μ

μ

dω I ν S da cos θ da λ λ Γ α/β

MJ

Capítulo 1 %

βpic ɛ Eridani V ega β P ic F ormalhaut 10 9 15%

70 Virgem 47 Ursa Maior Debris Disk Debris Disk

μ 90% L ac = GM M ac R L ac R M M ac L J T<2000K

10 7 M J L =4πR 2 σ(t eff ) 4, σ T eff birthline

τ KH GM 2 R L 10 4 < M J 10 7 M J < M J

10 6 10 7 H 2 M J < < M J Herbig Ae/Be 10 7 K H 2 E g >E T + E mag + E Turb + E rot E g E T E mag E Turb E rot M>M mag Φ 3π 5 2G

M mag Φ=πR 2 B 3 GM 2 5 R > 3 2 M κt, μm H κ μ m H ρ η = ρ μm H Massa de Jeans M>M j ( 3 ) 1 2 5κT ) 3 4πρ 2Gμm H 2 6M J ( T 3 η ) 1 2, τ ff = ( ) 1 3π 2 32Gρ τ ff freefall τ 10 5

μ α α = dln(λf λ) dlnλ α 10 4 M <M env M acc 10 6 M J anos 1 L J 10 5 α>

10 6 < M J Herbig Ae/Be M J < < M J <α< M acc 10 7 10 8 M J anos 1 α< 10 7

Capítulo 2

ν λν λ μ μ μ μ

κ dl κ ρdl I ν ν P I ν = de cos θdadνdωdt

de = I ν dadνdtdω I ν dν I λ dλ dω da cos θ I ν S da ν ν ν θ Jm 2 s 1 sr 1 Hz 1 ergs cm 2 sr s 1 Hz 1 I = I ν dν I P S

dω da dω df ν = di ν cos θdω F ν ergs cm 2 s 1 Hz 1 df F ν = I ν cos θdω u ν de u ν (ω)dv dνdω dv u ν (ω) da dt ds dt de = u ν (ω)dacdtdνdω u ν (ω) = I ν c u ν = u ν (ω)dω = 1 c I ν dω u ν = 4π c J ν J ν I ν

J ν = 1 4π I ν dω. I ν J ν I ν u ν u = u ν dν = 4π c J ν dν p ν = 2 c I ν cos 2 θdω p ν π da p = 2 c J ν dν cos 2 θdω p = 1 3 u ergs cm 2 W att m 2 F = F λ dλ = F ν dν.

λ λ ν I ν I ν

I ν = f(t ); ν B ν (T ) I ν I ν I ν (ω) B ν (T ) B ν (T ) S ν S ν B ν (T ) I ν J ν = α ν B ν (T ) α ν S ν B ν (T ) I ν B ν (T ) J ν α ν I ν B ν = 2hν3 c 2 1 e hν kt 1 ν I ν ν I λ λ I λ = I ν dν dλ. ν λ λ dν = c λ 2 dλ.

I λ B λ = 2hc2 λ 5 1 e hc λkt 1 10 34 K 1 λ 10 23 dq = du + pdv ds dq S U π Jν ν J ν B ν du = Vdu+ udv. ds = V T du 4u dt + dt 3T dv. S ( ) S T V ( ) S V T = V T. du dt = 4u 3T

S 2 T V = 1 du T dt S 2 T V = 4u 3T + 4 du 2 3T dt logu =4logT + loga loga u(t )=at 4 Stef an Boltzmann I ν J ν u = 4π c = B ν (T )dν = 4π c B(T ) B(T )= B ν (T )dν = ac 4π T 4 π F = F ν dν = π B ν (T )dν = πb(t ). Stef an Boltzmann F = σt 4 ef

Stef an Boltzmann σ 5, 67 10 5 erg cm 2 graus 4 s 1 μ T ef ergs cm 2 s 1 A 1 (R/D) 2 ergs s 1 cm 2 A 1

F λ Wm 2 μm 1 Wcm 2 μm 1 ergs s 1 cm 2 μm 1 erg s 1 cm 2 A 1 3 10 12 3 10 16 3 10 9 3 10 13 λ μ F 0 F λ = AF ν (Jy)/λ 2 (μm) F ν = F 0 10 m/2,5 F ν F 0 m 10 26 m 2 μm 1

Tef

Capítulo 3 ergs cm 2 s 1 A 1

μ % % μ μ μ

β Γ % %

Γ β α δ α δ σ β 30 25 20 N 15 10 5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Discrepância Γ α δ σ Γ β Γ = [(Δα) 2 +(Δδ) 2 ] 1/2

50 40 30 N 20 10 0 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 α/β β = [(Δσ maior ) 2 +(Δσ menor ) 2 ] 1/2 Γ β Γ β Γ Γ β

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Discrepância 100 80 60 Dis. IPAC 40 20 0-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Dis. Vizier

100μ [λ i λ j ]=log(f i /F j ) F i,j λ μ μ

π (B V ) versus log(t eff ) π M V = V +5 log(dpc)+a ext A ext dpc dpc π π < log(l/l J )= 4, 72 M bol 2, 5 M bol BC M bol = Mv + BC T ef log(l/l J )

Capítulo 4

1,0 0,5 [60-25] 0,0-0,5 TTauri HD 38529 HD190360 HD 75289 HD 150706 HD 16141 HD 190228-1,0-1,0-0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 [25-12]

1,0 0,5 [60-25] 0,0-0,5 Debris disk HD 38529 HD190360 HD 75289 HD 150706 HD 16141 HD 190228-1,0-1,0-0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 [25-12] < < > μ μ

r ρ ρ ρ ρ ρ &

M J 2,0 1,5 2.5M 2.0M 3.0M 1,0 1.5M log(l/l O ) 0,5 0,0 1.2M 1.0M HD 150706 HD 16141-0,5 HD 75289 HD 190228 HD 38529 HD 190360-1,0 3,80 3,75 3,70 3,65 log (T eff ) M J

μ g g flag ξ μ

ξ<0 ξ>0 ξ =0 μ μ ξ>0 ξ M μ ξ M J Orion

μ μ 10 9 M J Vela M J μ % Ursa Menor μ μ V ulpecula

M M J Sygnus μ

HD 11977 Teff =4970 log g=2.9 fq = 2 HD 27442 Teff =4846 log g=3.78 HD 9826 Teff =6213 logg=4.25 HD 73108 Teff = 4415 log g = 1.8 HD 28305 Teff =4901 log g=2.6 HD 137759 Teff = 4571 K logg =?

HD 222404 Teff = 4786 K logg =? HD 192699 Teff = 5220 K logg = 3.4 HD 17051 Teff =6097 log g=4.34 fq = 2 HD 19994 Teff =6188 log g=4.24 HD 22049 Teff =5146 log g=4.57 HD 3651 Teff = 5221 log g = 4.45 fq= 1 fq= 3

HD 10697 Teff =5680 log g=4.12 HD 33564 Teff =6250 fq = 2 HD 217014 Teff = 5787 K logg = 4.5 HD 39091 Teff =5950 log g=4.36 fq = 2 HD 52265 Teff =6076 log g=4.26 HD 69830 Teff =5360 log g=4.46

HD 10647 Teff =6105 log g=4.35 HD 217107 Teff = 5704 K logg = 4.5 HD 75732 Teff = 5235 logg=4.45 HD 82943 Teff =5997 logg = 4.4 HD 89744 Teff = 6291 logg= 4.1 HD 95128 Teff = 5882 logg= 4.4

HD 99492 Teff = 4955 logg= 4.77 hd 104985 Teff = 4786 K logg=? HD 117176 Teff = 5545 K logg = 4.1 HD 120136 Teff = 6387 K logg = 4.23 HD 128311 Teff =4965 K logg = 4.8 HD 134987 Teff = 5750 K logg = 4.3

HD 137510 Teff = 5966 K logg = 4.0 HD 11964 Teff =5349 log g=4.02 HD 143761 Teff = 5823 K logg = 4.4 HD 145675 Teff =5388 K logg = 4.5 HD 195019 Teff = 5788 K logg = 4.2 HD 154345 Teff = 5468 K logg = 4.5

HD 160691 Teff = 5784 K logg = 4.3 fq = 2 HD 169830 Teff = 6221 K logg = 4.0 HD 177830 Teff = 4949 K Log(g) = 4,1 HD 178911 Teff = 5668 K logg = 4.5 HD 216437 Teff = 5849 K logg = 4.2 HD 1237 Teff = 5536 log g = 4.56 fq 3 fq 1

HD 16141 Teff =5794 log g=4.22 ξ = 0 HD 150706 Teff = 5741 K logg =4.62 ξ = 0 HD 190228 Teff = 5348 K logg = 4.0 ξ = 0 HD 38529 Teff =5697 log g=4.0 ξ > 0 HD 75289 Teff = 6095 log g= 4.33 ξ > 0 HD 190360 Teff = 5552 K logg = 4.4 ξ > 0

Capítulo 5

μ μ μ

Apêndice A μ μ μ μ Γ

Γ

Γ μ μ μ μ

cm 2

cm 2