Φαινόμενο no reflow στην αγγειοπλαστική Αντιμετώπιση ΘΩΜΑΣ ΠΑΠΑΔΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ, MD, PHD ΕΠΕΜΒΑΤΙΚΟΣ ΚΑΡΔΙΟΛΟΓΟΣ ΙΑΤΡΙΚΟ ΔΙΑΒΑΛΚΑΝΙΚΟ ΚΕΝΤΡΟ
Δεν έχω να δηλώσω κάποια αντίθεση συμφερόντων σχετικά με την παρούσα ομιλία
Ασθενής 82 ετών, με κατώτερο έμφραγμα, με καθυστερημένη προσέλευση, μη θρομβολυθέν
Μετά την τοποθέτηση του stent, διάνοιξη του αγγείου, ΤΙΜΙ 2, χωρίς μυοκαρδιακό blushing
Φαινόμενο μη επαναροής (No Reflow phenomenon) Μια δραματική εξέλιξη της επαναγγείωσης ενός στεφανιαίου αγγείου
Ορισμός Αποτελεί το φαινόμενο κατά το οποίο υπάρχει υποαιμάτωση τμήματος του μυοκαρδίου, παρόλη την παρουσία βατών επικαρδιακών αρτηριών
Επικαρδιακή επαναγγείωση= μυοκαρδιακή επαναιμάτωση; No-reflow phenomenon The No-reflow is a dissociation between epicardial artery patency and myocardial perfusion
Αγγειογραφικός ορισμός του φαινομένου Αποτελεί την παρουσία ενδοστεφανιαίας ροής TIMI 2 σε απουσία στένωσης, θρόμβωσης, διαχωρισμού ή αγγειόσπασμου του επικαρδιακού αγγείου.
MYOCARDIAL BLUSH GRADES DEFINED Myocardial Blush Grades Grade 0 (MBG-0 Failure of dye to enter the microvasculature. Either minimal or no ground glass appearance ( blush ) or opacification of the myocardium in the distribution of the culprit artery indicating lack of tissue-level perfusion. Grade 1 (MBG-1) Grade 2 (MBG- 2) Grade 3 (MBG- 3) Dye slowly enters but fails to exit the microvasculature. There is the ground glass appearance ( blush ) or opacification of the myocardium in the distribution of the culprit lesion that fails to clear from the microvasculature, and dye staining is present on the next injection (approximately 30 seconds between injections). Delayed entry and exit of dye from the microvasculature. There is the ground glass appearance ( blush ) or opacification of the myocardium in the distribution of the culprit lesion that is strongly persistent at the end of the washout phase (i.e., dye is strongly persistent after three cardiac cycles of the washout phase and either does not or only minimally diminishes in intensity during washout). Normal entry and exit of dye from the microvasculature. There is the ground glass appearance ( blush ) or opacification of the myocardium in the distribution of the culprit lesion that clears normally and is either gone or only mildly/moderately persistent at the end of the washout phase (i.e., dye is gone or is mildly/moderately persistent after three cardiac cycles of the washout phase and noticeably diminishes in intensity during the washout phase), similar to that in an uninvolved artery. Blush that is of only mild intensity throughout the washout phase but fades minimally is also classified as grade 3. van 't Hof AW, Liem A, Suryapranata H, et al. Circulation 1998;97:2302-6. PMID: 9639373.
Επίπτωση INCIDENCE OF ANGIOGRAPHIC NO-REFLOW IN VARIOUS PCI SETTINGS All PCI 0.6% 2% Primary PCI 8.8% 11.5% SVG PCI 8% 40% Rotational atherectomy Upto 16% Jaffe et al. MVO and Mechanisms. Circualtion 2008. Jaffe et al. Prevention and treatment of no reflow. JACC 2010.
Επίπτωση στο STEMI Ποικίλει μεταξύ 5-50% των περιπτώσεων PPCI, ανάλογα με τη μέθοδο εκτίμησης
Επιπτώσεις ενδοστεφανιαίου Θρόμβου και φαινομένου μη επαναρροής (no reflow) Η παρουσία θρόμβου και/η no reflow κατά τη διάρκεια της Αγγειοπλαστικής, συνοδεύεται από δυσμενή αποτελέσματα που περιλαμβάνουν: Ελάττωση του ποσοστού επιτυχούς αποτελέσματος Αυξημένα ποσοστά οξείας απόφραξης του αγγείου Δυσμενή κοιλιακή αναδιαμόρφωση Μείζονες επιπλοκές [death-mi-emergent CABG]
Επιπτώσεις μειωμένης ροής κατά TIMI Κλινικές μελέτες έδειξαν ότι ροή TIMI 2 συνοδεύεται από χειρότερη πρόγνωση, όταν τη συγκρίνουμε με ροή TIMI 3 στο πέρας της αγγειοπλαστικής. Μάλιστα ροή η TIMI 2 δεν είναι ευνοϊκότερη από την ροή TIMI 1 ή 0 σχετικά με το αποτέλεσμα
Πιθανότητα επιβίωσης με no reflow
Eπιβίωση με no reflow
Τύποι φαινομένου μη επαναρροής ΜΟΝΙΜΟ ΠΑΡΟΔΙΚΟ Result of anatomical irreversible changes of coronary microcirculation Result of functional & thus reversible changes of microcirculation Undergo unfavorable LV remodeling Maintain their left ventricle volumes unchanged over time
Τύποι φαινομένου μη επαναρροής MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION REPERFUSION NO-REFOW Definition no-reflow in the setting of pharmacological and/or mechanical revascularization for acute myocardial infarction INTERVENTIONAL NO REFLOW Definition no-reflow during percutaneous coronary interventions especially rotational atherectomy, vein graft interventions
Κλινική εικόνα Θωρακικό άλγος ΗΚΓικές αλλοιώσεις Δυσλειτουργία αριστερής κοιλίας Αιμοδυναμική επιβάρυνση Αρρυθμίες Ασυμπτωματική;
Διάγνωση της μη επαναρροής Niccoli, EHJ, 2010
Παθοφυσιολογία In humans, no-reflow is caused by the variable combination of 4 pathogenetic components: Distal embolization Ischemic injury 1. Distal Atherothrombotic Embolization 2. Ischemic Injury 3. Reperfusion Injury 4. Susceptibility Of Coronary Microcirculation To Injury Reperfusion injury Individual susceptibility J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(4):281-292.
Where is the problem??? TIMI 3 FLOW Myocardial perfusion 16% of TIMI 3 flow post ppci have no-reflow as shown by cardiac MRI (infarct extension) *Ito et al. Circulation 2007. NO REFLOW = MICROVASCULAR OBSTRUCTION (MVO) Microvasculature <200µm
Μαζική διήθηση της στεφανιαίας μικροκυκλοφορίας, από λευκοκύτταρα και αιμοπετάλια, κατά την επαναιμάτωση
Παθοφυσιολογία και προγνωστικοί παράγοντες του φαινομένου μη επαναρροής Distal embolization Ischemia Reperfusion Individual susceptibility Thrombus burden Ischemia duration Ischemia extent Neutrophil count ET-1 levels TXA2 levels Mean platelet volume or reactivity Diabetes Acute hyperglycemia Hypercholesterolemia Lack of pre-conditioning
Initial low density lipoprotein serum level as a predictor of no-reflow after primary percutaneous coronary intervention Abdallah Almaghraby, Yehia Saleh, Basma Hammad, Mahmoud Abdelnaby, Haitham Badran Atherosclerosis Volume 263, Pages e163-e164 (August 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.06.520 Copyright 2017 Terms and Conditions
Θεραπεία φαινομένου επαναρροής Δεν υπάρχουν μεγάλες τυχαιοποιημένες μελέτες Από τις υπάρχοντες μελέτες δεν προέκυψαν ασφαλή συμπεράσματα Επομένως, η θεραπεία δεν υπόκεινται σε σαφείς κατευθυντήριες οδηγίες
Θεραπεία ή Πρόληψη;
Πρόληψη του φαινομένου μη επαναρροής Πριν την έναρξη του ισχαιμικού πόνου Πριν την επαναιμάτωση Εντός του αιμοδυναμικού εργαστηρίου
Διαχείριση της ιδιαιτερότητας του ασθενούς για μικροκυκλοφοριακή βλάβη The DIGAMI (Diabetes Mellitus Insulin-Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction) study demonstrated that periprocedural reduction of blood glucose was associated with a reduction of infarct size Iwakura et al. have demonstrated that chronic statin therapy in patients with or without hypercholesterolemia is associated with lower prevalence of no-reflow and better functional recovery. Induction of ischemic pre-conditioning by drugs or nonpharmacologic stimuli such as remote ischemia of the arms Avoidance of substances potentially blocking pre-conditioning like sulfonylureas and high doses of alcohol
Διαχείριση της ισχαιμικής βλάβης Μειώνοντας το χρόνο από την έναρξη του συμπτώματος έως τη διάνοιξη του αγγείου. ( συνολικού ισχαιμικού χρόνου) Μειώνοντας την έκταση της ισχαιμίας, με φάρμακα που βελτιώνουν την μυοκαρδιακή αιμάτωση και περιορίζοντας την ανάγκη του μυοκαρδίου για οξυγόνο.
Θρομβοαναρρόφηση Αντικρουόμενα συμπεράσματα από τις μελέτες DEAR MI, REMEDIA, TAPAS vs TASTE, TOTAL Σύσταση για αναρρόφηση θρόμβου, σε επίπεδο PPCI, σε επιλεγμένους ασθενείς, με μεγάλο φορτίο θρόμβου, (Class iib, level of evidence A) ( 2014 ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization)
NON-MANUAL THROMBECTOMY MANUAL ASPIRATION ATTEMPT: 11 Included Trials DIVER CE REMEDIA De Luca PIHRATE PRONTO DEAR-MI EXPORT EXPORT EXPIRA TAPAS ANGIOJET Antoniucci X-SIZER X-AMINE ST 2,686 Patients RESCUE TVAC Kaltoft VAMPIRE Median Follow-Up: 365 Days (significantly extended compared to published FU of included trials: 135 days) Burzotta, ESC 2009; Eur Heart J 2009 30(18):2193-2203
ATTEMPT: Impact of Type of Thrombectomy Device on Mortality NON-MANUAL THROMBECTOMY TRIALS Cumulative Survival Cumulative Survival MANUAL ASPIRATION TRIALS 100% Thrombectomy Standard PCI 100% Thrombectomy 95% p = 0.482 95% Standard PCI 90% 90% p = 0.011 85% 85% 80% 80% Estimated NNT: 34 300 600 900 1200 Time to Death (days) 300 600 900 1200 Time to Death (days) Burzotta, ESC 2009; Eur Heart J 2009 30(18):2193-2203
Randomized trial of manual aspiration Thrombectomy + PCI vs. PCI Alone in STEMI (TOTAL) SS JOLLY, JA CAIRNS, S YUSUF, B MEEKS, J POGUE, MJ ROKOSS, S KEDEV, L THABANE, G STANKOVIC, R MORENO, A GERSHLICK, S CHOWDHARY, S LAVI, K NIEMELÄ, PG STEG, I BERNAT, Y XU, WJ CANTOR, C OVERGAARD, C NABER, AN CHEEMA, RC WELSH, OF BERTRAND, A AVEZUM, R BHINDI, S PANCHOLY, SV RAO, MK NATARAJAN, JM TEN BERG, O SHESTAKOVSKA, P GAO, P WIDIMSKY, V DŽAVÍK ON BEHALF OF THE TOTAL INVESTIGATORS
Conclusions Routine thrombectomy compared to PCI alone with only bailout thrombectomy did not reduce CV death, MI, shock or heart failure within 180 days Routine thrombectomy was associated with increased risk of stroke within 30 days TOTAL and TASTE emphasize the need to conduct large randomized trials of common interventions even when small trials appear positive
Φαρμακευτική αντιμετώπιση (1)
Φαρμακευτική αντιμετώπιση (2)
ABCIXIMAB RELAX-AMI study 2007 Upstream beneficial in reducing infarct size, no reflow incidence Thiele et al (CIRCULATION 2008) Intracoronary administration prior to PTCA beneficial CADILLAC 2002 No superior benefit to placebo in absence of thienopyridine loading
Tirofiban ONTIME 2 STUDY 2008 Infusion of tirofiban upstream beneficial Reduces no reflow incidence, infarct size on follow up
IC infusion of Gp IIb-IIIa via dedicated perfusion catheter? May reduce thrombus burden at site of lesion in a most efficient manner May reduce no reflow phenomenon May address residual thrombus to prevent SAT May reduce cost with only bolus strategy
INFUSE-AMI Conclusions In patients presenting early within the course of large anterior STEMI undergoing primary PCI with bivalirudin: 1. Bolus IC abciximab delivered via ClearWay Rx catheter resulted in significant but modest reduction in infarct size at 30 days 2. Manual aspiracion with 6F Export catheter did not reduce MI size 3. The utility of combined aspiration + local delivery of IC abciximab deserves further studies
Αδενοσίνη AMISTAD II Infarct Size Median LV Infarct Size (%) 40% p=0.122 p=0.028 30% 20% 26% 23% 11% 10% 0% Placebo 50 μg 70 μg 57% reduction in median infarct size with 70 μg/kg/min x 3hrs, relative to placebo
Adenosine as an Adjunct to Reperfusion in the Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction post hoc study (n=2118) (AMISTAD-2 et al. EHJ 2006)
Αδενοσίνη & Νιτροπρωσικό νάτριο REFLO-STEMI study, comparing the benefits in terms of MVO and infarct size of intracoronary adenosine, sodium nitroprusside and standard therapy; primary endpoint of the trial is CMRI measured infarct size at 48 and 72 h after ppci
Conclusions: High-dose intracoronary adenosine and SNP during PPCI did not reduce infarct size or MVO measured by CMR imaging. Furthermore, adenosine may adversely affect mid-term clinical outcome and should not be used during PPCI to prevent reperfusion injury
BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2018; 18: 3. Published online 2018 Jan 10. doi: 10.1186/s12872-017-0722-z PMCID: PMC5763527 Effect of intracoronary agents on the no-reflow phenomenon during primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a network meta-analysis Xiaowei Niu,1 Jingjing Zhang,2 Ming Bai,3 Yu Peng,3 Shaobo Sun,4 and Zheng Zhangcorresponding author3
Ticagrelor vs. Placebo/ Clopidogrel With Aspirin in Anterior STEMI Patients Treated With Primary PCI The very early benefit of ticagrelor in STEMI is co-mediated by adenosine cardioprotection maintaining/ improving myocardial microcirculatory function, as well as via platelet inhibition or possibly other pleiotropic effects.
SUGGESTED INTRACORONARY DRUG ADMINISTRATION REGIMENS FOR PREVENTION/TREATMENT OF NO-REFLOW Verapamil Boluses of 100 200 µg up to four doses upto 1000µg Nicardipine Adenosine Sodium nitroprusside Nitroglycerin Nicorandil 200µg bolus intracoronary Boluses of 24 µg up to four doses or 70µg/kg/mt infusion for 3 hours Boluses of 100 µg up to total of 1,000 µg Boluses of 100 200 µg up to four doses Bolus of 2 mg intracoronary
Current guidelines suggested approach for no-reflow prevention ESC guidelines, EHJ, 2014
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Περιφερικός Θρομβοεμβολισμός (1) Distal embolization Emboli of different sizes can originate from epicardial coronary thrombus and fissured atherosclerotic plaques, in particular during PPCI. Experimental observations have shown, that myocardial blood flow decreases irreversibly, when microspheres obstruct more than 50 % of coronary capillaries.
Περιφερικός Θρομβοεμβολισμός (2) Also occurs during elective PCI, especially in Vein Grafts Angioplasties. Strict correlation between microemboli and Troponin I elevation. Contributes in Inflammatory Reaction and Contractile Dysfunction. Induces Vasoconstriction, as confirmed by high serotonin levels.
Ισχαιμική Βλάβη No-Reflow area gets swollen. Certain morphological changes are seen that results to no reflow phenomenon The capillary endothelium damaged Areas of regional swelling with intraluminal protrusions, that in some plug the capillary lumen. Cellular edema compressing the capillaries Cell contracture in the ischemic zone also may contribute to the microvascular compression.
Βλάβη Επαναιμάτωσης Massive infiltration of coronary microcirculation by neutrophils and platelets at the time of reperfusion Subsequent adhesion at the endothelial surface and migration in the surrounding tissue Release of oxygen free radicals, proteolytic enzymes and proinflammatory mediators Tissue and endothelial damage Finally vasoconstrictors released by damaged endothelial cells, neutrophils and platelets Sustained vasoconstriction of coronary microcirculation. Neutrophils also form aggregates with platelets, that plug capillaries thus mechanically blocking flow
%age of optimal reperfusion, CADILLAC TRIAL 100 patients with STEMI treated by PPCI Evaluation of post procedural TIMI flow 1 pt with TIMI 0-1 6 pts with TIMI 2 93 patients with TIMI 3 Evaluation of post procedural MBG Evaluation of post procedural STR> 70% 49 patients with TIMI 3 and MBG 2 or 3 35 patients with TIMI 3 and MBG 2 or 3 and STR>70 % 44 pts with MBG 0/1 14 pts with STR < 70%
Reffelmannand Kloner. Heart 2002;87:162-168
From: No-reflow: again prevention is better than treatment Eur Heart J. 2010;31(20):2449-2455. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq299 Eur Heart J Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. The Author 2010. For permissions please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org
Reperfusion therapy What s with the obstructed, leaky and broken capillaries? D. Neil Granger, Peter R. Kvietys Pathophysiology Volume 24, Issue 4, Pages 213-228 (December 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.09.003 Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions
THROMBOLYSIS IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION FLOW GRADING SYSTEM DEFINED Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Flow Grading System Grade 0 Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Complete occlusion of the infarct-related artery Some penetration of contrast material beyond the point of obstruction but without perfusion of the distal coronary bed Perfusion of the entire infarct vessel into the distal bed but with delayed flow when compared with a normal artery Full perfusion of the infarct vessel with normal flow Chesebro JH, Knatterud G, Roberts R, et al. Circulation 1987;76:142-54. PMID: 3109764.
Incidence (%) In-Hospital Clinical Outcomes Adjusted Odds Ratio for Mortality= 2.21, 95% CI 1.97-2.47, p<0.001 P<0.0001 for each outcome
Fig. 2 Pathophysiology 2017 24, 213-228DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.09.003) Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions
Effects of Duration of Preceeding Ischemia on No Reflow >20% Primary PCI <2% Elective PCI
ΙΣΤΟΡΙΚΗ ΑΝΑΔΡΟΜΗ The first clinical observation of coronary no-reflow was reported by Schofer et al.in 1985. In 1989, Wilson et al. observed persistent angina with ST elevation in association with a slow angiographic antegrade flow despite a widely patent angioplasty site in five patients immediately after PTCA of a thrombus containing lesion. In 1991,Pomerantz et al. reported five more cases of no- reflow successfully treated by intracoronary verapamil. The first clinical case of no-reflow during PTCA for acute myocardial infarction was reported by Feld et al. in 1992.
Παθοφυσιολογία no Reflow No reflow results from obstruction of the myocardial microcirculation, defined as vessels 200 μm in diameter. Preexisting microvascular dysfunction may exacerbate the degree of microvascular obstruction that develops after both elective and infarct-related PCI.
TIMI GRADING FOR THROMBUS JACC vol.50,2007
Forrest plot of weighted mean difference of the long term left ventricular ejection fraction in deferred vs immediate stenting groups. Jianzhong Qiao et al. J Am Heart Assoc 2017;6:e004838 2017 Jianzhong Qiao et al.
Individual susceptibility to No-reflow Ατομική Ευαισθησία στη μη επαναρροή Diabetes and acute hyper-glycaemia Timmer et al, AJC, 2005 Iwakura et al, JACC, 2003
Individual susceptibility to No-reflow Ατομική Ευαισθησία στη μη επαναρροή Hypercholesterolemia Golino et al, Circulation, 1987 Iwakura et al, EHJ, 2006
Atherosclerosis 2017 263, e163-e164doi: (10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.06.520) Copyright 2017 Terms and Conditions
Individual susceptibility to No-reflow Ατομική Ευαισθησία στη μη επαναρροή Prior drug therapy Niccoli et al, AJC, 2010
Individual susceptibility to No-reflow Ατομική Ευαισθησία στη μη επαναρροή Pre-infarction angina Karila-Cohen et al, EHJ, 1999