ΕΞΑΤΟΜΙΚΕΥΟΝΤΑΣ ΤΗ ΘΕΡΑΠΕΙΑ ΤΟΥ ΣΔτ2 ΜΕ ΑΝΑΣΤΟΛΕΙΣ SGLT2 ΚΛΙΝΙΚΑ ΔΕΔΟΜΕΝΑ ΤΗΣ Αλέξανδρος Κόκκινος ΔΑΠΑΓΛΙΦΛΟΖΙΝΗΣ ΠΟΥ, ΠΟΤΕ ΚΑΙ ΓΙΑΤΙ Επίκουρος Καθηγητής Παθολογίας Α Προπαιδευτική Παθολογική Κλινική του Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών, ΓΝΑ «Λαϊκό» Διευθυντής: Καθηγητής Πέτρος Π. Σφηκάκης 5 ο ΑΚΡΟΠΟΛΙΣ 2016 Αθήνα, 10 Δεκεμβρίου 2016
ΔΗΛΩΣΗ ΣΥΓΚΡΟΥΣΗΣ ΣΥΜΦΕΡΟΝΤΩΝ (Disclosures) Συμβουλευτικές υπηρεσίες/διαλέξεις/ερευνητική υποστήριξη την τελευταία διετία ΦΑΡΜΑΣΕΡΒ-ΛΙΛΛΥ, SANOFI-AVENTIS, NOVO NORDISK, MSD, BOEHRINGER-INGELHEIM, ASTRA ZENECA, OREXIGEN
Diabetes: A global emergency
Diabetes around the world
Κλάση Οι 9 κατηγορίες των υπογλυκαιμικών ουσιών Φαρμακευτικές Ουσίες Αναστολείς α-γλυκοσιδασών Θειαζολιδινεδιόνες Διγουανίδια Μεγλιτινίδες Σουλφονυλουρίες Ανάλογα GLP-1 Αναστολείς DPP4 Αναστολείς SGLT2 Ακαρβόζη [μιγλιτόλη, βογλιμπόζη] Πιογλιταζόνη [ροσιγλιταζόνη] Μετφορμίνη [φαινφορμίνη] Ρεπαγλινίδη, Νατεγλινίδη Γλιβενκλαμίδη, Γλικλαζίδη, Γλιμεπιρίδη Εξενατίδη, Λιραγλουτίδη, Λιξισενατίδη Σιταγλιπτίνη, Βιλδαγλιπτίνη, Σαξαγλιπτίνη, Λιναγλιπτίνη, Αλογλιπτίνη Δαπαγλιφλοζίνη, Εμπαγλιφλοζίνη Ινσουλίνη
Νέα φάρμακα για τον διαβήτη τύπου 2 TZD Γλιπτίνες SGLT-2i Γλινίδες Ρεπαγλινίδη Πιογλιταζόνη Νατεγλινίδη Βιλνταγλιπτίνη Δαπαγλιφλοζίνη Σαξαγλιπτίνη Εμπαγλιφλοζίνη Σιταγλιπτίνη Λιναγλιπτίνη 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Ινσουλίνες υπερταχείας δράσης Lispro Aspart Glulysine Νεότερα μείγματα Εξενατίδη GLP-1RA Λιραγλουτίδη Εξενατίδη LAR Λιξισενατίδη Ινσουλίνες μακράς & σταθερής δράσης Glargine Detemir Degludec
ΠΟΣΑ ΟΠΛΑ ΧΡΕΙΑΖΟΜΑΣΤΕ ΕΠΙΤΕΛΟΥΣ;
Επίπτωση ασθενών με HbA1c <7% και <8% στην NHANES 2007-2010
Αίτια αστοχίας επίτευξης μακροπρόθεσμης γλυκαιμικής ρύθμισης Η νόσος Χρονιότητα προοδευτική εξέλιξη της νόσου Έλλειψη συμπτωμάτων Πολυφαρμακία Ο ασθενής Δημογραφικοί παράγοντες Κοινωνικοί παράγοντες Οικονομικοί παράγοντες Ψυχολογικοί παράγοντες Η θεραπεία Αστοχία Πολυπλοκότητα Πόνος (ενέσεις-μετρήσεις) Υπογλυκαιμίες Αύξηση σωματικού βάρους Άλλες ανεπιθύμητες ενέργειες
ΟΛΟΙ ΟΙ ΚΑΛΟΙ ΧΩΡΑΝΕ
Σχεδόν όλη η γλυκόζη που εισέρχεται στα σπειράματα φιλτράρεται στα σωληνάρια (~160-180 g ημερησίως) Επαναρροφάται όλη μέσω των SGLT1, SGLT2 (90%) Γλυκοζουρία όταν οι συγκεντρώσεις στο αίμα υπερβαίνουν το νεφρικό ουδό (180-200 mg/dl) Dapagliflozin Bailey CJ, Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011;32:63-71
Normalized levels Στο διαβήτη τύπου 2 παρατηρείται ρύθμιση προς τα άνω της δραστηριότητας των SGLT2 και μεγαλύτερη επαναρρόφηση της διηθούμενης γλυκόζης AMG uptake (CPM) Transporter protein expression 7 6 5 4 Healthy Type 2 diabetes mellitus * 2500 2000 1500 Glucose uptake into tubular epithelial cells * 3 2 1 * 1000 500 0 0 SGLT2 GLUT2 Healthy Type 2 diabetes mellitus *p<0.05; from human exfoliated proximal tubular epithelial cells (HEPTECs) Rahmoune H, et al. Diabetes 2005;54:3427 34.
Αναστολή SGLT2: Πιθανά κλινικά οφέλη στο διαβήτη τύπου 2 Μείωση της γλυκόζης στο αίμα Μείωση των μικροαγγειοπαθητικών επιπλοκών Μείωση της γλυτοξικότητητας Η προκαλούμενη γλυκοζουρία είναι ανάλογη της συγκέντρωσης της γλυκόζης στο αίμα, μικρός κίνδυνος υπογλυκαιμίας Δράση με μη ινσουλινοεξαρτώμενο μηχανισμό Δράση σε όλα τα στάδια του διαβήτη Δυνατότητα συνδυασμού με όλα τα αντιδιαβητικά φάρμακα Ωσμωτική διούρηση Απώλεια βάρους Μείωση της αρτηριακής πίεσης Απώλεια θερμίδων Διατήρηση της απώλειας βάρους Πρόληψη αύξησης του σωματικού βάρους που προκαλείται από άλλα υπογλυκαιμικά φάρμακα Holman RR, et al. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1577 89; Neumiller JJ. Drugs 2010;70:377 85
HbA 1c change from baseline (mean adjusted for baseline values) Dapagliflozin: Σημαντικές μειώσεις της HbA 1c συγκριτικά με placebo στις 24 εβδομάδες Dapagliflozin 10 mg + metformin 24 weeks Placebo + metformin 0.30% (n=134) 0.84% (n=132) 0.54% difference p<0.0001 Mean baseline HbA 1c 7.92% Mean baseline HbA 1c 8.11% Changes reported for Week 24 are adjusted for baseline values and are based on LOCF. A Phase III, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, 24-week clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin 10 mg + metformin ( 1500 mg/day) versus placebo + metformin ( 1500 mg/day) in adult patients with Type 2 diabetes who had inadequate glycaemic control (HbA 1c 7% and 10%) on metformin alone. Primary endpoint: HbA 1c reduction at 24 weeks. LOCF, last observation carried forward. Bailey CJ, et al. Lancet 2010;375:2223 33.
Adjusted mean change from baseline HbA 1c (%) Dapagliflozin προστιθέμενη στη μετφορμίνη: Διατηρήσιμες μειώσεις της HbA 1c στο χρόνο (n=133) (n=132) Primary endpoint 24 weeks Placebo + metformin (Mean baseline HbA 1c 8.13%) +0.02% (95% Cl, 0.20% to 0.23%; n=57) Dapagliflozin 10 mg + metformin (Mean baseline HbA 1c 7.95%) 0.80% difference 0.78% (95% Cl, 0.97% to 0.60%; n=57) 0 8 16 24 37 50 63 76 89 102 Study week N at each week 0 37 50 63 76 89 102 Dapagliflozin 10 mg 132 113 102 96 80 75 57 Placebo 133 96 74 60 46 38 28 Data are mean change from baseline after adjustment for baseline value. Data after rescue are excluded. Analyses were obtained by longitudinal repeated measures analyses. CI, confidence interval. Bailey CJ, et al. Diabetes 2011;60(Suppl. 1):988-P.
Adjusted mean change from baseline body weight (kg) Dapagliflozin: Επιπλέον αποτελεσματικότητα στην απώλεια βάρους με τη συνέχιση της αγωγής 24 weeks 1 Dapagliflozin 10 mg + metformin Placebo + metformin 0.9 kg (n=136) Dapagliflozin 10 mg + metformin 102 weeks 2 Placebo + metformin +1.4 kg (n=73) 2.9 kg (n=133) 2.0 kg difference p<0.0001 1.7 kg (n=95) 3.1 kg difference In a separate dedicated weight loss study, weight loss in patients treated with dapagliflozin came from fat mass reduction 3 that was sustained to 102 weeks. Data are mean change from baseline after adjustment for baseline value (mean baseline weight: Dapagliflozin 86.3 kg, placebo 87.7 kg). 24-week data are based on LOCF analysis excluding data after rescue; 102-week data are based on longitudinal repeated measures analysis and include data after rescue. 1. Bailey CJ, et al. Lancet 2010;375:2223 33; 2. Bailey CJ, et al. Presented at ADA 2012 3. Bolinder J, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:1020 31.
Change in HbA 1C from baseline (%) BL (HbA 1C %) Dapagliflozin: Σύνοψη όλων των αποτελεσμάτων των μελετών φάσης ΙΙΙ ως προς τη HbA 1C Monotherapy 1 n=134 7.8 7.9 Monotherapy 2 n=209 +MET 3 n=409 +SU 4 n=435 +PIO 5 n=415 +Insulin 6 n=598 +MET +SITA 7 n=226 +MET +SU 7 n=227 +MET +SU 7 n=214 +MET +Insulin 7 n=160 7.8 8.0 7.9 8.2 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 7.8 7.9 8.1 8.0 8.4 8.5 0,2 0,0-0,2 +0.02 0.23 +0.02 0.13 0.02 0.01 0.07-0,4 0.31-0,6-0,8-1,0-1,2 0.82 0.77 * 0.89 0.58 0.78 0.63 0.82 0.82 * 0.97 0.42 0.96 * 1.01 * 0.47 0.43 0.55 DAPA 5 mg DAPA 10 mg Placebo 0.55 0.93 All data are for Week 24, except for reference 3 and 6, which were at week 102 and 48, respectively Mean change in HbA 1C vs placebo: *p<0.001; p<0.0001. Baseline HbA 1C values represent the range of mean baseline values across the trial arms in each study. BL, baseline; DAPA, dapagliflozin; MET, metformin; PIO, pioglitazone; SITA, sitagliptin; SU, sulphonylurea. 1. Bailey CJ, et al. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012;14:951 9; 2. Ferrannini E, et al. Diabetes Care 2010;33:2217 24; 3. Bailey CJ, et al. BMC Medicine 2013;11:43; 4. Strojek K, et al. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011;13:928 38; 5. Rosenstock J, et al. Diabetes Care 2012;35:1473 8; 6. Wilding JPH, et al. Ann Intern Med 2012;156:405 15; 7. Jabbour S, et al. Presented at the 73rd American Diabetes Association Scientific Sessions, Chicago, USA; 21 25 June 2013: Abstract 1176-P.
Δαπαγλιφλοζίνη έναντι σουλφονυλουρίας ως προσθήκη στη μετφορμίνη: Σχεδιασμός μελέτης 1,2 Inclusion criteria T2DM Aged 18 years HbA 1c >6.5% and 10% FPG 15 mmol/l ( 270 mg/dl) C-peptide 0.33 nmol/l MET alone or combined with another OAD 8 weeks* DAPA 2.5 10 mg + MET n=406 Primary end point Change in HbA 1c from BL to Week 52 DAPA 2.5 10 mg + MET GLIP 5 20 mg + MET n=408 GLIP 5 20 mg + MET -2 weeks Single-blind lead-in Day 0 1:1 randomisation N=816 52-week, double-blind treatment 52 weeks Double-blind extension period 208 weeks Key secondary end points: Absolute change in total body weight; proportion of patients reporting at least one episode of hypoglycaemia; proportion of patients achieving a total body weight decrease 5% from BL to Week 52 * Prior to the 2-week lead-in period there was an 8-week dose-stabilisation period for patients who needed to be stabilised on MET 1500 2500 mg/day and other OADs discontinued. Patients were uptitrated according to FPG level for the first 18 weeks. BL, baseline; DAPA, dapagliflozin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GLIP, glipizide; HbA 1c, glycated haemoglobin; MET, metformin; OAD, oral antidiabetic drug. 1. Nauck MA et al. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:2015-2022. 2. Del Prato S et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015;17:581-590.
Δαπαγλιφλοζίνη έναντι σουλφονυλουρίας ως προσθήκη στη μετφορμίνη: Δημογραφικά χαρακτηριστικά Characteristic* DAPA + MET n=400 GLIP + MET n=401 Age, years 58 ± 9 59 ± 10 Male, n (%) 221 (55.3) 220 (54.9) Race, n (%) White Black Asian Other BMI, kg/m 2 25 kg/m 2 30 kg/m 2 327 (81.8) 26 (6.5) 27 (6.8) 20 (5.0) 31.7 ± 5.1 380 (95.0) 228 (57.0) 323 (80.5) 24 (6.0) 34 (8.5) 20 (5.0) 31.2 ± 5.1 364 (90.8) 222 (55.4) Duration of T2DM, years 6 ± 5 7 ± 6 HbA 1c, % 7.7 ± 0.9 7.7 ± 0.9 FPG, mmol/l 9.0 ± 2.1 9.1 ± 2.3 OAD use at enrolment, n (%) MET monotherapy <1500 mg/day MET monotherapy 1500 mg/day OAD and MET <1500 mg/day OAD and MET 1500 mg/day No OAD 34 (8.4) 231 (56.9) 19 (4.7) 122 (30.0) 0 37 (9.1) 238 (58.3) 28 (6.9) 104 (25.5) 1 (0.2) * Data are mean (SD) or n (%) unless otherwise indicated. BMI, body mass index; DAPA, dapagliflozin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GLIP, glipizide; HbA 1c, glycated haemoglobin; MET, metformin; OAD, oral antidiabetic drug; SD, standard deviation. Nauck MA et al. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:2015-2022.
Change in HbA 1c (%)* Δαπαγλιφλοζίνη έναντι σουλφονυλουρίας ως προσθήκη στη μετφορμίνη: Μεταβολή HbA1c σε 208 εβδομάδες 1,2 Change in HbA 1c 0.4 Week 52 Week 208 0.2 0.0-0.2-0.4-0.6-0.8 Rescue therapy NOT available Rescue therapy available -1.0 0 6 12 18 26 34 42 52 65 78 91 104 117 130 143 156 169 182 195 208 Study week DAPA + MET GLIP + MET Sample size (excluding data after rescue) DAPA + MET 400 321 233 79 GLIP + MET 401 315 208 71 Week 52 values: DAPA + MET: -0.52 (-0.60, 0.44) GLIP + MET: -0.52 (-0.60, 0.44) Week 208 values: DAPA + MET: -0.10 (-0.25, 0.05) GLIP + MET: 0.20 (0.05, 0.36) * Data are adjusted mean change from baseline ±95% CI derived from a longitudinal repeated-measures mixed model. CI, confidence interval; DAPA, dapagliflozin; GLIP, glipizide; HbA 1c, glycated haemoglobin; MET, metformin. 1. Nauck MA et al. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:2015-2022. 2. Del Prato S et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015;17:581-590.
FPG adjusted mean change from BL (mmol/l)* Δαπαγλιφλοζίνη έναντι σουλφονυλουρίας ως προσθήκη στη μετφορμίνη: Μεταβολή FPG σε 208 εβδομάδες 1,2 Change in FPG 0.2 0.0-0.2-0.4-0.7-0.9-1.1-1.3-1.6-1.8 Sample size (excluding data after rescue), n Week 52 Week 208 Study week DAPA + MET 399 367 353 318 265 231 138 103 91 81 GLIP + MET 394 365 350 310 248 205 129 102 80 71 BL, mmol/l (mg/dl) DAPA + MET: 9.01 (162.18) GLIP + MET: 9.12 (164.16) 0 6 12 18 26 34 42 52 65 78 91 104 117 130 143 156 169 182 195 208 Week 52, mmol/l (mg/dl) DAPA + MET: -1.24 (22.32) GLIP + MET: -1.04 (18.72) DAPA + MET GLIP + MET * Data are adjusted mean change from BL ±95% CI derived from a longitudinal repeated-measures mixed model. BL, baseline; CI, confidence interval; DAPA, dapagliflozin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GLIP, glipizide; MET, metformin. 1. Nauck MA et al. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:2015-2022. 2. Del Prato S et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015;17:581-590. Week 208, mmol/l (mg/dl) DAPA + MET: -0.74 (-13.3) GLIP + MET: -0.21 (-3.8)
Change in SBP from BL (mmhg) Δαπαγλιφλοζίνη έναντι σουλφονυλουρίας ως προσθήκη στη μετφορμίνη: Μειώσεις ΣΑΠ σε 208 εβδομάδες Change in SBP 4 3 2 1 0-1 -2-3 -4-5 -6-7 Week 52 Week 208 BL 6 12 18 26 34 42 52 65 78 91 104 117 130 143 156 169 182 195 208 Study week DAPA + MET Diff. -3.67 mmhg (-5.92, -1.41) Sample size (excluding data after rescue), n DAPA + MET 399 323 234 159 GLIP + MET 396 314 211 140 BL (mmhg) DAPA + MET: 132.80 GLIP + MET: 133.80 Week 52 (mmhg) DAPA + MET: -4.10 GLIP + MET: 0.61 BL, baseline; DAPA, dapagliflozin; GLIP, glipizide; MET, metformin; SBP, systolic blood pressure. Del Prato S et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015;17:581-590. GLIP + MET Week 208 (mmhg) DAPA + MET: -3.69 GLIP + MET: -0.02
Change in weight (kg)* Δαπαγλιφλοζίνη έναντι σουλφονυλουρίας ως προσθήκη στη μετφορμίνη: Μεταβολή βάρους σε 208 εβδομάδες 1,2 Change in Body Weight 3 Week 52 Week 208 2 1 0-1 -2-3 -4-5 0 6 12 18 26 34 42 52 65 78 91 104 117 130 143 156 169 182 195 208 Study week DAPA + MET GLIP + MET Sample size (excluding data after rescue) DAPA + MET 400 323 234 159 GLIP + MET 401 315 211 140 23 Week 52 values: DAPA + MET: -3.22 (-3.56, -2.87) GLIP + MET: 1.44 (1.09, 1.78) Week 208 values: DAPA + MET: -3.65 (-4.3, -3.01) GLIP + MET: 0.73 (0.06, 1.40) * Data are adjusted mean change from baseline ±95% CI derived from a longitudinal repeated-measures mixed model. CI, confidence interval; DAPA, dapagliflozin; GLIP, glipizide; MET, metformin. 1. Nauck MA et al. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:2015-2022. 2. Del Prato S et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015;17:581-590.
Patients (%) Δαπαγλιφλοζίνη έναντι σουλφονυλουρίας ως προσθήκη στη μετφορμίνη: Ασθενείς με 5% μείωση ΣΒ την εβδομάδα 52 Patients With 5% Weight Loss at Week 52 50 40 33.3* 30 20 10 2.5 0 DAPA + MET GLIP + MET * P<0.0001. DAPA, dapagliflozin; GLIP, glipizide; MET, metformin. Nauck MA et al. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:2015-2022.
egfr (ml/min/1.73 m 2 ) ± SEM* Δαπαγλιφλοζίνη έναντι σουλφονυλουρίας ως προσθήκη στη μετφορμίνη: Μέσο egfr σε 208 εβδομάδες Change in egfr 140 Week 52 Week 208 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 6 12 18 26 34 42 52 65 78 91 104 117 130 143 156 169 182 195 208 Study week DAPA + MET BL=89.6 ml/min/1.73 m 2 GLIP + MET BL=90.5 ml/min/1.73 m 2 Sample size (excluding data after rescue), n DAPA + MET 406 383 359 366 355 340 332 319 314 268 242 234 202 190 185 180 173 163 163 158 GLIP + MET 408 377 353 360 355 344 331 310 303 248 224 209 187 180 172 167 154 150 148 140 * Includes data after rescue. BL, baseline; DAPA, dapagliflozin; egfr, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLIP, glipizide; MET, metformin; SEM, standard error of the mean. Del Prato S et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015;17:581-590.
Patients experiencing 1 hypoglycaemic event (%) Δαπαγλιφλοζίνη έναντι σουλφονυλουρίας ως προσθήκη στη μετφορμίνη: Συχνότητα εμφάνισης υπογλυκαιμίας Hypoglycaemia 60 50 51.5 40 30 20 10 5.4 0 DAPA + MET GLIP + MET Three patients taking glipizide, but none taking dapagliflozin, reported major hypoglycaemic episodes. * Hypoglycaemia was defined as: Major: A symptomatic episode requiring external assistance due to severely impaired consciousness or behaviour, with capillary or plasma glucose levels of 54 mg/dl (<3.0 mmol/l) and recovery after glucose or glucagon administration. Minor: A symptomatic episode with capillary or plasma glucose levels of 63 mg/dl (<3.5 mmol/l), irrespective of the need for external assistance, or an asymptomatic episode with capillary or plasma glucose levels of 63 mg/dl (<3.5 mmol/l) that did not qualify as a major episode. Other: An episode with symptoms suggestive of hypoglycaemia but without measurement confirmation. DAPA, dapagliflozin; GLIP, glipizide; MET, metformin. Del Prato S et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015;17:581-590.
Η ΑΛΛΑΓΗ ΤΟΥ ΤΟΠΙΟΥ
Πρωτεύον τελικό σημείο: 3-point MACE Καρδιοαγγειακός θάνατος Μη θανατηφόρο έμφραγμα μυοκαρδίου Μη θανατηφόρο ΑΕΕ HR 0.86 (95.02% CI 0.74, 0.99) p=0.0382* N Engl J Med 2015;373:2117-2128
Νοσηλεία για Καρδιακή Ανεπάρκεια HR 0.65 (95% CI 0.50, 0.85) p=0.0017 N Engl J Med 2015;373:2117-2128
Επιδράσεις των SGLT2 αναστολέων και πιθανές καρδιοαγγειακές επιπτώσεις Αρτηριακής πίεσης Καρδιακή συχνότητα Γλυκόζης, ινσουλίνης Αρτηριακής σκληρίας; Βάρους και σπλαγχνικού λίπους Ουρικού οξέος Πιθανές ΚΑ επιδράσεις SGLT2 αναστολέων Δραστηριότητας ΣΝΣ; Φλεγμονής, Οξειδωτικού στρες; Λευκωματινουρίας 1. Inzucchi SE, et al. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2015;12:90 100; 2. Majewski C et al. Diabetes Care. 2015;38:429-430; 3.Cherney DZ et al. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2014;13:1-8.
Μελέτες ΚΑ επιδράσεων SGLT2 αναστολέων EMPA-REG OUTCOME CANVAS CANVAS-R CREDENCE DECLARE Ertugliflozin CVOT n 7020 4330 5700 3700 17276 3900 Interventions (randomization) empagliflozin/ placebo (2:1) canagliflozin/ placebo (2:1) canagliflozin/ placebo (1:1) canagliflozin/ placebo (1:1) dapagliflozin/ placebo (1:1) ertugliflozin/ placebo (2:1) Key inclusion criteria Established vascular complications HbA 1c 7.0 10.0% Age 18 years a Established vascular complications (age >30) or 2 CV risk factors (age >50 years) HbA 1c 7.0 10.5% Established vascular complications or 2 CV risk factors HbA 1c 7.0 10.5% Age >30 years Stage 2 or 3 CKD and microalbuminuria and on ACEi/ARB HbA 1c 6.5 10.5% Age >30 years High risk for CV events (established CVD or MRF) Age 40 years Established vascular complications HbA 1c 7.0 10.5% Age 40 years Primary endpoint CV death, nonfatal MI, nonfatal stroke CV death, nonfatal MI, non-fatal stroke Progression of albuminuria ESKD, serum creatinine doubling, renal/cv death CV death, nonfatal MI, nonfatal ischemic stroke CV death, nonfatal MI, nonfatal stroke Target no. events 691 420 NA NA 1390 NA a 20 yrs in Japan and also 65 years in India ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; CKD, chronic kidney disease; ESKD, end stage kidney disease; HbA 1c, glycated hemoglobin; MI, myocardial infarction; MRF, multiple risk factors; PBO, placebo; NA, not available Inzucchi SE et al. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2015;12:90 100; Zinman B et al. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2117-28; www.clinicaltriials.gov.
Μελέτες ΚΑ επιδράσεων SGLT2 αναστολέων Primary endpoint powered for superiority/ power EMPA-REG OUTCOME Yes/ 80% for a 21.5% relative risk reduction CANVAS CANVAS-R CREDENCE DECLARE Ertugliflozin CVOT No Yes/NA Yes/NA Yes/NA No Important secondary endpoints 4P-MACE (3P- MACE + hospitalization for UA); hhf;microvasc ular composite; micro and macro albuminuria Fasting insulin secretion: HOMA-B, proinsulin:insulin ratio Regression of albuminuria, urinary albumin/creatini ne ratio Time to CV death, non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, or hospitalization for CHF or UA hhf; time to composite of CV death, MI, stroke, hhf, hospitalization for UA or any revascularizati on; all-cause mortality, body weight change Time to CV death, non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, or hospitalization for UA Estimated median followup 3.1 years 6 7 years 3 years ~4 years ~4.5 years 5 7 years Estimated reporting Reported EASD 2015 2017 2017 2019 2019 2021 CHF, chronic heart failure; HOMA-B, homeostatic model assessment of beta cell function; MACE, major adverse cardiovascular events; NA, not available; UA, unstable angina Inzucchi SE et al. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2015;12:90 100
Μεταανάλυση καρδιοαγγειακών επιδράσεων δαπαγλιφλοζίνης
Δημογραφικά χαρακτηριστικά All patients Patients with history of CVD Dapagliflozin N=5936 Control N=3403 Dapagliflozin N=1856 Control N=1358 Age, years 65 years, % 56.9 24.0 58.1 28.8 62.4 40.9 62.9 43.1 BMI, kg/m 2 31.3 31.6 32.4 32.5 Duration of T2DM, years 7.0 7.6 a 11.1 11.2 History of CVD, % 31.3 39.9 100 100 History of hypertension, % 65.7 71.9 89.8 92.8 History of CHF, % 3.9 4.8 12.6 12.0 Smoking history, % 43.3 46.3 53.3 56.4 egfr, mean <30 ml/min/1.73m 2, % 30 to <60 ml/min/1.73m 2,% 60 to <90 ml/min/1.73m 2,% 90 ml/min/1.73m 2,% 83.9 0.2 11.3 52.4 36.2 83.6 b 0.2 11.4 52.7 35.7 75.7 0.3 19.1 57.9 22.8 77.0 c 0.3 18.1 56.8 24.7 SBP/DBP, mmhg 130.4/78.8 d 131.1/78.8 e 134.5/78.0 f 133.7/77.7 g Concomitant medications (%) Diuretic β-blocker ACEi/ARB Calcium channel blocker Statin Aspirin 25.4 27.0 49.5 19.0 38.3 32.1 28.2 33.1 56.1 21.1 46.5 38.8 47.3 62.7 79.7 32.7 68.7 64.1 47.9 65.0 81.1 34.2 73.7 68.1 Data are mean unless otherwise indicated; a n=3400; b n=3402; c n=1357; d n=5619; e n=3274; f n=1824; g n=1345 CVD, cardiovascular disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker 1. Sonesson C et al. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2016;15:37
ΚΑ μεταανάλυση δαπαγλιφλοζίνης 21 Phase IIb/III trials, n=9339 (DAPA n=5936; Control n=3403) n/n Dapagliflozin Dapagliflozin Meta Analysis* Event rate/ 100 p-y Control Event rate/ 100 p-y MACE plus UA 95/5699 1.46 81/3240 2.15 MACE 72/5418 1.15 62/3101 1.69 CV death 20/3825 0.37 18/2200 0.59 MI 30/5244 0.48 33/3014 0.91 Stroke 25/4227 0.45 18/2412 0.57 Favors Dapagliflozin Control Dapagliflozin HR vs Control (95% CI) 0.79 (0.58, 1.1) 0.77 (0.54, 1.1) 0.70 (0.36, 1.36) 0.57 (0.34, 0.95) 1.00 (0.54, 1.86) Hospitalization for heart failure 10/2576 0.15 16/1780 0.41 0.36 (0.16, 0.84) 0,10 1,00 2.0 *All Phase 2b and 3 Pool, ST + LT -30MU; Stratified by study; Only trials with at least one positively adjudicated event included in analysis; Cox Proportional Hazards model. n= number of patients with an event; N= number of patients in treatment group; CV=cardiovascular; HR=hazard ratio; CI=confidence interval; MACE=Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event; UA=unstable angina; MI=myocardial infarction. Sonesson C et al. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2016;15:37.
Proportion of patients (%) Πρωτογενές σύνθετο καταληκτικό σημείο (MACE + Ασταθής στηθάγχη) 6 Control 5 4 3 Dapagliflozin 2 1 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 Days No. of patients at risk Dapagliflozin 5699 5333 4036 3427 1895 1748 1635 1543 261 249 239 234 221 211 189 8 Control 3240 2997 2227 1878 1003 903 833 782 136 129 124 119 111 107 90 4 Primary composite end point: CV death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and hospitalization for unstable angina. Cumulative incidence of primary CV composite end point over time (Kaplan-Meier estimate) for the overall population MACE=Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event; UA=unstable angina; CV=cardiovascular. Sonesson C et al. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2016;15:37.
Proportion of patients (%) MACE 5 Control 4 3 2 Dapagliflozin 1 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 Days No. of patients at risk Dapagliflozin 5418 5064 3797 3197 1895 1750 1640 1548 262 250 241 235 222 212 190 8 Control 3101 2867 2114 1774 1011 912 842 790 137 130 125 120 112 107 90 4 MACE (CV death, myocardial infarction, and stroke) Cumulative incidence of primary CV composite end point over time (Kaplan-Meier estimate) for the overall population MACE=Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event; CV=cardiovascular. Sonesson C et al. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2016;15:37.
ΚΑ μεταανάλυση δαπαγλιφλοζίνης σε ασθενείς με προηγούμενη ΚΑΝ Dapagliflozin 1 n/n MACE in patients with CVD history DAPA n=1856 Patients with Events Event rate/ 100 p-y CTRL n=1358 Event rate/ 100 p-y Favors Dapagliflozin Control Hazard Ratio vs Control (95% CI) 50/1799 2.21 45/1325 2.76 0.80 (0.53, 1.22) CV death 16/1632 0.74 13/1213 0.85 0.79 (0.37, 1.69) MI 18/1677 0.82 22/1246 1.39 0.58 (0.30, 1.11) Stroke 18/1388 0.95 14/1130 0.96 1.01 (0.49, 2.07) Hospitalization for heart failure 10/1486 0.51 14/1172 0.94 0.37 (0.16, 0.89) HR (95% Cl) Αποτελέσματα EMPA-REG OUTCOME 0.1 1.0 2.0 Empagliflozin 2 Event Patients with Events EMPA=4687 Placebo=2333 Favors Empagliflozin Control Hazard Ratio vs Control (95% CI) MACE 490 282 0.86 (0.74, 0.99) CV death 172 137 0.62 (0.49, 0.77) MI 213 121 0.87 (0.70, 1.09) Stroke 150 60 1.24 (0.92, 1.67) Hospitalization for heart failure 126 95 0.65 (0.50, 0.85) HR (95% Cl) 1.0 2.0 n= number of patients with an event; N= number of patients in treatment group ;CVD=cardiovascular disease; p-y=patient years; MACE=Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event; HR=hazard ratio; CV=cardiovascular; MI=myocardial infarction; CI=confidence interval; 0.5 Data is not intended to be comparative in nature as the data is derived from different types of sources and the products have not been studied in a head to head clinical trial. The effect of dapagliflozin on CV outcomes is being studied in the ongoing clinical trial DECLARE-TIMI 58. 1. Sonesson C et al. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2016;15:37. 2. Zinman B et al. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2117-28.
1:1 Double-blind Η μελέτη DECLARE-TIMI 58 εξετάζει την επίδραση της δαπαγλιφλοζίνης σε καρδιοαγγειακά καταληκτικά σημεία 1-3 Inclusion Criteria T2DM, 40 yrs Established CVD (secondary prevention) or Multiple Risk Factors (primary prevention) Placebo Dapagliflozin (10 mg/d) N=17,276 All other DM agents per treating MD Screening Duration is event-driven: 1,390 events Powered for superiority Primary Endpoint MACE: CV Death, MI, Ischemic Stroke Estimated completion 2019 DECLARE Dapagliflozin Effects on CardiovascuLAR Events. A multicenter trial to evaluate the effect of dapagliflozin on the incidence of CV events. CV=cardiovascular; DM=diabetes mellitus; MI=myocardial infarction; T2DM=type 2 diabetes mellitus. 1. Clinicaltrials.gov. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/nct01730534. Accessed March 2016. 2. US Food and Drug Administration. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/advisorycommittees/committeesmeetingmaterials/drugs/endocrinologicandmetabolicdrugsadvisorycommittee/ucm379659.pdf. Accessed March 2016. 3. TIMI Study Group. http://www.timi.org/index.php?page=declare-timi-58. Accessed March 2016.
CV=cardiovascular; HF=heart failure; MI=myocardial infarction. 1. Clinicaltrials.gov. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/nct01730534. Accessed March 2016. 2. US Food and Drug Administration. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/advisorycommittees/committeesmeetingmaterials/drugs/endocrinologicandmetabolicdrugsadvisorycommittee/ucm379659.pdf. Accessed March 2016. 3. TIMI Study Group. http://www.timi.org/index.php?page=declare-timi-58. Accessed March 2016. Η μελέτη DECLARE-TIMI 58 εξετάζει την επίδραση της δαπαγλιφλοζίνης σε καρδιοαγγειακά καταληκτικά σημεία 1-3 Π Ρ Ω Τ Ο Γ Ε Ν Ε Σ Κ ΑΤΑ Λ Η Κ Τ Ι ΚΟ Σ Η Μ Ε Ι Ο Time to first event included in the composite endpoint of CV death, MI or ischemic stroke Δ Ε Υ Τ Ε Ρ Ο Γ Ε Ν Η Σ Η Μ Ε Ι Α Time to first event of: Hospitalization for congestive heart failure The composite endpoint of CV death, MI, ischemic stroke, hospitalization for HF, hospitalization for unstable angina or hospitalization for any revascularization Time to all-cause mortality Body weight from baseline
Adjusted mean change from baseline in seated SBP (mmhg) Adjusted mean change from baseline in seated SBP (mmhg) Μεταβολή ΣΑΠ σε 2 στοχευμένες μελέτες φάσης ΙΙΙ DAPA 10 mg Placebo Study 073 1 + ACEi/ARB Study 077 2 + ACEi/ARB + additional anti-htna N= BL (mmhg) 0 302 149.8 311 149.5 0 225 151.0 224 151.3 2 2 4 4 6 6 8 7.3 8 7.6 10 12 10.4 10 12 11.9 14 3.1** 14 4.3*** **P=0.0010; ***P=0.0002 Exploratory analyses in the initial phase 3 studies showed numerical reductions in SBP at week 24 ( 1.3 to 5.3 mmhg) in the DAPA 10 mg groups; Repeated-measures mixed-model analysis ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BL, baseline; SBP, systolic blood pressure 1. Weber M, et al. Blood Press. 2016;25(2):93-103; 2.Weber MA et al. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4(3):211-20.
Επίδραση δαπαγλιφλοζίνης στη UACR σε ασθενείς με ΣΔτ2 και αρτηριακή υπέρταση: σχεδιασμός μελέτης To examine whether DAPA 10 mg + ACEi/ARB treatment would safely reduce the UACR in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension, and to examine whether the change would still be present after adjusting for changes in A1C, SBP, and egfr Patient Population* (N=356) Micro- and macroalbuminuria ACEi/ARB treatment Hypertension Measures: Effect of dapa on albuminuria and egfr at week 12 Change in albuminuria after adjusting for changes in A1C, SBP, egfr DAPA 10 mg daily + ACEi/ARB (n=167) PBO daily + ACEi/ARB (n=189) 12 Weeks * Post-hoc analysis of two Phase III studies DAPA=dapagliflozin; PBO=placebo; ACEi=angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB=angiotensin-receptor blocker; UACR=urine albumin:creatinine ratio; SBP=systolic blood pressure; egfr=estimated glomerular filtration rate; BW=body weight. Heerspink HJ et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016;18(6):590-7.
Δημογραφικά χαρακτηριστικά DAPA 10 mg + ACEi/ARB n=167 PBO+ACEi/ARB n=189 Male, % 57.5 69.8 Age, y 54.8 8.6 55.1 8.9 Race, % White Black/African American Asian 70.7 8.4 18.6 73.5 4.2 20.1 BMI, kg/m 2 31.6 5.6 31.3 5.2 A1C, % 8.1 1.0 8.1 0.9 Diabetes duration, y 8.6 6.5 8.3 5.9 UACR, mg/g 419.8 948.7 320.3 674.8 egfr, ml/min/1.73 m 2 82.1 19.7 85.8 21.0 SBP, mm Hg 151.9 9.0 151.4 8.0 DBP, mm Hg 91.3 5.1 91.5 5.2 Hypertension duration, y 8.1 7.2 7.4 6.7 DAPA=dapagliflozin; ACEi=angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB=angiotensin receptor blocker; PBO=placebo; BMI=body mass index; A1C=glycated hemoglobin; UACR=urine albumin:creatinine ratio; egfr=estimated glomerular filtration rate; SBP=systolic blood pressure; DBP=diastolic blood pressure. Heerspink HJ et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016;18(6):590-7.
Change from Baseline in UACR, % (95% CI) Προσαρμοσμένη ποσοστιαία μεταβολή από την αρχική UACR 0-10 -20-30 -40-50 -60-70 DAPA 10 mg + ACEi/ARB PBO + ACEi/ARB 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Week n Baseline Week 4 Week 8 Week 12 Follow-up (Week 13) DAPA 10 mg + ACEi/ARB 165 160 124 153 144 PBO + ACEi/ARB 185 182 172 163 158 The percentage of patients with 30% reduction in albuminuria at Week 12 was 49.7% and 37.4% in the DAPA 10 mg and PBO groups, respectively. UACR=urine albumin:creatinine ratio; DAPA=dapagliflozin; ACEi=angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB=angiotensin receptor blocker; PBO=placebo. Heerspink HJ et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016;18(6):590-7.
Change From Baseline in egfr, ml/min/1.73m 2 (95% CI) Προσαρμοσμένη ποσοστιαία μεταβολή από το αρχικό egfr 4 2 DAPA 10 mg + ACEi/ARB PBO + ACEi/ARB 0-2 -4-6 -8 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Week n Baseline Week 4 Week 8 Week 12 Follow-up (Week 13) DAPA 10 mg + ACEi/ARB 165 163 154 153 147 PBO + ACEi/ARB 186 1847 172 163 157 Although an initial decrease in egfr was observed in DAPA treatment group, the reduction was reversible after treatment discontinuation At the 1-week follow-up after discontinuation, relative to baseline, egfr slightly increased by 0.7 (95% CI, - 1.4 to 2.7) in the DAPA 10 mg group and decreased by 0.9 (95% CI, -2.8 to 1.1) in the PBO group egfr=estimated glomerular filtration rate; DAPA=dapagliflozin; ACEi=angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB=angiotensin receptor blocker; PBO=placebo. Heerspink HJ et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016;18(6):590-7.
Η αφαιρούμενη από το placebo ποσοστιαία μεταβολή της UACR ήταν ανεξάρτητη της απόκρισης της A1C και ΣΑΠ Patients were defined as responders if the change in the variable under consideration was on or above the median, or as nonresponders if the change was below the median for the respective treatment arm The albuminuria-lowering effect was also present in patients with 12-week values both above and below the median for changes in SBP or A1C ACR percent change by A1C status ACR percent change by SBP status UACR=urine albumin:creatinine ratio; A1C=glycated hemoglobin; SBP=systolic blood pressure; CI=confidence interval; DAPA=dapagliflozin; ACEi=angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB=angiotensin receptor blocker. Heerspink HJ et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016;18(6):590-7.
Σχεδιασμός μελέτης DELIGHT: Επίδραση δαπαγλιφλοζίνης +/- σαξαγλιπτίνη στη λευκωματινουρία σε ασθενείς με ΣΔτ2 και CKD3 S cr e e n i n g Randomized 1:1:1 Dapagliflozin 10 mg N=150 Placebo N=150 Background diabetes treatment and optimal ACEi/ARB treatment Single-blinded placebo Lead-in period Saxa 2.5 mg and Dapa 10 mg N=150 Randomized Treatment Double-blind treatment period Follow - up Week -6-4 0 24 27 Saxa+Dapa arm: Co-Primary objective : Change in HbA1c and % UACR vs Pbo Secondary objectives: Change in weight, FPG, SBP, HbA1c <7%, 30% UACR reduction Dapa arm: Primary objective: Change in % UACR vs Pbo Secondary objectives: Change in weight, FPG, A1c, SBP, HbA1c <7%, 30% UACR reduction 47 Available at:https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/nct02547935?term=dapagliflozin+and+renal&rank=15. Last accessed 6 Nov 2016.
Σχεδιασμός μελέτης DERIVE: Αποτελεσματικότητα και ασφάλεια της δαπαγλιφλοζίνης σε ασθενείς με μέτρια νεφρική δυσλειτουργία S cr e e n i n g Randomized 1:1 n=302 Single-blinded placebo Lead-in period Dapagliflozin 10 mg N=150 Placebo N=150 Background diabetes treatment Randomized Treatment Double-blind treatment period Follow - up Week -6-4 0 24 27 Primary objective : Change in HbA1c at week 24 Secondary objectives: Change in weight, FPG, SBP at week 24 Available at: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/nct02413398?term=dapagliflozin+and+renal&rank=5. Last accessed 6 Nov 2016.
Πιθανός μηχανισμός νεφροπροστασίας με δαπαγλιφλοζίνη Σπειραματοσωληναριακή παλίνδρομη ρύθμιση (TGF) και αναστολή SGLT-2 1 Φυσιολογική κατάσταση Διαβήτης Υπερδιήθηση στα πρώιμα στάδια διαβητικής νεφροπάθειας Διαβήτης μετά από αγωγή με αναστολέα SGLT-2 Μείωση υπερδιήθησης μέσω TGF Reprinted from Skrtic M, et al. 2015. GFR=glomerular filtration rate; SGLT2=sodium-glucose transporter-2; TGF=tubuloglomerular feedback. 1. Skrtic M et al. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2015, 24:96 103
Υπογλυκαιμίες Since DAPA is insulin-independent and directly excretes glucose based on baseline glycaemia, it has a low propensity for causing hypoglycaemia Proportion of patients with episodes of hypoglycaemia was higher on DAPA 10 mg versus placebo, driven mostly by studies involving insulin use Major episodes of hypoglycaemia were uncommon and balanced across placebo and DAPA groups Events, n (%) Placebo-controlled pool (ST) DAPA 10 mg N=2360 Placebo N=2295 Placebo-controlled pool (ST + LT) DAPA 10 mg N=2026 Placebo N=1956 All episodes of hypoglycaemia 309 (13.1) 242 (10.5) 378 (18.7) 290 (14.8) Major episodes a 2 (0.1) 1 (<0.1) 4 (0.2) 2 (0.1) Minor episodes b 276 (11.7) 211 (9.2) 352 (17.4) 266 (13.6) a b Major episodes of hypoglycaemia: symptomatic episodes requiring external (third party) assistance due to severe impairment in consciousness or behaviour, with a capillary or plasma glucose value <54 mg/dl (<3 mmol/l) and prompt recovery after glucose or glucagon administration. Minor episodes of hypoglycaemia: any episode, regardless of symptoms, with a capillary or plasma glucose measurement 63 mg/dl (3.5 mmol/l) that does not qualify as a major episode. DAPA, dapagliflozin; ST, short term; LT, long term. FDA EMDAC background document. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/advisorycommittees/committeesmeetingmaterials/drugs/ endocrinologicandmetabolicdrugsadvisorycommittee/ucm378079.pdf.
Λοιμώξεις γεννητικών οργάνων Genital infections were reported more frequently with DAPA versus placebo Events of genital infections were more common in females than males Most frequently reported genital infections: vulvovaginal mycotic infection, balanitis, and vaginal infections Events, n (%) Placebo-controlled pool (ST) Placebo-controlled pool (ST + LT) DAPA 10 mg Placebo DAPA 10 mg Placebo Genital infections N=2360 130 (5.5) N=2295 14 (0.6) N=2026 156 (7.7) N=1956 19 (1.0) Female N=1003 84 (8.4) N=952 11 (1.2) N=852 98 (11.5) N=799 15 (1.9) Male N=1357 46 (3.4) N=1343 3 (0.2) N=1174 58 (4.9) N=1157 4 (0.3) DAPA, dapagliflozin; LT, long term; ST, short term. FDA EMDAC background document. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/advisorycommittees/committeesmeetingmaterials/drugs/ endocrinologicandmetabolicdrugsadvisorycommittee/ucm378079.pdf.
ΠΟΥ;
Συνδυασμένη αγωγή με GLP-1 RA και SGLT-2i: Η μελέτη DURATION-8 The combination of exenatide and dapagliflozin is not an approved use.
Change in A1C, % Ο συνδυασμός EQW + DAPA μείωσε σημαντικά την A1C στην εβδομάδα 28 0.0 EQW + DAPA (n=228); BL, 9.3% -0.5 EQW (n=227); BL, 9.3% DAPA (n=230); BL, 9.3% -1.0 * -1.5 * -1.4% -1.6% -0.4% -0.6% -2.0 * * * * * -2.0% -2.5 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Time (weeks) * Difference, p<0.05 vs. EQW; Difference, p<0.05 vs. DAPA; Difference, p=0.004; Difference, p<0.001. Note: Data is least squares mean change. Error bars show standard errors. Analyzed in the ITT population. Frὶas JP, et al. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;Published online September 16, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(16)30267-4
Change in Weight, kg Ο συνδυασμός EQW + DAPA μείωσε σημαντικά το ΣΒ στην εβδομάδα 28 0-0.5 EQW + DAPA (n=228); BL, 91.8 kg EQW (n=227); BL, 89.8 kg DAPA (n=230); BL, 91.1 kg -1.0 * -1.5 * -1.54 kg -2.0-2.5-3.0-3.5-4.0 * * * * * * * -2.19 kg -3.41 kg -1.22 kg -1.87 kg -4.5 0 1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Time (weeks) * Difference, p<0.05 vs. EQW; Difference, p<0.05 vs. DAPA; Difference, p=0.002; Difference, p=0.002. Note: Data is least squares mean change. Error bars show standard errors. Analyzed in the ITT population. Frὶas JP, et al. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;Published online September 16, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(16)30267-4
Change in SBP, mm Hg Ο συνδυασμός EQW + DAPA μείωσε σημαντικά τη ΣΑΠ στην εβδομάδα 28 0 EQW + DAPA EQW DAPA BL, mm Hg 130.5 129.6 129.7-0,5-1 -1,5-1,3-2 -1,8-2,5-3 -3,5-4 -4,5-4,2 2.9 mm Hg* 2.4 mm Hg* * Difference, p<0.05. Note: Data is least squares mean change. Analyzed in the ITT population. Frὶas JP, et al. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;Published online September 16, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(16)30267-4
ΠΟΥ; Σε κάθε βήμα αγωγής του ΣΔ2 Εκεί που το επιτρέπει η νεφρική λειτουργία (egfr >60/ml/min/1.73m 2 ) Εκεί που ο φόβος υπογλυκαιμίας είναι σημαντικός Εκεί που είναι επιθυμητό απλό σχήμα (έτοιμος συνδυασμός με μετφορμίνη)
ΠΟΤΕ; Το ενωρίτερο δυνατό Όταν η απώλεια βάρους αποτελεί σημαντικό στόχο Όταν η αρτηριακή πίεση είναι πρόβλημα Όταν υπάρχει υψηλός καρδιοαγγειακός κίνδυνος
ΓΙΑΤΙ; Αποτελεσματική, ασφαλής θεραπεία Μη ινσουλινοεξαρτώμενος τρόπος δράσης Πιθανότατη καρδιοπροστατευτική επίδραση Πιθανότατη νεφροπροστατευτική επίδραση