Contents PART ONE Introduction to Spectroscopy Early Experiments in Spectroscopy A History of Astronomical Spectroscopy Theory of Spectra vii

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Contents PART ONE Introduction to Spectroscopy 1 Early Experiments in Spectroscopy... 3 For Further Reading............................................ 8 WebPages.

1 Contents PART ONE Introduction to Spectroscopy 1 Early Experiments in Spectroscopy... 3 For Further Reading WebPages A History of Astronomical Spectroscopy... 9 Further Reading WebPages TheoryofSpectra Kirchhoff slaws BlackBodyRadiation QuantumTheory ForbiddenLines DopplerandRedShifts SolarSpectrum StellarSpectra TheH-RDiagram HDClassifications StandardSpectralLinesandReferenceSpectra FlouroSpectrum OtherUsefulSpectralReferenceLines AiryDisk,RayleighLimits,andFWHM,PSF vii

2 viii Contents FocusandExitPupil ExitPupilandEyeRelief Further Reading WebPages Prisms, Gratings and Spectroscopes Dispersion,PlateScale,andResolution EfficiencyofYourSpectroscope Prisms Resolution EfficiencyofaPrismSpectroscope AmiciPrismSystems Gratings GratingTheory Further Reading WebPages Types of Spectroscopes ObjectivePrismorGrating PrismwithCollimator/Camera-CCD TraditionalPrismLittrow TransmissionGratinginConvergingBeam Transmission Grating in Collimated Beam (with or without Slit) Grisms ReflectionGrating(withorwithoutSlit) Further Reading Webpages PART TWO Obtaining and Analyzing Spectra 6 Setting Up the Spectroscope ObjectivePrisms/Gratings CameraLenses Telescopes MountingtheObjectivePrism/Grating ObjectivePrisms ObjectiveGratings AdjustmentsandFocus Prisms Gratings FlatsandDarks WebPages Using Spectroscopes in the Converging Beam Obtaining Your First Spectrum PointstoNote... 67

3 Contents ix CameraResponsevs.RecordedSpectra UsingOtherTransmissionGratings UsingGratingsinaCollimatedBeam WebPages Reflection Grating Spectroscopes MountingtheSpectroscope GettingaStarFocusedontheSlit BeamsplittersandNon-reflectiveSlits SBIGSoftwareControlledSpectroscopes BaaderDadosSpectrograph Shelyak slhiresiii QuestarQMaxSolarSpectrometer OtherSpectroscopes TheeShelSpectrographfromShelyak TheBaaderBachesEchelleSpectroscope TheOptomechanics10C RemoteControlofSpectroscopes WebPages Cameras and CCD s CCDChipSize PixelSize QuantumEfficiency BayerMatrix Bias,Darks,andFlats SpectroscopeFlats Further Reading WebPages Processing Spectra PreparingtheRawImageforProcessing GratingSpectra:LinearDispersion SmileandTilt VisualSpec(VSpec) StandardStellarSpectra StandardElementLines Obtaining a Spectral Pixel Profile WavelengthCalibration CameraResponse CorrectingSpectraUsingtheCameraResponseCurve UsingtheCCDQECurves ResponseCurve CalibratingUsingaReferenceLamp Resolution NormalizedSpectrum SignaltoNoiseRatio(SNR)

4 x Contents ContinuumRemoval EquivalentWidth(LEQ) WebPages Amateur Spectroscope Projects SolarSpectrum AstronomicalFilters StellarClassification EmissionStars(BeandWR) DopplerShift BinaryStars/Exoplanets/Quasars VariableStars,Nova,andSupernovae Nebulae Comets Hα ObservingofSolarProminences Meteors PlanetarySpectroscopy Further Reading WebPages PART THREE Spectroscope Design and Construction 12 Design Basics TheEntranceSlit ClassicSemi-fixedEntranceSlit AdjustableEntranceSlits CommercialSlits SettingtheSlitGap ProjectionMethod OtherSlitAlternatives PhotographicNegativeforSlit TheCollimator ThePrismasaDispersionElement Resolution AbbeNumbers GratingsasaDispersionElement BlazedGratings AnamorphicFactor TheImagingLens TheEyepiece/Camera/CCD AttachingandFocusingtheCamera/CCD SpectroscopeDesignSummary Assumptions Calculations ReferenceLamps TestingandCalibratingSpectroscopes

5 Contents xi LaserCollimator TestingtheCollimatorAlignmentandFocus OpticalTesting Calibration WebPages Prism Spectroscope Designs ObjectivePrisms OtherPrismSpectroscopes PrismsinCollimatedBeams TraditionalPrismSpectroscope ClassicLittrowPrismSpectroscope EfficiencyofaPrismSpectroscope Further Reading WebPages Transmission Grating Spectroscope Designs ObjectiveGratings ConvergingBeamArrangement ApertureMask Adding a Grism Adding a Slit Mounting Other Transmission Gratings in a Converging Beam ImprovingResolutionwithaCollimatorLens UsingaBarlowLensasaCollimator WatkisTransmissionGratingSpectroscope TragosDesign LORISDesign Further Reading WebPages Reflection Grating Spectroscope Designs ClassicDesign ConstructionNotes GratingAdjustments Dust LittrowDesign ConstructionNotes GratingHousingandAdjustment Camera/Focuser ReferenceLightSource SlitBackLightArrangement WPODesign Ebert-FastieDesign Czerny-TurnerDesign EchelleSpectroscopes

6 xii Contents FiberOptics ApertureRatio,F/Ratio,andNumericalAperture(NA) FiberOpticApplications OtherAmateurDesigns Mete Kaye Glumac Bareges CCD Spectrograph (Rondi/Buil) Further Reading WebPages Guiding, OAG, Beamsplitters, and Flip Mirrors Off-AxisGuiders BeamsplitterSpectroscopeApplications ModifyingaVixenFlipMirrortoaBeamsplitter FittingandAdjustingtheBeamsplitterPlate UsingtheBeamsplitter DovePrismasBeamsplitter TransferSystemsforGuideCameras SplitMirrorGuider Further Reading WebPages Appendix A SuppliersofSpectroscopesandAccessories StarAnalyserGrating RainbowOpticsStarSpectroscope SGSandDSS-7Spectroscopes ShelyakLhiresIII BaaderDadosSpectrograph RigelSystems QMaxSpectrograph Gratings Prisms EntranceSlits LensesandMirrors ElectroluminescentPanels Appendix B UsefulSpectroscopyForumsandOtherWebsites Appendix C SelectedBibliography Appendix D Extras Index