The Origin and Beginning of Institutionalized Invention of Tradition in Indonesia: The Case of Gotong Royong in Java under the Japanese Occupation

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1 The Origin and Beginning of Institutionalized Invention of Tradition in Indonesia: The Case of Gotong Royong in Java under the Japanese Occupation KD76N6H=> Kazuo* In, the Japanese military administration in Java established The Committee for the Study of Former Customs and Political Systems Kyukan Seido Chosa Iinkai as a consultative body of the administration. Through the participation of Indonesian nationalists, the Committee learned about and came to recognize gotong royong as a Javanese tradition. This tradition functioned as a social safety net in rural society to support people who encountered difficulties like unemployment. At the same time, the military administration focused attention on autonomy and community cooperativeness at the level of the Javanese village, or desa, and tried to leverage them for the administration s benefit. Consequently, the desa was recognized as a place where gotong royong was practiced. One gotong royong practice in particular, the night watch system, or ronda, was institutionalized through reorganization into a function of the defense group Keibodan, newly established by the administration as a subsidiary organ to the police. Ronda became asymbol of autonomy and community cooperativeness, even as it was transformed into a subtle mechanism of support for the military administration. Keywords: tradition, gotong royong mutual aid ronda night watch Java, Indonesia, Japanese Occupation I Hobsbawm and Ranger * Minamiosawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan, RXZ nifty.com 55

2 Kahin : Hobsbawm : Kanahele : Anderson a; b 56

3 : : Koentjaraningrat ; Weatherbee ; Bowen Sutter : ; : ; Dahm : ; : ; Sato : ; Cribb and Kahin : ; : II III 57

4 IV V II : a : : Kan Po No. : Kan 58 A Kanahele : a a

5 Po No. : a; b a; b : a Hatta : 59

6 b : tolong-menolong bantumembantu bantu-membantu Anwar : tolong-menolong Pane : Komisi Bahasa Indonesia tolong-menolong Kan Po No. : gotong royong gotong royong tolong-menolong Bowen : gotong royong : 60

7 61

8 Geertz ; Geertz : Geertz ; a: ; : : b a : 62

9 : : a; b : Kanahele :, : : 63

10 : a : Kanahele : : : 64

11 a Kanahele : : Hobsbawm : ibid.: : Kanahele Kanahele : : 65

12 III III : Inlandsche Gemeeente Ordonantie Rechtsgemeenschap Adatgemeenschap Rechtsgemeenschap :.. : 66

13 : : b: i : i : 67

14 : ; : ; : Hobsbawm : IV IV : 68

15 : ronda Ronda Kemit : : : Wilkinson : : : i 69

16 : : : 70

17 : : : : : : : : : : 71

18 : : Anderson : : Anggaran Choesoes oentoek Menjoesoen dan Mendjalankan Keibodan Kan Po No. : : Anggaran Dasar oentoek Menjoesoen Keibodan g Kan Po No. : 72

19 ibid.: :.. : : : 73

20 V 74

21 Anderson, Benedict R. O G.. Some Aspects of Indonesian Politics under the Japanese Occupation: Ithaca: Cornell University... Java in a Time of Revolution: Occupation and Resistance, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. Anwar, Rosihan.. Pamankoe. Bowen, John.. Onthe Political Construction of Tradition: Gotong Royong in Indonesia. The Journal of Asian Studies :. Cribb, Robert; and Kahin, Audrey.. Rukun Tetangga. In Historical Dictionary of Indonesia, edited by Robert Cribb and Audrey Kahin. Second Edition. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press. Dahm, Bernhard.. Sukarno and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. Geertz, Clifford.. Religious Belief and Economic Behavior in a Central Javanese Town: Some Preliminary Considerations. Economic Development and Cultural Change :... Agricultural Involution: The Process of Ecological Change in Indonesia. Berkeley, Los Angels, and London: University of California Press. Hatta, Mohammad.. Memoir Mohammad Hatta. Jakarta: Tintamas. H.. Hobsbawm, Eric.. Introduction: Inventing Traditions. In The Invention of Tradition, edited by Eric Hobsbawm and Terrence Ranger, pp.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hobsbawm, Eric; and Ranger, Terrence.. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kahin, George McTurnan.. Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Kanahele, George S.. The Japanese Occupation of Indonesia: Prelude to Independence. Ph. D. dissertation, Cornell University. G. S.. a RT/RK b RT/RW Koentjaraningrat.. Some Social-Anthropological Observations on Gotong Rojong Practices in Two Villages of Central Java. Monograph Series, Modern Indonesia Project. Ithaca: Cornell Univer- 75

22 sity. a b Pane, Sanoesi.. Mengembalikan Keboedajaan Timoer. Sato, Shigeru.. War, Nationalism and Peasants: Java under the Japanese Occupation New York: M. E. Sharpe. Sutter, John O.. Indonesianisasi: Politics in a Changing Economy, , Vol. : The Indonesian Economy at the Close of the Dutch Period and under the Japanese. New York: Southeast Asia Program, Department of Far Eastern Studies, Cornell University. : a b Weatherbee, Donald E.. Ideology in Indonesia: Sukarno s Indonesian Revolution. Monograph Series No.. New Haven: Southeast Asia Studies Yale University Wilkinson, R. J.. AMalay-English Dictionary Romanised Tokyo: Daitoa Syuppan Kabushiki Kaisya. : 76

23 Kan Po 77

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