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4 : 983!" 989 ( #!! ) % & 00 II I

5 '()'*+ (- '()'*+ # '()'*+ ( 83 % - * " 0 " " " - % & % & 00 III IV

6 V (- 0! ( ( & - ú * 6 & 6 & 0 3 * " ( ) ( % " ( * 8 43 ( 3

7 (( '()'*0'% &(! 47 5 % & ( % ( ( 60 '()'*0'% ()'# '!(!! ( (0) ( " " " (" 6 3 ' 3 4 ' 39 %((&)! *0#'+ &! " * 53 4 # * * 6 45 * * 64 5! 66 5! 66 5 ( 3 O Y O ϕ m

8 % ! &(!&!' (%(&) *'& " 03 9! 08 0 GPS ( X Y 7 03 ( 9 % '!(!! 3 & ( ) 6 & 6 ( 8 " 36 3! " 40 3 " ) ( GPS 63 (&')'#+' (*'&' *0#+') #( " 74 # 8

9 95! 4 % - % (" ( " " # ) ( ) (945 96) ) (953) ) (973) ) % (977 98) (953) #! 3 (990 99) % " 50- % " (! 98) "? ( " " XX- & : - ( ) 5 " " V

10 " " " ) " " 33-! " 5 00!! 5 & " " " * * " - " " m - km GPS - GPS " " * GPS (Global Positioig System) " " " - - ( ) - (o-lie " )! " : () ()? ) 5 " - " * VI - VII & * : * ' "!" 979; 988

11 : - ** ; ; ( " ) " " " - - ) ('! ' ) # ('! ) " 000 ** : (FIG) 990 ;

12 ! " (&')'#'' *)0 &(#+ '()'*+! # % g dasomai! ) ' " * " 363- & 3 (880 ) " 4 (897 ) * * 3 (878 ) * % - &

13 - * " " " ( ) (b) " ( * " " " ( ( * )! ( ) * - [9] & & '(- )* %) & + ) ú - -) (( - 0% [34] & ( 08% ) * - " " ( )

14 ! - ( )! () *! " ( ) " & " 0 " * ) ( ) ( - " - ) ) % '! ) % - ( %- - -! % * Geographical Iformatio System; -" '

15 (& &*'& *'+! ( " " - " * & ' *! ( ) * ( ) * * ( * ' * - * # ' ( ) * " ' ( ) 5 α ( o 360 L = S 7 ( ) o 8 9 ' " : α ' 50 ( 70 ) * * 50 " = ' km km * km km 60 m km (!) * ( )! m

16 ' 33-! - * 3V66 65 * (59-66 ) ; ( 4) 5 (64-77 ) * ** u ( * (R < R ) ' " α b; α b a b 8 = a ( ) # ( ) ( 5)! 5 ( 950 ) (800 ) (84 ) % ( ) 3 (906 ) % (94 ) * # (Sell) ** 5 - () ( ) % ( ) # ( ) * # * " " ; " " ( ) " 5 ( ) " 5 * 5 *

17 * () ( 97 [36]) # & : () * ; () * ; (3) ' ( - " ; * ( ) & - % 3 IAG* 94 ( - ) % IAG 97 ) - IAG :995 :9498 :970 :983 :9847 :986 :9857 * IAG Iteratioal Associatio of Geodesy [30] [30] [36] [4] [36] [36] [36] IAG % ; - % R = 3 a b ( 3) -! - - a m α ( " * V N

18 & % 6 37 km km [ 36] " * ( 3)! ( " " m! 0 4 ' 0 )! 0 ) & ) *& 0- %) * & (#) %) &) " * - - * * % " - 80 & (ε) P R = = < ( 4) P km ; R km; ρ = ( 3) 05 (!) P 95 km * + " = S = 9 ( 4) & ;S = S 7 S (5) 5 α S = Rα - R tgα = R(α - tgα) tgα S ;S R8 8 + R 3 3 3R 4 ( ) * " ( 6 ) SS : (!) S 45 km 600 km * *) % * " - ( 4) ( (

19 (R + H) = R + S (7) % (7) S ;H R ( 8) = mm (!) S 3 m ( 3 '()'*0'% *'&+ " & - ( " " 3 # &! - " l a = αl (3) α (3)! -

20 ( ) & ( ) * " ; " & () () ;!" () 5 " ( ) ( ) ( ) -! 5 - ( ) - " % "! - " 3 * # & ' 5 % * ' &

21 * (mètre metro ) ) )5 * m Système iteratioal d uités SI - SI ; SI 965 * - - * + ( m) (m) ( ( mm = 000 m) ( cm = 00 m) ( dm = 0 m) ( km = 000 m) #( '* m ( ) m 3 ( ) ( = 00 m ) ( da = 000 m ) " ( ha = m ) ( km = m ) * ) ; " = m α = :3340 % - 0 mm * ( rad) & * " : () - - ; () SI ( )! ( ) 360 ' 60 (60 ) 60 (60 '); ( * ( 6 30'= 65 ) ' ( g ) 400 * ' 00 (00 ) 00 (00 ) 36 g 75 c 86 cc = g 0 g 06 c 47 cc = g! 5 * 0 ( g go) 90 ( 00)

22 SI (grad) (go) 000 ( 000 mgo) : 36 g 75 c 86 cc = go 0 g 06 c 47 cc = 647 mgo * ο 8 = 360 : 8 go rad =? ( 3) rad go rad g = 09 g c 05 c cc 03 3 cc SI " ' " 000 & " (6 400!( ) * * & SI ( & ) N " m * hpa = 00 Pa kpa = 000 Pa SI (bar) bar = 0 5 Pa Torr ( mm ) Torr 333 hpa * *#- SI % (%); > ( ) SI - : (i ) = 54 mm (ft ) = i = m (yd) = 3 ft = 0944 m " = 760 yd = 6093 km = 640 = m ( - : = () 757 m ( ) 686 m " = m 55 ( ) = 4 " 96 m 33 ) & %) * & # &0 ( 3)! 3 % % - & &

23 % (! () % (" ) () % ( ) ) ()! - ( 3 ( ( 3 Y - ( ( ) ( ( ) ) ( * " "! " & " % ( 5 ;

24 & * " 5 " " 4 &'@%!(0(! '()'*0'%!' *'&+ 4 ) 5 5 ( " ; 5 " ( )! " 5 3V666 (

25 % ( ) #A ( ) * ( ) : (a) ( 5 ) ; (b) ( ) ( ) -' ) " - 5 * 3 ( ) ( " ( ) * % * 5! " 0 " -%3 )! 5 : () 5 ; () ; (3) 5 ; (4) (- ) % 4 43

26 4 ) % * & ) # ) ( " " " - X & = = X x (ε ε ε ) - " * " - "! (w) (s) (m) ε ε ε % " 5 5 : [ s = = = = X x = X x [ ] ( 4) = + = + + = = = ( 4) ] [ = ] = = i i= i ( ) : m = = + = + + = = [ == ] ( 43) m > s > w 5 ( m 0447 m 005 m - : m B = = X : X m ( ) () ( 44)

27 " " " " e m = ± f x m f f f x x x x x x ; m m m - c x x x y f + x = f ( x x x ) [ ] [ ] m f + + x ( 45) * ± 43 '' - # *) * % ) % % " 5 m : x = X = x = X = ( 46) x = X = % (46) x = = X ( 47) _ ": ( [ ] = 0 x = [ x] x + x + + x = ( 48) - * - - ε ε ε : v = x x v = x x v = x x ( 49)

28 0 (49) [v]= 0 * (4) (49) : = = v + = = v + = [v] = 0 (47) = v + ( X x) ( X x) ( X x)! (4) : == == = vv + [ == ] = [ vv] + ( X x) + [ v]( X x) ( 4) = = = = ( X x) [ = ] = == = = + = = + + = == ( ) [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 3 - X x = = = [ ] [ ] [ vv] = = v = v = v [ ] [ == ]( ) ( X x) + v ( X - x) ( X x) + v ( X - x) ( 40) ( X x) + v ( X - x) =! m! m m = ± m = ± m r = ± [ == ] [ vv] = ± m ( k) ( 43) ( 4) r ; " ( = ) v r k = m v = [ v ] : v k m - * x + x + + x x = x x x = = = = x x x

29 M = ± m m = m = = m = m M = ± m = ± (44)! ( 0 = 5 6) : - 68% " " + ; - 95% " " + ; - 997% " 3 " + 3 : v = x x = + d = x x ( d d + m = ± x x = v + x = x x 4 4 = ± d M = ± m + [ vv] ( ) x + x = d d x m + + x = x ( 44) d = ( 45) * (45) % % ) * (49) : v = x x v = x x p p v = x x p - % i- m i k = i m i p ( 46) > 0

30 k p = > 0 i S! % % (46) p = i i [ xp] [ p] xp + xp + + x p x = = p + p + + p p v + p v + + p v = [pv] = 0 (47) ( ) p = p = = p = (47) (48) * [ ] pvv m o = ± ( 48a) : ( 47) M = ± m o p [ ] = ± p! m o k 44 &) & ) # ) " y " " " M y m m m ' + y = " + " (49) M y = ± m + m m = m = m [ pvv] [ ]( ) ( e - & y = " " (4) M y = ± m B y M y = ± = x x m + ( 48) -! " x ( 40) ( 4)

31 y = x ± x ± ±x (43) m = m = = m = m M y = ± m 4*+ = x x (45) M y = ± ( (46) - - " m m B y = ± x + x = ± %m ( x y = x M y = ± ( 44) ( x m ) ( x m ) ( 46) + x m x m + x ( 48) ( 47) ( 49) (47) B y = ± m x m + x * : ( 430) " i y m i (i = ) - () - : & ; (46) x m = x m m m = x x ; (46) x m = kx m k 3! ± " m 45 &)) '+) )* # x * 3- m = xm *) ) m m 363- = x x % β + β + β ( ) w! " ( ) : ( ) - (b)

32 % #A [vv] mi (43) [pvv] mi (43a) (43) : 3 ' 4 ) 5 ( ) 5 " * -! " - ( - % 3 ( ) " ( ) > " (43) ( ) " 5 " # ) ( )! (43) Σ v i mi (43)! # 0 (8-894 ) (43) ) ) #& % %) * & * ( XIX-! * ( ) * 46

33 ! 5 ( 6 ) - ( & 3 & " " 4 ( ) * " ( ) " 5 "! 5 " " - " 6 * ( - " ) (43) (a) ; (b) - ; (c) 7 ( " -! "

34 8! : (a) " ; (b) ; (c) " " ' ( ( 45): " ( " " * 5 "

35 " 5 %((&)!!' % ( " " ( ) ( ) 5 ) ) ) ) # 0 90 (N) 5 (S) * -

36 ) 0 80 (E) (W) %) ) " L ( 5) % B L H * %) ) "! ϕ λ ( ) & 5 # ) * 363- "! : (a) (b) ( ) " * ( ) " " " #% % #) & - % * " 3 ( ) Y ( ) ' ( ) 3 Y " ; ) 5 : L B ;S Ym = ( 5) S R Y m * & 4 3 # %5 ( ) %5

37 3 6 * ( ) ( ) * " + ) % #) & *' C # * ( ) % 3 Y ( ) ' " ; # ) ; 5 " 4 ) #) & (U ) C (5-594 ) * : (a) ( 09996) (b) 6 * 3 & (5) N (); Y ' 53 # & ( * C # 4" 3 " #! oriet () ( 3 # ) (Az): 5 ( 5) : 5 ( ) % D = ;E siϕ D = ;L sib ( 5) λ ( L) e ( ) (Az ) (Az ) Az = Az ± γ ± 80 (53) 5

38 * (α): 5 3 ( ) ( 53) α α = α ± 80 (±00 go) (54) α α = Az γ (55) 53 ) : (a) ; 5 5 ; (b) ; (c) Am = Az δ (56) δ ( ) ( ) (56) ( ) " ( ± ) 54 * & 930 " ( 54 ) 5 0 ( 30 ) * * 3 Y 4 *! %

39 * Y m * Y 8 (4 ) 9 (7 ) ' Y km * 950 % % ( ) 5 (7 )! 950 *! % 3 % 950! % 970 " : () ; () % 970 " # ( F % " %! 9483 " 94 : m 3 ( km) m Y 8 e m * 3 (5) m! 5 &

40 55 % * & * 3 Y ( ) '6 *) % " " 5 ; " ) ( 0 ) 950 ( ) ( : () - ; () 5 50 *** " (3) " " ( EUREF) ( ) # ( ) : () () - GPS ; 6 ( : AB 4 -

41 6 ((& '()'*0'% &'C % * " * "! " " ( ( " " 6 % # *+ ) # *+ 65 " 6 3V66- * ) ) " ( 6 b ) ( 6 b ) 5 * " " " 0 5 m " ( 6) ) 6 " 950 " -! - - ( -) " & ) # *+! & ( )

42 "! m - m " " - ( - 3 " 4 " (' 5 ) * ( " 980 " ) GPS ( 0) 6 # *+ & &- ( & # *+ ( km 5 : # + & 940 ) - * 0 " 66 ( 350) 666 ( 6 000)! : & " ! 666- " 666 6V V V V6 V " * " GPS ( GPS - ) GPS - : - ; - * &

43 6 "! 6 3 % ) km 63 ( - " ) - ()) : : ) ()) : V -5 : mgo ! V -4 : V6 - : V : V -4 : V6 03- : V VI VII V VI! ( ) () ( 3) ( 63) ) % * " ( 64) ( 65) ) # *+ " 6 66! - 6! 6

44 % ) - " km & km km mm V ) 00 ) ( 66 ) ( 66) ( 66) * 5

45 " ( - - ) ( ) * : () (!) (" ); () ; (3) " " 0 " 5 : - ; - "; - 5 ( - " "

46 5 ( " ( ) ( ) 0 " ( ( )! 3 5 " " ( ) " 363-

47 7 # %&! & " - ( " " " 7 (' " " ( ( ) a A = A : a = M ( 7) - : 0 ( ) ( ) * :500 : 000 : 000 * :5 000 :0 000 :5 000 : : ; : : :0 000 cm ( ) * - ) " * : 500 ( 7) ' * 7 # : m " ( ) ( : 50)! ( ) " - ( ) * & "

48 ( ) 0 mm *! 0 mm ( : m : m ) " () " ( )! " " 3 Y [ ] & 3 % " ( ) ; :500 : cm ( ) :500 : 000 : 000 ( ) :0 000 :5 000 % :5 000 ('!%) 7 # # ) *)- ) " * " * : () ; ; () ( ) ; (3) ( 5); 7 & : (%-34) : (%-34-) : (%-34-IX) : (%-34-6) *! () 5

49 * " * 80! %-34 %-35 L-34 L-35 : : : : ( 7) ; ( : ( A B C V & : %-34-6-(0) : %-34-6-(0-) : (%-34-6) 73 & : (%- 34-6) : (%-34-6-) :5 000 (% ) :0 000 (% )

50 : : :5 000 :0 000 ( 73) : :5 000 : 000 ( 74) # : * 3 km 5 5 km m - ) : 000 # '!% : cm % 3 % 5 % 7 % 9 * :500 : 000 # : 000 :500 * 75 & : ! () - ( - ; - ( 75) " 76 "

51 ( )!!" ( ( ) ( ) & & " - - " " ; " (! " * (" ") 3 " 76! " h " - ù ( ) " ( ) " ; ( - ) - ( - ) " ( 76) " " : " ( ) ;h D = arctg a ( 7) γ ; " ' ( ) * # ( isos )

52 8 0#' ()'# '!(!! (0)! ( ) " 3 "! " " -! " 3 5 " ( " * ( * [ 3] * ( ) 8!" "

53 8 -)- * 0 (0) ()) " )! - 8 " " 0 " ( INTERNET) " ( ) 0 "" ( 0 ( 8) " * ( ) ; 3 Y ( D) 3 Y ( 3D)! " - 83 ( " : 8 '

54 ( 5 ); ( ); ( ) ( ); ( ); " ( ); ( ); ( ); - ) 83 0 ( ) 0 " &! " ( ) " "! ( - ) " " 0 5

55 " " 84 8 * % )* % * ( )! " ( ) ( ) 5 (- " ) ) (mm) ( )! 005 mm " ( 85)

56 4 6 ( ) ( 5) ( ) * " ( " ) ) ) 84 : *! (a) ; (b) ; (c) ; (d) ( ) 5

57 ( ) * " " ( ( 005 mm) Σ ( & * Ρ ( 0! * ( - Σ? Ρ Σ? Ρ % " 85 "

58 9 (!' #'# ( " (! " ( 9) ( ( 9 9 ( ) * 0 " ( 9) % 3 3 " 4

59 % ( 05 )!" * # ( ) " mm " " " LL mm = = < R ( 9) * ε " ( ε 93 > ** ( 93) " " R " -! LL ( * " **! 94 5 ε '! " 5 ( 0 ) ( ) ( 94) -

60 ) % " " 0-3 " ( ) ; " 0 *'&' :# ( ) (") % ( ) ( ) " 0 3 (β) - (Ζ) (γ) & (β) " ; 0 " A B C "

61 " " (- ) ) ) & " ( 0) (Z) (γ) * * 0 00 go (80 ) : ( " ) ( " ) ) Z + γ = 00 go (0) : ; ' ;! 3V666 3V " *! ) C & &A & " & " " 90 3 * 0 5 ( )! 0 43! : " ' ( ) () # " 0 ( " ( " 05 0 go ( go ) 5 ( )

62 00 ( ) ) ) A t = ( 0) ;! * (!) ( ( 03 ( ( ) " ; 0 Hz = 3708 go V = 986 go 04 %! ( ) go ' % ( 04)! ( = - ) * - " & " 00 mgo

63 05 & 06 ( ) " ( 05) ( ) ( ) (40 mgo) * * & ; () 5 5 " ( ) - 5 " ( ) ( : () ( 06 ); 5 () ( 06); ( ( ) " ' " * 5! ( ( 07) ( ( ) ( 08) * ( 09) > * 5 A A

64 07 08 " & ( [7]) 09 " ; 3 * " % " " - * * "! ( " * Hz V! : () ; () ; ; (3) " ; (4) () - %! ( 00) % ( ) ##) * " : (" ); "

65 3 0 00! - VV LL ( ) ZZ HH () HH VV () " 0 0 : VV LL ZZ HH 3 HH VV! # 00 go " VV LL * " " " 00 go % " " v = i siα tgγ (03) i ; γ ; α - i α % - % (ZZ HH)! "

66 ! " " ( 66 - ) ± c a = ( a 00 go) ( 04) + 5 ( 09 ) % (04) (HH VV) " " b b ( 04) * " " ½ (b + b ± 00 go) 5 " (04) *! " ; ( 09 3) " : " 00 go i = Z ( 400 go Z ) ( 05) Z ; Z Z ( 400 go Z ) Z = % " : ( + = Z + i 0 ( 05a) ( "

67 " ( ( ( ) 3 ' 4 " ( ) 03 "! " ( 0) " " & ( ) 5 * ( 65) " ( 64) C ( 03) 5 m 4 cm C ( 05 m ( 04) 0 0 cm; - " - * ( ( -") ( 3) 5 0 m ( 04)! () * % ; -

68 05 " [4] ( 03 ( 04 % [4] " * ( -!) " ( 05 S O SO) " " " " " " * 5 ; " " ( ) () ( " 3 0 ( ) " - * 5 " ' ) ( ) : () ( 0 ) ; () ( 0 ) b ; (3) b ; (4)

69 * ) " 00 go ± 5 t t " ; - * : b + b a + a G = ( 06) β<0 400 go - 5! : () - r ; () 5 r i i = 3 ; (3) 5 r k ; " r r k ; (4) r ; (5) 5 r i i = - ; (6) r k ; " r r k ) : go V V go & ri + r r i + r ri = ( 07) 5 : ) 3 ( 4 ( : 5 6 ' * 400 go ; r o r ;

70 o - r = 3 o = go & * & ( - * " : - 3 * 06 " ( 04 " " ' β β ( 06) & β = β β = δ + δ (08) sii sii A C siϕ = e S AB' sih = e S B' C

71 ! S AB = S AB S CB = S CB δ δ! ;G = I + I siϕ sih = e < e < S S A C + AB BC ( 09) : - ϕ ψ - 00 go ϕ = ψ = 00 go S ;G = e S AB AB + S S BC BC < ( 00) ( (09) (00) " " : (a) ( - - ); (b) ( " - ); (c) ( go) 0 00 m = mm β = 0008 go ; m = 5 mm β = 000 go * : (a) (b) (c) ( 07) ( 08) ( )! '

72 θ δ i ( 09) ( sij sii i = e S C ( 0) δ i sij I i e < SC & S ( 000) : θ ± 0 mgo ± mm % r r r k K ( 00) ' r i * = r i + θ (0) 00 sir I e i i < SCi ' - 09 r Ci = r i * + δ i (0 ) ' 05 ) % # * - ( ) 5 ( ) 0 " " ( 5!

73 m = ± m B + m m = ± m + m m B ( ); m O ( 03) : m G = ± m = ± m + m ( 04) & (m ) (0 30 ) " 0 03 mgo % mgo - " (m ) ( " * m - m G mb mo m G = ± = ± + ( 05a) m m G = ± B + mo ( 05) (05) 3 6! ( 0)! - ( ); - "

74 % -! 0 % ) ( 3 (- " 5 mgo 5-0 mgo &! - - ( ) 0 mgo 0 mgo 06 mgo 0 mgo 5 ( 6 66! 5 ( --! 5 - ) 4 0 mgo 0-50 mgo -! -

75 *'&' ):#C ' + # % )& %% #% * & * )%) ) #) - #' #) % * -- -* * + * #&& # ( ) * & + *+* * #) ) #&) (#) * * & - 0- * & ) * + #-% - * % ) & * % - * & # # #% )' () 300 ) * + & * &) ' * * & *+- %) &)) %) -* #-%* + )& ( %* % S o #-% * 3 ( %)) & *+- %) )* S o &' # ' * * ##) - & * *#- * & - * ) *+- * 3 3 -* ##) %* S %) ()) + ( ' S H = S o + S () %) + &' #* * )* #) & 0- # () % & 0 #) & + ;S H = S O S" = SH ;H = S H siz ##) ( ' ;H ( siz ) ( ) S O ) Z & ; H # *+- )3 %) ( ) *+- % ) #* * 0- - R '0 * *) % %) S S R = R + H m * +

76 R H ;S m = S S ( 3) R + H m R ) m *) % * + S ;S ;S 600 = = = 009m = 0m " ( # ) + #) 0- # %) #) & #) & - () * 950) + -+ S ;Y S + m R ;Y ;S m = S ( 4) R ) Y m & &* % # *- () (3) (4) % % % -) + # m * % ) (3) (4) * #' #-* + #- ) %& -) % # * ) S = 000 m m = 600 m Y m = 00 km 4 & 5 % * & -) % 3 & 0 +5 cm m ( 3 [4]) ) * 970 -) & S ## 3 % & # - *-; -) & * S S &) * + # #&) * + * ( ) * + # ) * ) ) 0 5 mm ' 0 04 mm #) ( #* #) 0- ) & # cm; # & * # mm * & # %) # ) m ) ) ( 4)

77 ) *& m # )3 #& ) ' # # * & & ( [4]) * + )3 & ) #) *) ' %) )*#) + ( 5) + * * * - & % &) + )& ) && # # # * & ) # * ' ) 00 N + 0 ( &) %) #) #-) '& ' 0 &'3#) ))# ' #+ ) )& & # % % ± cm + %) '( + & S = s + δs (5) ) '& * ) ; s + ); δs % + )& & (*) # & % * # # ) 0 ) ) 3 *+ ' * * - &: (a) # ' 0 )' 3-# & # #) * + ;

78 (b) 0- ) ' *& # % 0 # ; (c) # ) ) + 0 ) & # & & #- ) % * &) + * # #- * ) *+- - #& - & * * ) *+- * & #- * )% # * - # -%3 * & ( + -% - # + ) * + ) #&(* -' * % # % -% # *) (+ 4) &) ') - #' ) ) * + ms ± m + m + + m ( 6) ) m m m ) # # ) & ) * )6% ) m = m = = m = m s m ± m ± m S S S ± S s m S s S ( 7) # # ( ) (s = cost) ) ) ## S S < 50 m &' * # '+ ) % )& & cm ) & + ) ) #) % ) * + ) * # )*0 % )* ) # % *+ * + ) ' ) %) -* * + % )* % 7- ) - ) #+ # &)) ) # )* ) #& *& # )*0 % -3 # & )* (-( # )*0 % )* #) % ) * ) # 0 '& ε + (- (') - b ( 6) S = % & -%3 6 b ctg = 6 ( 8) 3 ) *) ctg 05 ε ctg ε #-% S = b ctg ε (8a) ( - *

79 -) *+ & #& #) % #* ' (ε = cost b = var) #* #) % #& ' (ε = var b = cost) &# # ) )* * % # &#' )* # 80 30'0 )3 # # )* ) ) &) ( 7) )* ) '- #) % & + #* ' % 0- ) 4-* ( #* #) ) 0 5 cm )& # cm * & 0 % # & - & 3- &* % '& - & 4- & % '& # #& '6 & & + ) #*( % ' )* ) #) 0- (- &) &0 # % * * % 0- * * #& ) % # ' % %); # * * 637 m # 637 #% ) # ) # * 000 m - % f S = c + Lctg= = c + L = c + kl p ( 9) ) L & ; ' ) (* m); k -*+ ) (00 #-&) 50 00) )-) #' & ' )- ' ) - S = kl (9a) ) - ( 8) - * #& S H ) S S H H 7 (" ) ( Z 05ε ) si = L si 05ε si = L si 05ε ( Z + 05ε ) = L ctg05εsi Z L cos Z = L ctg05ε si Z + L cos Z ) -* 3 #-% = SH = 8 ( L + L ) ctg siz + ( L L ) cosz ( 0) 3 ) (L L ) 0 (L + L ) = L % ( )

80 S H = Lctgε si Z = klsiz ( ) S" = SHsiZ = klsi Z ) ) * & ) * & #-% ) ) % # m L = m O m S = ± km O () + 00 m ) m O mm ) ' - % & ) )* * m ) % * 3 # # # #+ ' + * - ) *& * -% 0 & S = b ctg ε (3) + ' # ) & *#- ) ) ) * + * ) b m = S = ± si = < si ε tgε ε = bs S m m S = ± m = < ( 4) ( 4a) b * 00 m m ε = 05 mgo (!) m S = 004 m ( 500) 50 m m S = 009 m ( 700) * 80 m ( ) 0 m (- ) * # # ε = var b = cost )* ' ( 9) )*' & *+- 0 # + b = m * #& ## )-& - #*( 8 ε * ) # *) ) ( * #) % & ( % #-% + #% # b 0 ( ) - () * ( - "

81 ; 5 mm * - ( 0 ) ( 0) " 3 ) )*! "!"! (948 ) F & (957 ) ' - ( " ( ) ( ) & t t S = v = c t ( 5) v e ; ( ± ms); " " ( ) (5) t ) " " t

82 ϕ ϕ = ωt = πft (6) ω ; f ( (5) (6) ; ϕ S = v K N S S = v K ; ϕ v? f (?N + ϕ ) = N + ( 7) (7) S N * " ϕ ( ) & * λ λ ϕ = ϕ = λ = 30 m (f = 0 MHz) cm - 0 m (f = 30 MHz) " ( m ϕ " - - ( ) (f = 0 MHz λ = 30 m) 5 ( ) ) ( ) ) ( ) & - 5 ( ) ( ); ) ( ) ( 5-6 ) 8 5 km 3 35 km

83 ! )! " - 5 ( ( ( ) ) () ( ) 5 s s 05 s ( ( 5-0 s) % " : (a) ( 3) ; (b) ; (c) ( ) (b) 3 )

84 3 km 4 % ( ) " - ; 0 5 ) ( ) ( " ) " * " - : - ; - " m S = ± (a + b S) mm (8) a b S km % * 5 mm % b * b 5 mm km (8) km ( cm) a b - " m S (9) - ( )! () 4 ' 80- " * " " " 5 " 0 " 5 cm kg & 5 s "

85 0 m 00 m 0 mm * ; ' " " " " ( ) ; 3 " o-lie 5; 4 ( )

86 %((&)! *0#'+ &! :&!(& (( '()'*0'% *)0 ( " "! # % (X Y ) * AB (S ) (α )! ( X Y B B = X = Y A A + ;X + ;Y AB AB ;X ;Y AB AB = X = Y B B YA YA ( ) ( ) * Y si

87 ;X ;Y AB AB = S = S AB AB cos8 si8 AB AB % ( ) XB = XA + SABcos8 AB ( 3) YB = YA + SABsi8 AB m 8 mx = ± mscos 8AB + S si 8 AB AB < m8 my = ± mssi 8AB + SABcos 8AB < m s ; m α ( 4) m = ± m X + my = ± ms + m < 8 S AB ( 5) ( ) * - ( ) - a mx + my = a + b a b (a b) % A (X ; Y ) B (X ; Y )! S α ( (3)

88 m x m y π +π rad (-00 go +00 go) 3 α α Ρ X=0 Y>0 α=00 Ρ Σ Σ α M =arctg( Y X) α=300 Ρ α M 0 X>0 α=α M Ρ ( AA B ( ) ;Y Y 8 arctg AB arctg B Y A AB = = ;X AB X B X A ( 6 ) Σ Y>0 Σ Ρ Σ α=α M +00 S AB = ;X AB + ;Y AB α = α ± 00 go (8) 00 go α < 00 go (3) (6) (7) ( " (&) (R) 5 arctg ( 7 ) α=α M [8] -" α 3 % 4 3 = Y = 0 α = 0 ( (6) (7)

89 m m ( m + m ) si 8 + ( m m ) cos 8 ( 9) < = ± XA XA AB YA YB AB S 8 + AB 8 = ± mxa + mxa cos 8AB + mya + myb ( ) ( ) si 8 ( 0) % (9) (0) m m8 = ± < ( 9a) S AB ( 0a) m S = ±m ( AB 3 *0#+' %((&)!!'!(0% (! (#(( 3() & 0 * ( 3) : β * " " * X 3 (5) " ( ) " () " ( 3) " * ( )

90 " ( 3 ) * "! " 5 ( 3 ) ( 3 X Y i+ i+ = X + S = Y + S i i ii+ ii+ cos8 si8 ii+ ii+ ( 3) i % X i Y i S i i+ i i β i α i i+ = α i- i + β i 00 go (3) α i- i + β i > 00 go α i i+ = α i- i + β i + 00 go (3a) α i- i + β i < 00go (3) (3 ) 3 * 5 " 8 = 8 + β 00 go + X Y = X = Y + Χ + Υ ( 33) α ( V ); α ( ); Χ Υ ( 3 666); Χ Υ ( 3 66); Σβ ; Σ Χ Σ Υ ; ; + 00 go c + 3 "

91 (33) f β f X f Y fg = 8 +G 00 go 8 + f = X + Χ X f X Y = Y + Υ Y ( 34) ( f X f Y fs = fx + f Y ( 35) : f ± K f G S ± K S + K3 ( 36) % % % 3 % % s ( ) : v G = fg ( 37) Χ Υ : fx v;x = Sii+ ii+ S ( 38) fy v;y = Sii + ii+ S ΣS () ; S i i+ (38) "! - [] : () () m s S () () ( 3 ) " "! α = α Χ = 3 Υ = Υ :

92 f f G X = G 00 go + = ;L f =;M f Y S = f X 00 go ( ) (+) * " % " : () α α ; () β i (34) ; (3) v β [ (37)] β i = β i + v β ; (4) (3) (3 ) ; (5) ; (6) (34) (35) f X f Y f S ; (7) f S (38) ; (8) [ (3)] + f Y 4 *0#+' *'0% 3 " " * " ) 33- " ( ) " -"! " & (X P Y P ) 4 %) # (X A Y A ) (X B Y B ) # +( β β ( 4)! ) ( ) &

93 S 8 AP AP = S = 8 AB AB si G sig % X Y P P = X = Y A A + S + S ( G + G ) ( 4) A AP AP A B cos8 si8 AP B AP ( 4) ( β ) β &! β = 00 (β + β & ) ( " * ( )! ( 43) α ( = α r (43) r ( 8 r ) 8 oi i i 8O = = ( 44)! 4 4 * 43 ( #% α & α & ( 4) 4 * 8 8 AP BP = 8 = 8 OA OB + r + r AP BP ( 45) ( [ (6)]

94 tg8 tg8 AP BP = Y X P P Y = X P P Y X Y B X A A B ( 46) (46): YP YA = XPtg8AP XAtg8 AP - Y Y = X tg8 X tg8 Y X B P P Y A Y = B B = X Y P A P ( tg8 tg8 ) + X tg8 X tg8 X tg8 AP B AP BP tg8 BP tg8 ( B BP + X BP A BP tg8 B AP BP A AP ( 47) Y P = X & tgα AP X A tgα AP + Y A (48) ( (4) (4) (47) (α & = α & α & = α )! α & = 00 go tgα & = N ctg (46) (47) (48) mg mp = SAP + SBP <siϕ & - ϕ - & & 4 3 %) & & S & S & ( 44); # : β G A = arctg ( S SAB )( S SAP ) S( S S ) S = ½ (S +S & +S & ) G A S = arccos AP BP + SAB S S S AP AB 44 BP # ( 49) ( 40) β < 00 go S & > S & * S S & S &

95 43 %) & β β ( 45) * % ) % ( % X A α AB ϕ β P B S PB β 45 * ( ) γ - ϕ ψ ( 45) * ABCP ϕ + ψ + β + β + γ = ϕ + ψ + σ = 400 go (4a) γ = α BA - α BC ; σ = β + β + γ ϕ ψ tg λ λ * ψ C ( ABP BCP S PB S S PB PB SAB = siϕ = Ksiϕ sig SBC = sih = K sih sig ( 4) % (4) K siϕ = K siψ (4 ) K siϕ = K si[400 - (ϕ + σ)] (4) (4) ϕ - K coso + K ctgϕ = K sio ( 4) % P Y X α P = α B + ϕ; P P = YA + SAPsi8 AP = XA + SAPcos8 AP SAB = si( G + ϕ ) sig SAP ( 43) * β β! β + β + γ = ϕ + ψ = 00 go

96 & * ; - ( 46) 46 & (b) 0 00 go 03 mgo ( cm km!) 0 00 go ϕ=00 go ψ=00 σ ( 48)! " & & & Q sij = S Q " ij ( 47)! β + β 00 go ( 47 ) β 0 ( 47) β 00 go 48 - ϕ ψ ψ (a) 47 0 (4) : β + β 00 go; ) S* AB S* BC S* AC &*! & Q mg * mp = ± SAB + S P* < * BC

97 - m X m Y ( [7]) 44 %) * + ( & β & ( 49) * - S & < S & S & β G A = β < 00 go S arcsi S PB AB sig P ( 44) 45 % & & β β γ γ (X Y ) (X B Y B ) * - ( 40) 40 * 3 & 8 = 8 00 G G X Y BP P P = X = Y B BA B + S + S ( ) PB PB cos8 si8 BP 49 A BP P * ( 45) % S &A < S & S &A G B 8 AP 8 AP = 8 AB + (00 - G B G P ) (45 ) & y & & x P P = s = 000 m! P (0 0) P (0 000) ( (x y ) (x B y B ) * S m = s AB AB = ( XB XA ) + ( YB YA ) ( x x ) + ( y y ) B A B A ( 46)

98 S S S S AP BP AP BP = m = m = m = m x x x x A B A B + y + y + + A B ( y 000) A ( y 000) B ( 47) % (49) (40) 46 % ) & & β γ β γ (X Y ) (X B Y B ) (X Y ) D (X D Y D ) P P ( 4) & & & ( 4 ϕ = 00 β ψ = 00 γ (X Y ) ϕ = 00 β ψ = 00 γ N (X N Y N ) α MN = α PP ( 4 : P A P B P C P D = 8 = 8 = 8 = 8 P P P P P P P P + ( 400 G ) + D + + ( G 00) ( 300 D ) ( 48) % 4 *

99 5!&(&>+ %((&)! 5 * *! % 3 M Y M M 3(Y " M M " : x y M M = f = f ( XM YM K K ) ( X Y K K ) M M ( 5) % % * - (5) " - " ( [9 33]) " : % 3 ( Y ( " ( ) (5) x y M M = X = Y M M X Y 0 0 ( 5) : " ( ) : ϕ ϕ X ϕ Y ( ) ϕ = ϕ X = ϕ Y ( 5) (5) x y M M = XMcosϕ + YMsiϕ = YMcosϕ XMsiϕ ( 53) 3 " : m m X m Y ( ) m = m X = m Y (5) x y M M = mxm = mym 5! : ( 54) X 0 Y 0 m ϕ xm = ( XM X0 ) mcosϕ + ( YM Y0 ) msiϕ ( 55) ym = ( YM Y0 ) mcosϕ ( XM X0 ) msiϕ

100 ( " X Y M M = x m M cosϕ y m M siϕ + X0 = ymm cosϕ + xmm siϕ + Y 0 ( 56) m = m - : & X Y - * ( " () 3 O Y O 3 " ( UTM * 970 ) " -" 3 ** 4 ) "! ( ) : ( ) ( ) 3 O Y O ; (b) ( 3 ) 4 3 O Y O ϕ m; m = ; (c) ( ) 6 3 O Y O ϕ X ϕ Y m X m Y "! ( 3 Y) (a) (b) (c) - 3 : - " ( " ); - " Y 3 * - 5 #& * * O Y O ϕ m! 3 O Y O ϕ m * " ( (3 i Y i ) (x i y i ) i i = ( ) * 0 ** & 3 ( )

101 ( ) 57 y y x x X Y X X i > i > i > i > = = = = c ( ) 58 x x y y arctg 8 X X Y Y arctg 8 i i * i i i i = = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 59 y y x x s Y Y X X S i i i i i i + = + = ( 5 i ( ) * * * = = = ϕ ϕ ϕ ( ) 5 s S m s S m s S m = = = ( ) 5 m m i i = = ϕ ϕ % i xoy 5 -

102 x y * i * i = x = y + ms + ms ci ci cos si ( 8ci ϕ ) ( 8 ϕ ) ci ( 53) ϕ m 4 - * v xi = xi xi * vyi = yi yi m m m x y = ± = ± = ± v - v - v xi yi xi + - v yi ( 54) XOY (54) 3 ( (i = ) X i = X i X ; x i = x i x ; Y i = Y i Y ; y i = y i y ( " : ( X x i i + Y y i i ) K = mcosϕ = ( x i + y ) i ( 55) ( Y ix i X iy i ) K = msiϕ = ( x i + y i )! K ϕ = arctg K m = K + K ( 56) x0 = X KX + KY y0 = Y K X KY % i xoy xi = x0 + KXi K Y i ( 57) yi = y0 + KXi + KY i ( - ( 54) ( ) (55) " -

103 05 go & 0-0 km

104 '&!%# *'&+ " ( ) - : "! mm cm & m 3 m!! cm dm & 3 km ( * ) & go " ( 6)! % 3 * " 00 m - GPS 6 '('!&0 '#>+ * " 8 0 km 363- '

105 6 # ( 6) ( "!) " " " "! a b b ; H AB 6 " 6 ( = b (6) = + (6) % ( " ) K ( 6) 5 ( (6) (6) ; H = a b ;H ;H ;H = a b 6 H B A KB = a = H A = a A b K b B +;H ( 63) (64)

106 " ) ' ) " 3 (I 3) " * - " * A (360º) " ; * " () 63 " " 64 " - ( " ) [7] ( 0) * " " (! 66 ) ) 33- ( " - " " " 63 * ( ) " * ( 63 ') " " * " (%5 888 ; 93 ; 3 93 ;

107 934 ; 946 ) 950 ( 5 " ( - ) - ( 64) ( )! ( A ) % % " " ( 65) ( ) " () : β f b = tgg tg8 btgβ = ftgα = s = G 8 ( 65) f ; s " ; b

108 # 4 m 8 cm 3 cm 3! - ( 66 ) ) 65 ) " ( ) () ( G = 8 ( 66) 65 > % " 05 ±5 0 ( " ( 66) " " - ) ) ) 66 & 67 ( - q - [7] ( ( mm ) * - " * 5 mm ( 66) * ( ) (36:64)

109 67 q 5 mm (! - 5 mm : 00 = 005 mm - ( * " ) - - % " ( ) % " " * (5-30 cm) ( " ( 68) & ( - s " m 63 ) 68 ( 63): (VV LL) * (LL ZZ) " * ' % * " " S 0-5 m ( 69) b ( ) ) δ " H AB = b = ( + ) (b + ) = b (67) = Stgδ * T J Kukkamäki ( Ρ? Σ " " "

110 % 5-0 * " 0-5 m * ) " "! 69 ( % ) D b ( 69!)! 3 H AB = b = ( +3 ) (b + ) = b + = H AB + (68) ; I = < S " : 64 % ( (6) m ;H = + m a mb m a m b b ( m a = m b = m ( m (m 0 ) " (m ε ) ;H ± m0 m= ( 69) m = + m ε = m = = S < ( 60)

111 ε ( ) ε 5 50 m m ε mm! m Η = ±m 0 (69a) m m 0 mm * " m = ± i m ;H i ( 6) % m Η = m Η = = m Η = m Η = S i e " ; _ s! m = ± m0 = ± m0 Si ( 6) s " * s S i ; I ; = < ;S ( 63) S * δ 05 mm S m * ( 3)! S S ( S ) S S ;S S + ; = = ( 64) R R R = 05 mm S + S = 00 m S 64 m * 05 mm 80 m * % 45 m 5 5 ; ( 66) " " ( 65 i VV %

112 5 cm 0 " 03 mm " ( 63) km ( 6)! 6 % % ( km < mm I-IV (- 5 mm IV!" (! 6 ()!" 5 5 mm!"! > 5 mm! 65 + & ) % " " ( 60) 6 0 " 5 3 & 5 50 m 3 m ( ) # * ( ) : (a) 03 m ; (b) ; - - ; (c) " ; (d) ;

113 (e) " H A + Σ H H B = 0 (65) H A + Σ H H B = f H (65a) f H ( ) ) f H = ±30PQS mm (66) ΣS " km fh v = ( 67) H K p = AK HAK + pbkh BK + p p + p + p AK BK CK CK H CK ( 69) H % H % H % % " ; % % % " % ( 6) H i = H A + a c i = H " c i (60) c i i; H " = H A + a " ( ) H = H A + ( H A + v) H = H + ( H + v) " (65 ) Σ H = f H (68) % " " % % % % 6 *

114 7!&(('!&0 '#>+ 7 # * " 7 ;H AB = ;H AB + I = S ctgz AB A AB T + I B A = S ABcosZ T B AB + I A T I A ; T B ; S AB ; S AB " ; Z AB B = ( 7) " 7 (7) * " 7! & (S AB ) (S AB ); ( 7-7 * " ( 3 *

115 ; 3 = S R * * " % - ( 7)! 4 5 km 5 - : (δ) R P 3 S ; P = R P % * k = R : R P % S S f = R R P S ks = = R R - k R S ( 7) * k 006! f cm (7) S 375 m! - f 7 ( (7) m ;H = ± S m < Z ( m cosz) + S siz ( 73a) ;H = ± S mz S m ( m ctgz) + ( 73) < si Z m S ; m Z (73) - -! - ( (73 ) (73) S AB = 000 m S AB = 030 m Z AB 5 go mgo (0 cc ) : - (m S 00 m) m H 00 m; - (m S 0 m) m H 003 m ; (73) ( 6) ( [])

116 & % ( ) ( 3 - Hm ;Ym SAB = + ( XB XA ) + ( YB YA ) ( 74) R R (74) 970 (7) - k f = S Rsi Z ( 7a) & S = 0 km Z = 70 go 8 m * S = km Z = 5 go 04 mm 3 ( 7 & " ' k * " % k 5 ( [6]) k = 006 ( 03) & "! H H B B = H = H A A + S - S AB AB ctgz ctgz AB BA k + IA TB + S R k IB + TA S R AB AB % H B H B = H A + S AB ctgz AB ctgz BA I + A I B T + A T B ( 75) ( 75a) % (75) k R k = S AB [ S ( ctgz + ctgz ) + I T + I T ] ( 75) AB AB I = T T = I BA A A B B

117 k = R S AB 00 Z I = SAB R p = sii ( ctgz + ctgz ) AB AB Z BA BA ( 75) " " (S > 30 km) " * 73! " " ( - 3 Y ( ) 3 * " * - & e k HP = HA + SAPctgZAP + IA TP + SAP ( 76) R ) (74) & e k HP = HA SAPctgZPA IP + TA SAP ( 77) R B C k HP = HA + S APcosZAP + IA TP + SPA ( 78) R ( & Hipi HP = ( 79) p i Q S pi = i

118 & 4! ( 0 05 m " " " " - " " * ;H ;H AB BA = S = S AB AB ctgz ctgz AB BA + I + I A B T B T A k + S R k + S R AB BA ( 70) H AB H BA! ctgzab ctgzba IA IB TA TB ;HAB = SAB + + ( 7) a H AB H BA 3 cm00 m! " ( 65) ) f H H A + Σ H H B = f H (7) f H = ± K % S i ( 73) fh Ri = Si S i i ( 74)

119 &(!&!' (%(&) *'&+ )&!3'!& + ( 8) * e 8 + ( 5 XV ) " " 363- & " " %A " "

120 S = KL siz SX = KL si Z H ( 8) Η = S H cosz = KL siz cosz (8) L ; K ( - 00 ε = go); Z ;HAB = ;H H = H + I B A AB A TB + ;H AB = H " + ;H AB ( 83)! ; I ( " ); Η " = Η + I " (8) (8) * - * ) (900 ) ) (96 )! " " " "- * " 5 8 ( S S 8 " H X = L si si= = S siz = L si H ( Z = ) = L( sizctg= cosz ) ( 84) ( Zctg= coszsiz ) ( 85) ( 7 f ctg= = p * - "

121 (85) % = 00 f si Z coszsiz = 00 p Z p S si Z = f 00 + coszsiz ( 86) f ;H = SH cosz = L sizcosz cos Z p - ( Η < S X )! sizcosz = f K cos Z ph ( 87) %<0 Z>00 go - ±0 ±0 ±50 " * " ) 83 ) " : " ( 00 go) +0 0 " ( " " 83 ( " ) 9 m 0 x 08 = 436 m ±0 ± 0 [8] " " m

122 9!(!#!> & " " - * ( 90-) 9 " " ( 5! ' " - : " ( )! " 5 " ( ) " ( ) " 300 * - * : 5 " - ('#() " " ( " & - - ( ) " "! " - ) 5 - *! 5 : - ( ); - ; - ;

123 - " * ( ) 5 5 : - ; - ; - ; - 3 & - : - " ; - ( ); - ( 4); ( 43); - ( 44); - ( 7); - [ 9]; - ; - ( ); - [9]; - ( 6); - ( 8 3) i : Xi = X + Sicos( O + ri ) Y = Y + S si( O + r ) i i k Hi = H + S icoszi + I Ti + Si R X Y ; I ; S i " i; i ( 9)

124 O ; S i ( ) ; Z i ; T i ; r i " i! ( : (a) ; (b) ( ); (c) ; (d) ) ) & " ( ) - " ( 9) ) 5 5 ( ( ) " 03 mgo ( ) ) mm+ mmkm km 6 mm ) " & 3 ) ) >30 00 & ( 666-6V 3) ( V- &! "!! 9 %

125 06- mgo (- 3 ) 3mm+ 3mmkm mm * - - >0 00 ) * " ) 3) * ( 5- mgo (4-7 ) 3 mgo (0 ) 3 5mm+ 3 5mmkm >0mm 5 mm 50 mm > <0 00 '+) )* ' 9:

126 0 GPS ' " ( ) * (*) 957 " 5 * - * (!) " % - GPS (Global Positioig System ); ù NAVSTAR (NAVigatio System with Timig Ad Ragig ) ( GPS ( )! * 0 -)- * GPS (*) ( 0) % 5 4 ( 3 ) * 0 00 km h 58 mi ( * 4 0 " 5 : &- - ( ) ) - 0 ( GPS * GPS * ' "

127 & * 5 % -! GPS- * " " " " 0 #& ) X Y GPS X Y (") S ip = ( X X ) + ( Y Y ) + ( H H ) ( 0) i P i (i = 3) i P ( 0 00 km) ms * i P 4 t S ip ( t) = [ X ( t) X ] + [ Y ( t) Y ] + [ H ( t) H ] ( 0) i P i & 4 " ( ) & " DOP- ( " - GDOP GDOP < 8 - ( ) * P i P 0 GPS

128 Xi = X0 + ;X0i Yi = Y0 + ;Y0i Hi = H0 + ;H0i ( 03) * " " 5 ( ( 3)! 5 ( ) 5 ( ) 5 ( ) (" ) GPS- - ( ( ) 03 # * & GPS " (Static surveyig) 0 E (0) i (GDOP- ) h ± (5 mm + mmkm) * 5 0 km (Rapid Static Fast Static) 5 0 mi ±(0 mm + mmkm) % (Ciematic surveyig) Stop ad Go (- ) " ' (0) ( 03) ( ) ( ) 5 30 s ±(0-0 mm + mmkm) (Cotiuous Kiematic) Stop ad Go! ±(0-30 mm + mmkm) %

129 % (Real Time) 03 % GPS & GPS " - WGS84 * GRS80 ** UTM! (3 5)! " * World Geodetic System ** Geodetic Referece System

130 ( ) * " * " ( ) * ( ) () " : (a)!

131 (b) (! (c) ()! * (d) ( (e) * " ( ) m " * " " ( 6)! ( )! ( ( :4 000 :6 000) 930 :5 000 : 000 : 000 * * - ( ) '! ( ) ( ) 0 "

132 &(! (0) (( # ' %) ( 8 9) S max ( ) S ( 4) S max ()! ( ( ) ( ) & & & : (a) ; (b) ; (c) " % ) ù ( ) ( )! * - " * ( 0 5 m)

133 ( 3) ù & * GPS - ( % "! " - : 4 3 & (a) 008 m 005 m; (b) 05 m 00 m; (c) 00 m 05 m *+ ( ) ( ) " ( 4) " ( ) 3 : ( ) ' % 3 6 7! - ;

134 ( (!) ( 46) * ( 5) 4 [ 9] " ' ' & % ( " ) *! " " ( ) - " ( ) - " ( "!)! - * % 5 :

135 ( 43) " : D E 00 ± 0 go S ;S ;8 < PD S PD ;8 + < PE S PE ( ) % 6 ( 49)- β 4 β 5 ( 6) ' [ 3 7 8] 5 A B C A D E & (3 Y ); & (3 Y ) ;S = ( X X ) + ( Y Y ) S 0 m 3 * S AB S AB = = A cosg ( X X ) + ( Y Y ) S B PA + S A PB S PA B S PB ( 3) " S AB S AB * 5 000! ( ) ( ) " " #

136 x : (a) (b) ; " GPS ( GPS " - GPS ( 7)! 5 % 7 y " = = 0 " ; " ; GPS " ; " ; ( ( 3 5) 3 Y ; 3 Y ; *) % - ) " f = ± 40 f = ± 600 S mm i S i mm ( 4a) ( 4) 7 km GPS!

137 0 '!()!'3(#( *% * % (* % 0*) # )3 #& #+ #' %) #&* %) *% #&* - 0 -%& () * ) #& #+ (") %) #& & * #+ #' %) #& %) ( & #6) % # ( ) * 0 & #-% 0 #+ %) ) * & # #+ %) #& #& #0 %) * % # ( '0) ( 3 #& & ( ) ' #& & * #+ #' %) #& %) ( ) *+ : (a) * ( 3) (b) * + ( 3'); * #&) % ) 3 ( ) () 4 ( %) # -%& (b) # #& '0 * *& + %) &*#+ #' %) #& * ' -) * 0 (-) % # *% % #( %) ( 4) * #& #+ * 0 *% * ## + %) # # ) &*)3 ) * * + * # 3 * " ( " )

138 # #' & * ( ' % # ) ) 3) () ) # - #& # # ) ) 6 #)( *) V7- ( 5) #& & * *- *) * #+ - () 600 ) & & * #& 3-) (30'0 80 ) ' ' * #-' #-% 0 * & ( tachys ') * * 0 %) ' '' %) * & *% * # % % )) & ( %* *% 0 & 0 %) * (* % # # *- # * ) *% 0 & )6% & ' )-( ) &) #) %) #0 %) - ( # & 0 %) 0 * % *) *- *) ; )6% * *) 5 ( ( 5 XVI- ) [ 6] * 4

139 3!3'!&0 %! " ( " ) " * " - * " ( ) '!% ( ) " :5 000 ( :5 000) " * ( ) 3 *) #' * 0 * %! % ( croquis ) "! ( ) ( 0% ) 5 0 * " [ 4] 3 & () " & " 35 " 50 cm

140 " " ( ) ( 3) ( 3) " '!% :5 000 ( "! ( cm) " " " ù " 5 * " " ( 005 go) " " " ( 40 m) * 5 ; ± 003 go ( ( % ( 999 ) % ù! - # " % " 4 % ( 8) H i = H + I + % H L H T i = H " + K H L H T i (3) K H ; L H

141 " 70 " 00 cm * 60 " " 80 cm & ± 0 mm -! " # % " - "! " (400 go) (00 go) go 3 * " "! " % 00 go 00 go " 0 ( go) * 5 ( 3 ) * 0 " ( 3 " go 67 m) ) ù 3 " *!

142 33 " " " :500 : 000 4% " 05 m : % 5 m " * " ( 33 ) ( 33) " " ( 34) 34 ) -! " " *! ) 0 05 mm " & " : (a) ( 000 = 000 m) ;

143 (b) " 00 go; (c) ; (d) " (8) (83) 3 *) #' &! " ( -) " : (a) ; (b) ( ) ; (c) ; (d) " * " 3 km () " ( %! 3 %: () ; () ; " (! ( 3 cm) "! 3 * % ( ") ( 5 m *

144 ( ) 5 : () ( ) ; () " ( " ) ; (3) ; 35 (4) X Y H ( ) : "! " (!) X Y H 3 ù! * & % ( ) " " 35 " (SR 3 ) 5 - *

145 % 5

146 ) ' ( Σ? Ρ X Y H ) ) ( = ) Σ? Ρ Σ? Ρ Σ? Ρ ) 0 & % 36 " 36 "

147 & " 5 ) - " > " " % X Y H (9) "! ( ) & " ()) ( ) ( ) ( " - " ( ) " 3 ( 33) ( " " ( " ½ * " ( ) * " 0 : 000 : " ) "

148 3 0 D *! 4 )& )(' % 4 - *) 3V66 4" ( ) a b " * ( 4) 4 (XVII ) ( 50 -!) # & # & " 3V ) * Computer Aided Desig ( ) 5 *

149 * " 4 ( 33 ) ( 4) " % " % 3 ( 4) cm ( ) " % 4 "! " 0 ( ) " " % ( " " " ) # ( ) ( " ( ) * *) ( ( 43) )

150 " 5 50 go! " " 5 ( 43) (00 ϕ) + 50 = 00 ϕ = 5 go ( BD θ = 00 go ϕ + θ = 00 (4) ( -! " ( 44) 44 ( ) () ) ( 44) 5 " ( # * = 06S mm (4) S m ( 50 m 3 cm) " % * ( ) -

151 ) * ( " - " ( ) 3 cm; m ( ' ù " " 43 *) * & " * " ' " " " " ( ) 5 ( ) & ( 35) ( " ( ) " )! 5 " ( ) " * ;

152 % " ) "! " *) GPS GPS GPS - * " 5 : () " () ( Stop ad Go " ( ) 5 cm!" " " & " "" ( " ) GPS " : (a) " ; (b) ; (c) ( ) ( " " ( ) (

153 (&')'#+' (*'&' *0#+') #(- - ù ( ( ) ù ( # ) & - 5 4%; ( ) ' " ( ) ( " 3 m "!

154 * ": ; ( ) ( ) & S Σ = ½ (S + S + S 3 ) * 3 " " 5 ( 5 #!0 '!() 5 % & #( # #) * & - " ( 33 3V666 3) a + b c + d P = ( 5) ( 5! * XX- 3 ( 6- ) ( 5)- ( S S )( S S )( S S ) ( 5) P; = S 3 S S S 3 ; 5 & - b h P ; = bh ( 53) ( ) ( 53) P = SiSi+ si( Gii+ ) ( 54) S i i β i i+ = r i+ r i r i i; * " 3: 3; 4 4; 90 ; 885

155 % Σβ i i+ = 0 Σβ i i+ = 400 go 5 % & #( # ) ) " " " " ; " ( 54 & P = ( X + X )( Y Y ) + ( X + X3)( Y3 Y ) + + ( X + X )( Y Y ) ( X + X )( Y Y ) ( 55) (55) Y + X Y! ( X + X )( Y Y ) ( 56) P = i i i ) (55) X i P = 05 X i i 4 ( Y Y ) ( 57) i+ i Y i (56) (57) 4 " P = 05 P = 05 ( X + X )( Y Y ) X ( Y Y ) i i+ i+ i i+ i+ 54 " ( (57) P = 05 Y i ( X X ) ( 57a) i+ i i

156 m X = m X = = m X m Y = m Y = = m Y ( ) ( ) ( ) 58 X X m Y Y m 05 m i i Y i i X P ± = ( m X = m Y = m! ( ) ( ) + ± = + + i i i i P X X Y Y 05m m ( ( ) ( ) D X X Y Y i i i i i i = + D ( 54) ( ) 58a D 05m m i i P + ± = % S S i S D i T S D i i i + (58 ) ( ) 58 S m m i P ± ( (58) (a) - (b) - " * & Σ Σ& i (59) (56) (57) (59)

157 6 &0 '!() 6 % #& #( ( 6) P = bih i ( 6) % m cm cm * m M = 0 q 4 6 & ( 6) % ( ) _ 0M M* = S ( 63) _ S cm S = 05 cm :5 000 :4 930 " ( c mp = ± ( hmb ) + ( bmh ) = ± m h + b ( 64) m ( ) - b = h ) ( ) * & 00 6 ( ) * ( laum " metreo

158 " # " " ( 6) b b b > ( ) b + b b + b P = bs + s + + p = s b i s + bs ( 65) s ( ) ( 05 cm 6 0 % # * * 363 " ( 3 ( % ) - (854 )! " " ( 63) 5 " 5 5 " " 4 ( ) " " ( = * " ( 64) dh ϕ ds = dh a dϕ (66) BO A A A 3 O dp = R 0 dh + R 0dϕ + R PdH (66) dh = ds + adϕ

159 dp = R ds + R 0adϕ + R 0dϕ R P dh ( 67) (67) dp = R 0 ds + R 0a + R 0dϕ R pdh + ( 68) " 5 ϕ ψ ( (54)) Sdϕ = 0 Sdψ = 0! P = R S = R 0?r = K S ; r p ; ; R 0 " ; K ( 68a) 5 QdT = π Qdψ = π P = K +? (R 0 + R P + R 0 a) = K + C (68)! 5 = 0 cm r " R 0 m % " 9 ( 63) 5 " 5 ( ( 63) (" P = K M m (69) K M C * 5 - -

160 " * " ( 65) P = ( P + P ) ( 60) * K M r ( 66)! ( : ( ) - 5 (b) ( " " * * " 66 % R " % K M - dm! K M = P 65 m ( 6) (6) " ( ) : & " 363- % 980 " " - *

161 4 #! 3!" " " U "U U ( % VI * " " * & 4 C ) % " #! VI )" ) #! -!" ) #!" )! 967 C 4 & " 970 * % GPS Techic Cosultig Egieers * ' "!" %A "? # GPS GPS " " # 995

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