91 14 2 97 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (SDS Z ( : (MAC (MAMC (SDS ( 1 (1 (2 [1] 22 mmol/l ( ( 20 mmol/l [2] [3] D [4] (IGF-1 IGF-1 (II
22 mmol/l ( [6-7] ( (RDA [5] ( (PNA (PCR (RDA PNA [8] ( 2 RDA 1 * + + * + / + Z + SDS + * + + MAMC + + + * + 98 91 14 2
2 0-0.5 0.5-1 1-3 4-6 7-10 11-14 108 98 102 90 70 55 RDA ( 3 [12-13] 15-18 45 18-21 40* 11-14 47 15-18 40 18-21 38* * RDA DRI [9-10] DRA ( RDA [14-15] RDA DRI ( 4 0.4 RDA DRI ( ( EPO A E RDA ( 5 0.4 K ( 3 [11] 1.1 K [16] 91 14 2 99
3. ( RDA* HD * PD * 0-0.5 2.2 2.6 2.9-3.0 0.6-1.0 1.6 2.0 2.3-2.4 1-3 1.2 1.6 1.9-2.0 4-6 1.2 1.6 1.9-2.0 7-10 1.0 1.4 1.7-1.8 11-14 1.0 1.4 1.7-1.8 15-18 0.9 1.3 1.4-1.5 + 19-21 0.8 1.2 1.3 11.14 1.0 1.4 1.7-1.8 15-18 0.8 1.2 1.4-1.5 + * + HD PD 19-21 0.8 1.2 1.3 4. DRI B1 (mg B2 (mg B6 (mg (mg B12 (mg 0-6 mo 0.2 0.3 0.1 65 0.4 7-12 mo 0.3 0.4 0.3 80 0.5 1-3 y 0.5 0.5 0.5 150 0.9 4-8 y 0.6 0.6 0.6 200 1.2 9-13 0.9 0.9 1.0 300 1.8 14-18 1.2 1.3 1.3 400 2.4 9-13 0.9 0.9 1.0 300 1.8 14-18 1.0 1.0 1.2 400 2.4 RDA ( ( 100 91 14 2
5. RDA A E K C (µg, RE (mgα-te (µg (mg (mg (mg 0-0.5 mo 375 3 5 30 5 0.4-0.6 0.5-1.0 mo 375 4 10 35 5 0.6-0.7 1-3 y 400 6 15 40 10 0.7-1.0 4-6 y 500 7 20 45 10 1.0-1.5 7-10 y 700 7 30 45 10 1.0-2.0 11-14 y 1000 10 45 50 15 1.5-2.5 15-18 y 1000 10 65 60 15 1.5-2.5 11-14 y 800 8 45 50 12 1.5-2.5 15-18 y 800 8 55 60 12 1.5-2.5 DRI Dietary Reference Intake RDA Recommended Dietary Allowance [1] ( ( 91 14 2 101
hgh hgh [17-18] 22 mmol/l ( [27] [19-20] (hgh hgh ( 1 (AJKD Vol (1 35, No 6, Suppl 2, June 2000, Appendix I. (SDS (2 Procedures for Measuring Growth Parameters SDS (3 (4 hgh (1 (2 (3 ( 1.5(4 (1 (2 [21-22] hgh [23-24] [25-26] hgh hgh 1. Nelson P, Stover J: Nutrition recommendations for infants, children, and adolescents with end-stage renal disease, in Cillit D, Stover J (eds: A Clinical Guide to Nutrition Care in End-Stage Renal Disease. Chicago, IL, American Dietetic Association 1994; pp 79-97. 2. Chan JC: Late complications of long-term hemodialysis in children: Clinical aspects and some measurable variables concerning parathyroid hormone, divalent ions, acid-base metabolism, anemia, nutrition, growth and survival data. J Urol 1978; 120: 578-85. 3. Baum M, Powell D, Calvin S, et al: Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in children: Comparison with hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 1982; 307: 1537-42. 4. Challa A, Chan W, Krieg RJ Jr, et al: Effect of metabolic acidosis on the expression of insulin-like growth factor and growth hormone receptor. Kidney Int 1993; 44: 1224-7. 5. NKF-DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hemodialysis Adequacy. New York, NY, National Kidney Foundation 1997; pp 42-50 6. Coleman JE, Norman L, Watson AR: Provision of dietetic care in children on chronic peritoneal dialysis. J Renal Nutr 1999; 9: 145-8. 7. Spinozzi NS, Nelson P: Nutrition support in the newborn intensive care unit. J Renal Nutr 1996; 6: 188-97. 8. Food and Nutrition Board. Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council: Recommended Dietary Allowances (ed 10. Washington, DC. National Academy Press, 1989. 9. Broyer M, Niaudet P, Champion G, Jean G. Chopin N, Czemichow P: Nutritional and metabolic studies in children on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 1983; 15 (SuppI: S106-S10. 10. Salusky IB, Fine RN, Nelson P, Blumenloantz M. Kopple JD: Nutritional status of children undergoing continuous ambula- 102 91 14 2
tory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1983; 38: 599-611. 11. K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Nutrition in Chronic Renal Failure. Am J Kidney Dis 2000; 35: S17-S104. 12. Quan A, Baum M: Protein losses in children on continuous cycler peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 1996; 10: 728-31. 13. Edefonti A, Picca M, Damiani B, et al: Dietary prescription based on estimated nitrogen balance during peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 1999; 13: 253-8. 14. Kriley M. Warady BA: Vitamin status of pediatric patients receiving long-term peritoneal dialysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 1476-9. 15. Warady BA, Kriley M, Alon U, Hellerstein S: Vitamin status of infants receiving long-term peritoneal dialysis. Pediair Nephrol 1994; 8: 354-6. 16. Marcus R, Coulston AM: Fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamins A, K, and E, in Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Molinoff PB, Ruddon RW, Goodman, Oilman A (eds: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York, NY, McCraw-Hill 1996; 1573-90. 17. Watson AR, Coleman JE, Taylor EA: Gastrostomy buttons for feeding children on continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis. Adv Perit Dial 1992; 8: 391-5. 18. Coleman JE, Watson AR, Rance CH, Moore E: Gastrostomy buttons for nutritional support on chronic dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13: 2041-6. 19. Canepa A, Perfumo F, Carrea A, et al: Long-term effect of amino-acid dialysis solution in children on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol1991; 5: 215-9. 20. Hanning RM, Balfe JW, Zlotkin SH: Effect of amino acid containing dialysis solutions on plasma amino acid profiles in children with chronic renal failure. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1987; 6: 942-7. 21. Powell DR, Liu F, Baker BK, et al: Modulation of growth factors by growth hormone in children with chronic renal failure. The Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group. Kidney Int 1997; 51: 1970-9. 22. Tonshoff B, Cronin MJ, Reichert M, et al: Reduced concentration of serum growth hormone (GH-binding protein in children with chronic renal failure: correlation with GH insensitivity. The European Study Group for Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure in Childhood. The German Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment in Chronic Renal Failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 1007-13. 23. Schaefer F, Wuhl E, Haffner D, Mehls O: Stimulation of growth by recombinant human growth hormone in children undergoing peritoneal or hemodialysis treatment. German Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment in Chronic Renal Failure. Adv Pent Dial 1994; 10: 321-6. 24. Berard E, Crosnier H, Six-Beneton A, Chevallier T, Cochat P. Broyer M: Recombinant human growth hormone treatment of children on hemodialysis. French Society of Pediatric Nephrology. Pediatr Nephrol 1998; 12: 304-10. 25. Wuhl E, Haffner D, Tonshoff B, Mehls O: Predictors of growth response to rhgh in short children before and after renal transplantation. German Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment in Chronic Renal Failure. Kidney Int Suppl 1993; 43: S76-S82. 26. Wuhl E, Haffner D, Nissel R, Schaefer F, Mehls O: Short dialyzed children respond less to growth hormone than patients prior to dialysis. German Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment in Chronic Renal Failure. Pediair Nephrol 1996; 10: 294-8. 27. Sieniawska M, Panczyk-Tomaszewska M. Ziolkowska H: The influence of growth hormone treatment on bone metabolism in dialysis patients. Br J Clin Pract Suppl 1996; 85: 61-3. 91 14 2 103