Neutral Neutral For expressive options there are diminutive and magnifying suffixes (ακαμάθη, ακαμάξα respectively, etc.) motor

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1 In Other Words. Second Edition. End of Chapter Exercises Note: There is no need to produce an analysis of meanings of words as instructed in some exercises, nor (necessarily) to comment on particular issues, though you should feel free to do so if you wish. The main point is to provide translations of the relevant texts and comment on your choices where relevant. You may undertake this task jointly with a colleague if the material is too much to handle or if you are not a native speaker of the target language and need input from someone else on this front. Chapter 2: Equivalence at Word Level 1. Comment on any differences in meaning between the items in each of the following sets. The differences may relate to expressive or evoked meaning. For instance, some items may be register-specific or dialect-specific, others may be derogatory or neutral. If you are not familiar with a particular word or expression, consult a good dictionary of English before you comment on its meaning. car, auto, automobile, motor, limousine, limo, banger, jalopy comfortable, comfy, homely, cosy, snug (of a place) dad, daddy, pa, papa, pop, father, pater, sire, old man Now list all the words and expressions you can think of which are available in your target language for car, comfortable and father. Comment on any differences in meaning between (a) the individual items in each set, and (b) the English items above and the items in the corresponding sets in your target language. car, auto, automobile - απηνθίλεην - ακάμη Neutral Neutral For expressive options there are diminutive and magnifying suffixes (ακαμάθη, ακαμάξα respectively, etc.) motor Not used for car, only for engine limousine, limo - ιηκνπδίλα neutral banger - ζαξάβαιν Lower tenor, derogatory (=dilapidated) jalopy - ζαθαξάθα Lower tenor, derogatory (=dilapidated) - ξόδα (=wheel- metonymic use for car) Colloq. (as in Δηαζέηεη ξόδα, Θα ζε πάω κε ηε ξόδα)

2 comfortable, comfy - άλεηνο, βνιηθόο, δεζηόο The standard item for comfortable is άλεηνο or βνιηθόο the rest describe aspects of the semantic fields of comfy, cosy, snug (including small, tidy, warm ) cosy - κηθξόο, πεξηπνηεκέλνο, βνιηθόο, άλεηνο homely - ζπηηηθόο, βνιηθόο, άλεηνο Adj. as in homely atmosphere snug (of a place) - άλεηνο, βνιηθόο, κε ζαιπωξή There is no item, other than the neutral άλεηνο or βνιηθόο, that lexicalizes cosy or snug, although there IS a word for snugness (= ζαιπωξή) dad, daddy, - κπακπάο Intimate pa, papa, pop, father, pater - παηέξαο Neutral and formal sire old man - γέξνο Evoked meaning (informal), as in my old man ( ν γέξνο κνπ) 2. Make a list of all the English verbs you can think of which have to do with speech, such as say, suggest, complain, mumble, mutter, murmur, whisper, speak, tell and so on. Try to group them into sets, starting with the more general ones. Now list all the verbs of speech you can think of in your target language, starting with the more general ones. Comment on the presence or absence of any semantic gaps in your target language vis-à-vis English. In Greek there is no distinction (as in English) between tell/say, so Greek speakers of English have to learn the collocations, e.g. Say your prayers (*tell your prayers) or tell a lie/the truth/a tale (*say a lie/the truth/a tale) etc. Suggest has more than one rendering, each of which has other straightforward equivalent items The standard rendering is πξνηείλω (make a suggestion) but suggest can also be rendered as remind of or show (ζπκίδω, δείρλω, e.g. as in the paleness of his face shows fear). Υπνλνώ (imply) is another rendering for suggest.

3 Repeat this exercise using nouns which may come under the general heading of PUBLICATIONS. In English, this would include book, newspaper, magazine, newsletter, bulletin, journal, report, pamphlet, periodical, etc. book newspaper magazine journal periodical - βηβιίν - εθεκεξίδα - θπιιάδα (derogatory esp. for low circulation papers) - πεξηνδηθό - (επηζηεκνληθό) πεξηνδηθό - (επηζηεκνληθό) πεξηνδηθό newsletter bulletin report pamphlet, leaflet brochure Πεξηνδηθό is for all three: magazine, journal and periodical, so occasionally the adjective επηζηεκνληθόο (scientific) modifies πεξηνδηθό to signal journal and periodical ( it narrows down the semantic field) - newsletter, δειηίν - δειηίν, αλαθνηλωζέλ (formal) - αλαθνξά, έθζεζε, απνινγηζκόο - θπιιάδην - θπιιάδην, κπξνζνύξα 3. Make a list of ten English words which you feel are particularly difficult to translate into your target language. Comment on the source of difficulty in each case. 4. Make a list of some loan words that are used in your language, and comment on the types of text in which such loan words tend to be used freely (for instance in advertisements). Now consider how you might translate the main text in Figure 3, an advertisement by Trados which appeared in various magazines in 2001, and what loss of propositional, expressive and/or evoked meaning might be involved if you cannot render Dinero using a similar loan word in your target text. Loan items θιηπάξω reach my limits, get exhausted (neutral: εμνπζελώλνκαη) English loan, flip - youth tongue It could be used in advertising e.g. for a person s reaction to intensive work schedule, to suggest some modern perception of exhaustion

4 κπξέθθαζη Breakfast English loan, it connotes elevated style it can be used (in translation) instead of the neutral item, πξωηλό, to suggest a show-off intention, or deliberate non-integration. It is closer to πξόγεπκα, in terms of evoked meaning, than to πξωηλό advertising, theatre translation κπεζαιήο Dependable, trustworthy person (has a positive prosody, expressive). Turkish loan. Μπεζαιήο could be used in advertising, I guess esp. in relation to traditional cultural values The neutral item is αμηόπηζηνο. κνπξληάξεο Womanizer, skirt-chaser, Turkish loan. loose-liver κπεξκπάληεο, Womanizer, skirt-chaser, loose-liver Italian loan Μπεξκπάληεο is less offensive than κνπξληάξεο. Μνπξληάξεο is unlikely to appear in advertising. It carries expressive meaning and would be good for literary texts. Their diminutives mitigate offensiveness. Figure 3: Trados advertisement Έηζη θαη κεηαθξάζεηε ηε ιέμε ρξήκα ζε money δελ ρξεηάδεηαη λα δώζεηε άιια money γηα λα ηελ μαλακεηαθξάζεηε. (Back-translation: Once you translate the word ρξήκα into money you won t have to

5 spend more money to translate it again). The pair ρξήκα-money could possibly be used in the Greek translation, because the item money in Greek could connote interest in profit-making and capitalist values. Alternatively, the pair ελέξγεηα-energy could be used to suggest that, for Trados, tracing the target language item is as simple as tracing a link between members of obvious source-target item pairs. It may also suggest that Trados can save the translator even the minimum energy one needs to render ελέξγεηα into energy : Έηζη θαη κεηαθξάζεηε ηε ιέμε ελέξγεηα ζε energy δελ ρξεηάδεηαη λα δηαζέζεηε άιιo energy γηα λα ηελ μαλακεηαθξάζεηε. (Back-translation: Once you translate the word ελέξγεηα into energy you won t have to spend more energy to translate it again. 5. Make a list of three English affixes which systematically produce forms that have no direct equivalents in your target language. Suggest suitable paraphrases for each affix. 6. Make a list of all the English words you can think of that end in ism or ist (such as racism/racist, sexism/sexist, ageism/ageist, extremism/extremist, fanaticism/fanaticist). Comment on what these words have in common and on the propositional and expressive meanings of the suffix. Now attempt to translate the screen shot in Figure 4, from a video released by the Sizism Awareness Campaign ( Figure 4. Screen shot from Sizism Awareness Campaign Video H πξνθαηάιεςε κε ηηο ζσκαηηθέο δηαζηάζεηο είλαη ε κόλε θνηλσληθά απνδεθηή θαη κε-ζπλεηδεηνπνηεκέλε κνξθή θαηαπίεζεο ζε όιν ηνλ θόζκν.

6 (Back-translation: Prejudice with bodily size is the only socially accepted and unacknowledged form of oppression all over the world) Racism Sexism Extremist Fundamentalism Fanaticism Feminism Ageism Sizism Terrorism Ραηζηζκόο εμηζκόο Εμηξεκηζκόο Φνληακεληαιηζκόο Φαλαηηζκόο Φεκηληζκόο?? Σξνκνθξαηία 7. Produce two translations in your target language of the following extract from Stephen Hawking s A Brief History of Time (1988:1-2). One translation should aim at giving the target reader a straightforward account of the contents of the text. In producing the second translation, assume that Professor Hawking, or his publisher, has authorized you to use whatever strategies are necessary to ensure that the reader s attention is captured in these opening passages. A well-known scientist (some say it was Bertrand Russell) once gave a public lecture on astronomy. He described how the earth orbits around the sun and how the sun, in turn, orbits around the center of a vast collection of stars called our galaxy. At the end of the lecture, a little old lady at the back of the room got up and said: What you have told us is rubbish. The world is really a flat plate supported on the back of a giant tortoise. The scientist gave a superior smile before replying, What is the tortoise standing on? You re very clever, young man, very clever, said the old lady. But it s turtles all the way down! Most people would find the picture of our universe as an infinite tower of tortoises rather ridiculous, but why do we think we know better? What do we know about the universe, and how do we know it? Where did the universe come from, and where is it going? Did the universe have a beginning, and if so, what happened before then? What is the nature of time? Will it ever come to an end? Recent breakthroughs in physics, made possible in part by fantastic new technologies, suggest answers to some of these longstanding questions. Someday these answers may seem as obvious to us as the earth orbiting the sun or perhaps as ridiculous as a tower of

7 tortoises. Only time (whatever that may be) will tell. Comment on the different strategies used in each translation. Α straightforward account Έλαο γλσζηόο επηζηήκνλαο (θάπνηνη λένε όηη ήηαλ ν Μπέξλαξλη Ράζει) έδσζε κάποηε κηα δηάιεμε ζρεηηθά κε αζηξνλνκία. Πεξηέγξαθε πώο η γη πεπιζηπέθεηαι γύξσ από ηνλ ήιην θαη πώο ν ήιηνο πεξηζηξέθεηαη γύξσ από ην θέληξν κηαο απέξαληεο ζςλλογήρ αζηεξηώλ, πνπ νλνκάδεηαι γαιαμία μαρ. ην ηέινο ηεο δηάιεμεο, κηα θπξηνύια ζην ηέινο ηεο αίζνπζαο ζεθώζεθε και είπε: «Όια απηά είλαη ζκοςπίδια» είπε. «Ο θόζκνο είλαη επίπεδο πιάηο θαη ζηεξίδεηαη ζην θαβνύθη κηαο γηγάληηαο ρειώλαο». Ο επηζηήκνλαο ρακνγέιαζε κε ζπγθαηάβαζε. «Καη πνύ επάλσ ζηέθεηαη ε ρειώλα;». «Είζηε πνιύ έμππλνο, λεαξέ κνπ» είπε ε θπξία. «Αιιά έρεη ρειώλεο κέρξη θάησ, ηε κηα πάλσ ζηελ άιιε». Οη πεξηζζόηεξνη άλζξσπνη ζα έβξηζθαλ ηελ εηθόλα ηνπ ζύκπαληόο καο σο αηέιεησηνπ πύξγνπ κε ρειώλεο μάλλον γεινία, αιιά, πώο είκαζηε ζίγνπξνη όηη εκείο μέξνπκε θαιύηεξα; Ση γλσξίδνπκε γηα ην ζύκπαλ θαη πώρ ηο ξέποςμε; Από πνπ πξνήιζε ηο ζύμπαν θαη πξνο ηα πνπ θαηεπζύλεηαη; Είρε ην ζύκπαλ θάπνηα αξρή, θαη αλ λαη, ηη ζπλέβε Edited text Κάποηε, έλαο γλσζηόο επηζηήκνλαο (θάπνηνη ιζσςπίζονηαι όηη ήηαλ ν Μπέξλαξλη Ράζει) έδσζε κηα δηάιεμε ζρεηηθά κε αζηξνλνκία. Πεξηέγξαθε πώο πεπιζηπέθεηαι η γη γύξσ από ηνλ ήιην θαη πώο ν ήιηνο πεξηζηξέθεηαη γύξσ από ην θέληξν κηαο απέξαληεο ζςγκένηπωζηρ αζηεξηώλ, πνπ νλνκάδοςμε γαιαμία. ην ηέινο ηεο δηάιεμεο, κηα θπξηνύια από ην βάζνο ηεο αίζνπζαο ζεθώζεθε να διαμαπηςπηθεί: «Όια απηά είλαη απλούμπερ» είπε. «Ο θόζκνο είλαη [ ] πιάηο θαη ζηεξίδεηαη ζην θαβνύθη κηαο γηγάληηαο ρειώλαο». Ο επηζηήκνλαο ρακνγέιαζε κε ζπγθαηάβαζε. «Καη πνύ παηάεη ε ρειώλα;» ξώηεζε. «Είζηε πνιύ έμππλνο, λεαξέ κνπ» είπε ε θπξία. «Αιιά έρεη ρειώλεο κέρξη θάησ, ηε κηα πάλσ ζηελ άιιε». Οη πεξηζζόηεξνη άλζξσπνη ζα ζεσξνύζαλ [ ] γελοία ηελ ζύιιεςε ηνπ ζύκπαληνο σο παλύςεινπ πύξγνπ από ρειώλεο. Αιιά, πώο είκαζηε ζίγνπξνη όηη ε δηθή καο άπνςε είλαη θαιύηεξε; Ση γλσξίδνπκε γηα ην ζύκπαλ θαη πώρ θεμελιώνεηαι αςηή η γνώζη; Από πνπ πξνήιζε [ ] θαη πνπ θαηεπζύλεηαη; Πνηα είλαη ε θύζε ηνπ ρξόλνπ; Θα ηειεηώζεη θάπνηε; Πξόζθαηεο εμειίμεηο ζηε θπζηθή, πνπ πξαγκαηνπνηήζεθαλ ελ κέξεη κε ηε

8 πξηλ από ηόηε; Πνηα είλαη ε θύζε ηνπ ρξόλνπ; Θα ηειεηώζεη θάπνηε; Πξόζθαηεο επηηπρίεο ζηε θπζηθή, πνπ πξαγκαηνπνηήζεθαλ ελ κέξεη κε ηε ζπκκεηνρή θανηαζηικών λέσλ ηερλνινγηώλ, δίλνπλ απαληήζεηο ζε θάπνηα από απηά ηα παιηά εξσηήκαηα. Κάπνηα κέξα, απηέο νη απαληήζεηο κπνξεί λα είλαη ηόζν θανεπέρ όζν ην όηη ε γε γπξίδεη γύξσ από ηνλ ήιην ή ηόζν γεινίεο όζν ν πύξγνο από ρειώλεο. Μόλν ν ρξόλνο (όηι κι αν είναι αςηόρ) ζα δείμεη 14 ζπκκεηνρή πποηγμένων λέσλ ηερλνινγηώλ, δίλνπλ απαληήζεηο ζε θάπνηα από απηά ηα γλσζηά εξσηήκαηα. Κάπνηα κέξα, απηέο νη απαληήζεηο κπνξεί λα είλαη ηόζν αςηονόηηερ όζν ην όηη ε γε γπξίδεη γύξσ από ηνλ ήιην ή ηόζν γεινίεο όζν ν πύξγνο από ρειώλεο. Μόλν ν ρξόλνο ζα δείμεη όηι κι αν είναι αςηόρ. Some of the shifts highlighted: formality is renegotiated in terms of active-passive shifts and more formal lexical items which may be assumed to conform to generic conventions (and balance the interpersonal distance created by some positive politeness shifts). Expressiveness and collocational meaning adjusted. 1. x κάποηε> Κάποηε, x Preposing the time adverbial 2. θάπνηνη λένε > θάπνηνη ιζσςπίζονηαι 3. η γη πεπιζηπέθεηαι>πεπιζηπέθεηαι η γη The latter verb of saying is more formal and highlights that speaker may not agree with the proposition SV>VS (Greek is a free word order language) 4. ζςλλογήρ αζηεξηώλ>ζςγκένηπωζηρ αζηεξηώλ 5. πνπ νλνκάδεηαι γαιαμία μαρ> πνπ νλνκάδοςμε γαιαμία The first option assumes deliberate collecting, in the second version the event is assumed to be irrespective of one s intention Passive>active voice 6. ζεθώζεθε και είπε> ζεθώζεθε να διαμαπηςπηθεί The latter options reveals the illocutionary potential of the verb of saying (protested) 7. είλαη ζκοςπίδια>είλαη απλούμπερ Colloq. : the lady is assumed to be overreacting

9 8. επίπεδο πηάην> [ ] πηάην Flat is omitted because it is part of the meaning of plate 9. μάλλον γεινία> [ ] γεινία Certainty raised (occasionally occurring with positive politeness languages) 10. πώο ηο ξέποςμε; >πώο Formal rendering - passive θεμελιώνεηαι αςηή η γνώζη; 11. Από πνπ πξνήιζε ηο ζύμπαν> Ellipsis favoured, co-reference IS established, no Από πνπ πξνήιζε [ ] need for recurrence 12. θανηαζηικών λέσλ ηερλνινγηώλ> Non-expressive item favoured πποηγμένων λέσλ ηερλνινγηώλ 13. απαληήζεηο θανεπέρ > More appropriate collocation απαληήζεηο αςηονόηηερ 14. S (όηι κι αν είναι αςηόρ) V> SV - όηη θη αλ είλαη απηόο S-V continuity ensured/preferred by postposing the parenthetical information