ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ

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1 ΧΩΡΙΚΗ ΑΝΑΠΤΥΞΗ (ΠΧ_1050) ΔΙΑΛΕΞΗ #5: Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΙΑΣ ΠΟΛΥΤΕΧΝΙΚΗ ΣΧΟΛΗ ΤΜΗΜΑ ΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΩΝ ΧΩΡΟΤΑΞΙΑΣ, ΠΟΛΕΟΔΟΜΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΠΕΡΙΦΕΡΕΙΑΚΗΣ ΑΝΑΠΤΥΞΗΣ ΠΜΣ «ΠΟΛΕΟΔΟΜΙΑ - ΧΩΡΟΤΑΞΙΑ» ΠΜΣ «ΧΩΡΙΚΗ ΑΝΑΛΥΣΗ ΚΑΙ ΔΙΑΧΕΙΡΙΣΗ ΠΕΡΙΒΑΛΛΟΝΤΟΣ» Δρ. Δημήτρης Καλλιώρας Επίκουρος Καθηγητής dkallior@prd.uth.gr Δρ. Θεόδωρος Μεταξάς Επίκουρος Καθηγητής metaxas@econ.uth.gr Δρ. Νικόλαος-Γεώργιος Καραχάλης Εντεταλμένος Διδασκαλίας karachalis@gmail.com

2 Στόχος της περιφερειακής πολιτικής της ΕΕ EU regional policy supports job creation, competitiveness, economic growth, improved quality of life and sustainable development. EU regional policy is the expression of the EU s solidarity with less developed countries and regions, concentrating funds on the areas and sectors where they can make the most difference. EU regional policy aims to reduce the significant economic, social and territorial disparities that still exist between Europe's regions. Leaving these disparities in place would undermine some of the cornerstones of the EU, including its large single market and its currency, the euro. Cohesion Policy is the market s visible hand which aims at balanced and sustainable development while fostering economic integration throughout the EU as a whole (Hübner 2008). Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 2

3 Ιστορικό της περιφερειακής πολιτικής της ΕΕ (I) 1957 Treaty of Rome: need to promote harmonious development of economic activities ESF: The ESF is Europe s main instrument for supporting jobs, helping people get better jobs and ensuring fairer job opportunities for all EU citizens. It works by investing in Europe s human capital its workers, its young people and all those seeking a job ΕΙΒ: EIB is the EU's nonprofit long-term lending institution, financing operations to bring about European integration and social cohesion DG REGIO: The mission of the DG REGIO is to strengthen economic, social and territorial cohesion by reducing disparities between the levels of development of regions and countries of the European Union Paris council: necessity for implementing regional policy. Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 3

4 Ιστορικό της περιφερειακής πολιτικής της ΕΕ (II) 1974 ERDF: The ERDF aims to strengthen economic and social cohesion in the EU by correcting imbalances between its regions. The ERDF focuses its investments on several key priority areas. This is known as thematic concentration : innovation and research; the digital agenda; support for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs); the low-carbon economy : project co-financing / eligible areas set by countries 1985: White Paper Completing the Internal Market IMP : The IMP aimed at preventing any worsening of possible regional imbalances caused by the Community's enlargement on the accession of Spain and Portugal Single European Act: The SEA revises the Treaties of Rome in order to add new momentum to European integration and to complete the internal market. It amends the rules governing the operation of the European institutions and expands Community powers, notably in the field of research and development, the environment and common foreign policy. Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 4

5 Ιστορικό της περιφερειακής πολιτικής της ΕΕ (III) 1987 Padoa-Schioppa Report: serious risks of aggravated imbalances in the course of market liberalization adequate accompanying measures to speed up adjustments in structurally weak regions and countries Cecchini Report: the cost of non-europe (i.e. the economic losses of the non-completion of the single market) between 4.25 % and 6.5 % of GDP ERDF Regulation: The Structural Funds were integrated into an overarching cohesion policy, introducing key principles: focusing on the poorest and most backward regions; multi-annual programming; strategic orientation of investments; involvement of regional and local partners : 1 st CSF 1992 Treaty of Maastricht: need to promote harmonious development of economic activities economic and social cohesion and solidarity between the member states Report Europe 2000 : recognition of the spatial dimension of Community s policies / outlook for the development of the Community's territory Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 5

6 Ιστορικό της περιφερειακής πολιτικής της ΕΕ (IV) : 2 nd CSF 1994 CF: The Cohesion Fund is aimed at Member States whose Gross National Income (GNI) per inhabitant is less than 90 % of the EU average. It aims to reduce economic and social disparities and to promote sustainable development Report Europe : spatial inequality decreases EU s competitiveness st Progress Report on Economic and Social Cohesion Agenda 2000: Agenda 2000 was an action programme of the European Union whose main objectives were to reform the Common Agricultural Policy and Regional policy, and establish a new financial framework for the years with a view to the then upcoming Eastern Enlargement of the European Union ESDP: By adopting the ESDP, the Member States and the Commission reached agreement on common objectives and concepts for the future development of the territory of the European Union : 3 rd CSF Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 6

7 Ιστορικό της περιφερειακής πολιτικής της ΕΕ (V) 2000 Lisbon Strategy / Agenda / Process: Lisbon Strategy s aim was to make the EU "the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world capable of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion", by The Lisbon Strategy was heavily based on the economic concepts of: innovation as the motor for economic change; the "learning economy«; social and environmental renewal nd Progress Report on Economic and Social Cohesion 2003 Sapir Report: Cohesion policy is a bureaucratic process and does not contribute to competitiveness / suggestion for nationalization of regional policy rd Progress Report on Economic and Social Cohesion 2006 DG REGIO supports that Cohesion Policy is compatible with Lisbon Strategy DG REGIO promotes territorial cohesion to EU s priority objective : 4 th CSF Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 7

8 Ιστορικό της περιφερειακής πολιτικής της ΕΕ (VI) th Progress Report on Economic and Social Cohesion 2007 Leipzig Charter: Member States Ministers responsible for Urban Development agree upon common principles and strategies for urban development policy Territorial Agenda of the European Union: The Ministers responsible for spatial planning and territorial development state that the TA2020 is an action oriented policy framework to support territorial cohesion th Progress Report on Economic and Social Cohesion 2008 Green Paper on Territorial Cohesion 2008 European Economic Recovery Plan: The European Economic Recovery Plan has highlighted the need of a coordinated action at national and the EU levels respond to the current economic crisis Lisbon Treaty: Economic, social and territorial cohesion is a competence shared between the EU and its member states. Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 8

9 Ιστορικό της περιφερειακής πολιτικής της ΕΕ (VII) 2009 Barca Report: Barca Report discusses the economic rationale and motivation of an EU place based development policy and provides an assessment of EU cohesion policy. In addition it identifies a limited number of core priorities on which to focus cohesion policy. Finally, it presents recommendations on key pillars of cohesion policy governance pinpointed for reform Strategy Europe 2020 : Europe 2020 is the EU's strategy to promote smart, sustainable and inclusive growth European Economic Recovery Plan Review: The European Economic Recovery Plan Review reports on the implementation and results of the aspects of the Recovery Plan that concern cohesion policy in the European Union European Economic Recovery Plan in Regions and Cities: The key objective of the European Economic Recovery Plan in Regions and Cities is to assess how and with what effect the European Economic Recovery Plan is being implemented at grass roots level, as perceived by the EU local and regional authorities. Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 9

10 Ιστορικό της περιφερειακής πολιτικής της ΕΕ (VIII) 2011 Territorial Agenda of the European Union 2020: The Ministers responsible for spatial planning and territorial development, in cooperation with the European Commission and with the endorsement of the Committee of the Regions, state that the TA2020 is an action oriented policy framework to support territorial cohesion in Europe as a new goal of the EU introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon th Progress Report on Economic and Social Cohesion 2011 Euro+ Pact: Euro+ Pact is a plan in which some member states of the European Union make concrete commitments to a list of political reforms which are intended to improve the fiscal strength and competitiveness of each country. The goals are: fostering competitiveness; fostering employment; contributing to the sustainability of public finances; reinforcing financial stability; tax policy coordination. Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 10

11 Πολιτική Συνοχής Cohesion policy covers every region in the EU. However, most of the funds are targeted where they are most needed: at regions with a GDP per capita under 75% of the EU average. How are regions defined? Cohesion policy uses the EU's NUTS system, which divides each country into three levels of statistical units (NUTS regions), according to population size. The EU is currently divided into 274 'level 2' regions, all of which are covered by cohesion policy. The 'nomenclature of territorial units for statistics' (NUTS) was created by the European Office for Statistics (Eurostat) in order to apply a common statistical standard across the European Union. NUTS levels are geographical areas used to collect harmonized data in the EU. They have been used in the Structural Funds since 1988 and play an important role in allocating Structural Funds. Level Minimum Maximum NUTS level 1 3 million 7 million. NUTS level million NUTS level Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 11

12 Πολιτική Συνοχής (I) Priority objectives Objective 1: promoting the development and structural adjustment of regions whose development is lagging behind; (ECU 43.8 bn.) Objective 2: converting regions seriously affected by industrial decline; (ECU 6.1 bn) Objective 3: combating long-term unemployment; (ECU 6.67 bn together with Objective 4) Objective 4: facilitating the occupational integration of young people; (ECU 6.67 bn together with Objective 3) Objective 5: (a) speeding up the adjustment of agricultural structures and (b) promoting the development of rural areas. (ECU 6.3 bn) Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 12

13 Πολιτική Συνοχής (II) Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 13

14 Πολιτική Συνοχής (I) Priority objectives Objective 1: promoting the development and structural adjustment of regions whose development is lagging behind; (ECU bn.) Objective 2: converting regions or parts of regions seriously affected by industrial decline; (ECU 9.4 bn.) Objective 3: combating long-term unemployment and facilitating the integration into working life of young people and of persons exposed to exclusion from the labor market, promotion of equal employment opportunities for men and women; (ECU 15.2 bn. together with Objective 4) Objective 4: facilitating adaptation of workers to industrial changes and to changes in production systems; (ECU 15.2 bn. together with Objective 3) Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 14

15 Πολιτική Συνοχής (II) Priority objectives (cont.) Objective 5: promoting rural development by (a) speeding up the adjustment of agricultural structures in the framework of reform of common agricultural policy and promoting the modernization and structural adjustment of the fisheries sector, (b) facilitating the development and structural adjustment of rural areas; (ECU 13 bn.) Objective 6: development and structural adjustment of regions with an extremely low population density. (ECU 697 mn.) Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 15

16 Πολιτική Συνοχής (III) Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 16

17 Πολιτική Συνοχής (I) Priority objectives Objective 1: promoting the development and structural adjustment of regions whose development is lagging behind; ( bn.) Objective 2: supporting the economic and social conversion of areas facing structural difficulties, hereinafter; ( 22.5 bn.) Objective 3: supporting the adaptation and modernization of policies and systems of education, training and employment. ( 24.1 bn.) Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 17

18 Πολιτική Συνοχής (II) Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 18

19 Πολιτική Συνοχής (I) Priority objectives Convergence: aims at speeding up the convergence of the least-developed Member States and regions defined by GDP per capital of less than 75 % of the EU average; ( bn.) Regional Competitiveness and Employment: covers all other EU regions with the aim of strengthening regions' competitiveness and attractiveness as well as employment; ( 54.9 bn.) European Territorial Cooperation: based on the Interreg initiative, support is available for cross-border, transnational and interregional cooperation as well as for networks. ( 8.7 bn.) Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 19

20 Πολιτική Συνοχής (II) Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 20

21 Πολιτική Συνοχής (III) Implementation of the policy follows these stages: The budget for the policy and the rules for its use are jointly decided by the European Council and the European Parliament on the basis of a proposal from the Commission. In addition to common rules for the European Structural and Investment Funds, there are also rules which are specific for each Fund. The principles and priorities of cohesion policy are distilled through a process of consultation between the Commission and the EU countries. Each Member State produces a draft Partnership Agreement, which outlines the country's strategy and proposes a list of programmes... In addition to this Member States also present draft operational programmes (OP) which cover entire Member States and or regions. There will also be cooperation programmes involving more than one country. Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 21

22 Πολιτική Συνοχής (IV) Implementation of the policy follows these stages (cont.): The Commission negotiates with the national authorities on the final content of the Partnership Agreement, as well as each programme. The programmes present the priorities of the country and/or regions or the cooperation area concerned. The programmes are implemented by the Member States and their regions. This means selecting, monitoring and evaluating hundreds of thousands of projects. This work is organized by 'managing authorities' in each country and/or region. The Commission commits the funds (to allow the countries to start spending on their programmes). The Commission pays the certified expenditure to each country. The Commission monitors each programme, alongside the country concerned. Both the Commission and the member countries submit reports throughout the programming period. Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 22

23 Πολιτική Συνοχής (I) Priority objectives Convergence: aims at speeding up the convergence of the least-developed Member States and regions defined by GDP per capital of less than 75 % of the EU average; ( bn.) Regional Competitiveness and Employment: covers all other EU regions with the aim of strengthening regions' competitiveness and attractiveness as well as employment; ( 55.9 bn.) European Territorial Cooperation: based on the Interreg initiative, support is available for cross-border, transnational and interregional cooperation as well as for networks. ( 9.6 bn.) Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 23

24 Πολιτική Συνοχής (II) Classification of regions from 2014 to 2020: Less developed regions Transition regions More developed regions Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 24

25 Πολιτική Συνοχής (III) Structural Funds (ERDF, ESF) eligibility Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 25

26 Πολιτική Συνοχής (IV) Cohesion Fund eligibility Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 26

27 Πολιτική Συνοχής (V) Four key principles underpin cohesion policy: Concentration Concentration of resources: the greater part of structural fund resources (70% for ) are concentrated on the poorest regions and countries. Concentration of effort: Targeting Investments on Key Growth Priorities: Research and Innovation; Information and Communication Technologies (ICT); Enhancing the competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs); Supporting the shift towards a low-carbon economy. Concentration of spending: at the beginning of each programming period, annual funding is allocated to each programme. These funds must be spent by the end of the second year after their allocation (known as the N+2 rule). Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 27

28 Πολιτική Συνοχής (VI) Four key principles underpin cohesion policy (cont.): Programming Cohesion policy does not fund individual projects. Instead, it funds multi-annual national programmes aligned on EU objectives and priorities. Partnership Each programme is developed through a collective process involving authorities at European, regional and local level, social partners and organizations from civil society. This partnership applies to all stages of the programming process, from design, through management and implementation to monitoring and evaluation. This approach help ensure that action is adapted to local and regional needs and priorities. Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 28

29 Πολιτική Συνοχής (VII) Four key principles underpin cohesion policy (cont.): Additionality Financing from the European structural funds may not replace national spending by a member country. The Commission agrees with each country upon the level of eligible public (or equivalent) spending to be maintained throughout the programming period, and checks on compliance in the middle of the programming period (2018), and at the end (2022). The objective is to set realistic but ambitious targets for structural public spending to ensure that contribution of the structural funds really does add value. As a rule, average annual spending in real terms should not be less than in the previous programming period. Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 29

30 Στρατηγική «Ευρώπη 2020» Europe 2020 is the EU's strategy to promote smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. The EU has set ambitious objectives to be reached by 2020 in five main areas: Employment - 75 % of the population aged should be employed Innovation - 3% of the EU's GDP should be invested in Research & Development Climate change - The "20/20/20" climate/energy targets should be met (including an increase to 30% of emissions reduction if the conditions are right) Education - The share of early school leavers should be under 10% and at least 40% of years old should have completed a tertiary or equivalent education Poverty - Reduction of poverty by aiming to lift at least 20 million people out of the risk of poverty or exclusion Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 30

31 Ανταπόκριση στην κρίση The new EU economic governance is based on three main blocks: A reinforced economic agenda with closer EU surveillance. This includes agreed policy priorities and targets as part of the Europe 2020 strategy; additional commitments taken by Member States participating in the Euro Plus Pact; tighter EU surveillance of economic and fiscal policies as part of the Stability and Growth Pact and through new tools to tackle macro-economic imbalances; and a new working method the European semester to discuss economic and budgetary priorities at the same time every year. Action to safeguard the stability of the euro area. In 2010, the EU responded to the sovereign debt crisis by setting up temporary support mechanisms for its Member States, which will be replaced by the permanent European Stability Mechanism (ESM) in These support measures are conditional on rigorous fiscal consolidation and reform programmes, and are developed in close cooperation with the IMF. Action to repair the financial sector. Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 31

32 Σύμφωνο Σταθερότητας και Ανάπτυξης The Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) is a set of rules that encourages Member States to maintain sound public finances. The SGP has two 'arms': The Preventive Arm calls for Member States to submit an annual Stability (for euro area countries) or Convergence (for other Member States) Programme, which is submitted along with the National Reform Programme. This programme sets out how the Member State intends to achieve and maintain sound public finances in the medium term. The Commission can then offer policy recommendations (in June, as part of the European Semester), or, if necessary, make a proposal to the Council to issue an early warning of an excessive deficit. The Corrective Arm governs the Excessive Deficit Procedure (EDP). Under the EDP, if a Member State breaches the 3% budget deficit as described in the Treaty, the Council will issue recommendations on how to address this problem. Noncompliance with these recommendations may lead to sanctions for euro area Member States. Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 32

33 Πολιτική Συνοχής στην Ελλάδα: Διαρθρωτικά κονδύλια : ECU 2.6 bn : ECU 7.2 bn : ECU 14.0 bn : 22.7 bn. (+ 9 mn. from EUSF; floods in Evros river) : 20.4 bn. (+ 90 mn. from EUSF; fires in Peloponnissos) : 20.9 bn. Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 33

34 Πολιτική Συνοχής στην Ελλάδα : Γεωγραφική Κατανομή των Πληρωμών Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 34

35 Πολιτική Συνοχής στην Ελλάδα «επί τω έργω» (I) RIO-ANTIRRIO BRIDGE ( 90 mn.) Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 35

36 Πολιτική Συνοχής στην Ελλάδα «επί τω έργω» (II) CORALLIA HELLENIC TECHNOLOGY CLUSTERS, ATTIKI ( 3 mn.) Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 36

37 Πολιτική Συνοχής στην Ελλάδα «επί τω έργω» (III) INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, DYTIKI MAKEDONIA ( 10 mn.) Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 37

38 ΕΣΠΑ και ΕΠ A National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) establishes the main priorities for spending the EU structural funding a member state receives. Each member state has its own NSRF. Adopting an NSRF is a requirement of the Structural Funds regulations, since the Programming Period 2007 to Each NSRF functions as a high-level strategy for the Operational Programmes in the respective member state. The document provides an overview of the economic strengths and weaknesses of the member state's regions, and sets out the approach to future Structural Funds spending across the member state. An Operational Programme (OP) sets out a region's priorities for delivering the funds. Although there is scope for regional flexibility, a region's priorities must be consistent with the member state's NSRF. There is an Operational Programme for each region in the EU. These OPs, just like the NSRF, have to be approved by the European Commission before any implementation. Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 38

39 Πολιτική Συνοχής στην Ελλάδα: ΤΕΠ Hellenic Sectoral Operational Programs : Human Resources Development, Education and Life-Long Learning Entrepreneurship Public Administration Reform Infrastructures Technical Support Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 39

40 Πολιτική Συνοχής στην Ελλάδα: ΠΕΠ (I) Hellenic Regional Operational Programs : Anatoliki Makedonia Thraki Attiki Notio Aigaio Sterea Ellada Voreio Aigaio Ipiros Kriti Thessalia Dytiki Ellada Dytiki Makedonia Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 40

41 Πολιτική Συνοχής στην Ελλάδα: ΠΕΠ (II) Hellenic Regional Operational Programs (cont.): Ionia Nisia Kentriki Makedonia Peloponnissos Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 41

42 Πολιτική Συνοχής στην Ελλάδα: Ταξινόμηση των περιφερειών Περιφερειακή πολιτική της ΕΕ 42