Piled-Raft Foundations for High-Rise Buildings

Transcript

1 0E~EAWO'E~ naaaa.i\oko1r6arpwa11~ v a Y'JilA<i Krip1a Piled-Raft Foundations for High-Rise Buildings BPETTOL, X...!lp. noatk6c; Mr]XOVK6c;, Ko8r]yr]T~c;. n oautexv 10 Kaiserslautern, re:pijovo nep/\h'+'h : H TTOOOOAOKOTOOTpWOr] OTTOTEAEi Tr)V OTT6 OKOVOJKOTEXV K~!,; TTA Up6 c; 13tATOTr] Mar] YO Tr]V 8EJEAiWOr] U4Jr]AWV KTipiwv 0 e:mq>r] KOV~c; OVTOX~c;. E~Ooq>oAi<ovToc; Tr]V OpOOTK~ JEiWOr] TWV OVOJEVOJEVWV OOq>OpiKWV KOS<~OEWV KO Tr]V EAOXOTOTTOir]Or] Tr]!,; miopoor]!,; OT!,; Y 1TVO<ouoe:c; UTTOOOJtc;. rtr]v e:pyooia TT piypoq>ovto Ktc; opxtc; OXEOOOJOU KO OUV04J<ovTO 01 O08EO JE!,; 1JE8000 UTTOAOyiOJOU K08wc; tnior]!,; KO 01 OTTOT~0 1!,; TWV KOVOVOJWV. B00 1 OVTTTpOOWTT UTKWV TTOpOOEVJOTWV 8EJEAWOEWV U4Jr]AWV KTipiWV OVOOEKVUOVTO TO KUpiO XOPOKTr]piOTKO OU JTTEplq>Opac; TOU VEOU OUTOU OUOT~JOTO!,; 6TTW!,; TTiOr]!,; KO 01 OUVOT6Tr]TE!,; KO TO 6p10 TWV JE860wv UTTOAOVOJOU. ABSTRACT : Piled-rafts provide a cost-effective option for the foundation of high-rise buildings in competent soils leading to a considerable reduction of differential settlements as well as a minimisation of the impact to neighbouring infrastructure. The paper outlines the design concept and reviews available analysis methods as well as code requirements. Examples of typical highrise building foundations are presented illustrating the performance of this novel system and the capabilities and limitations of the analysis methods. 1. ElrArorH 01 8E1JEAWOE!,; KTipiwv, OTTW!,; EiVO yvwot6 att6 Tl<; l3oo1ktc; opxtc; Til<; e:ooq>ojilxovk~ c;. fv01 EiTE ETT(j)OVEOKE!,; EiTE f3o8ee!,; JE Tr] JOpq>~ TTOOOOAWV, 6TOV TO q>opto Tr]!,; OVWOOJ~!,; EiVO JEVOAO KO 11 q>epouoo KOVOTr]TO Tr]!,; ETT(j)OVEOK~!,; EOO(j)K~!,; OTpWOr]!,; OEV TTOpKEi YO Tr]V UOT08EO TOU KTipiou. H OvciAUOr] TTOU yiveto VO Tr]V 8EJ AiWOr] TTEpiA01Jf30VE a) TOV EAr.YXO TTOpKOU!,; OOq>OA 10!,; EVOVT OOTOXiOc; KO l3) TOV EAEVXO TT pl0p101jou TWV K081<~0EWV. 0 OUVOUOOJO!,; OUTWV TWV OUO EAEVXWV OVTOTOX 1 OT!,; TTTp TTOJEVE!,; T00 1!,; EOclq>OU!,; TTOU oivovto OTO D N 1054:2005. npotku4je AOTTOV, OEO, TTOU TTOpOUOOOTf]KE J ETO~U OAAWV OTTO TOU!,; Burland et al. (1977), va TTpome:Souv TTOOOOAO 0 8EJEAWOE!,; YEVK~!,; KOTOOTpWOf]!,;, TTOU Opouv ETO OOV q>ptva K081<~0EWV. H Eq>Op ijov~ Tf]!,; JE86oou OUT~!,; TTpoOTT68ETE tooq>oc; KOv~ c; avtox~c; ~011 orr6 TO mftt 00 Tr]!,; KEq>OA~!,; TWV TTOOOOAWV KO - y10 TTiT U~f] OKOVOJK6TEpf]c; AUOf]!,;- JETpO TTOP0 1J6pq>wor]c; ou~ov6 1J EVO JE ro l368oc;, KOT TTOU OUVOVTOTO OTO TTEpiOOOTEpO l<flijotovev~ EOclq>fl. 0 1 f3a8ee!,; 8qJEAWOE!,; JE KOTOOTpWOr] KO TToooaAouc; JTTOpouv vo o1akp18ouv ava,\oyo JE Tl!,; OOOT00 1!,; TOU!,; 0 «JKptc;» ~ «JEVOAEc;». Llr] TTPWT'l mpimwor], JE oxtof] ETTiq>OV 10!,; KOTOOTpWOf]!,; TTp6c; J~KO!,; TTOOOOAOU JKp~, 01 TT<lOOOAO EiVO OVOYKO io VO Tf]V E~OOCj)OAOfl Tf]!,; q>tpouooc; KOV6Tr]TO!,; Tf]c; 8EJEAiWOr]c;. rr,v OEUTEP'l mpitttwor], 'l q>tpouoo KOVOTf]TO E~OOCj)OAi<ETO OTT6 Tf]V TTAOKO lf]!,; KOT60TpWOf]!,; KO 01 TT<lOOOAO TOTT08 TOUVTO 0 ETTAEyiJtVE!,; 8 0 1!,; VO TflV JEiWOfl TWV OUVOAKWV KO TWV OOq>OpiKWV KOS<~oEwv, Poulos (2001). Kara Russo & Viggiani (1998) «JKptc;» TTOOOOAO- KOTOOTpWOE!,; OVTOTOXOUV OE TTAOTO!,; Kon6mpwoflc; 5m < B < 15m KO J~Koc; TTOOOOAWV L > B, (VW OT!,; «JEVOAE!,;» B > L. H TTAOy~ TWV 8 0EWV KO Tfl!,; VEWJETpfoc; TWV TTOOOOAWV E~OpTciTO OTT6 Tr]V OXETK~ OKOJ4JO TTAOKO!,;-EOCxq>OU!,; KO Tf]V KOTOVO J~ TOU q>optiou 37

2 EK Tl']c; OVWSOJ..~c;. napai5eyj..oto i5ivovto OTT6 roue; Horikoshi & Randolph (1998), Reul & Randolph (2004). To i5uo i50j..k6 OTOX ia J..llac; 8 f.. Aiwol']c; TTOOOOAOKOT60TpWO']c; EiVO '] TTAOKO KO '] OJ..OSO TTOOOOAWV. L J-110 KOV~ KOT60TpWO'] '] KOTOVOJ..~ TWV TOOEWV Mq>ouc; OT']V f:tt Q>OV 10 maq>~c; nmkac;- Mq>ouc; E~aprarm an6 T'JV OKOJ..14Jl0 Tl")c; TTAOKac; 0 OXEO'] npoc; OUT~V TOU Mq>ouc;. L J..lia 8EJ..EAiwol'] J..E naooa,\ouc; rp1l3ric; 11 am")amiispaol") rwv mi J..1Epouc; TTOOOOAWV J..E roue; YETOVKOUc; OS")y i 0 J..OV au~11011 rwv KOS<rio wv r11c; OJ..OSac; O ouykpio'j J..E aur(j rou J..EJ..OVWJ.. EVOU naooa,\ou ('l K08i<11011 Ev6c; TTpOKOA i «j3u8101']» TWV YETOVKWV naooa,\wv). LT'JV mpfmwol'] Tl']c; TTOOOOAOKOT60TpWO']c; npoorf8 TO OOV TTTTAEOV ayvworoc; 'l J..EOW TOU EMq>ouc; OM']A TTii5paO'] TWV mf J..Epouc; TTOOOOAWV J..E T']V TMKO, j3aett LXriJ..O 1. a(x,y) MA)Atm6p6ow;: Q) rr6ooo.ao<;-t6a<po<; ~ rr6oooao<;-rr6ooaao<; rrmka-t6a<po<; rr6ooollo<;-rrmka LX(JJ..a 1. AAA']Amii5paol'] i50j..11kwv OTOX iwv Figure 1. nteraction between structural elements 01 8 t.j AWOE1c; TTOOOOAOKOT60TpWOilc; KOTOTOOOOVTO OOV OOUV~Stlc; yewtexvkec; KOTOOKEUEc; OT'JV avwrarl'] Karl']yopfa 3 rou DN 1054:2005 KO TOU EupWKWCSKO 7 (EC-7). 0 1 OTTOTrj0 1c; TWV Epywv OUTWV UTT pj3aivouv Tic; OTTOT~0 1c; OUTWV TWV KOVOVOJWV. LTO KEQ>OAOO TTOU OKOAOU80UV napouma<ovto 01 J..E80i50 UTTOAOVOJ..OU, 01 apxtc; oxtolaoj..ou KO tatyxou r11 c; 8EJ..EAiwol']c; K08wc; KO OVTTTpOOWTTEUTKO TTOpOi5EfYJ..OTO Eq>OpJ..OY~c;. 2. ME00~01 YnOAOrJLMOY H OUJ..TTEplq>OpO TOU J..EJ..OVWJ..EVOU TTOOOOAOU oe 8Ai4Jil mp1yp6q>eto an6 Tl<; yvwortc; oxtot1c; <popriou-kasf<'loi'jc;. H ouvoak~ OVTlOTOO") XWPf<ETO 0 OVTiOTOOr) OXJ..ric; KO OVTiOTOOr} TTAEUpiK~c; Tplj3~c;. H KVr)TOTTOlr}Or) yivna1 O 61aq>opn1K6 J..EYE811 KOS<~o wv, 6nwc; mp1ypaq>eta1 n.x. oro DN 1054:2005. H OUJ..TTEplq>OpO v6c; TTOOOOAOU J..EOO 0 J-110 OJ..OCSO ElVO CSOq>OpETK(J OTT6 OUT~V v6c; J..EJ..OVWJ..Evou naooai.ou. 'Eva napai5 1YJ..O UTTOAOYOJ..EVO J..E TTETT:paOJ..EVO OTOXElO KO J-11"1 YPOJ.. J.. K~ KOTOOTOTK~ E~iOWO") YO TO EOOq>Oc;, TTOU OVOq>EpETO 0 J-110 OJ TTOOOOAWV SOJ..ETpou d = 1.50 m, J..~Kou c; L = 30 m SOT TOYJ..EVWV o T rpaywvik6 K<ivvaj3o 6d SivETO oro LX'JJ..O 2, Hanisch et al. (2001). ~OKplVETO ") 610(j)Op TK(J OUJ..TTEplq>OpO TWV TTOOOOAWV OVOAoya J..E T']V 8EO'] roue; J..EOO OTr)V OJ AvriOTOol) R [MN) a ~.-="'-~ -5 \ ' 10l~ E -15 \ R. ~ 5-20 ~ c ~ 0 CD 0 ~ -5. ~'' 'l [\\. R... R (a) ~q.1ovw~tvo«; rr6ooaao«;, (13) miooaao«; oro Ktvrpo, (V) OTr] TTEplq>Ep 10, (6) OTr] ywvla. LX~J..O 2. LUVOA K~ OVT[OTOOfl R, OVTiOTOOr) OXJ..ric; Rb KO OVTlOTOOfl TTAEUPK~c; TP3~c; R. TTOOOOAWV 0 OJOOO. Figure 2. Total resistance R, base resistance Rb KO shaft resistance R. of piles within a group. 38

3 0 unoaoyiojo<; OUOTili.JOTWV nacrcraao- KOTOOTPWOfl<; OUVOT6 EVO OTC TO TO 6ucrKoAa npof3ar)joto amj')amf6pacrr]<; 66q>OU<;-KOTOOK Ur)<;. M10 nom KOi.r) ETOTT [0 TWV 61aq>6pwv 1JE966wv nou txouv npora9ti VO Tf'V Tifi.UOr] TOpOUO6< TO OT<; EpyacriE<; Poulos (2001) KO Mandolini (2003). 01 1JE9o6ol JTOpOUV VO TO~V01Jfl90UV OE TpEi<; KOTflVOPfE<;: a) ani.ouotwjeve<; avaautke<; JE90601, 13) Opi91Jr]TKE<; JE90601 JE npooevvotke<; napa60xe<;, y) TO E~EAVJEVE<; Op191JJ')TKE<; JE90150.JE npooojowofl TOU OUVOAKOU OUOTrli.JOTO<; E66q>OU<;-9E.JEAiWOfl<;. ~TflV TipWTfl KOTflyOpfa OVr)KOUV, EKTO<; TJ')<; 1.JE966ou KOT6 Randolph n ou napoum6<eral napak6rw, 01 1JE9o6ol KOT6 Poulos & Davis (1980), van lmpe & Clercq (1994), Richter et al. (1996) KO Lutz et al. (2006). Mt8o601 Tf"J<; 6 UT Pfl<; KOTflVOPiO<; npooojowvouv TO 601.JK6 OTOX io.je TETEpOO.JEVO OTOXEO KO Eq>Op 1.J6<ouv npoo VVOTKE<; i.uoe<; iiootkou OUV XOU<;.JEOOU y10 TOV unoaoyio.jo TJ')<; Oi.Ar]Amf6pocrr]<;.J ETO~U TWV 150.JKWV OTOXEfWV, Clancy & Randolph (1993), Kitiyodom & Matsumoto (2003), Poulos (1994), Russo (1998), Small & Zhang (2002), Ta & Small (1996), Yamashita et al. (1994). H TpfTr] KOTflVOPiO n p1m.jf30v ou<; cruvoplokwv OTOXEiwv, Butterfield & Banerjee, (1971 ), E-Mossallamy & Franke (1997), Hain & Lee (1978), Kuwabara (1989), 6nw<; KO TETEpOO.JEVWV OTOXEiWV, Smith & Wang (1998), Arslan et al. (1994), Katzenbach et al. (1998). 01 TEi. UTOiE<; EXOUV ETKpOTr)OE,.JO KO naptxouv Tfl 15uvaT6TflTO Tfl<; npooo.jeiwcrr]<; Tou EMq>ou<; JE 616q>opa l.lf"j VPOJ.JK6 KOTOOTOTK6.JOVTEAO 6nw<; OUT6 EJTEPKAEfOVTO OE 616q>opa npoyp61.j.joto (ABAQUS, FLAC, PLAXS). BOOK6 6AE<; 01.JE90601 ET61WKOUV TJ') np6yvwoj') TWV K091<r)OEWV TOU OUVOAKOU. OUOTrli.JOTO<;. 01 TO E~EAV.JEVE<; 1.JE90601 EXOUV Tfl 6UVOTOTflTO UTOi.OyiO.JOU TWV 610q>Op1KWV K091<r)OEWV, TWV q>optiwv TWV T0006AWV, TWV KO.JTTKWV potwv KO TWV TE.JVOUOWV Tfl<; nmko<;. MEpiKt<; on6 Tl<; onaouoteu.jev <; 1.JE9615ou<; Ao1.1l36vouv un' 6~ fl TflV OVOJOOVEVEO TOU EMq>ou<; KOT6 TO 13690<; 6nw<; mfor]<; KO TflV 15UOK01.J~a Tr]<; TMKO<;. H l..lfl ypoj.jkr) OU.JTEplq>Op6 TOU nacrcr6aou EfVO 6 UTEpEUOUOfl<; Ofli.JOOia<;. 0o nptne vo TOVOTEf 6T 01 1.JE9o6ol nou f3ocri<ovto 0 K09op6 Ei.OOTKE<; i.uoe<; cruvexou<;.jeoou 6fvouv nom 1.JEy6AE<; TJE<; 6UOKO.J~fo<; YO TOU<; T0006Aou<; KOT6.JrlKO<; Tfl<; mp1q> p 1a<; (Kol ak61jfl.jeyaautepe<; y1o TOU<; OKpaiou<;) TOU 9EWPOUVTO l.lfl-peoaotke<; KO 6UOKOAEUOUV ETO Tf'V Eq>Op i.jovrl OUTWV TWV i.uoewv OTflV 6OOTOOOA0yr]Ofl. Mia an6 Tl<; ani.ouoteujeve<; 1JE966ou<; av6au0r]<; TOOOOi.OKOTOOTpWOr]<;, TOU l3acrf<et01 JETO~U 6Mwv OE EAOOTKt<; AUOE<; TWV Poulos & Davis (1980), avamux9f'ke an6 TOV Randolph (1983) KO napoum6<eto OE f3ei.tw.jevfl.jopq>r) on6 TOV Randolph (1994). H.JE9o6o<; OTOTEAEfTO an6 4 13r).JOTO. Kar apxr)v unoaovi<eral fl 6uoKO.J~a rou.je.jovw.jtvou nacrcr6aou K, JEOW Tfl<; anar)<; Aucrfl<; rwv Randolph & Wroth (1978) nou anorea f cruvtxeo Tfl<; Epyacria<; Frank (1974). 0 unoaoyio.jo<;.jetototofl<; TOU naoo6aou KOT6.JrlKO<; TOU ET(j)OVEO<; TOU.JOV6UO yfveto.je Tfl napa6oxr) 6T fl K69ETfl 1.JETOT6mcrf1 npokaaefrm an6 Tl<; 6OT.Jf'TKE<; T60E<; yupw an6 TOV n6crcrai.o, TOU.JEWVOVTO.JE pu9 1.J6 OVTOTp6q>w<; av6aoyo Tr]<; an60toor]<; JEXP.JO<;.JEVOTfl<; OKTVO<; ETppor)<; fm, KOT TOU ouvm6yeto.jo<; Aoyopi91J1Kr)<; OTO.JEWOfl<; TWV.JETOTOTiiOEWV. H K09f<fl0fl Tfl <; 1360r]<; unoaoyf<nm an6 Tfl yvwcrrr) EAOOTKr) Auor] Tfl <; K09f<J')Ofl<; EVO<; OKOJTTOU KUKAKOU 9E1.JEAOU. 01 6uo OUTE<; OUVOTWOE<; OUV6EOVTO.JETO~U TOU<; ayvowvto<; TflV OU.J30TOTJ')TO TWV.JETOKivl']ocwv. "Ercrl Aal.ll36vou1.JE 4 2rrp tanh{j.l) L + (1 - v)~ ( f.l L r 0 K, = GLro tanh(f.l L) L.JE A = Ep/GL f.l L = ~2 / (A (L/ r 0 ) rrt\(1 - v){ f.ll r 0 ( = n ([0.25+ (2.5p(1- v) ){]L/ r 0 ) (1) (2) (3) (4) 6TOU L, r 0 KO Ep EiVO TO.JrlKO<;, J') OKTfVO KO TO.JETpO EAOOTKOTJ')TO<; TOU nacrcr6aou, GL TO.JETpO 6OT.JJ')OJ')<; TOU EMq>ou<; OTJ') OT091JJ') TJ')<; 136crf')<; rou nacrcr6aou KO v o Myo<; Poisson TOU E66q>ou<;. p EiVO JO<; OVOJOOVEVEO<; Tou EMq>ou<; nou opl<tral crov o Myo<; Tf"J<;.JEO J')<; T.Jrl<; TOU.JETpOU napo.jopq>woj')<; TOU E66q>OU<; KOT6.JrlKO<; TOU T0006Aou np6<; Tr)V OVTiOTOXf"J T.Jrl OT J') 1360J') TOU nacrcr6aou, EVW ~ dv01 o Myo<; rou.jetpou napa1.j6pq>wof')<; TOU E66q>OU<; OTJ') OT091JJ') TJ')<; 360J')<; TOU naocr6aou npo<; TJ') OVTiOTOXfl T.Jrl Tr]<; crrpwof')<; t6pacrf')<; rou naocraaou. En 16r) 01 39

4 TTOOOOAOKOTOOTpW0 1<; KOTOOKWO~OVTO KOTO KOVOVO OOV OWpOUJEVE(,; 9E1JEAWOE(,; TToooallwv, EXOU JE ouv~9wc,; { =1. H akrfva ETTippo~c,; ox toll TOU TTOOOOAOU r m 5fVETO OTTO Tr)V rm = r 0 -exp((} (5) H oxtoll (1) avtrkar ompf~e ro yeyovoc,; OT ll TTAEUpiK~ Tpif3~ KUplOPXEi OTil OUJTTEpl<pOpa TWV TTOOOOAWV Tp l [3~c,;. tto ETTOJEVO f3~ 1JO UTTOAOyi~ETO ll 5uoKOJ4Jia Tilt,; OJ05oc,; TToooallwv otto TllV OXEOil (6) OTTOU N EiVO 0 Opi91JO<; TWV TTOOOOAWV, KO e tva<; OUVTEAEOT~ <; QTT050TKOTilTO<; TTOU mprypa<pe TTpooEyyrarrKa Tllv amilaetti5paoll TWV TTOOOOiiWV JETO~U TOU<;. LTO 5roypOJJOTO KOTO Fleming et al. {1992) 0 OUVTEAEOTil<; e 5iVETO OTTO JO [3aOK~ TJr'J TTOU E~OpTOTO OTTO Til AUYilPOTilTO TOU TTOOOOAOU KO TEOOEpl<; 5rop9WTKOU(,; OUVTEAEOTE<; C 1 EW<; C 4 OTTOU S EiVO ll JtOil OTTOOTOOil TWV TToooaAwv JEOO OTilV 01J65o. Ta 5roypOJ JOTO QUTO TTpOOEyyi~OVTO E5W JE Tl <; OKOAOU9E<; E~OWOE<; : e 1 = (Lid) (L/d) (L/d) (8) c1 = - (log10(11)) o- 2 + (log1o(ll)) log10(11) (9) AKpi[3EOTEPE<; oxtoer<; yra TllV OMilAETTi5paOil TWV TTOOOOAWV, OTTW<; mprypa<povror OTTO roue,; Mylonakis & Gazetas (1998) TTEPA01J[30VOVTO<; KO TllV ETTi5pOOil Til<; EV5UVOJW01l(,; TOU EM<pou<; OTTO TOU<; YETOVKOU<; TTOOOOAOU<;, JTTOpOUV ETTiOil<; va XPil011JOTT011l90UV. A~ro TTpoooxr'Jc; Efvar orr yra Kovrouc,; <ppeotottooooaou<; JE d = 1.20 m KO L = 12m, TTOU OTTOTEAOUV JO TUTTK(J E<pOpiJOVr'J TTOOOOAOKOTOOTpWOEWV OE OJJO, TTpOOEyyf~ETO r'j51l TO KOTW 6p10 TOU TTE5fou TJWV E<pOpiJOVr'J<; TWV napottovw E~OWOEWV, KOT TTOU 5EiXVE1 OT ll 1JE9o5o<; avamux91lke yra JOKpEi<; TTOOOOAOU<;. tro ETT61JEVO f3~ 1J O unoaoyi~etar att6 EAOOTKE<; AUOE<; ll KOTOKOpU<pll OTOTKr') 5UOKO J\j.Jt0 Kr JO<; OKOJDil<; TTAOKO<;. rra KOTO\j.Jil TUXOVTO<; OXr'JJOTO<; KO EJf3a5ou A, EYYEVPOJJEVl(,; OE TETpaywvo TWV 5OOTOOEWV b X a JE b > a JTTOpEf VQ E<pOpiJOOTEf ll ak611ou91l npooeyyrorrk(j Moll. Gazetas (1991) K =~ [ (A lb 2 ) 0 75 ] (13) r (1 - v) r 6nou G Efvar ll avrmpoowtteutkr') JEOil TJr'J TOU JETpou 5OT1Jil0 1l<; TOU EM<pou<;. AvrfOTOXE<; oxtoe<; yra JETPO 5OT1Jil01l<; OU~OVO J EVO JE TO [369o<; 5f50VTO OTTO TO ouyypo<pta, Vrettos (1998). H J EP K~ OKOJljJia Tilt,; nmka<; JTTOpEi va All<p9 i un' 04Jil JEOW EVO<; OTTOJEWTKOU OUVTEAEOT~ TTOU A0 1J[30VE TJtt,; JETO~U 1 yra att6auro OKOJDil KO mpittou 0.80 y1a attollura EUKO JDil TTMKa. To TTO KpiOJO Oll ij EiO Til<; OVOAUOil<; Oq>Opa TO Tpiro f3r'j JO, 51lA05~ TllV amilaetti5pooil J ETO~U TOU OTOXEtOU Til<; TTA0Ka<; KO TOU TTaooaAou, ll onoia TTEprypa<p T01 otto To OUVTEAEOT~ a rp c 2 =-(sld ) (sld) (sld) {10) a = n (r m rr.eq) = 1 _ n (rr.eq r0 ) rp ln(rm r 0 ) ( {14) c 3 = - p p (1 1) c 4 =-v v (12) 01 E~r m.i.jo 1<; aur <; roxuouv yra 10 s: Ll d s: 100, 2 s: log 10 (11) ::; 4, 0.5 s: p s; 1 KO 0 ::; V : OTTOU rr.eq ElVO ll 005UV01Jil OKTiva Til<; ETT<pOVEO(,; TOU T J ~JOTO<; Til<; TTAOKO(,; TTOU OVTOTOXEi OE tva TTOOOQAO. M Til ouv9eoil KOTO Randolph UTTOAoyi~ETO OTO TEAEUTOiO f3~1jo ll 5uOKOJljJlO Til<; OUVOAK(J<; 9E1JEAiWOil<; 40

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8 Eq>OpiJOVE<; JE TT plypaq>t<; TWV opyavwv JETpi')O'J<; 6iVOVTO TTOpOKOTW OT'JV TTapoucriacrl') KT Am9tvrwv tpywv. 4. napmeirmata EProN 4.1 r VKO 01 TTp<.ln <; 9EJEA11..\)0 1<; TTOOOOAO KOT6UTpWO')<; OT'JV r EpiJOViO OX 6OUT'JKOV KO KT AE091')KOV OT'JV <l>povkq>oupt'j UTO JtOO T'J<; 6 KO TiO<; TOU 1980 KO OTTOTEAOUV TTAEOV K091 PWJEVO TUTTO 9EJEAiWO')<; UT'JV TTOA'J O U T~. ATT6 Tl<; apxtc; ll<; 6EKOETiO<; TOU 1990 apx1cr KO 11 Eq>OpiJOY~ a KTip1a waicr91')to a K091~~0 1<; UTO BEpOAVO. rrov nivoko 1 TTOpoUOO~OVTO V6EKTKO ETTAEVJEVO TTOp06Eiy1JOTO TTOOOOAO KOT6arpWO')<; ar1<; 6uo outt<; TTOA 1<; JE U4J'J KTipiwv H, V pya cpoptia ovw5o1j~<; P 611, ETTiq>OV 10 KO JEYOTO TTOXO<; TTAOKO<; A, KO t,, 6OJETpO KO Opi91J6 TTOOOOAWV d KO N, OTTW<; KO TJE<; Tl')<; OXETK~<; OKOJljJiO<; TTAOKO<; EMcpou<; K,. KOHl Horikoshi & Randolph (1998) Krs = 5.57 Er. 1- V~ ( ~ )o 5(!._)3 Es 1- Vr b b (24) 6TTOU E, KO V, EiVO TO JETPO EAOOTKOT')TO<; KO o Myoc; Poisson TOU EMcpouc;. Es KO v, 01 OVTiOTOX <; TJ E<; Tl')<; TTAOKO<;, KO a, b TO J~KO<; KO TO TTAOTO<; Tl')<; TTAOKO<;. 4.2 'Epyo OT'JV <l>pavkcpoupt'j To UTTt6acpoc; UTO KtVTpO T'J<; TT6A') <; OTTOTEAEiTO EKT6<; T'J<; AEm~<; ETTiq>OVEOK~<; arpwal')c; TErapToyEvwv atto9tat:wv. att6 apy1/\1k~ arpwcrl') J ETO~A'JTOu TTaxouc; JEXP KO 1 00 m TTOU E6pa~ETO UTOV ~POXW61') ocr~ear6a 1 8o T'J<; <l>povkcpouprrk H opyiak~ nivoko<; 1. n apo6eiyjoto TTOOOOAOKOTO- OTpWO')<; Table 1. Examples of piled-raft foundations H p efl A, KTip10 [m] [MN) [m2] UTpWO') EJTTEPEX 1 OKOVOVUTE<; OTpW0 1<; ocr~ aro/\i9wv KO OJJWV a 61acpopo f3a91'). H apyiao<;, TTOU tx 1 OJOOT')TE<; JE OUT~V TOU t\ov6ivou, XOPOKT')pi~ETO JE ~001') TO 6p10 Atterberg KOTO DN apyiao<; JEOOfac; tw<; UljJ')A~<; TTAOOTJOT')TO<; (TM-TA) JE TJt<; opiou 16op6T')TO<; 50-80% KO 6EiKTrl TTAOOTJOT')TO<; 40-50%. 0 ~091J6<; OUVEKTKOT')TO<; 1JETOf30AAETO JETO~U KO 1.10 TTOU OVTOTOXEi OE OT1q>p6 OUVEKTKO t6acpoc;. H apy1/\oc; 9EwpEfTm uttepanpwttoii'j1jtv11 xwpic; vo EiVO 0Kplf3wc; yvwar~ ') TOOl') TTpocp6pT101')<;. To JETpO OUJTTEOT6T')TO<; EKT1 1J~91')KE OTTO J ETp~0 1<; UTO TTpWTO UljJ')AO KTip10 TTOU KOTOOKEUOOT'JKOV EKEi KOTO T'J 6EKOETiO TOU 1970 KO ETTOA')9EUT'JKE JE JKpt<; omoyt<; OTTO TTOPOT'Jp~0 1<; OE TT16 TTp6crcpoTO tpyo: APXK~ OUJTT[ 01'): E 56 = t [MPa) (25a) ETTovocp6pTO'): Esw = 70 [MPa) (2513) 6TTOU t 0 [ m] EiVO TO f3d9o<; OTTO T'J ETTiq>OV 10 Tl')<; apyiak~<; arpwo')<;. H UT09Ep~ TJ~ JtXP j3a90u<; 26 m OVTKOTOmpi~ 1 T'JV UTT potepottoii')o'j. 0o TTpETT 1 VO O'JJEW9Ei OT ') TJ~ TOU JtTpOU TTOP01J6pq>WO')<; OT'JV axt al') (25) EfVO OUT~ TTOU TTpOKUm 1 OTTO OVOOTpOq>l') AOUTK~ OVOAUO'J K091~~0EWV KOTO DN 4019, 61')A. YO E s(v = O) 0 UTTOAOVOJ6<; TOU JETpou AOUTK6T')TO<; E yiveto JEOW Tl')<; ax tal') <; (26) KO OTTOTEi KTiiJ')O'J TOU Myou Poisson V, TTOU A01Jf30V TO OUV~9W<; icroc; JE t, N L d K,. [m] [-) [m) [m) [-) Torhaus, Frankfurt X X 429 Messeturm, Frankfurt Westend 1, Frankfurt Japan Center, Frankfurt Treptowers, Berlin x

9 H ~OTJJlTK~ OVTOX~ EKq>pa<ETO OTT6 WWT E pik~ ywvfo lplj3~c; <p = 20" KO OUVOX~ c = 20 kpa. H apyiaoc; TJlc; ct>povkq>oljptjlc; 8twpEfTO t~acpoc; KOTOMJlAO YO TJlV EKJETOMEUOJl TWV TTAEOVEKTfli-JOTWV TTOU TTpOOq>EpOUV 01 8E~JEAWOEic_; TTOOOOAOKOT60TpWO'Jc;. To 6p10 Eq>Op~JOV~c; OUTOU TOU TUTTOU 8E~JEA fwo'jc; q>ofvovto j3ej301a OTO TTOpO~EYJO l OU oupovo~uotjl Tflc; Commerzbank (~JE 254 m Ulj.'JA6TEPO KTfpiO TJlc; EupWTTJlc;), TTOU 8EJEAW8J1KE Myw rou 1-JEyaAou cpopriou T'Jc; OVW~O~J~c; KO lou OVEKTOU j368ouc; Tflc; cptpouoac; OOj3WTOA 81K~c; OTpWOJlc; OE q>peotottooooaouc; ~101-JElpOU m KO 1-J~Kouc; m 1-JE naxoc; nmkac; 2.5 m, Katzenbach et al. (1996). napa~eiy~joto SE~JEAWOEWV TTOOOOAO- KOT60TpWOJlc; Ulj.lflAWV KTipiWV OTJlV apyiao Tflc; ct>povkq>ouptjlc; m:p1ypaq>ovto 1-JETO~U amwv an6 roue; Katzenbach et al. (2000) KO OTic; Epyaoftc; TTOU avacptpovto OTic_; ETT6~-JEV c; napaypacpouc;. ::::1111.::: -14m -489m Apy1A0~ o L=269m L=309m L=349m -Torhaus Messegelande (117m) ATTOTEAEi TflV TTPWTJl Eq>Op ~J OY~ OTJlV Cl>poVKq>OUplfl KO TTpOEKUlj.E OTT6 TflV ava<~tflojl 1-Jiac; 9t~JEAiwoJ1c; 1-JKpwv TTOPOJOpq>WOEWV YO TflV t~poojl lou 0 1-JOpq>~ TTAOOiOU OX ~100 1-J EVOU cptpovroc; opyavojou lou Kllpiou OE QUO ~EXWPOTEc_; TTAOKEc; OE J1Kp6 j3a9oc; OTT6 TflV ETTiq>OVEO TOU EMcpouc;. H AUOJl TTOU Tlp0Kpi8J1KE OTTOTEAETO OTT6 84 TTOOOaAouc; OE j368oc; 1-JEXP 20 m KO KOT60TpWOJ1, Sommer (1986). /\6yw Tflc; 1-JEXP T6TE TTEp10p101-JEVJlc; EJTTE:pioc; 1-JE TO apyiaw~ec; unt~acpoc; KO 1-JE our6 ro runo SE~JEAiwoflc;, 11 ~OOTOO OA6yJ10fl, 1-JE TO 80% lou EVEpyo(J cpoprfou vo nopaao~jj3aveto an6 roue; TTOOOOAOUc_;, ~EV SEWpEfTO j3eatot J1 1-JE TO Ofli-JEPVO ~ ~0 1-J EVO. M Tp~0 1c; OTO KT[piO OUT6 npootq>epov 6~-Jwc; n omtc; on6 r1c; SE~JEAW~Eic; yvwot1c; nou ~rov ovoykoitc; y1o TflV m:pontpw E~EA ~Jl TWV TTOOOOAOKOTOOTpWOEWV. - Messeturrn (256 m) To ~ MV~JOTO on6 ro Torhaus j3p~kov ouvm~ Eq>Opi-JOV~ OTOV OXE~ 001-J6 lou Messeturm, Sommer et al. (1991 ). 0 o upavo~uot Jl c; TETpOyWVK~c; KOTOlj.Jlc; 1-J~Kou c; TTAEUpdc; 58.8 m E~pa<om o nmka naxouc; 3 twc; 6 m KO 64 OUVOAKO q>peotottooooaouc; ~10 1-J ETpou 1.3 m 1-JE 1-J~Koc; TTOU 1-JEWVETO OTO~OKO OTT m OTOV WWTEpiK6, 30.9 m OTOV 1-JEOO[O KO 26.9 m OTOV E~WTEpiKO TTEplq>Ep OK6 ~OKTUAO. H OT081-Jfl 9 ~-JEAfWO Jl c; j3pioketo 11 - rx~~jo 3. Messeturm OTJlV ct>povkq>ouptjl Figure 3. Messeturm in Frankfurt 14 m KOTW OTT6 TflV ETTiq>OVEO lou E~Oq>ouc;, j3iltm: LX~JO TflV TTOpOKOAOU8flOJl Tl")c; OUJTTE:plq>Opdc; TOU Kllpiou ykotoot08j1ke EKTEVtc; OUOTJliJO ijetp~oewv OTTOTEAOUJEVO OTT6 12 opyovojetpoujevouc; TTOOOOAOUc;, 13 Kunopo TTEOEWV YO JETP'JO") E~Oq>KWV TTEOEWV, tva TTE<61JETPO y1a ijetpflojl UOOTKWV TTEOEWV KO 3 tkrom61jetpo paj3~ou vr6c; ytwrp~oewv. H ijetpjlojl Kora Tfl mparwol") rou tpyou t~e~e ijeojl KOS<flOJl 14.4 em. To noooot6 cpopriou TTOU TTOpOAOJj30V TO OTT6 TO OUVOAO TWV TTOOOOAWV EKTiiJ~SflK OTT6 Tic_; JElp~OEi c; OTOUc; opyovojelpoujevouc; TTOOOOAOUc; KO E~WOE JO JEO") TJ~ 43%. /\6yw Tl")c; OUJ J ETpiK~c; TOU 1-JOpcp~c; KO Tl")c; AEDOJEpouc; TEKJJlpfWOJlc; TWV 1-JETp~OEWV, TO Krip1o XPilOJOTTO~SilKE ouxva y1o TflV j3o81-jov61-jiloil 1-JE8Mwv unoiloyiojou, Poulos (2001 ). Ap181JJlTKtc; OVOAUOEic; 1-JE KOTOM")AO J")-ypOiJJK6 KOTOOTOTK6 1-JOVTEAO y10 TO t~acpoc; (Reul, 2000) ~ivouv 1-JEVOAUTEpEc; T~J t c; 1600 y1a Tic; KOS<~O E ic; 600 KO YO TO OUVOAK6 cpoprio noooailwv. H ouvew, KOla Randolph 1-JTTOpEi vo Eq>Op1-JOOT i EUKOAO OTO OUVKEKPJEVO t pyo Kavovroc; XP~Oil rwv E~~c; nopo~oxwv : 45

10 naoooao: ap191j6c; N = 64, 6101JETpoc; d = 1.3 m,!jtoo J~Koc; L = m, JtO'] an60too'] s = 7.34 em. Ev py6 cpoprio: P = 1600 MN (JtO'l TOOl'] = 463 kpa) 'E6acpoc;: ME OT091Jf) ElT(j)CrVEOc;; apy ia K~c; OTpWOf)c; OTO m KO OT091Jf) t6poof)c;; ltaokoc; OTO m txouje OlT6 Tf) oxtof) (25)!JtTpo EAOOTKOTf)TOc; E= 70 (1-v 2 ) JtXP ~aeouc;; z = 20.9 m KOTW an6 Til m691j'l t6paof)c;; Tf) c; ltaokac;; KO E =7+ 2,45 (z )) (1- v 2 ) y1a Z > 20.9 m. An6 TO npocpia TOU E UlTOAOy f~eto 0!Jtooc;; ~091J 6c;; OVOJOOytVEOc; rou Mcpouc;; p = Myoc;; Poisson v AO J~OVETO iooc;; JE V acpopa Tf)V EKTJ']Of) Tf)c;; 6UOK01Jlj.liac;; Tf)c; ltaokoc;; (j)op 1J 6~ TO f) E~~c;; 1Jt906oc;; UlTOAOVOJOU Tf) c;; JtO']c;; OVTilTpOOWlT UTK~ c;; T J ~c;; JtTpou EAOOTKOT']TOc;; TOU Mcpouc;; Em: r 1a JO OTpWOf) naxouc; 150m JE Tic; ltopoltovw OXt0 1c; J ETO~OA~c;; TOU E JE TO ~a9oc; UlTOAOyi~ETO KOTCr Steinbrenner f) K09f~f)Of) OTO KtVTpO JOc;; EUKOJlTT'] c;; TETpaywviK~c; nmkac; J~Kouc;; nawpac; 58.8 m. AUT~ f) TJ~ Ti9ETO io'] JE Tf) K09i~f)Of) Tf)c;; i61ac; ltmkac;; OE OJO OYEV~ EOa(j) K~ OTpWOf) J ETpOU EAOOTKOTf)TOc; Em. an6 6nou AOJ3avou1JE Em= 105 MPa. H mi6poof) Tf)c;; JEPK~ c; OKOJ4Jiac;; Tile; nmkac;; AOJ3av Tal un ltpooeyyotkcr JE JEWO'] Tf)c;; T J~ c;; Tf) c; 6UOKOJlj.liOc;; OlTOAUTO CrKO JTTf) c;; nmkac; an6 Tf) OXtO'] (13) KOTCr 15%. 0 unoaoyiojoc; JE Tic; E~ OWOEic;; (1) twc; (16) 6fVE JO JtO'] TJ~ K091~~0EWV 15.7 em KO ltooooto cpoptiou ltopoaoj30v01jevou OlTO roue; naoo6aouc;; 60%. H J'l-YPO JJ K~ ap 1 9 1Jf)TK ~ ava,l..uof) JE nmepao!jt va OTOX ia KOT<l Reul (2000) 6iVE OVTiOTOXO 17.4 em KO 60%. H noau J KP~ an6kao'] rwv OlTOTEAEOJCrTWV TWV Mo 1JE966wv Oq>EiAETO OTO yeyov6c;;, OT f) OUJlTEplq>Opa Tf) c;; 9qJEAiWOf)c;; OE ElTilT 60 ltopojopq>woewv JOKpiO an 6 OpiOKtc; KOTOOTOOEic;; OOTOXiac;; KUpiOPXEiTO OlTO TO!JtTpo EAOOTK~c;; napo!jopq>wo']c; TOU EMcpouc;;, 6nwc;; OUJ30iVE KO JE TOV UlTOAOVOJO K091~~0EWV JtOW EAOOTKWV AUOEWV. n po0n69 0f) 13tl301a EiVO f) ElTA OY~ KOTOM~AWV TJWV YO TO JETPO EAOOTK6Tf)TOc; (KO Tf) J ETO30A~ TOU JE TO l368oc;) ltou OT']V ltpokejtv'] ltepflttwof) t yiv OlT6 Elli T6lTOU J ETp~OE i c; K09i~ f) Of)c;; Kllpiwv OT']V ltep i OX~- - Westend 1 (208 m) To no,l..u AEm6 aur6 KTip1o (,l..uyf)p6tf)to loll JE 4.7) txe JO OOUJJETpiK~ KCrTOlj.lf) JE mp1oo6repa n Eplq>EpEOKa KTip1a ulj.lou c;; JtXP 60 m. YnoAOYOJO t6e ~av 6r1 JO 9EJEAiwof) OlTA~c;; KOT6TpWOf)c; 90 npokoaouoe K091~~0Eic;; Tf)c;; TO~f)c;; TWV 30 em KO we; EK TOUTOU Of)JOVTKCr ltpo3a~ JOTO OT'] OUV6EO'] TWV TJ']JCrTWV TOU KTipiOKOU ouykpot~jotoc;;. H AUO'l nou npokpi91']k KO EKTEAEOT']KE OlTOTEAEiTO OlT6 JO ltooooaokot60tpwof) OTO TJ~JO TOU nupyou KO JO ana~ KOT60TpWO'] YO TO XOJf)AOTEpO KTipiO TOU ouykpot~jo T Oc;;. LTO JETO~U TWV KllpiWV 6p10 txouv KOTOOKEUOOTEi KOTCrAi.f)AO OPJOi. 01 JETp~OEic;; cpoptiwv ltooooawv KO TOOEWV E6acpouc;; t6 1~0V 6T f) OJ060 ltooocrawv napoaoj30ve TO 50% TOU OUVOAKOU cpoptiou Tf)c;; OVWOOJ~ c;. 01 TEAKtc; K091~~0Eic; TOU nupyou ~TOV 11 em. /\6yw Tf)c;; AElTTOJEpouc; TEK!Jf)piWO']c; Tf)c;; OU JlTEplq>Opac;; TOU TO KTip10 OUT6 EX 1 OVOAU9Ef an6 nomouc;; ouyypacpefc;;, Franke et al. (1994), Poulos et al. (1997), Reul (2000). - Japan-Center (115m) To OPXTEKTOVK6 oxt610 npoti3aete KTipiO TETpaywviK~c; K6T04J'lc; JE np6o9eto TETpawpocpo un6yeo OT091J6 OUTOKV~TWV, ltou E(j)OlTTETO TOU KUpiwc; KTipiou XWpic; OPJOuc;. n aooaao txouv TOlT09ET']9E tkkevtpo 1J6VO KOTW OlTO TO ltoauwpocpo KTipiO. 01 K091~~0Ei c; ltou J ETp~ 9f)KOV ~TOV 5-6 em. 0 1 ltooooao napoaoj36vouv 40% TOU cpoprlou, Lutz et al. (1996). n poocpara napa6tly1jato naooaao- KOT60Tpwof)c; OlTOTEAOUV 01 9EJEAWOEic;; TWV oupavo~uorwv Westend Duo (96 m) KO Skyper (154 m). To TEAEUTOio tpyo na pou OO~E 1610iTEp0 EV61acptpov JO KO f) 6OTO~f) TWV ltooooawv OT']V KOTOlj.lf) ivo OKOVOVOT']. Xpf)O J OlT0 1 ~91']KE YO OUT6V TOV Myo YO Tf)V ouykpiof) Tf)c;; KOTOM']A6Tf)TO c; 61acp6pwv 1JE9Mwv unoaoyojou. To OlTOTEAEOJOTO ']1JOO U90UV ltpooextijc;. 4.2 'Epya OTO BEpOAiVO ME!3601'] Tf)V EJlTEipia OT']V <l>pavk(j)ouplf) f) 1JE9o6oc;; ltooooaokotootpwof) c;; Eq>Op!JOOT'] K OlT6 Tic; apxtc; Tf) c; 6EKOETiac;; TOU 1990 KO OE Ulj.lf)AO KTipiO OTO BEpOAVO YO TOV taevxo ltopojopq>woewv KO Tf)V KOVOlTOif)Of) TWV OlTOT~OEWV AETOUPYK6Tf)TOc;. 01 yewaoyiktc; ouv9~k c; OT']V n6ail XOPOKTf)pi~OVTO an6 JO ElT(j)OVEOK~ OTpWOf) OJJOU JETplac; nukv6tf)rac; (S 1 ), nou 46

11 akoaouscito otto TTUKvtc; crrpwoc1c; OJJWV (S2) JEXP JCyaAou l3d8ouc;. TomKo TTOP 1J3<lA TO J (TO~U TWV QUO OUTWV mpwocwv JO mpwoll omppou JEXP TToAU OTiq>pou TMiHl (Mg) JCTO3Ai"JTOU TTOXOU<;. H OTOSJil TOU UOpOq>6pou Opi~OVTO l3p!ok TO TT pittou 3 m KOTW OTT6 TllV ETTCj)OVEO TOU EOdcpouc;. ATTO TT 1POJOTKE<; Ol peuv~oe <;, TTOPOTilP~0 1 <; KO avaotpocpcc; avaauow; U4JilAwv KTipiwv txouv TTpoTaSEi 01 E~~c; OXtOE<; YO TllV j.jeto3 oa~ TOU j.jttpou OUJTTEOT6TilTO<; TOU EOOCj)OU<; JE TO l3asoc; YO ouvs~ke<; OPXK~c; cp6ptoil<; Ese 0 [MPa] i\jjo (S1): Ese = ( ) YZ (27a) T1MiT1l<; (Mg): Ese = Jz (2713) i\jjo (S2): Ese = ( ) YZ (27y) 6TTOU Z [m) TO l3aso<; OTT6 TllV ETTCj)OVEO TOU 00Cj)OU<;. H au~lloil Tou Jt Tpou OU JTTEOT6TilTO<; Myw TTpOq>6pTOil<; OTT6 TOU<; TTOV TWVE<; Aa1J30V TO UTT. 04Jil JE ECj)Op ij OY~ EV6<; OUVTEAEOT~ 3 OT<; TTapaTTavw TJE<;. H OO TJilTK~ OVTOX~ EOOCj)OU<; TWV TPWV OTpWOEWV OiVETO OTT6 Tl<; (~~<; TJt<;: OJ JO (S1): QJ =30-35, nmitil<; (Mg) QJ'= KO c' = 5-35 kpa, OJJO (S2): Ql ' > Treptowers (121m) To KTip1o TnpaywviK~c; KaT04Jil<; JC J~Ko<; TTAEUpa<; 37.1 m l3pioketo OiTTAO OTO TTOTO J Spree. LTilV TTEp1ox~ aut~ oev E Jq>avi~nO ll T MTK~ mpwoll. H TTMKa SEJEAWOil<; EXE j.j Tai3AilT6 TTOXO<; (2.0 m KO 3.0 m) JE CJ30SUV0 1l OTO KtVTpO OTilV TTEpiOX~ TOU TTUp~VWV TWV OVEAK UOT~pWV KO EOpa<nO EKT6<; att6 To toacpo<; oe 54 TTaooaAou<; OOJETpou 0.88 m KO JETO3AilTOU J~Kou<; 12.5 m 1Jtxp m. 01 TT<looaAol KOTOOKEUOOTilKOV w<; tyxuto JE ETTTTAtov EVEJOTWOil Til<; OETTCj)OVEO<; TTOOOOAOU EOOCj)OU<; y1a OU~lOil Til<; TTAWpiK~<; Tpll3~<;. To TTp6ypOJJO cv6pyavll<; TTapaKoAouSilOil<; TTEplcAOJ30V E~OTTA 01J6 3 OVTTTpOOWTTWTKWV TTOOOOAWV JE ouv01joku4jtac<; OTilV KEq>aA~ KO EOKO 1JilKuvm6 1Jnpa oc rtooepa ETTimoa KOTO J~KO<; TOU OTTAOJOU, 6TTW<; ETTiOil<; KO 5 Kunapa TTiWil<; Karw OTTO TllV TTMKa SEJEAiWOil<;. 01 KOTOK6puq> <; JCTOK V~OE<; OTO TEOOEpO akpa rou KTipiou J E Tp~SilKOV JE yewootke<; 1JES6oou<;. Kara Til mpatwoil Tou Epyamwv ll JEOil KOSi<llOil y1a cpoprio 665 MN ~TOV 6.3 em. H JEOil T J ~ Til<; TOOil<; ETTOq> ~ <; EMcpou<;-TTMKa<; att6 Tl<; J ETP~OE<; ~mv 220 kpa, EVW ll j.jtoil TJ~ TOU Cj)OpTiOu KOS TTOOoaAou ~TOV 6.9 MN. Aurt<; 01 TJE<; OVTOTOXOUV 0 TTOOOOTO cpopr!ou OJOOO<; TTaooaAwv foo JE 55% rou cpoptiou Til<; OVWOOJ~<;. 0 UTTOAOVOJO<; JE 1Jil-VPOJJK6 caacrrottaaotk6 coaq>ko JOvrtAo towoc TTapoiJOE<; TJE<; 1-1towv KaS<~oEwv ama U4JilMTEPE<; OUOK0 1J4JE<; TTOOOaAwv, TTOU OVTOTOXOUV 0 TTOOOOT6 Cj)OpTiOU TTOOOOAWV ioo JE 63% Tou ouvoakou cpopriou Til<; avwooj~<;. M1a SEJEAiwoll VEVK~<; KOT6crrpwoll<; Sa to1ve mpittou ommme<; KOS<~OE<;. /\cmojep 1 <; JETp~O WV KO UTTOAOVOJWV oivovto OTTO TOU<; Richter et al. (1996), (1998). - SONY Center (1 03 m) 0 oupavo~uotil<; OUTOU TOU KTipiOKOU ouykpor~jaroc:; Eopa<nO att'wscia<; OTilV OTpWOil TOU nmtil, KOT TTOU Sa TTPOKOAOUOE JEVOA <; KOS <~OE<; OTilV mpimwoil ETTAOy~<; ETTCj)OVEOK~<; SEJEAWOil<; Y VK~ <; KOTOOTpWOil<;. H KOTOTTOVlOil TOU yetovkou mollpoopojkou mas!jou Myw Til<; KOTOOKEU~<; TOU KTipiOU ETTpETTE TTiOil<; VO TTEp10piOTE OE TTOAU XOJilM ETTiTTEOO. H SEJEAWOil OTTOTEAETO OTT6 TTMKO TTOXOU<; 1.5 JEXP 2.5 m KO 44 q>peotottooooaou<; OOJETpOU 1.5 m KO J~KOU<; JETO~U 15m KO 25 m. 01 TTaooaAol XPilO J OTTO ~SilKav KO y1a TllV E~OOq>OA Oil EUOTOSEO<; EVOVT OVWO W<; KOTO Tl<; OOCj)Op <; Cj)00 1<; KOTOOKW~<;. 0<; EK TOUTOU 0 OTTA0 1J6<; TWV TTOOOOAWV TTOKTWSilK OTilV TTMKa KO ETO ocv ~rav ouvar~ ll EVKOTOOTOOil OUVOJOKU4JEAWV OTilV KECj)OAil TWV TTaooaAwv. To cpoprlo uttoaoyiotilk EJJWO OTT6 OTTOT A 01JOTO J ETp~OEWV Til<; OUJTTiEOil<; EV6<; TTOOOOAOU JEOW TTOVWYKWV OOSilT~pWV. 110 TllV JETPilOil Til<; TOOil<; EMq>ou c:; TOTTOS T~SilKOV Kunapa TTiWil<; oc OOCj)OpEc:; St0 1<;. /\6yW Til<; OOUJJETpfa<; Til<; KOT04Jil <; TOU ouykpot~joto<; ~Tav avaykaio va yivouv TPOOOTOTE<; avamoe<; TT TTEP001Jtvwv OTOX iwv oc JCJOVWJtva OTOX ia Til<; SE j.j AiWOil<;. H KOTOOTOTK~ TTpOOOJOiWOil Til<; JilxaviK~<; ou!jmplcpopac:; Tou Eoacpou<; tv1v JE l3d01l TO OTTOTEAWJOTO OOKJOOTK ~<; q>6pt101l<; TTaooaAou, Richter et al. (1996). 0 1 J ETP~OE <; KOTO TllV TTEpOTWOil TOU KTipiou toe ~av KOS~~0 1<; 2.8 em, cpoptio 15 MN OE tva TTOOOOAO J~KO U <; 25 m KO JEOil TJ~ TOOil<; EOpOOil<; Til<; TTMKa<; 160 kpa, TTOU OlliJOiVE 6T TO JEVOMTEpO JEpO<; TWV 900 kpa 47

12 TOU q>optiou Tr)c:; OVWOO!Jr')c:; napaaojj30v TO an6 roue; naoociaouc:; KO JETO<ptprrat or. J3a9(mpr.c:; f.oocj>ktc:; OTpWOEic:;. - Beisheim Center (70 m) H 10101Tf.p6T")TO OUTOU TOU KTPOKOU ouykpotr')jotoc:; nou ymv1ci~r.1!jf. TO SONY Center tywrat oro 6T 11 SEJEAiwol") Tou U4J")AOU KTipiou U4JOUc:; 70 m 6nwc:; KO f.v6c:; j.jtpouc:; TWV cimwv KTipiwv U4JOUc:; 35 m tnpmf. VO ylvf.l f.v JEPE ncivw OE UCj>OTOJf.V") OO")poopo!JKr') or')payya, 11 onola r.lxr. KOTOOKEUOOTEi OTO VOTO Tj.Jr')JO!Jf. J3u9 1 ~01Jf.VO npokotookeuooj.jtvo KJ3WTO (caisson) KO OTO J36pf.O!Jf. T")V j.jtsooo f.koko<pr')c:; KO mavmixwol")c:; JE lila<ppayj.jankouc:; Toixouc:;. ~TO U4J")A6 KTipiO Eq>cimOVTO XOiJr')MTEpa KTipiO TOU 9 j.jeaw91")kov ije YEVKr') KOTOOTpWO") 0 EVOO TMKO, ~Xr'J JO 4. To <poptio Tl")c:; OVWOO!Jr')c:; TOU 19wpoq>OU U4J")Aou KTipiou Tou ouykorr')jaroc:; BC-1 JE 01aaraor.1c:; KOT04Jil<: mplnou 20 x 50 m q>tav 1 TOTKO TO 600 kpa. r1a TOV EAEVXO TWV OOq>OpiKWV K091~r')O WV KO T")V E~OOq>OAO") Tl")c:; OOJKr') c:; OKEpat6T")TOc:; TOU KTipiOU, ") TAciKO SEJEAiwol")c:; y1a TO TJr')J.Ja nou J3pioK TO KT6c:; rl")c:; or')payyac:; Eopa~ETO o q>pwtonaooaaouc:;. r1a Tl")v ano<puyr') aotoxiac:; Tile; KaraoKwr')c:; OTOTEiTO 0Kp1J3r') c:; EKTJ")O") TWV OVOJEVOJEVWV K 0 91~r')O WV, TOOO Tl")c:; naooaaokotootpwo")<; 600 KO Tl")c:; r')o") unapxouoac:; or')payyac:;. Mr. 13ciol") T")V EJTEipia an6 TO SONY Center f.tovotipoooopiot")kov 01 TJE C: TOU JETpOU napa1j6p<pwol")c:; Twv r.oa<pikwv mpwo wv: r1a T")V TMTKr') OTpWO") (Mg) f.tatxt")k j.j ETpO OUJTf.OTOT")TOc:; Es = 20..Jz KO YO nc:; Cxj.JJOUc:; (S2) avriaro1xa E. = 90..Jz, Aa1JJ3dvovrac:; lii")aaor') Ef apxr'jc:; un T")V wvo"ikr') miopaol") Til<: npoq>6pnol")c:; rou 06<pouc:;. To JEYOTO l3d8oc:; E JT")~l <: TWV naooaawv Ka9opiOT")KE ETO wmr. va JEiVE avtna<pl") 11 unapxouoa mpwo") OTEVOVWO") c:; Til<: EKOKa<pr')c:;. 01 nciooaao1, txouv OOJETpo 1.20 m KO EiVO OOTETOYJEVO Of. KavvaJ3o 3 x 3 m. To!Jr')Koc:; roue; EivO 10 m oro Ktvrpo Tl")c:; OJOOO<; Kat 8 m OT")V TEpl<pEpf.O. flo T")V au~")o") Til<: 5uoKOJ4Jiac:; roue; q>op1j60t")ke f.vf.jotwo") T")C: OET<pciV 10<; naooaaou- EOO<pouc:; KO Tile; 13ciol")c:; JE KardM")Ail OOOKaoia. H nmka 9r.1Jr.Aiwol")c:; Tau KTipiou BC-1 EXE JETai3AilT6 noxae; an6 1.0 we; 2.0 m. r 1a T")V TiaAr')8 UO") TWV napaooxwv Tl")<; j.j A T")c:; EKTEAEOT")KOV OOKJOOTKEc:; <poptf0 1<: 0 OUO naooaaouc:;. ~TO ~Xr'JJO 5 OTEKOVi~ETO o tvac:; naooaaoc:;!jr')kouc:; 10m JO~i JE ro E50q>K6 npoq>ia. EKT6c:; Tl") c:; OUVOJ")c:; OT")V KE<paAr') rou naoociaou, 1JrTpr')81")Kav JE EOKa napa!jopq>woi!jetpa nou rono8rrouvrat ncivw OTOV KAwJ36 OTAOJOU 01 OV")YJEVf.c:; napaj.jop<pwoeic:; J3pciXUVO")<; OE 4 8tOf.lc:; KOHl j.jr')ko<; TOU naooaaou. L...;:,----T--1/ To1Jr') A-A ~Xr'J Ja 4. Beisheim Center: K6T04Jil JE 9toEC:!JOprupwv Ka8~ ") O")c:; KO TOJr') Figure 4. Beisheim Center: Plan view with location of settlement measu ring points and cross section 48

13 npoor!<!:' / OT UTK6<; owa "va~. C" ~ ~ <> ::>. ~ ~ UJ - -'- --"- " ". d-1,20 ~ -- A A A A A..., ~: ;: ~~ ms,fs "> :{ Mg :. 1 :.-:. :. 1 ::\~ ms,gs :. : :::. LX~JO 5. 60KJOOTK6c; naooaaoc; JE d)aq>k6 npoq>ia Figure 5. Test pile with soil profile LTO rx~ J O 6 61aKpivovr01 01 owa~v c; EVEJCTWOil<; TOU 1JOV6UO KO TO TOpOJOpq>w OiiJ ETPO 6nwc; mioil<; TO «JO~ M p l» niwil<; YO TllV EV 1JOTW01l Til<; 1300il<;. rx~ja 6. Opyavo1JETpou1JEvoc; 6oKJOOTK6c; naooaaoc; JE ~onaoj6 EVEJOTWOil<; Figure 6. nstrumented test pile with installations for grouting To anottawjo Til<; 60K J OOTK~c; q>6ptoil<; OUVOpT~0 1 Til<; il<; TOpOU OO~ETO OTO rx~jo 7. 6iaKpiv TO ll JEyaMTEPil 6uoKOJ4JiO TOU EVEJOTWJEVOU naoociaou 0 ouykpioil JE Tl<; TJE<; y1a tva KOiv6 tyxuto q>peotonaooaao KOTO DN 1054: 'E1 ~ c 0 cii ;;;) co 2 3 L <l>oprio [MN] rx~jo 7. AnoTtAWJO 60K J OOTK~c; q>6pt101l<; naooaaou Figure 7. Result of pile load test To 6uo TJ~JOTO Tile; 9 1JEAiwollc;. TOOOOAOKOT60TpWOil KO O~payya, OVOAU81lKOV KOT. OPX~V OVE~OPTilTO TO tva an6 To aaao. H o~payya unoaoyiotilke JE nmepao~tva OTOXEfO KO 6 iktil 6ciq>ouc; 30 MN/m, nou t6wo - 9 wpti.jvtac; 6n To q>optio TOU npokoaei KOS ~ ~0 1 <; OOUTO JE TO 70% TOU OUVOAKOU q>optiou - JO JtOil TJ~ Ka8i~llOil<; 13 mm. H naooaaokot6arpwoll unoaoyfotilk JE TllV 1Jt8o6o Randolph et al. KO Tl<; ETimAtov napa6oxtc;; YO TllV npooojowoil Til<; Jil-VPOJJK~<; OUJTEPq>opac; KO Til<; yewjetpiac; TOU OVOq>tpOVTO OTO K q>oaoo 2. r1a TllV EKTJilOil Til<; OMilAmi6pOOil<; J ETO~U TWV 600 TJili.JOTWV Til<; ouv9etil<; 8E 1JEAiwollc;. nou o61ly i o JEiWOil TWV 6UOKOJ4JWV, U08ET~91lKE npooojoiwjo 600 EVK113WTOJtVWV l3ci8pwv. 0 OUVOAK6<; 6 iktil<; Mq>ouc; y1a TllV naooaaokot6arpwoll npokunw t Tm rooc; JE 25 MN/m 3, Evw TO noooar6 q>optiou nou napaaaij13civouv 01 noooaao1 iva~ 79%. H 6 16Ta~ll TWV naooaawv E~OOq>OAi~E TllV OJO6jJOpq>ll KOTOVOJ~ TOU q>optiou, JE 1.1t01l TJ~ 4.7 MN un6 ouv9~k c; ouvoakou q>optfou. H JEOil K09i~ll01l EKTJ~91lKE o 17 mm. TomKo, Myw Til<; TOT09ETil01l<; JOVWTKOU UAKOU YO TllV anopp6q>ll01l TWV Kp0600JWV an6 Til KuKAoq>opia Tpaivwv Jtoa OTil o~payya, ll EKTJWJEVl K09i~ll01l OU~OVETO KOTO 5 mm. 49

14 r1a TOV Eii VXO Tfl<; OUJTEplcpOpd<; Tfl <; 9 1Jf.AiWOfl<; KO YO Tfl KOTOypacp~ TUXOV ~flijwv TOTT09 T~9flKOV TOTTOypacpiKOi JOpTUp <; Ka9i~l1 011<; TOOO JEOO OTfl o~payya (FB 003) 000 KO OTO KTipiO (BC 202 OTO TJ~JO TOU Ulj.lfliiOU KT1plou TTOU Opd~ TO Of. rraooaaou<;. BC 204 OTO Vf.TVO<ov X0 1Jflii6T po T J ~ J O TTOU 9 1J ii1w911k Of. f.voia rradka). ~To ~X~JO 8 rrapouma<ovrm Ta OTTOT ii 01JOTO TWV 1J f.tp~o WV OUVOpT~0 1 Tfl<; XPOV K~<; f.~ea~fl<; Tfl<; KOTOOKEU~<; TOU KTiplaKou ouykpot~joto<;. 01 JETp~0 1<; Of.iXVOUV Tl<; OVO Jf.VOJf.V <; OVU lj.w0 1<; KOTO Tf']V OOPK 10 Tr)<; EKOKO<p~<; KO TflV OTOOOK~ OU~flOil TWV K091~~0 WV. H JEYOTfl avulj.wofl KOTa 13 mm TTPOEPXETO OTT6 Tr)V f.koko!p~ TTOVW KO OiTTAO OTTO TflV O~payya OTTW<; mid']<; KO OTTO TflV UOOTK~ TTfEOfl OTOV TTU91JEVO Tfl<; O~payya <;. n lakpiv TO TTiol']<; 6T TO caisson apxi~ 1 va f3u9i~ TO K09W<; OU~OVETO TO Ulj.O<; TOU KTipiou. ~KOTT6<; TOU OX JOU ~TOV 11 mit U~']. KOTO TO OUVOTOV, io']<; K091~~011<; YO TO f.ttjepou<; TJ~JOTO Tfl<; 9E1JEiliWOfl<;. Evw KOHl TflV EVOp~fl Tfl<; KOTOOKEU~<; TOU!pEpOVTO<; opyaviojou 11 01acpopa JETa~u T'J<; Ka9i~'JO 'J <; Tfl<; TTOOOOiiOKOTOOTpWOfl<; KO TOU caisson OU~OV TO Jf. TOV XPOVO, Jf.TO Tfl OU J TTA~pWOfl TOU 50% Tfl<; KOTOOKEU~<; TOU cpt povto<; opyavojou TTOpOTflpEiTO OT09 pottofi']ofl Tfl<; 01acpopd<; Jf. Tl<; ouo ypojje<; va T ivouv va yivouv TTOpOM']il <; (E~iOWO fl OUOKOJlj.WV). Mna Tflv TTEpdTWOfl Tfl<; KaTaoKw~<; ty1ve 111a f.ttovf.~etoofl TOU OUOT~JOTO<; 9E1JEiliWOfl<; JEOW JO<; lpiooototfl<; avdauo']<; TT TT poojevwv OTOX iwv KO TTpOOOJOiWOfl<; Tfl<; 1111 YPOJJK~<; OUJTEplcpopd<; Tou EOdcpou<; JE Tfl f3o~9eo TOU AoyiOJKOu PLAXS Tunnel 30, 6TTw<; cpalveto oro ~X~JO 9. Ta OTTOT ii OJOTO TOU UTTOiiOyiOJOU TWV K091~~0EWV OT<; 9t0 1<; TWV JOpTupwv OiVOVTO m ioll<; oro ~X~ J O 8 xap1v ouykpioew<;, or.ixvovra<; Jf.V Olacpopt<; OT<; OTT6AUTE<; TJE<; amd TTapOJOia 1JEYE9fl OlacpopiKwv K09 1 ~~0EWV. /\f.dojepe <; TTEplypacpOVTO OTTO TOU<; Borchert & Vrettos (2004). ~X~JO 9. napa1j6pcpwol'] Tfl<; 9 1Jf.AiWOfl<; Figure 9. Deformation of foundation EKO'KOq>~ 0qJtJ..WOf) 30 J ~ tx P' 1 o urr6yc1o [ :. KOTOO KW~ q>tpovto~ opyovo'~ou 1: j.. 'E E. 000'00AOKOT60'TpWOf) C' 10 0 C' ':;,!' () - - FB003ytrpqoq 0 20 :.: FB003_u rro~ov 0 ~ 6~.,_ BC202ytrpqoq.x... BC202_urro~ovoo~~ _.,._ BC204_~trpqoq... BC204_urroAO\'O~~ J Op6 ol5o~ tpyoo'wv ~X~ J O 8. ~UVK P O fl J HP~Of.WV KO UTTOiiOyiOJWV Tfl <; XPOVK ~ <; E~EA ~l <; TWV K09 1 ~~0 WV Figure 8. Comparison of measured and calculated evolution of settlements with time 50

15 4.2 'AA)..a tpya An6 TO np6crq>ara KT A 08tvra t pya 6~ 10 avaq>opdc; eivm ro Millenium Tower OTr]V B1 vvr] cruvoakou UljJouc; 202 m. H TOOOOAOKOT60TpWOr] y1a Tr]V 8qJEAfWOr] TOU nupyou K<h04Jflc; 1280 m 2 OTOT A ito an6 TAOKO naxouc; 2.20 m XWPic; ap1.1o0c; KO 155 nacrcrd)..ouc; OOl.ETpou 0.88 m KO l.~kouc; 16 m nou eopa<ovrm ora Ol.ll.OXOAKO TOU Tr.raproyevouc;. r1a Tr]V l.eiwcrr] rwv T AKWV Ka81<~crewv ty1ve apx1kd 13 AriWOr] TOU 00q>OU(,; KO OKOAOU8W(,; TOT08 T~8r]KOV UOpOUAKOi ypuao OT(,; K q>oae(,; TWV TTOOOOAWV. METa Tf]V crkupoi5etr]or] Tf]c; nmkac; ty1vr. OOOOXK~ n poq>6pt10f] TWV 155 TOOOOAWV JEXP TO q>oprio )..moupyiac; rou Kd8 nacrcrd)..ou. 'Erm ~rav ouvar6v va napaar]q>8 i an6 ro toaq>oc; TO 60% Tfl(,; OVOJEVOl.EVfl(,; OUVOAK~(,; Ka8i<r]crf]c; ~011 np1v Tr]V avtyepcrr] Tfl(,; avwi5o l.l~ c;. 6n wc; m icrf]c; KO va m n r.ux8r.f Ol.O61JOpq>f] KOTOVO!l~ TWV q>optfwv Tfl(,; OVWOO!l~(,; mi Tf](,; (,; TWV TTOOOOAWV. 1\EmOJEPEE(,; oivovrm an6 rov Hofmann (2002). M1a micrf]c; EVOiaq>tpoucra 8El.EAiwcrfl nr.p1ypdq>eto an6 roue; Poulos & Davids (2005). n apooeivl.oto tpywv an6 Tr]V lanwvia nr.p1ypdq>ovra1 an6 roue; Majima & Nagao (2000). 5. LYMnEPALMATA H nacrcra)..okot6arpwcrr] or. EOOq>r] Kav~c; OVTOX~',; OTOTEAf.f O~ l. PO JO OOKJOOl.EVf] l.e8ooo Aiwcrr]c; U4Jf1Awv Knpiwv a)..m KO 13d9pwv yr.q>upwv. /\6yw Tfl(,; no)..unaok6tf]tac; TOU npoi3a~l.oto(,; OAAf]A nii5pacrr]c; EOOq>ouc; KOTOOKEU~ c;, f] Eq>OP.OV~ Tf] (,; 1.1E966ou 0 EOOq>fl!.E Mm~ El.ln 1pfa r.fvm appr]kto OUVOEOEl.EVf] JE Tf]V EVKOTOOTOOfl KOTOAAf]AOU OUOT ~l. OTO (,; EV6pyOVfl(,; napokoaou8f]of](,;. Onwc; KO OTr]V TAEOVOTf]TO TWV Yf.WTEXVKWV KOTOOKEUWV O~ l. EPO, 01 1JE8000 ava)..ucrf] c; ETK vrpwvovrm npooi5eutkd an6 Tf]V q>epouoo KOVOTr]TO KO Tr]V OOCj)OA 10 EVOVT aaroxfac; Tf] (,; 8El.EAiWOf] (,; OTf] n p6yvwofl TWV TOPOl.OPq>WOEWV KO Tf]V Kavonoif]Or] rwv 6pwv AETOU PYK6Tr]TO(,;. 6. BB/\OrPA<l>A Arslan, U., Katzenbach, R., Quick, H., Gutwald J. (1994),. Dreidimensionale lnteraktionsberechnung zur GrOndung der vier neuen HochhaustOrme in Frankfurt am Main", Vortrage der Baugrundtagung in Koln, pp Borchert, K.-M. und Vrettos, C. (2004 ), "Mischgrundung eines Hochhauskomplexes am Potsdamer Platz in Berlin", Beitrage zum 19. Christian Veder Kolloquium - TiefgrOndungen: Bemessung und AusfOhrung, Graz, pp Burland, J.B., Broms, B.B. and de Mello, V.F.B. (1977), "Behaviour of foundations and structures." Proc., 9th nt. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Tokyo, Vol., pp Butterfield, R. and Banerjee, P.K. (1971), "The problem of pile group and pile cap interaction", Geotechnique, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp Clancy, P. and Randolph, M.F. (1993), "An approximate analysis procedure for piled raft foundations", nt. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech., Vol. 17, pp E-Mossallamy, Y. und Franke, E. (1997), "Pfahi-Piatten-GrOndungen: Theorie und Anwendung", Bautechnik, Vol. 74, No. 11, pp Fahey, M. and Carter, J.P. (1993), "A finite element study of the pressuremeter test in sand using a nonlinear elastic plastic model", Can. Geotech. J., Vol. 30, pp Fleming, W.G.K., Weltman, A.J., Randolph, M.F. and Elson, W.K. (1992), "Piling Engineering", 2nd ed., Blackie & Son Ltd. Frank, R. (1974), "Etude Theorique du Comportement des Pieux sous Charge Verticale. ntroduction de a Dilatance", These de Docteur-ingEmieur, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris V). Franke, E., Lutz, B. and E-Mossallamy, Y. (1994), "Measurements and numerical modeling of high rise building foundations on Frankfurt clay", Vertical and Horizontal Deformations of Foundations and Embankments, A.T. Yeung and G.Y. F1lio (eds.), ASCE, pp Gazetas, G. (1991), "'Foundation vibrations" Foundation Engineering Handbook, 2nd Ed., H.Y. Fang, (ed.), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp Hain, S.J. and Lee,.K. (1978) "The analysis of flexible raft-pile systems", Geotechnique, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp Hanisch, J., R. Katzenbach, R. und Konig, G. (2001),,"Kombinierte Pfahi- PiattengrOndungen", Ernst & Sohn, Berlin. 51

16 Hofmann, R. (2002), "Vergleich von Kasten-, Pfahlgruppen- und kombinierten Pfahlplattengrundungen", Vortrage der Baugrundtagung 2002 in Mainz, pp Horikoshi, K., Matsumoto, T., Hashizume, T. Watanabe, T. and Fukuyama, H. (2003), "Performance of piled raft foundations subjected to static horizontal loading," nternational Journal of Physical Modeling in Geotechnics, Vol. 2, pp Horikoshi, K., and Randolph, M. F. (1998), "A contribution to optimal design of piled rafts", Geotechnique, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp Katzenbach, R., Arslan, U., Moormann, C. and Reul, 0. (1998), "Piled Raft Foundation - nteraction Between Piles and Raft", Darmstadt Geotechnics, Darmstadt Univ. of Technology, No. 4, pp Katzenbach, R., Arslan, U. and Moormann, C. (2000), "Piled raft foundations projects in Germany", Design applications of raft foundations, Hemsley J.A. Editor, Thomas Telford, pp Katzenbach, R., Quick, H., und Arslan, U. (1996), "Commerzbank-Hochhaus Frankfurt am Main: kostenoptimierte und setzungsarme Grundung", Bauingenieur 71, pp Kitiyodom, P. and Matsumoto, T. (2003), "A simplified analysis method for piled raft foundations in non-homogeneous soils", nt. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech., Vol. 27, pp Kuwabara, F. (1989), "An elastic analysis for piled raft foundations in a homogeneous soil", Soils and Foundations, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp Lutz, 8., E-Mossallamy, Y. und Richter, T. (2006), "Ein einfaches, fur die Handrechnung geeignetes Berechnungsverfahren zur Abschatzung des globalen Last-Setzungsverhaltens von Kombinierten Pfahi-Piattengrundungen", Bauingenieur, Vol. 81, pp Lutz, B., Wittmann, P., El Mossallamy, Y. und Katzenbach, R. (1996), "Die Anwendung von Pfahi-Piattengrundungen: Entwurfspraxis, Dimensionierung und Erfahrungen mit Grundungen in uberkonsolidierten Tonen auf der Grundlage von Messungen", Vortrage der Baugrundtagung 1996 in Berlin, pp Majima, M. and Nagao, T.(2000), "Behaviour of piled raft foundation for tall buildings in Japan", Design Applications of Raft Foundations, J.A. Hemsley (ed.), Thomas Telford, London, pp Mandolini, A. (2003), "Design of piled raft foundations: practice and development", Proc. 4th nt. Geotech. Sem. on Deep Found. on Bored & Auger Piles - SAP V, Ghent, pp Mano, H. and Nakai, S. (2004), "Stress of piles in a piled raft foundation during earthquake", Proc h nt. Conf. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engng., Vol. 1, pp Mayne, P.W. and Schneider, J.A. (2001), "Evaluating axial drilled shaft response by seismic cone", Foundations and Ground mprovement, Geotech. Special Publ. 113, ASCE, pp Mylonakis, G. and Gazetas, G. (1998), "Settlement and additional internal forces of grouped piles in layered soil", Geotechnique, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp Poulos, H.G. (2001), "Piled raft foundations - Design and applications", Geotechnique, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp Poulos, H.G. (1994), "An approximate numerical analysis of pile-raft interaction", nt. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech., Vol. 18, pp Poulos, H.G. and Davids, A.J. (2005), "Foundation design for the Emirates Twin Towers, Dubai", Can. Geotech. J., Vol. 42, No. 3, pp Poulos, H.G., Small, J.C., Ta, L.D., Sinha, J. and Chen, L. (1997), "Comparison of some methods for analysis of piled rafts. Proc. 14th nt. Conf. Soil Mech. Found. Engng, Hamburg, Vol. 2, pp Poulos, H.G. and Davis, E.H. (1980), "Elastic Solutions for Soil and Rock Mechanics", J. Wiley & Sons, New York. Prakoso, W.A. and Kulhawy, F.H. (2001), "Contribution to piled raft optimum design", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Engng, ASCE, Vol. 127, No. 1, pp Randolph, M.F. (1983), "Design of piled raft foundations", Proc. nt. Symp. on Recent Developments in Laboratory and Field Tests and Analysis of Geotechnical Problems, Bangkok, pp Randolph, M.F. (1994), "Design methods for pile groups and piled rafts", Proc. 13th nt. Cont. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, New Delhi, Vol. 5, pp Randolph, M.F. and Wroth, C.P. (1978), "Analysis of deformation of vertically loaded 52