidis S., Gla and the Kopais, Athens 2001, Library of the Archaeological Society at Athens 221 Kunze E., II. Die neolithische Keramik, München 1931 Lauffer S., "Topographische Untersuchungen im Kopaisgebiet", Αρχαιολογικό Δελτίο, 26 Β, 1971, Munn M., Zimmerman-Munn M.L., "On the Frontiers of Attica and Boiotia: The Results of the Stanford Skourta Plain Project", Schachter A. (ed.), Essays in the Topography, History, and Culture of Boiotia, 3, Montreal 1990, Teiresias Supplement, Pomeroy S.B., Pomeroy M., "The Neolithic settlements of ", Β Διεθνές Συνέδριο Βοιωτικών Μελετών, Αθήνα 1995, Επετηρίς Εταιρείας Βοιωτικών Μελετών 2.α, Sarpaki A., "Toumba Balomenou, Chaeronia: plant remains from Early and Middle Neolithic levels", Kroll, H., Pasternak R. (eds), Res Archaeobotanica, 9th Symposium IWGP, Kiel 1995, Tzavella-Evjen H., "Neolithic figurines from Chaeroneia", Φίλια Έπη εις Γ. Μυλωνάν, Γ, Η εν Αθήναις Αρχαιολογική Εταιρεία, Αθήνα 1989, 8-14 Δημιουργήθηκε στις 22/6/2017 Σελίδα 5/15

6 Τσώτα Εύη, " in the Neolithic Period", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Ορφανίδη Λ., "Μορφές της βοιωτικής νεολιθικής ειδωλοπλαστικής", Πρακτικά του Β Διεθνούς Συνεδρίου Βοιωτικών Μελετών, τόμ. Β, Αθήνα 1992, Σάμψων Α., "Σπηλαιοκατοίκηση στην περιοχή Κωπαΐδας. Το σπήλαιο Σαρακηνού", Επετηρίδα Βοιωτικών Μελετών, 3.1, Αθήνα 2000, Σάμψων Α., Μεγαλούδη Φ., "Το σπήλαιο του Σαρακηνού στη Βοιωτία. Συμβολή στην πολιτιστική ακολουθία και στην παλαιοοικονομία της Νεολιθικής στην Κεντρική Ελλάδα", Αρχαιολογικό Έργο Θεσσαλίας και Στερεάς Ελλάδας. Πρακτικά επιστημονικής συνάντησης Βόλος 2003, 1, Βόλος 2006, Σπυρόπουλος Θ., "Εισαγωγή εις την μελέτην του κωπαϊδικού χώρου", Αρχαιολογικά Ανάλεκτα εξ Αθηνών, 6, 1973, Τζαβέλλα-Evjen X., "Διερεύνηση της Νεολιθικής τούμπας Μπαλωμένου στη Χαιρώνεια", Α Διεθνές Συνέδριο Βοιωτικών Μελετών, Αθήνα 1988, Τζαβέλλα-Evjen X., "Ανασκαφικές Έρευνες στη Χαιρώνεια", Β Διεθνές Συνέδριο Βοιωτικών Μελετών, Αθήνα 1995, Τσώτα Ε., "Ευρήματα της Τελικής Νεολιθικής και ΠΕΙ περιόδου από την ανασκαφή της Ανισόπεδης Διάβασης του ΟΣΕ στη Θήβα", 2ο Αρχαιολογικό Έργο Θεσσαλίας και Στερεάς Ελλάδας, Βόλος 2010, Φαράκλας Ν., "Πυρί Θηβών", Αρχαιολογικό Δελτίο, 24.Β.1, 1969, , 179 Γλωσσάριo : Alluvial deposits Products of rock erosion carried in water and deposited as sediments at the bottom of seas and lakes during relatively recent geological periods. obsidian Black volcanic glass, suitable for the manufacture of resistant sharp tools. Palynology The science studying the flora of earlier period, by examining palynomorphs. Palynomorphs include plant (usually pollen) and animal structures, microscopic in size (ranging from 5 to 500 µm), and are composed of material especially resistant to most forms of corrosion. Pollen is collected from edaphological nuclei, which reveal the succession of geological chronological periods. Coring relies on the extraction of carrot-shaped soil samples (cores) from lake and swamp deposits, the study and identification of pollen grains contained therein, and the compilation of pollen charts, which provide information on the flora of the wider region over large periods of time. Urfirnis technique A technique for crafting pottery wares, with glaze creating a silky surface, without burnishing. In it appears in the final years of the Middle Neolithic period. Πηγές Δημιουργήθηκε στις 22/6/2017 Σελίδα 6/15

7 Τσώτα Εύη, " in the Neolithic Period", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια No SITE Agios Thomas (Ag. Konstantinos) Agios Thomas (Kokkali) Arma (Dritsa Pyrgos hill) Glypha (Vlycha Tseloneri) Dramesi (Paralia) 6 Drosia (Soros) DATE EN MN LN FN Undated 7 Kleidi 8 Oinophyta (Staniates) 9 Prophetes Elias 10 Tanagra (Lithosoros) 11 Loukisia Pyrgos Palaiometochi (Acropolis) Skorponeri (Chersonesos) Kastelani (Erythres) Plateae (Kokkla Kotronaki hill) Lemphi (Pyle) AREA SE SE Finds, SE figurine SE SE SE SE SE SE SE Anthedon NE Anthedon NE Anthedon NE S S S, figurines, fragment of a house model, jewellery Δημιουργήθηκε στις 22/6/2017 Σελίδα 7/15

8 Τσώτα Εύη, " in the Neolithic Period", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Proph. Elias (Pyle) Rache tou Michael (Pyle) Magouleza (Pyle) Pyrgaki Cave Πυργάκι (Pyle) Kastri Patema Ampheion Kadmeion Museum s courtyard Kazi, Pyri Kokkala (ΟΣΕ) 28 Kavireio Lithares (Likeri) Paralimne (Ougra) 31 Toumbi Hypato (Glisas Lachideza) Eutresis (Akropodi) S S S S S Parasopia S, figurine figurines, figurines figurines Δημιουργήθηκε στις 22/6/2017 Σελίδα 8/15

9 Τσώτα Εύη, " in the Neolithic Period", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια 34 Thespies (Eremokastro), figurines 35 Mauromati 1 36 Mauromati 2 37 Mauromati 3 38 Aliartos (Kastri Maziou) 39 Pyrgos Cave 40 Seinti Cave 41 Agorgiani (Ag. Paraskevi) 42 Kalami (Rache) 43 Palaia Koroneia (Ag. Georgios Acropolis) 44 Akraiphnio Perdikovrysi (Ptoo) Sarakenos Cave Prodromos (Chostia, anc. Chorsiai) (Skripou Petromagoula) Psilomata Orchomenou 50 Polygyra Haliartia S Haliartia S Haliartia S Coroneake W Coroneake W Coroneake W Akraiphia NE Akraiphia E Akraiphia NE, tools pottery figurines, jewellery Chorsiai W NW NW NW pottery, tools Δημιουργήθηκε στις 22/6/2017 Σελίδα 9/15

10 Τσώτα Εύη, " in the Neolithic Period", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Magoula Balomenou Chaeronea (Kapraina) Chaeronea (Καράμουσα) Chaeronea (Ag. Andreas) Agia Marina (Pyrgos) 56 Glas Magoula Kafkala Megali Katavothra (Tsoutso Cave) 59 Stroviki 60 Kastro (eastern slope of the hill) 61 Pyrgos Pyrgos Magoula Phocaean Medeon 64 Voulida 65 Kastro Vroulia Chaeroneake figurines, NE house model, jewellery Chaeroneake NE Chaeroneake NE Chaeroneake NE Corinthian Gulf Corinthian Gulf Corinthian Gulf, figurine Χρονολόγιο PERIOD EARLY NEOLITHIC IMPORTANT SETTLEMENTS Cnossos, Lerna, Sesklo, Frangthi, Elateia, Nea Makri, Prodromos, Nea GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Population increase, presence of permanent settlements, emergence of pottery and local variations Δημιουργήθηκε στις 22/6/2017 Σελίδα 10/15

11 Τσώτα Εύη, " in the Neolithic Period", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια BC Nikomidia. (painted decoration in white or red). MIDDLE NEOLITHIC BC LATE NEOLITHIC BC FINAL NEOLITHIC BC : Sarakenos Cave, Magoula Ballomenou, Kastellani, Arma, Kastro, Orchomenus. Cnossos, Asine, Lerna, Sesklo, Frangthi, Sitagroi, Elateia. : Sarakenos Cave, Magoúla Balloménou, Glas, Thespiae, Orchomenus, Eutresis. Dimini, Cnossos, Phaestos, Phrangthi, Prosymna, Paradeisos, Sesklo, Kephala, Thoricus, Elateia. : Sarakenos Cave, Eutresis, Thebes, Plataea, Akraifnio, Orchomenus, Magoula Ballomenou. Larisa, Rachmani, Aria, Sitagroi, Crete, Kephala. : Sarakenos Cave, Karamousa, Eutresis, Thebes. Occupation of existing settlements continues and local variations in ceramic vessels intensify (variety of pottery styles, painted and featuring incised ornamentation). Gradual multiplication of settlements in new sites, although older sites remain occupied. Dawn of metallurgy and exploitation of natural resources; advanced techniques appear, mainly in pottery (presence of common painted decoration), early forms of trade, and first pieces of evidence suggesting a complex social structure. This period is a tidemark between the Stone Age and the Bronze Age. The use of metal continues, while there is a prevalence of undecorated or monochrome pottery wares (often featuring relief or incised decoration). Βοηθητικοί Κατάλογοι Neolithic sites in No 1 SITE Agios Thomas (Ag. Konstantinos) DATE EN MN LN FN Undated AREA SE Finds Δημιουργήθηκε στις 22/6/2017 Σελίδα 11/15

12 Τσώτα Εύη, " in the Neolithic Period", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Agios Thomas (Kokkali) Arma (Dritsa Pyrgos hill) Glypha (Vlycha Tseloneri) Dramesi (Paralia) 6 Drosia (Soros) 7 Kleidi 8 Oinophyta (Staniates) 9 Prophetes Elias 10 Tanagra (Lithosoros) 11 Loukisia Pyrgos Palaiometochi (Acropolis) Skorponeri (Chersonesos) Kastelani (Erythres) Plateae (Kokkla Kotronaki hill) Lemphi (Pyle) Proph. Elias (Pyle) SE, SE figurine SE SE SE SE SE SE SE Anthedon NE Anthedon NE Anthedon NE S S S S, figurines, fragment of a house model, jewellery Δημιουργήθηκε στις 22/6/2017 Σελίδα 12/15

13 Τσώτα Εύη, " in the Neolithic Period", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Rache tou Michael (Pyle) Magouleza (Pyle) Pyrgaki Cave Πυργάκι (Pyle) Kastri Patema Ampheion Kadmeion Museum s courtyard Kazi, Pyri Kokkala (ΟΣΕ) 28 Kavireio Lithares (Likeri) Paralimne (Ougra) 31 Toumbi Hypato (Glisas Lachideza) Eutresis (Akropodi) S S S S Parasopia S, figurine figurines, figurines figurines Thespies (Eremokastro), figurines 35 Mauromati 1 Δημιουργήθηκε στις 22/6/2017 Σελίδα 13/15

14 Τσώτα Εύη, " in the Neolithic Period", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια 36 Mauromati 2 37 Mauromati 3 38 Aliartos (Kastri Maziou) 39 Pyrgos Cave 40 Seinti Cave 41 Agorgiani (Ag. Paraskevi) 42 Kalami (Rache) 43 Palaia Koroneia (Ag. Georgios Acropolis) 44 Akraiphnio Perdikovrysi (Ptoo) Sarakenos Cave Prodromos (Chostia, anc. Chorsiai) (Skripou Petromagoula) Psilomata Orchomenou 50 Polygyra 51 Magoula Balomenou Haliartia S Haliartia S Haliartia S Coroneake W Coroneake W Coroneake W Akraiphia NE Akraiphia E Akraiphia NE, tools pottery figurines, jewellery Chorsiai W NW NW NW pottery, tools Chaeroneake figurines, NE house model, jewellery Δημιουργήθηκε στις 22/6/2017 Σελίδα 14/15

15 Τσώτα Εύη, " in the Neolithic Period", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Chaeronea (Kapraina) Chaeronea (Καράμουσα) Chaeronea (Ag. Andreas) Agia Marina (Pyrgos) 56 Glas Magoula Kafkala Megali Katavothra (Tsoutso Cave) 59 Stroviki 60 Kastro (eastern slope of the hill) 61 Pyrgos Pyrgos Magoula Phocaean Medeon 64 Voulida 65 Kastro Vroulia Chaeroneake NE Chaeroneake NE Chaeroneake NE Corinthian Gulf Corinthian Gulf Corinthian Gulf, figurine Δημιουργήθηκε στις 22/6/2017 Σελίδα 15/15