Vol. 36, pp , 2008 : PDT EBUS field cancerization EBUS PDT PDT. field cancerization PDT PDT NCI. dysplasia, metaplasia

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5 491 1 htert 7 PDT Cancer Res. 2005; 65: htert htert n 26, P PDT 7 CR PDT HR metaplasia htert 7 CIS PDT 4 CR HE htert 3 field cancerization Field cancerization 1953 Slaughter 18 field cancerization 105

6 field cancerization field immortalization 19 PDT PDT PDT in vitro in vivo field immortalization PDT PDT 1 Woolner LB, Fontana RS, Cortese DA, et al. Roentgenographically occult lung cancer: pathologic findings and frequency of multicentricity during a 10-year period. Mayo Clin Proc 1984; 59: Lam S, Kennedy T, Unger M, et al. Localization of bronchial intraepithelial neoplastic lesions by fluorescence bronchoscopy. Chest 1998; 113: Miyazu Y, Miyazawa T, Iwamoto Y, Kanoh K, Kurimoto N. The role of endoscopic techniques laser-induced fluorescence endoscopy, and endobronchial ultrasonography in choice of appropriate therapy for bronchial cancer. J Bronchol 2000; 8: EBM : 5 Miyazu Y, Miyazawa T, Kurimoto N, Iwamoto Y, Kanoh K, Kohno N. Endobronchial ultrasonography in the assessment of centrally located early-stage lung cancer before photodynamic therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: Moghissi K, Dixon K, Thorpe JA, Stringer M, Oxtoby C. Photodynamic therapy PDT in early central lung cancer: a treatment option for patients ineligible for surgical resection. Thorax 2007; 62: van Boxem AJ, Westerga J, Venmans BJ, Postmus PE, Sutedja G. Photodynamic therapy, Nd-YAG laser and electrocautery for treating early-stage intraluminal cancer: which to choose? Lung Cancer 2001 ; 31: Furuse K, Fukuoka M, Kato H, Horai T, Kubota K, Kodama N, Kusunoki Y, Takifuji N, Okunaka T, Konaka C, et al. A prospective phase II study on photodynamic therapy with photofrin II for centrally located earlystage lung cancer. The Japan Lung Cancer Photodynamic Therapy Study Group. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: Kurimoto N, Miyazawa T. Endobronchial ultrasonography. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 25: Kim NW, Piatyszek MA, Prowse KR, et al. Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science 1994; 266: Hiyama E, Hiyama K. Clinical utility of telomerase in cancer. Oncogene 2002; 21: Bodnar AG, Ouellette M, Frolkis M, et al. Extension of life-span by introduction of te- 106

7 493 lomerase into normal human cells. Science 1998; 279: Soria JC, Moon C, Wang L, et al. E#ects of N- 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide on htert expression in the bronchial epithelium of cigarette smokers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93: Shibuya K, Fujisawa T, Hoshino H, et al. Increased telomerase activity and elevated htert mrna expression during multistage carcinogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Cancer 2001; 92: Soria JC, Xu X, Liu DD, et al. Retinoic acid receptor beta and telomerase catalytic subunit expression in bronchial epithelium of heavy smokers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: Miyazu YM, Miyazawa T, Hiyama K, Kurimoto N, Iwamoto Y, Matsuura H, Kanoh K, Kohno N, Nishiyama M, Hiyama E. Telomerase expression in noncancerous bronchial epithelia is a possible marker of early development of lung cancer. Cancer Res 2005; 65: Hiyama E, Hiyama K, Yokoyama T, Shay JW. Immunohistochemical detection of telomerase htert protein in human cancer tissues and a subset of cells in normal tissues. Neoplasia 2001; 3: Slaughter DP, Southwick HW, Smejkal W. Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium; clinical implications of multicentric origin. Cancer 1953; 6: Hiyama K, Hiyama E, Ishioka S, et al. Telomerase activity in small-cell and non-smallcell lung cancers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst 1995; 87: Stewart SA, Hahn WC, O[Connor BF, et al. Telomerase contributes to tumorigenesis by a telomere length-independent mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002; 99: Ramirez RD, Sheridan S, Girard L, et al. Immortalization of human bronchial epithelial cells in the absence of viral oncoproteins. Cancer Res 2004; 64: