EcpapiJOVJl arr1v E.A.Aal)a rwv Tp6rrwv Ava.Aua11c; rou EupwKwl)IKa 7

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1 EcpapiJOVJl arr1v E.A.Aal)a rwv Tp6rrwv Ava.Aua11c; rou EupwKwl)IKa 7 Application in Greece of the Design Approaches in Eurocode 7 KABBAMl:, M. t:..p n ot.itiko~ MllXOVIKO~, Avant.. Ka8llYllT~~ E.M.n. nepiah4jh : A6yw Til~ ETTIKEiiJEVll ~ (OTTO Tl~ 10 MapTiou 2010) UTTOXPEWTIK~~ Eq>OpiJOV~~ TOU EupwKwiSIKO 7 (Mtpo~ 1) 01: 6!.1:~ Tl~ xwpe~ Til~ Eupwna"IK ~~ "Evwo11~. Eiv01 natov ETTITOKTIK~ 11 EVlliJEPWOll TWV EAA~VWV 1-lllXOVIKWV OTI~ ETTEPXOIJEVE~ amayt~ KOI Tl~ OUVETTEIE~ TOU~ OT I~ IJEAtTE~ TWV YEWTEXVIKWV tpywv. H Eq>Op ij OY~ Tou EN anam:i KaTTOIE~ «E8VIKE~ Emi.oyt~» (nou nepli.oiji3avovtoi oto E8v1K6 n pooaptllijo Tou EN ), IJETO~u Twv onoiwv OlliJOVTIK6TEPll Eiva1 11 Emi.oy ~ rou E8VIKOU Tp6nou Avat.uo11~ (Design Approach) EK TWV rp1wv EvaMaKTIKWV Tp6nwv Tou EN l:tllv Epyaofa mp1ypdq>ovm1 01 avwttpw 8VIKE~ Emi.oyt~ KOI o Tp6no~ Eq>OpiJOY~~ TOU~ OTO YEWTEXVIKa (pya. ABSTRACT : Due to the compulsory application of Eurocode 7 (Part 1) in all European countries starting on 10 March 2010, it is now imperative for the greek geotechnical engineers to be informed on the upcoming changes and their consequences in geotechnical design. The application of EN requires certain "national selections" (to be included in the National Annex of EN ), the most important of which is the selection of the national Design Approach among the three alternative procedures recommended in EN The paper describes the selections made in Greece and their application in several types of geotechnical structures. 1. ElrAmrH ME TllV 4J~<j>l0ll KOI l5ll 1JOOiEUOll OTTO TllV CEN {2004), OT I ~ 24/1 1/2004, TOU EupWKWiSIKO 7 (Mtpo~ 1) w~ Eupwna"IKou KavoviOIJOU {EN : Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical Design : Part 1 - General Rules), ~EKiVllO 11 is l ET~~ mpiol5o~ { ) E8v1K~~ Ba81Jov6- IJllOll~ KOTa Tllv onoia o EN nptm1 va IJETaq>pao8Ei OT I ~ E8V IK E~ yt.wooe~ KOI va yiv 1 npooipetik~ XP~Oll OE Eq>Op1Joyt~ IJE okon6 Til (3081JOV01Jll0ll TWV TpOTTWV AvaAUOll~ KOI TWV ETTI IJ EPOU~ OUVH:A 0TWV, IJ(OW O UyKplOll~ TWV anoteaeoijatwv IJE ra tw~ rwpa Eq>Op1Jo~6- IJEVa. l:to rtt.o~ aut~~ T il ~ mp1mou (2006), npo[3t.tn TOI 11 ouyypaq>~ Tou E8viKOU npooapt~ijoto~ (National Annex) Ka8E xwpa~ TO OTTO[O TTpETTEI VO TTEpiAOIJf3aVEI : Ti~ TIIJ (~ TWV ETTI IJ EPOU~ OUVTEAEOTWV {y) KOI AOITTWV OUVTEA 0TWV 8VIK~~ ETTIAOY~~ {TT.X. OUVTEAEOT(~ TT poooijo[wo ll~), 01 OTTOiOI K08opi~OUV TOV ETTI8U1JllT6 ( OOq>aAEIO~ TWV tpywv OTllV K08E XWpO. Tov Tp6no (~ Tp6nou~) Avai.UOll~ (Design Approach - DA) Til~ op1ak~~ KOTaOTOOll~ aotoxia~ (ULS) TWV YEWTEXVIKWV tpywv, IJ ETO~u Twv Tplwv EmAoywv Tou EN "Eva OUVOAO KEIIJEVWV UTTOOT~pl~ll~ TOU EN nou Sa n EplAOIJf3avouv 11~ OTTOiSEKTt~ 1JE8615ou~ UTTOAOVIOIJOU KOI AOITTE~ EliSIKE~ OTTOIT~OEI~ OXEiSIOOIJOU TWV YEWTEXVIKWV tpywv OE Ka8E xwpa. To KEiiJEVO aura nptn 1 va EivOI ou1jf3ata IJE Tl~ OTTOIT~OE I~ TOU EN KaTd rov xp6vo ouyypaq>~~ Tou nap6vto~ dp8pou (louv1o~ 2006), EXEI IJETaq>pao8Ei OTllV EAAllVIK~ yawooo TO KEiiJEVO TOU EN KOI tx 1 ouvrax8ef rxtl510 TOU E8VIKOU npooapt~ IJOTO~, OTO OTTOiO TTEPIAOIJf3avOVTOI 01 E~~ ~ E8Vi KE~ ETTIAOVE~ : 'Exouv yivei isekte~ 01 TIIJE~ TWV ETTIIJEPOU~ OUVTEAEOTWV {KOI AOITTWV OUVTEA 0TWV 143

2 9VIK~<;; ETTIAOV~<;;) TTOU OUVIOTWVTOI OTO K 1~ VO KOI OTO nopaptiwo A TOU EN KoTa TTAilpoq>opl <;;, or TT prooot p <;; xwp <;; npokmor va Kavouv TllV i6ro ETTIAOY~ oro 9E~O OUTO. 'EX 1 TTIA y 1 o Tponoc;; AvaAUOil<;; DA-2 (Kor r6rkot po ll nopomoy~ DA-2*) yro TllV ovat\uoll Til<; oprak~<;; KOTaOTOOil<;; ootoxloc;; OAWV TWV Y WT XVIKWV tpywv, ~ ~Oip 01l TllV UOT09 10 TTpOVWV KOI EKOKOq>WV OTTOU, yro npoktrkoli<;; Myouc;;, mratx91lk o Tpono<;; DA-3. 0<;; TTpO<;; TO OU~I30Ta UTTOOTilPIKTIKO K i~ VO, TTIAEX81lKOV W<;; Eq>Op~OOI~ <;; 6A <;; 01 6r 9- VW<;; ono6 KTt<;; ~t8o6or ovaauoil<;; Twv y w T XVIKWV tpywv 61lAOO~, OUOIOOTIKW<;;, OAE<;; 01 ~ TTOU Eq>op ~ O~OVTOI ~EXPI O~ ~ EpO, Ano Tl<;; ovwrtpw mrt\oytc;;, oro mo~ vo oxoara~ovro r or Tponor Avat\uoll<;; Twv OpiOKWV KOTOOTOOEWV OOTOXiO<;; KOTO TOV EN , KOI ll Eq>Op~oy~ TOU<;; OT!l OVOAUOil y WT XVIKWV tpywv OTilV Et\M6o. H ~EAAOVTIK~ E~EAI~Il Til<; Eq>OpiJOY~<;; TOU EN OTilV EMa6o mprt\o~l3av r Tp ro~ TT pfo6o OUVUTTOP~Il <;; ( ), KOTO TllV OTTOiO EiVOI OUVOT~ ll EVOAAOKTIK~ Eq>Op~oy~ rou EN we;; npoc;; roue;; roxuovr <;; E9vrKoli<;; Kovovro~ou<;, ~ 6uvOTOT!lTO ETTIAOY~<; ~ETO~U TWV 6uo OTTOU UTTOPXOUV OOU ~ q>wvi <; (~ETa OTTO OTTOq>OOil TOU q>opeo EKTEAEOil<;; TOU OUVKEKPI~EVOU (pyou). TEAO<;, OTTO Tl<; 31 Mopriou 2010, eo EiVOI UTTOXPEW TIK~ 11 Eq>Op ijoy~ TOU EN OA <;; Tl<;; xwp <; Til<; EupwnaiK~<; 'Evwoll<;;. ~ Touro XPOVIl onooupoll rwv E9vrKwv Kovovro~wv. 2. TPOnOI ANAAYLHL TON OPIAKON KATAHALEON AHOXIAL (ULS) Kora rov EN , 11 ovat\uoll Twv y WT XVIKWV tpywv yiv ror ~ EAEVXO tvovn 6uo TUTTWV OpiOKWV KOTOOTOOEWV : OpiOKE<; KOTOOT00 1<; A 1TOUPYIKOTI1TO<;; (SLS), yro Tl<; OTTOi <; EAEYXETOI OTI 01 ~ETOKIV~ 0 1 <;;, OTpOq>E<; ~ /KO I TTOpO~Opq>W0 1<;; 6EV UTT p(3oivouv Tl<; AEITOUPYIKE<;; OTTOIT ~ 0 1 <; (6 :5: 6max). 0 EAEVXO<; TWV KOTOOTOOEWV t\moupyrkotilto<;; yivetoi ~ ovaauoil Til<; TTOpO~ Opq>WOil<;; lou q>opto UTTO Tl<; XOPOKTilpiOTIKE<; TI~E<; TWV TT1(30MO~EVWV 6paOEWV, KOI ~ XP~Oil TWV xopoktilpiotikwv TI~ WV TWV 16I OT~TWV TWV UAIKWV KOI TWV AOITTWV napo ~ trpwv, OTTOTE TO UTTOAOVI~O~EVO KIVIl ~OTIKcl ~Eytell anoret\ouv xapokrllprotrkt<; TI~E<;. TUTTIKO TTOpa6Eiy ~ ato OTTOTEAOUV 0 EAEYXO<;; Ka9i~llOil<; 8E~EAiWOil<; uno ra <poprio t\moupyio<;; KOI o taevxo<; opr~ovrrwv ~ ETOKIV~OEWV KOI K081~~0 WV TTfOW OTTO EUKO~IDO TTETOO~O OVTIOT~pl~ll<;; (3081a<;; EKOKOq>~<;;. OproKt<; KOTOOT00 1<; OOTOXiO<; (ULS), yro Tl<;; OTTOiE<; EAEYXETOI OTI, OTI<; KpiOI~E<; 8EOEI<;; lou tpyou, ll EVTOOil (E) 6Ev umpl3oiv r TllV OVTiOTOIXIl OVTfOTOOil (R). TUTTIKO, «EVTOOil» OTTOTEt\f:i TO 6pwv EVTOTIKO ~Ey 90 <; 0 ~10 KpfOI~Il 8EOI1 TOU tpyou, OTTW<;; ll O~OVIK~ ~ KO~IDIK~ 6pa01l OTilV KEq>OA~ TT 6fAOU ~ TTOOOOAOU, ll OOKOU~EVIl KO~IDIK~ poll~ 0 KOTTOIO 6rOTO~~ TOiXOU OVTIOT~pl~ll<; ~ OAAOU 60~IKOU OTOIX iou, ll Eq>EAKUOTIK~ 6UVO~Il OVKUPWOEWV, ll pon~ OVOTpOTT~<; npovou<; ~ opuy~oto<;, KAn. Avnoroixw<;, «avtiotooil» OTTOTEA i TO OVT16pWV ~Ey 80<;; OTilV f610 8E011, OTTW<;; ll O~OVIK~ q>epouoo IKOVOTilTO ~ KO~IDIK~ OVTOX~ TTE6fAou ~ TTOOOOAOU, ll Ko~mrK~ avtox~ o Kanoro 6 r oro~~ rorxou OVTIOT~pl~ll<;; ~ OAAOU OO ~IKOU OTOIXEiOU, ll Eq>EAKUOT I K~ avrox~ OVKUPWOEWV, ll poll~ OT~P'~Il<;; npovouc;; ~ opuy~oroc;;, KAn. LTO YEWTEXVIKO tpyo, 01 meavt<; opioke<;; KOTOOT00 1<;; OOTOXiO<;; [VOl TTEVTE TUTTWV : - IEWTEXVIKOU TUTTOU (GEO) OOTOXiO, TTOU TTEprt\a~l3avEr ooroxio Tou EMq>ou<;, onwc;; q>epouoo IKOVOTilTO ETTiq>OVEIOKWV 8E~EAIW OEWV KOI TTOOOOAWV, OAi081lOil OVKUPW OEWV, OOTOXiO pywv OVTIOT~p l ~ll<;; ~ UTTEp (300il Til<; OVTOX~<;; TOU 6clq>ou<;;, KATT. neplmw0 1<;; OOTOXiO<;; TOU 6clq>OU <;; (~lli5ev ro~o<;; EvEpywv Tdo wv) Myw u6pout\rk~<;; KAiOil<; (HYD) OTTOTEAouv XWPIOTO TUTTO OOTOXiO<;, OTTW<;; u6po UAIK~ UTTOOKOq>~ (piping) TOU TTU8~EVO (30810<;; EKOKOq>~<;; UTTO TOV u6poq>6po opf~ovto, - b.o~iltikou TUTTOU (STR) OOTOXiO, TTOU mprt\o~ l3av r TllV aoroxfa 6o~rKou ororx fou rou tpyou, 6nw<;; un pl3aoll Til<; KO ~ mrk~<; OVTOX~<;; TTOOOOAWV ~ TOfXWV OVTIOT~p l ~ll<;; (w<; 60~ IKWV OTOIXEiWV), KOI UTTtp(300il Til<; O~OVIK~<;; OVTOX~<;; TTOOOOAWV ~ oykupwoewv. - ATTWA 10 OTOT I K~<;; roopponio<;; (EQU) TOU q>opto ( ~ TOU EMq>ou<;;) XWPi<;; (~ ~ ~IKP~ ~6vov) OUVEIOq>opa Til<; OVTOX~<;; TOU 6clq>OU<;; OTilV OOTOXfO, OTTW<;; TTp0(3A~~OTO OVOTpOTT~<; m6ft\wv xwpf<;; untpl3ao11 Til<; q>tpouoa<; IKOVOTilTO<;; TOU EMq>OU<;; 8 ~ AiWOil <;;. nepitttwoei<;; OTTWA 10<;; OTOTIK~<;; roopponlo<; Myw u6pout\ r K~<;; ovuljjwoil<; (UPL) onoteaouv xwprot6 Tlino ooroxia<;;, 6nw<;; ll OVUljJWOil (uplift) TOU TTU8~EVO (3a8ra<;; 144

3 EKOKOq>~<; UTTO TOV u6poq>6po opf~ovto f..6yw OU~I"li.JtVI")<; TTiEOI'J<; TTOpWV OTI'JV TTAOKO 6pOOI'J<; TOU tpyou ~ OTI'J 1300I'J 06IOTTEpOTI'J<; OTpWOI'J<; KOTW OTTO TOV rrue~tva TI'J<; EKOKOq>~<;. KaTci TOV EIIEYXO TWV OPIOKWV KOTOOT<lOEWV OOTOXfO<;, 01 OUyKpiVO~EVE<; EVTcl0 1<; KOI OVTIOTOOEI<; OTTOTEIIOUV <<TI~t<; OXEOIOO~ OU» TWV OVTiOTOIXWV ~ y 9wv, 01")1100~ 0 tiieyxo<; mdpkeia<; TOU OXE6IOO~OU yivetoi ~tow TI'J<; oxto11<; (o 6EiKTI'J<; «d» 61")11wv 1 «TI~~ OXEO I OO~OU») : Ed :5 Rd (1 ) 0 1 Tl~t<; OXE6IOO~OU TWV E KOI R UTTOIIoyi ~OVTOI ~tow ETTI~tpou<; OUVT 11 0TWV (partial factors) 01 orroio1 Ka9opi~ouv rov pa9~6 aoq>aiieia<; rou tpyou tvavr1 aoroxia<; Kal OUVETTW<; OVTIK09IOTOUV TOV EVIO[O OUVTEIIEOT~ aoq>cill 10<; TTOU Eq>ap~6~ TOI ~EXPI O~~Epa. H E loaywy~ TI'J<; XP~OI'J<; Em~tpou<; ouvreiiwrwv (KOI 01 OUVETTEit<; TI'J<;), OVTf TOU EVIOiOU OUVT 11 0T~ 00q>OII ia<;, OTTOT 11 1 TI'JV oumamik6tepi'j amay~ rou EN OTI'JV avdiiuoi'j TWV YEWTEXVIKWV tpywv tvovti aoroxia<;. H XP~OI'J Twv Em~tpou<; ouvr 11wrwv OU~OV 1 TI'JV TTOIIUTTIIOKOTI'JTO TOU Elltyxou ETTOpKEIO<; TWV Y WT XVIKWV tpywv, KUpiw<; Myw Tou rrolluo~~avrou urrolloy1o~ou rwv TI ~ WV OXE6IOO~OU EVTOOEWV KOI OVTIOTOOEWV (Frank et al, 2004). E161K6TEpa, 11 n~~ OXEOIOO~OU TI'J<; EVTOOI'J<; (Ed) ~TTOpEi va urrolloy1o8 i it ~ Eq>ap~oy~ ETTI~tpou<; OUVTEIIEOT~ EVTOOI'J<; (YE) mi TI'J<; XOPOKTI'JpiOTIKI'}<; TI'J<; Tl~l'}<; : Ek = E (Fk, Xk), OI'JIIOOI'} : Ed= YE. E (Fk, Xk) (2a) 6rrou (Fk ' Xk) Eivm 01 xapakti'jpiotikt<; Tl~t<; TWV 6pciOEWV (q>optfwv) KOI TWV E60q>IKWV rrapa~trpwv (rr.x. ywvia Tp 131'}<; KOI ouvox~) OVTIOTOiXW<;, EiTE ~tow TI'J<; OTT U9Eia<; XP~OI'J<; TWV TI~WV OXEOIO O~OU 6pdOEWV (Fd) KOI E6aq>IKWv rrapa~trpwv (Xd), 61")11a61'} : Ed= E (Fd, Xd) = E (YF Fk, Xk I YM) (213) OTTOU (YF, YM) EiVOI 01 ETTI~tpou<; OUVTEIIEOTE<; 6pciOEWV KOI E60q>IKWV TTOpO~ETPWV, OVTIOTOiXW<;. r1a rrapci6eiy~a, I'J Tl ~ l'} OXEOIOO~OU TI'J<; KO~TTTIKI'}<; porrl')<; OTI'J l3cioi") Ev6<; TOiXOU OVT I OTI'Jpi~EW<; TUTTOU l ~TTOpEi VO UTTOIIOyi09Ei EiTE ~EOW TI'J<; XOPOKTI'JPIOTIKI'}<; Tl~l'}<; TI'J<; w91'jo I'J<; ymwv KOI TI'JV m' auti'}<; ETTII30III'} TOU ETTI~tpou<; OUVTEIIEOTI') EVTOOI'J<; (YE), TUTTO<; 2a, EiTE ~tow TI'J<; Tl~l'} <; OXE6100~0U TI'J<; w91'joi'j<; ymwv, 11 orroia 9a urrolloy1o8ei ~ E XPI'JOI'J TI'J<; Tl~l'}<; OXEOIOO~OU TI'J<; EOOq>IKI'}<; ywvia<; TPII31'}<; Km ouvoxl'}<; (Q>d. cd) KOI TI'J<; Tl~l'}<; OXE6IOOJ.. JOU rux6v ETTiq>OVEIOKI'}<; ETTiq>OpTIOI'J<; (qd), TlJTTO<; 213. H IOIOITEpOTI'JTO TWV YEWTEXVIKWV tpywv EYKEITOI OTI'JV EVTOVW<; ~1'}-ypa~~IKI'} E~cipTI'JO I'J TI'J<; tvtooi'j<; (rr.x. porr~ OTI'J Pcioi'J roixou OVTIOTI'Jpi~EW<;) OTTO n<; EOOq>IKE<; rrapa~trpou<; (rr.x. ywvia TPII31'}<;), ~ OTTOTEII 0~0 01 oxto 1<; (2a) KOI (213) VO 6ivouv OI'J~OVT IKO 610q>Op TIKE<; Tl~t<; TOU Ed. Avn9 TW<;, OTO OO~IKO tpya I'J tvtooi'j Eivm ouvl'}9w<; ypa~~iki'} ouvdpti'joi'j 1 TWV OpclOEWV (F), ~I'J E~OpTW~ EVI'J OTTO Tl<; EOOq>IKE<; rrapa~trpou<; (X), KOI ouvmw<; 01 OXE0 1<; (2a) KOI (213) oivouv TO ioio OTTOTEIIEO~a (I') ~IKP E<; OIOq>opt<; OTOU<; ~1'} ypa~~ikou<; q>opei<;). AVTIOTOiXW<;, '1 Tl~l'} OXE6IOO~OU TI'J<; OVTi OTOOI'J<; (Rd) ~rropei va urrolloy1o8ei EiTE ~ Eq>ap~oyl') ETTI~tpou<; OUVTEIIEOT~ OVTiOTOOI'J<; (YR) mi TI'J <; xapakti'jpiotiki'}<; n~l'}<; : Rk = R (Fk, Xk). OI'JIIaol'} : Rd = ( 1 I YR ). R (Fk, Xk) (3a) EirE ~ tow TI'J<; XP~OI'J<; TWV TI~WV OXE6 100~0U TWV (F, X), Ol")llaol'}: ~ = R (Fd, ~) = R (YF Fk, Xk I YM) (313) LI'J~EIWVETOI 611, ViOTE, 11 oxto11 (3a) ypciq>etoi ~ E TI'JV EVOMOKTIKI'} ~opq>l') : Rd = ( 1 I YR ). R (YF Fk, Xk) (3y) ~E TO OKETTTIKO OTI 0 ETTI~EpOU<; OUVTEIIEOTI')<; (YR) TTEpllla~pavEI ~6VOV TI'JV OOq>ciiiEIO EVOVTI TI'J<; ai3ei30ioti'jto<; TWV EOOq>IKWV rrapa~ttpwv (OI'JIIOOI') OVTIK09IOTO TOV YM) KOI OUVETTW<;, OTTOITEiTOI KOI I'J XP~OI'J TOU ETTI~tpou<; OUVTEII OT~ 6pdOEWV (YF) OTI'J OXEOI'J (3a). LlEOO~ tvou 6n 11 avrioraoi'j (rr.x. q>t pouoa 1Kav6TI'JTO rraoocillou) Eivm Evr6vw<; ~~-ypa~~~k~ ouvap TI'JOI'J TWV E60q>IKWV TTOpO~ETpWV (TT.X. TI'J<; ywvia Tp1l31')<;), 01 oxto 1<; (3a) - I') 3y - KOI (313) OiVOUV OI'J~OVTIKO 6iOq>OpETIKE<; Tl~t<; TOU Rd. /1.6yw TWV EVOMOKTIKWV Tp6TTWV UTTOIIOyi O~OU TWV TI~WV OXE6100~0U EVTOOEWV KOI OVTIOTOOEWV, 0 EN ETTITPETT 1 TpEi<; EvaMaKTIKOU<; Tp6rrou<; Avalluoi'J<; (Design Approaches - DA) y1a rov tiieyxo oplakwv KOTOOTOOEWV aoroxia<; TUTTOU GEO KOI STR, ~tow TI'J<; oxtoi'j<; (1 ). Ll oo~tvou 6TI 01 rp i<; Tp6TTOI AvdiiUOI'J<; ouv~9w<; oivouv OIOq>OpE- 1 L YPOIJIJIKt<;; avaau0 11) OOIJIKWV q>optwv. AKOIJI") OIJWI) KOI 0 IJ~ -ypoijijikei) avamow;, I") OTTOKAIOI") OTTO Tl") YPOIJIJIKOTI")TO Tl")l) OXEOI")I) E=E(F) dvoi TTOAU IJ1Kp6T pl") OTTO TI")V tvtovi") IJ~-ypOIJIJIKOTI")TO Tl")l) oxtol")<;; E=E(X). 145

4 TIKO OTTOT Ata~OTO, 0 Eq>Op~OOTtO<; TpOTTO<; OTTOT A i «ESYIK~ ETTIAOV~» TTOU TTI1P 0~ 1 TOY rp6rro OYOAUal1<; TWY tpywy KOI Sa TT p1a0~- 13ciY TOI OTO ESYIKO npoacipti1~0 TOU EN LI1~ 1WY TOI OTI ati<; UTTOAOITT <; KOTaarcia 1<; aatoxia<; (n)rrou EQU, HYD Kar UPL), auy~ Sw<; 6 Y UTT 1aEpXOYTOI 01 TI~E<; TWY 60q>IKWY rrapa~ttpwy OYTOX ~ <; KOI auyettw<; 01 Tp i<; Tp6nor AYcil\ua11<; EK<puAf~OYTOI a tyoy. Or Tp6n or AYcil\ua11<; TOU EN iyar: Tp6noc; AvdAUOrJ<; 1 (DA-1) : Xpr')a11 TWY axta WY (213) KOI (313), 611l\06r') E<pap ~ oy ~ Tl1<; axta11<; : E (YF Fk, Xk I YM) S R (YF Fk, Xk I YM) (4) ArrarTo0vTar 60o xwpratoi tl\ yxor, ~ 6ra<pop TIK00<; auy6uaa~00<; TI~WV TWV ETTI ~ Epou<; auyt A 0TWY (YF, YM) 0 LUY6Uaa~6<; 1 TT prl\a~l3ciy 1 Tl <; 0~06 <; TTI ~ tpo u <; auyt A 0TWY (A 1) KOI (M 1) TOU napaptr') ~OTO<; A Tou EN1997-1, Yw o LUY6uaa~6<; 2 TT prl\a~13civ 1 Tl <; 0 ~06 <; (A2) KOI (M2), ~ ~aip al1 TI1Y Tl~r') ax 6raa ~ 00 Tl1<; OVTiOTOal1<; KOTO TI1V O~OVIKr') <p6pt1a11 naaacil\wy nou urrol\oyi~etoi an6 Tl1 axta11 (3y) ~ TI1V 0~060 auyt A 0TWY (A2) yra TO YF Kar TI1Y o ~d 6a (R4) yra TO YR 0 ax 6raa~6<; TOU tpyou yfyetoi ~ TOV 6UO~ VtOT po K TWY o0o auyouaa~tijy. Tp6no<; AvdAUOrJ<; 2 : n tprl\a~l3civ EYOAAOKTIKE<; rrapamayt<;: napamayr') DA-2 : Xpr')a11 TWV axta WY (213) KOI (3y) ~ Tl <; 0~06 <; TTI~EPOU<; auvt A 0TWV (A 1 ), (M 1) KOI (R2) TOU napaptr')~oto <; A TOU EN ETT 161') 01 auvt A OTt<; (M 1) iyoi ~OY06raiOI (ym=1 ), o tar.vxo<; yiyetoi ~ r11 axta11 : E (YF Fk, Xk) S ( 11yR). R (YF Fk, Xk) (5) n apamayr') DA-2* : Xp~a11 TWV axta WV (2a) KOI (3a) 011A06r') E<pap~oyr') Tl1 <; axta11<; : YE E (Fk, Xk) S ( 11yR ). R (Fk, Xk) (6a) ~ ll<; 0 ~06 <; TTI~tpou<; auyt A 0TWY (A 1) KOI (R2) TOU n apaprr')~oto <; A TOU EN LI1~ 1WV TOI OTI 11 Tl~r') ax 6raa~ o0 Tl1<; tvraa11<; urrol\oyi~ Tar UX PEOT pa arr6 Tl1 axto11 (2 13) KOI YM = 1, OYTi Tl1<; axta11<; (2a), 6 11l\06r') ~ TT1I3ol\r') TWY ETTI~ EpOU<; auyt AEOTWV opcia WV ara TTI~tpou<; q>optia (avti ati1y auyi ato~eyi1 EYTOal1). M TOY Tp6TTO aut6 Eivar UX PEOT PI1 11 m rl3ol\r') 6ra<pop TIKWV ETTI~ EpOU<; auvt A 0TWV OTI<; ~OVI~ <; KOI rrp6ak01p <; 6pcia 1<; (YF = 1.35 KOI 1.50, OVTIOTOiXW<;) OTT' OTI ~taw TOU EYIOiOU auyt A 0Tr') YE r ra rrapci6 1y~a. KOTO TOV UTTOAOyra ~ O Tl1<; Tl~r')<; OX 6raa~o0 Tl1<; Ka~mrKr')<; pon~<; OTI1 l3aa11 e:vo<; Toixou avrrati1pi~ w<;, EiVOI UX PEOT PI1 11 mrl3ol\r') TOU ETTI~EpOU<; auvt A 0Tr') ~OYI~ WY 6pcia WV (YF=1.35) OTI1Y tijsi1al1 yarwv Myw r6iou l3cipou<; TOU EM<pou<; KOI ati<; u6poototike<; mta 1<;, KOI TOU auyt A 0Tr') TTpOaKOipWY 6pcia WV (yf=1.50) OTI1V tijsi1a11 YOIWY Myw KIVI1T00 q>optiou ati1v ETTI(j)OV 10 TOU 6ci<pou<;, napa 11 mrl3ol\r') Evo<; Yraiou auyt A atr') (YE) OTI1V auy I OTO~EYI1 tijs11a11 (TT.X. ~ ~uyra ~ EVI1 Tl~r') ~ T0~ KOI 1.50). LTI1V mpimwa11 aurr'), 11 axta11 (6a) l\a~l3ciy 1 TI1Y 1ao60Ya~ 11 ~op<pr') (nou auvr')sw<; <pap ~ 6~ TO I OTOV Tp6TTO aval\ua11<; DA-2*) : E (YF Fk, Xk) S ( 11yR ). R (Fk, Xk) (613) Tponoc; AvdAucrrJ<; 3 (DA-3) : Xpr')a11 TWV axta WV (213) KOI (3 13) 61")A06r') E<pap~oyr') Tl1 <; axtal")<; : E (YF Fk. x k 1 YM) s R (YF Fk. x k 1 YM ) (4) ~ Tl<; 0 ~06 <; TT I ~tpou<; auvteawtwv (A 1) yra 6pcia 1<; OTTO TI")V OYW6o~r') (60~IKE<; 6pcia r<;), (A2) yra 6pcia 1<; OTTO TO 6aq>O<; (y WT XYIKE<; 6pam:r<;), {M2) KOI {R3) TOU napaprr')~oto<; A TOU EN E0NIKH EniAOrH TPOnON ANMYLHL OPIAKON KATAHALEON AHOXIAL KaTci TO npoaq>otw<; auvraxstv LXE610 ESYIK00 npoaapt~~oto<;, ati1y EMci6a Sa E<pap~O~ETOI 0 TpoTTo<; Avcil\ua11<; DA-2 (rrapamayr') DA-2*), ~ E~aipWI'J rrpol3l\~~ara OAIKr')<; UaTciS 10<; (K q>oaoio 11 KOI 12 TOU EN1997-1) OTTOU Sa E<pap~o~ETOI {w<; UX ptat po<;) o Tpono<; AvMual")<; 3 (DA-3). H mrl\oyr') Tou Tponou Avdl\ua11<; DA-2* EYIY KUpiW<; ETT 161') EiYOI 0 OTTA000TEpO<; EK TWV TpiWV VOAAOKTIKWV ETTIAOVWV TOU EN w<; rrpo<; TOY oyko TWV unol\oyra~wv, TI1V wxtp ra mrl\oy~<; Tr~wv Twv mr~tpou<; auyteaeotwy, KOI TOY l3as~ o OTTOKAial1<; TWV OTTOT A 0~0TWV OTTO Tl<; tw<; ar')~epa e:<pap~o~o~ev <; ~ So6ou<; (~taw rou vraiou auytel\wrr') aa<pal\eia<; FS). ErrmAtov, o Tp6no<; DA-2* rrl\e:ov KT i aa<pw<; a rre:prmwatr<; ap rs~i1t I KWY aval\0a wy (TT.X. ~tow TT TT paa~eywy OTOIXEiWV) OTTOU 01 cimoi Tp6nor ~rrop i YO o611vrioouy a a11~avnkci a<pcil\ ~OTO (13AtTT KOTWTtpw). 146

5 o TpoTToc; Avat\uo11c; DA-2* TTEPIAOIJI36v 1 UTTOAOVIOIJO rwv XOPOKrl1piOri KWV riijwv r11<; EVTOOI1<; KOI r11<; OVTiorOOI1 <; (IJE roue; yvworou<; rpottouc; TTOU XP I101 1JOTTOI00vro IJEXPI o~ IJ Epo), KOI 0r 11 OUVEX 10 UTTOAOVIOIJO rwv ovrioroixwv r iijwv OXE51001JOU IJE E TTI (30A ~ rwv ETTIIJEPOU<; ouvreaeorwv oro reaiko ottortaeoijo (oxto11 6o). OTTw<; ava<ptp911 KE TTPOI1VOUIJEvwc;, ouv~- 9wc; 01 ETTIIJEpou<; OUVrEAEorE<; 6paOEWV ETTI (3aMovrOI OTI<; OUVIOrWO <; 6paOEI<; (ovri 111<; OUVIorOIJEV11<; EVT0011<;), 511A06r'j XPI101 1JOTTOI EflOI 11 axta11 (613) ovri Tl1<; (6o). ME rov Tp6TTo Avat\uo11c; DA-2* Efvm EUXE Pri <; 11 OUOXETI011 TOU YVWOTOU EVIOiOU OUVlE AEor~ ompoaf:iac; FS = R (Fk, Xk) I E (Fk, Xk ) IJE roue; ETTI IJEpouc; ouvreaeortc;, oq>au 11 oxto11 (60) 5fVEI: FS = YE YR (7) r 1a TTOpa5EIVIJO, OTOV EAEVXO EVOVTI UTTEp (30011<; Tl1<; (j>epouoo<; IKOV0li1TO <; ETTI(j>OVEIOKWV 9EIJEAIWOEWV, YR=1.4 KOI YE=1.4 TTEpiTTOU (<UyiOIJEV 11 TIIJ r'j IJETO~U 1.35 KOI 1.5), OTTOTE: 0 I006UVOIJO<; EVIOiO<; OUVTEAEor~<; OO(j>OAEiO<; Efvm FS = 1.4 x 1.4 = 1.96 "' 2. Avnoroixwc;, orov EAEVXO roixwv ovnol i1 Pf~Ew<; (ri m5iawv) tvavn ot\io811o11c; mf r11c; l3ao11c;. YR=1.1 Kol YE=1.4 TTEpfTTOU, OTTOT FS = 1.1 X 1.4 = 1.54 "' 1.5. TtAo<;, orov TTpoo510piOIJO rou EMXIOl OU (3a9ou<; 51 i05uoi1<; EUKOIJTTTOU TTElaOIJOTO<;, 0 1oo6Uvo1JO<; Ev1oioc; FS tvov11 utttpl3ao11c; Tl1<; TT09 11 l1k~ <; W911011<; (ovl iot0011<;) EfVOI FS = YE YR = 1.4 X 1.4 = 1.96 "' 2. L111JEIWVETOI Oll KOI ori1v TT pitttw011 EAEVXOU O~OV I KW<; (j>opt I ~O IJEVWV TTOOOOAWV, 0 I006UVOIJO<; FS EiVOI mpittou iooc; IJE 2, A6yw 111<; XPriOI1<; rou OUVTEAEor~ TTpOOOIJOfWOI1<; Ym= 1.3 (FS = Ym YE YR = 1.3 X 1.4 X 1.1 = 2). OM<; 01 ovwrtpw liije<; rou I0050vo1JOU FS TTOU OVllorOIXEi or1<; OTTOITr'j0 1<; TOU T pottou Avat\uo11c; DA-2*, TTpoKTIKW<; 1our i ~ov1ol IJE 11<; EW<; TWpO OTT05 KlE<; liije<; lou VIOiOU OUVrEAEor~ OO(j>OAEfa<;. AVT19ElW<;, OlOU<; amouc; TPOTTOU<; OVOAU011<;. 0 U TTOAOYI~OIJEVO<; I006UVOIJO<; OUVTEAEor~<; OO(j>OAEfO<; 5EV EfVOI oro9ep0<; oma E~OpTOlOI OTTO Tl<; l iije<; lwv E60 q>ikwv TTOpOIJElpWV, IJE OTTOlEAEOIJO 01 ovamoei<; KOla rov EN vo Eiv01 EU IJEVEorEp <; ~ 5UOIJ EVEOT pe<; (KOla TTEpfTTTW011) TWV OVTiOTOIXWV OTTOTEAEOIJOTWV TWV EW<; O~IJEPO Eq>Op ij O~O IJ EVWV 1JE966wv. Ttt\oc;, o Tp6TTO<; Av6t\uo11c; DA-2* (KOI 11 TTOpoMay ~ DA-2) TTAEOVEKl Ei TWV OAAWV lp6ttwv OE TTEpiTTTWOEI<; EAOOro-TTAOOliKWV Opi91JI1l1KWV OVOAUOEWV (TT.X. IJE TTETT pooijevo OTOIXEfO). LlOU<; OAAOU<; TpOTTOU<; {DA-1 KOI DA-3), 01 50(j>IKE<; 1510TI1T <; UTTEIOEPXOVTOI IJE riije<; OXE5IOOIJOU (611A06~ IJE IJ IKPOTEPE<; OTTO nc; TTPOVIJOTIKE<; xopokti1piotike<; TIIJE<;). TTPOVIJO TTOU TTPOKOAEi li1v OVOTTTU~ I1 TTAOOIJOriKWV TTAOOTIKWV mp1oxwv oro t6aq>o<; KOI ovo5iovoije<; raoewv TTOU EXOUV W<; OTTOlEAEOIJO TI1V TTAOOIJOTIKr'j OAAOiWOI1 Tl1<; TTPOVIJOTIKr'j <; EVTOT I K ~ <; KOraorOOI1<; (ouv ~9W<; TTpO<; IJ11-0UVli1PI1liKO ottoteaeoijoto). EKroc; TOUl OU, 5Ev ~: iv01 ooq> ~ <; (KOI OUXVa OUTE KOI Op9~) 11 E IOOVWY~ TWV TTOpOIJElpWV OVlOX~<; E50q>IKWV TTpOOOIJOIW IJaTWV IJEow TIIJWV ox~:51oo1jou (611Ao6~ 11 ETTIAEKTIK~ OTTOIJEfWOI1 Tl1<; OV TOX~<; XWPi<; ov6aovi1 1JEfWOI1 1ou IJElpou TTop01JOpq>wol1<;), O(j>OU opketa 60 q>iko TTpOOOIJOIWIJOTO TTEPIAOIJ(30VOUV KOI OAA <; TTOPOIJErpouc;, TWV OTTOiWV 01 TI IJ E(,; ETTI1PEO~OVTOI KOTO OVE~ EAEYKlO rpotto A6yw Tl1<; OTTOIJEfWOI1<; TWV TTOPOIJETpWV OVTOXr'J<;. 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6 H ETTIAoy~ rou Tp6nou DA-3 (tvavn Tau DA-2*) O avamow; OAIK~<; worci9eio<; ty1v KUpiw<; YIO Myou<; UTIOAOYIOTIK~<; UXEPEIO<; orrw Eq>OpJ..IOY~ Trl<; ouv~9w<; XPilOIIJOTIOIOU IJEVIl<; 1JE960ou TWV Awpi6wv. LUYKEKPIIJEVO, KOTci TllV q>op1joy~ TOU Tp6TIOU OA-3 : YTIOAOyf~OVTOI 01 TIIJE<; OX 61001JOU TWV 60q>IKWV napaijetpwv IJE XP~Oil Til<; OIJciOa<; (M2) TWV ETTIIJEPOU<; OUVTEAEOTWV (ym=1.25 y1a avamo 1<; v pywv Tcio wv, vm=1.40 y1a avamo 1<; OAIKWV Tcio wv - aotpciyyiotil OIOTIJilTIK~ OVTOX~). YTTOAOyi~OV TOI 01 TIIJE<; OX 6IOOIJOU TUXOV ~WT pikwv 6pciOEWV (TI.X. TTiq>6pT101l OTilV Emq>civ 10 Tau npavou<;) IJE XP~Oil Til<; 01Jci6a<; (A2) TWV ETTIIJEpOU<; OUVT A OTWV (vf=1 y1a IJOVIIJE<; 6pao 1<;, vf=1.3 y1a np60k01p <; 6pci0 1<; I KIVIlTO q>optia). YnoA.oyi~OVTOI 01 TIIJE<; OX 01001JOU TUXOV UVO"iKWV Op00 WV OT09 potioiiltikwv 601JIKWV OTOIXEfWV (n.x. OVKUpW0 1<;, llaw0 1<;, TIOOOOAOI, IJIKpOTIOOOOAOI, natyijoto ~ AWpi6 <; OTIAIOIJOU) IJE ETTIIJEpOU<; OUVT A 0T~ YF = 1 { UVO"iKE<; IJOVIIJE<; 6pao 1<;). YnoAoyi~ETOI o «OUVTEAWT~<; aoq>aa ia<;» EVOVTI OIOTIJilTIK~ OOTOXfO<; IJE KOTIOIO OTIO Tl<; 1JE960ou<; A.wpi6wv. H OA I K~ wor wp itoi mapk~<; civ o UTIOAOVI~OIJEVO<; «OUVT A 0T~<; OOq>OA io<;» umpf3aiv 1 TllV IJOVOOa (aq>ou ll aoq>cia 10 EX 1 mp1ailq>9 i OTou<; XPilOIIJOTIOIIl9tvT <; ETIIIJEPOU<; OUVT A OTE<; aoq>oa ia<;). LlEOOIJEVOU OTI 01 ETIIIJEpOU<; OUVT A OTE<; aoq>aa ia<; aq>opouv Kupiw<; ora UAIKO (VM) IJE IJIKp~ IJOVOV OUV 10q>Opci TOU OUVT A 0T~ TipOOKOipWV 6pciO WV (yf=1.3), mapk~<; OAIK~ UOT09 10 KOTci TOV Tp6TIO DA-3 OVTIOTOIX i OTI<; ~ ~ <; TIIJE<; TOU IOOOUVOIJOU VIOfOU OUVTEAEOT~ aoq>oa ia<; {FS) : FS=1.25 VIO OVOAU0 1<; UOTci9 10<; IJEOW v pywv Tcio wv IJE xp~oll v pywv TIOPOIJETpWV OVTOX~<; (c', q>"). FS=1.40 VIO OVOAU0 1<; UOTci9 10<; OAIKWV T6o wv IJE XP~Oil Til<; aotpayyiotil<; OIOTIJilT IK~<; OVTOX~<;. L ll1jeiwv TOI OTI 0 OUVT A 0T~<; FS=1.25 ivoi IJIKp6T po<; Til<; TIIJ~<; TIOU OUV~9W<; yfv TOI OTI00 KT~ EW<; O~IJEPO (FS=1.4) KOI OUVETIW<; 0 Tp6no<; DA-3 Tau EN OVTIOTOIX i o IJIKPOT p0 TI pi9wpl0 OO<j>OA 10<; 0 OUVKPIOil IJE TO EW<; O ~IJ EPO Eq>OpiJO~OIJEVO. H q>op1jov~ Tau Tp6nou avciauoil<; DA-2* o npof3a~ijoto OAIK~<; UOT09 10<; TIOpOUOI0~ 1 TO ~ ~ <; IJEIOV KT~IJOTO : 1. Ll V IJTIOp 1 VO q>op1j009 i 0 OUVOUOOIJO IJE Op191JilTIKE<; 1JE960ou<; (TI.X. (3091JIO[O OTIOIJEfWOil TWV TIOPOIJETpwv C, q> IJEXPI aoroxia<;), 01 onoi <; f3aoi~ovrm O OTIOIJEfWOil TWV EOO<j>IKWV TIOpOIJETpWV. 2. AnaiT itoi (XWPIOTO<;) UTIOAOVIOIJO<; TWV XOPOKTilPIOTIKWV TIIJWV Til<; pan~<; ava TpOTI~<; (EVTOOil) KOI Til<; pon~<; OTilPi~EW<; (avtiotooil) WOTE VO TT1f3Ail90UV OTO IJEVE91l OUTci 01 ETIIIJEPOU<; OUVT A 0TE<; EVTOOEWV (Ve) KOI OVTIOTOOEWV (YR), OVTI OTOfXW<;. To ouv~ell AOVIOIJIKci O v naptxouv Tl<; TIIJE<; TWV potiwv 0Tilpf~ W<; KOI OVOTPOTI~<; amci IJOVOV TOV A6yo TOU<; (nou EiVOI 0 VIafo<; OUVT A OT~<; OOq>OAEfO<;). navtw<;, IJE IJIKp~ TpOTIOTIOfllOil TWV UTIOp XOVTWV AOVIOIJIKWV, ivoi OUVOT~ ll Eq>OpiJOY~ Tou rp6nou DA-2* OTilV avaauoil Til<; OAIK~<; UOTci9EIO<; IJE Til 1JE9000 TWV AWpiOWV. LlliJEIWVETOI 6TI civ Eq>ap1Joo9 i o Tp6no<; DA- 2* y1a TllV avciauoil Til<; OAIK~<; UOTci9 IO<;, o IOOOUVOIJO<; EVIOiO<; OUVT AEOT~<; 00q>OA ia<; ivoi FS = Ve VR = 1.4 x 1.1 = 1.54 :::: 1.5. LUV TIW<;, o rp6no<; DA-2* ivm n p1oo6t po OUVTilPilTIKO<; OTI6 TOV TpOTIO DA-3 OTilV OVOAUOil Til<; OAIK~<; UOTci9 10<;. 4. napmeirma : EAErXOL EnAPKEIAL Enl<l>ANEIAKHL E>EMEAIOLHL ENANTI <l>epoylalikanothtal LTD 00q>IO OUTO OVOAU TOI ll ETicipK 10 AWpiOWTOU TI OiAOU TIAOTOU<; 8=2.5m, Opa~61JEvou o f3ci9o<; D=1.5m oe toaq>o<; IJE Tl<; ~~<; XOpOKTilPIOTIKE<; TIIJE<; TWV 00<j>IKWV napoijetpwv : Vk = 20 kni m 3, ck = 10 kpa KOI q>k = 25. r1a TllV OTIAOTilTO TWV UTIOAOVIOIJWV, ll q>6pt101l TOU TIEOiAOU 9EWp itoi op9~ KOI K VTpiK~. H XOPOKTilP IOTIK~ T IIJ ~ Til<; OVTfOTOOil<; (q>epouoa IKOVOTilTO) TOU TI OiAOU EiVOI : R, = B( c,nc + ~ y, B Nr + y* D N") (8) r1a TllV XOPOKTilP IOTIK~ TIIJ~ Til<; ywvfa<; Tp1f3~<; (q>k = 25 ) 01 TIIJE<; TWV OUVT AEOTWV q>epouoo<; IKOVOTilTO<; ivoi (TI.X. KOTci Brinch-Hansen, IJE9000<; TIOU TipOT iv TOI OTO napciptilijo Ll TOU EN1997-1) : Nc=20.72, Nq=10.66, Ny=9.01, OTIOT ll OXEOil (8) 6iV 1 : Rk = 2.5 x [ 10x x20x2.5x x1.5x10.66 ] = knim H TIIJ~ OXEOIOOIJOU Til<; OVTiOTOOil<; ivoi : R., = Rk I YR = = 1343 knim LUVETIW<;, ll TIIJ~ OXEOIOOIJOU TOU op9ou q>optiou TOU TI OiAOU OEV IJTIOp i va UTI pf3aiv 1 TO 1343 knim. r 1a nap00 1VIJO, 0V TO op96 148

7 q>optto TOU TT 6iAou OUVtalOTOI KOTCl 80% an6 1J6VIIJE<; KOI 20% an6 np60k01p <; 6p00 1<;, T6T 11 IJEYiali"J XOPOKTI"JplaliK~ TOU TIIJ~ (Pk} EtVOI: 1.35 X (0.8 Pk} X (0.2 Pk) = 1343 :::::> 1.38 Pk = 1343 :::::> Pk = 973 knim napat~piloil : /\6yw TI"J<; avaaoyla<; 1J6VIIJWV I np6okoip <; 6p6o 1<; = 80 I 20, o 1ooMva1Jo<; EVIOiO<; ETIIIJEPOU<; OUVTEAWT~<; 6pOO WV EtVOI YE = LUVETIW<;, 0 I006LIVOIJO<; EVIOtO<; ouvreawt~<; aoq>aaeia<; nou n 6fAou tvavn q> pouoa<; 1Kav6TI"JTO<; Eivm : FS = Rk I Pk = I 973 = 1.93 ~ 2, 61"JA06~ FS = YE YR = 1.38 X 1.40 = ME TI"JV KAOOOIK~ 1JE8060 TOU EVIOtOU OUVTEA 01~ aoq>aaeia<;, 01 XOPOKTI"JPialiKE<; TIIJE<; TWV 60q>IKWV TIOPOIJETpwv 80 Eixav EPIJI"JVEU8Ei w<; «TIIJE<; unoaoyioijou» KOI ouvmw<; 8a EiX unoaoy1o8 i 11 op1ak~ q> pouoa IKOV6TI"JTO TOU m;6iaou W<; R = knim, OTI6TE TO «ETIITp TI61JEVO» q>optfo 80 ~rav : P = R I FS = I 2 = 940 knim. H TIIJ~ OUT~ EMXIOTO 610q>EpE1 an6 TI"JV UTIOAO YI08 ioa XOPOKTI"JPialiK~ TIIJ~ TOU op8ou q>optiou Pk = 973 kn/m. ME avaaoyo rp6no EAtyxovrOI pya OVT iali"j pi~ew<;, l3a81t<; 8EIJEAIWOEI<; (n6ooaao1} Kal aykupwo 1<;. H 1J6VIl 61aq>oponoillOil ali"jv OVOAUOI"J l3a81wv 8E 1JEAIWO WV Kal aykupwoewv OUVtalOTOI OlOV UTIOAOyiOIJ6 TI"J<; XOPOKTI"Jp l alik~<; TIIJ~<; TI"J<; OVTialOOI"J<;. LUYK Kp11JEVO, EVW all<; Enlq>OVEIOKE<; 8E 1JEAIWOEI<; KOI pya OVTiali"Jpi~EW<; 11 xapokti"jpiolik~ TIIJ~ TI"J<; avtioraoi"j<; unoaoyi~etoi IJEOW TWV xapakti"j PIOTIKWv TIIJWV TWV 60q>IKWV napaijetpwv (w<; TIPOI"JYOUIJEVW<;}, all<; aykupw0 1<; Kal TOU<; naooaaou<; IJTiopouv va XPilOIIJOTIOII"J8ouv KOI OM <; 1JE80601 TIOU l3aoi~ovtoi OTO atiot AtOIJOTa 60KIIJaOTIKWV q>optioewv naoooawv KOI 60KIIJOOTIKWV E~OAKEUOEWV OyKUpWOEWV. Karci ra Aomci, 11 1JE8o6o<; avciauoi"j<; TI"J <; mcipkeio<; EiVOI 11 i610 (DA-2*}. H Eq>OpiJOY~ Tou Tp6nou AvaAuoi"J<; DA-2* OE TIOOOOAOU<; KOI aykupw0 1<; 6fV 1 Tl<; ~~<; TIIJE<; TOU «I006UVa1JOU» EVIaiou OUVTEAWT~ aoq>aaeia<; (FS} y1a ouv~8 1<; ouv6uao1jou<; 6pam:wv, an6 111 oxto11 FS = Ye YR Ym: naooaaoi: FS = 1.4 X 1.1 X 1.3"' 2 AyKupwoEI<; : FS = 1.4 x 1.1 x 1.15 "' TIOU Ym EiVOI tva<; OUVTEAEal ~ <; TipOOOIJO[ WOI"J<;, 11 TIIJ~ TOU OTIOiOU TipOKUID 1 IJE I3601"J Tl<; TIIJE<; TOU OUVTEAEOT~ «~» TIOU XPilOIIJO TIOIEtTOI y1a TOV UTIOAOyiOIJ6 TI"J<; xapakti"jplalik~<; TIIJ~<; TI"J<; avtfalaoi"j<; IJEOW 50KI1Ja- OTIKWV q>optioewv (~ ~ 1.30 y1a naooaaou<; KOI ~ "" 1.15 y1a npoevtetoijeve<; aykupwo 1<;). 5. LYMnEPALMATA /\6yw TI"J<; TIIKEi1JEVI"J<; (an6 Tl<; 10 MapTiou 2010} UTIOXPEWTIKr'j<; q>ap!j OY~<; TOU Eupw KW51Ka 7 (Mtpo<; 1} OE 6AE<; n<; XWPE<; TI"J<; Eupwna'iK~<; 'EvWOI"J<;, EfVOI natov ETIITOKTIK~ 11 EVI"JIJEPWOI"J TWV EM~vwv IJilXaVIKWV alov Tp6no Eq>OpiJOY~<; TOU. H Eq>apiJOY~ TOU EN nep1aaij13civei KOI KOTIOIE<; «E8VIKE<; m1aoy <;» (nou nep1aaiji36vovtm alo E8VIK6 n pooapti"jija TOU EN ), IJETO~U TWV OTIOiWV OI"JIJOVTIK6TEpi"J EiVOI 11 ETIIAOy~ TOU E8VIKOU Tp6nou AvciAUoi"J<; (Design Approach) EK TWV TpiWV VOMOKTIKWV Tp6TIWV TOU EN LUIJq>WVO IJE TO LXE510 TOU E8VI KOU n pooapt~ijoto<;, ali"jv EMMa EXEI ETIIAEyEi 0 Tp6no<; AvciAuoi"J<; DA-2 (KOI 151K6TEpa 11 napamay~ DA-2*) yla TI"JV avaauoi"j TI"J<; OplaK~<; KaTOalOOI"J<; aaloxfa<; 6,\wv TWV y WT XVIKWV pywv, IJE E~afpWI"J TI"JV Ualci8 1a n pavwv KOI KOKaq>WV 6nou, YIO npaktikou<; Myou<;, ETIIMX81"JK o Tp6no<; DA-3. H q>opijovri Twv avwrtpw Tp6nwv avaauoi"j<; 6iV 1 Tl<; ~~<; TIIJE<; TOU «I005UVOIJOU» VIOtOU OUVTEAEal~ aoq>aaeia<; (FS) y1a ouv~8 1 <; ouv6uao1jou<; 5paoe:wv : <l> pouoa 1KaV6TI"JTO TIIq>OVEiaKWV KOI l3a81wv 8 1JEA1Woe:wv : FS ~ 2. EAe:yxo<; oaio81"joi"j<; alll l36o11 ne51awv KOI rofxwv avtiali"jpl~e:w<; : FS ~ 1.5. YnoAoyiOIJ6<; EMXIOTOU l368ou<; E IJ TII"J~Il<; e:ukaijmou Toixou avrlali"jpi~e:w<; : FS :::: 2. 'EAEyxo<; tvavr1 ~6AKEUOI"J<; aykupwoewv : FS "" 1.75 'EAe:yxo<; EUala8e:1a<; npavwv Kal l3a81wv EKOKOq>WV: FS=1.25 y1a avaauo 1<; Ual68 10<; 1-1tow e:v pywv Taoe:wv IJE XP~Oil e:ve:pywv TIOPOIJElPWV OVTOXr'J<; (c', q>'). FS=1.40 y1a avaauo 1<; Ualci8 IO<; oaikwv raoe:wv IJE xp~o ll TI"J<; aotpayyloti"j <; 5IOTIJI"JTIK~<; OVTOX~<; /\IOrPA<l>IA CEN (2004), Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design - Part 1 : General Rules. 8ruxelles. Frank et al (2004) "Designer's Guide to EN Eurocode 7 : Geotechnical Design - Part 1 : General Rules, Thomas Telford, London. 149